, ,

Welding defects
Detection Ways, Types, causes and correction

1 34


,

,
.
.
.


.
.
NDT

NDT
.

2 34

3 34

1
1-1
1-1-1
1-1-2
1-2
1-2-1
1-2-2
1-2-3
1-2-4
1-2-5
2
2-1
2-1-1
2-1-2
2-2
2-2-1
2-2-1-1
2-2-1-2
2-2-1-3
2-2-2
2-2-2-1
2-2-2-2
2-2-2-3
2-2-3
2-2-3-1
2-2-3-2
2-2-3-3
2-2-4
2-2-4-1
2-2-4-2
2-2-4-3
2-2-5
2-2-5-1
2-2-5-2
2-2-5-3
2-2-5-4

Fillet Break Test
Guided Bend Test
NDT
Visual Inspection
)(Liquid Penetrant Testing
) (Magnetic Particle Testing
)(Ultrasonic Testing
)(Radiography


Misalignment



Cavities ) ( Porosity

Solid Inclusion

) ( (LOP) Lack of Penetration

Incomplete Fusion

Imperfect Shape
)( Under Cut
)Lack of filling (Under Fill
Overlap
( (
4 34

2
3
5
5
5
6
7
8
10
11
12
13
14
14
14
15
16
16
16
16
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
21
22
22
22
24
24
24

2-2-6
2-2-6-1
2-2-6-2
2-2-6-3
2-2-6-4
2-2-6-5
2-3
2-3-1
2-3-1-1
2-3-1-2
2-3-2
2-3-2-1
2-3-2-2
2-3-2-3
2-3-2-4
2-3-3
2-3-4
2-3-5
2-3-5-1
2-3-5-2

Excess weld reinforcement

)(Fisheye
)(Segregation
) (Spattering
)(Arc strikes or Arc burns
Metallic Inclusion
Metallographic structure related
)( CRACKS

) (




)(Fissures
)(Lamellar tear
& LAMINATION
DELAMINATION
LAMINATION
DELAMINATION

25
25
25
26
26
27
27
27
28
28
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
31

.1

-1.1 :
,
.
5 34

 -1.2 ) : ( NON DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

.
-1.1 :
,
) (WPS
.
,
:
-1.1.1 : Fillet Break Test
T
.
) (1
).(2

6 34

 -1.1.2 Guided Bend Test

)U-
(X-V-I

).(3

7 34

 )(4
.

,

).(5

8 34

 180
90.
NDT
-1.2
NDT

. NDT
,
NDT
.
.
NDT
:
-1.2.1
-1.2.2
-1.2.3
-1.2.4
-1.2.5

Visual Inspection
)(Liquid Penetrant Testing
).(magnetic Particle Testing
)(Ultrasonic Testing
)(Radiography

-1-2-1 Visual Inspection

.
. , .
, , .
. ) (
.
:
. :

9 34

 ) (6 :
: .
: .
.
: .

. :

WPS .
. ) (8
) (9 .

10 34

 11 34

 .
:
. .

. .
. .
-1-2-2 )(Liquid Penetrant Testing
PT NDT

.
. )(Penetrant
, ).(Aerosol

12 34

 15 ,
.
) (Developer
10 15

).(10

-1-2-3 ) .(Magnetic Particle Testing

MT ,NDT

.
.

.
,

13 34



) .(11

-1-2-4 )(Ultrasonic Testing

U T
.
.
, ) .(12

14 34

 , ,

).(13

,
).(14

-1-5 )(Radiography
15 34


) .(15

.

.
-2
.
-2-1 Design related
-2-2 Welding process related
-2-3 Metallographic structure related
-2-1
Misalignment
2-1-1
)(16

16 34

 )(17

-2.1.2 :
.
).(18

17 34

 -2-2
-2-2-1 Cavities )) Porosity

. porosities
Wormhole )
.(19

-2.2.1.1
) (... ) (..... ) ( CO2,ARGON )(GTAW
)( -2.2.1.2
- Uniformly Scattered

Cluster Porosity

18 34

Worm Hole

Aligned Porosity

-2.2.1.3
19 34

) (

-2.2.2 Solid Inclusion

) (
)(Powder
-2.2.2.1:
. .
-2.2.2.2
-

Elongated Slag Lines

Inter Pass Slag Inclusions

20 34

Wagon Tracks

-2.2.2.3 :
) ( -2.2.3
-2.2.3.1

) ( Lack of Penetration ( LOP

Incomplete or Lack of Penetration
( ( LOP
21 34

Burn Through

-2.2.3.2 :
. . .-2.2.3.3
) (.

-2.2.4 Incomplete Fusion

.
-2.2.4.1 :

. -

22 34

.
.

-2.2.4.2:
-

Inter Pass Cold Lap

23 34

lack of fusion between weld and base metal

lack of fusion in the area of weld root

) ) (Fatigue Stress
.
24 34

-2.2.4.3
-2.2.5 Imperfect Shape

.
-2.2.5.1 )( Under Cut


: - External or Crown Undercut

) ( Internal or Root Undercut

25 34

 : : ) ( -2.2.5.2 (Lack of filling (Under Fill

) (

-2.2.5.3 Overlap

.
26 34

-2.2.5.4 ) ( Excess weld reinforcement

-2.2.6
-2.2.6.1 ): (Fisheye

. 0

27 34

-2.2.6.2

): (Segregation



.

-2.2.6.3

): ( Spattering


.

. . . : AC . 28 34

-2.2.6.4

): (Arc strikes or Arc burns

)(.

Metallic Inclusion
-2.2.6.5
)( GTAW , PAW

Metallographic structure related
-2.3

.
-
- -
-

.
-2.3.1

)( CRACKS

29 34


) (

-2.3.1.1

:

.
.
.
.

.
:

:

.
.
:








) (
.......

30 34

) (
)(Heat Input

-2.3.1.2 :

-2.3.2 ) ( :Hydrogen Cracking

.

31 34

-2.3.2.1

:
.

.

.



.

:
-2.3.2.2

. .PT .MT :
.UT
48 . -2.3.2.3 :



.
-2.3.2.4 :

:

.
.
.
.
.
-2.3.3 )(Fissures
.

32 34

 -2.3.4 ): (Lamellar tear

.

-2.3.5

LAMINATION & DELAMINATION

LAMINATION-2.3.5.1

.
DELAMINATION-2.3.5.2

.1

TWI Ltd, Training and Examination Services

World Center For Materials Joining Technology

Welding defects, causes and correction

.2
By Leigh Baughurst and Grant Voznaks, Aspec Engineering

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/
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ASME B31.3-2006
33 34

The American society of Mechanical Engineers

Welding Inspection and Metallurgy
API Recommended Practice 577 First Edition, October 2004

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