THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE

TUG USE IN PORT

A Practical Guide
2nd edition

by
Captain Henk Hensen FNI

CONTENTS
..

Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................

11

Foreword ..........................................................................................................

in

Author's Preface ...................................................................................................

iv

...

The Overview ....................................................................... v

Tug Use in Port .
Glossary of Terms ............................................................................................... vi
List of figures ........................................................................................................

ix

Chapter
..
Tug design factors ........................................................................................

Types of harbour tug ................................................................................... 9

Assisting methods ...................................................................................... 33
Tug capabilities and limitations ................................................................ 43
Bollard pull required ................................................................................. 68
Interaction and tug safety ........................................................................ 80
Towing equipment .................................................................................

94

Training and tug simulation ..................................................................... 117

Escort tugs ................................................................................................

134

Tug developments ...................................................................................

163

References ...........................................................................................................

174

Appendices
1

Port authorities & towing companies which provided information ..... 178

Safety of tugs while towing ..................................................................... 180

Rules for escort vessels .........................................................................

Index ............................................................................................................

182
187

INDEX
Coanda effect ....................................
cvmbi

75, 132

Aarts Autohook

added mass ....................................... 73. 81

additional towing point ........................... 1.1

Bernoulli

combincd
joystick control .....................................
26
thruster control .....................................
25
119

Aegean Sea ........................................

134.. 135

lheory ....................................................
82
berth construction ................................
68. 73

common assist modes ................................

170
communications ...................................
89, 90

aids to ni~vig;~liun
...................................
aircraft carricrs

135
bollard pull ......20. 30. 56. 64. 66. 67. 68.
...... 69. 70. 71. 72. 74.75. 76. 78. 91. 99.
... 100. 108. 110. 111. 118. 120. 139. 146.
........................154. 159. 166. 169. 170 171
sakly faclor ................... ..............
69
bollards .......................................................96

. . . .
.
.
.
.
.

Bureau of Shipping (ABS).......... 51. 154

Society for Testing and

Bosr

composition of towlincs ........................... 106

compulsory escort areas ........................... 1.54
computer
generated image (CGI)

control of lrans

bow
cushion r l l c l s ................... .......80. 81
thruster ................... 17. 10. 40. 84. 163
retractable ........................................
9

.
.

........................
78

15, 21, 26, 61, 88, 1.15

control systems ........................ .
.
...... 14
controls
logicill
11
towing
.........................................
I1
.....................................

conventions

Braer ......................................................... 135

braking
and steering forces .............................
147
Ibrces .................
61, 138, 144, 146, 159
holding

04. 144
escort tug ....................................
reverse~tractortug
47. 55. 56. l27. 128. 140. 143. 144. 169. 170
reversetractor t v ~ ............................
c
152
reverse-tractor-tug .............................. 143
tug ...9. 13. 27. 29. 32. 36. 37. 38. 1.5.
.....46 48 49 52 53 54. 57 58 59

..

. .

. .

fibres ..................................................
104
tug ....30, 36, 38, 45, 46, 52, 54, 56,
.........57, 58, 59, 65, 75, 84, 123, 127,

cross

. . .

bulb and box keel .................................... 144

current coefficient ......................................

..

reverse-tractor ..........34. 80. 84 8.5

assisting mrlhuds ......................
.
.
........6 33
36
Europe ...................................................
134
158
107
Australian Maritime College ...................122
automatic
berthing system ...................................
172
release system ...................................
101
99
Aware
158
azimuth
bow thruster ................... 19, 29, 54, 172
propellers 25, 49, 54, 56, 61, 86, l63
propulsion ....................... 120, 144, 172
stern drive tugs ................................... 143
thrusters ...26, 29, 32, 61, 7.5, 80, 117,
...................
........
163, 165, 166, 171
tractor Lug ...........26, 27, 120, 148, 152

C H. Cvtcs & Sons

.....................
55.

112. 170

Canada ..............
34. 38. 123. 159. 163. 170
Canship U land Limited ..........................159

......................... 16
Outer Port Dcsign B ..........................
168
Castill" De nellver .......................................
134
centre of pressure ........................................
47

Clydc Consulli~nlsUK

.......................
....

31

71

cycloidal
propellers .......................................
51, (il
prupulriun s rlcm ....................... 21 120
VS propeller
2

Damen
ASD Tug 2477 ......................................
170
Shipyards ............................. 59. 122. 170
dead

deckhouse con .
.............................
170
default matrix option .............................. l59
design consequences .......................
....
65
dcsktop computer simulntiun ..58. 119. 156
Det Norske Veritas (DNV) ............... 30. 136.
....................... 147. 148. 150. 154. 156. 157

TUG USE IN PORT 187

escort tug rulcs ................................

direct

147

.
.
.
.

Europe .....................
................38. 139
Euronoort .................................................
37

grooved
bolla~ds.............................. .
.
.............106
fairleads ............................................... 106
.............................158
Guard .................
.
.
.
.
guard plates and struls ........................... 163

H~shapedbullilrd ..................................
95 96

Dutch inland waters ....................................35

dynamic
p ~ s i t i o ~ ~systems
i r ~ g ............................ 165
stability ....................................... 49. 170
51
towline pull crileria ..............................
...... 104 10.5 107 114 149.
154
150

economic
factor
pres3
................................
....
effrcl
of current forces ................................... 72
of water deplh ..................................... 132
effective
~om~nunication
................................ 119
shiphandling with tugs ......................... 43
eight stl-and plaited ropes .........................
103
elastic limit ......................................
110. 111
emergency towing
arrangcmmta .............................
114. 149
equipment ......................
......
113. 158
115
l66
111
............... 129
engine noise .....................
environmental conditions .....3. 34. 62. 68.
................72. 108. 118. 119. 120. 123. 144.
156
166
escort

.
.
.

speed ....................................................147
lug ...........134. 13.5. 140. 143. 147. 151
cilpbilities
136, 148
class notillion ...............................
136
free sailing specd .........................
147
purpose built ....................... 136, 157
regulations .................................... 158
requirements .......................
13.5, 157
suitability ....................
.
.
.......... 136
tethered ....................... 146, 147, 158
escortinrr
U

at high speeds ......................................

172
response vessel (ERV) .......................
158
trainill& ................................................139
tug positions ....................................... 138
E.rpeprrunro .......................................................
36
...................160
Esso Terminal ...................
.
.

fibrc
differcnccs in properties ....................10.5
lines
snap-back danger ........................ 105
pennant ................................................106
towlincs ............... ........106 107 111

.
.

. .

Hendrik 1: Goedkoop .....................................9.5

Hesnes Ncptun Group ............................. 165

high
pcrfurmance fibres ......................
.--.
IIinchinbrook Enlri~ncr............................
HMPE
fibres .....................
-10.1. 1.19. 150. 151
HMPE (High Modulus PolyEtI~ylene).........
................................................... 104 105

pitcl, propeller

...................................

88

......................
..

113

horizontal tug accclcrilliuns ..................... 110

Il~tll
irllluer~cearound a ship .....................

131

Maritime ..................................... 134. 151

Transom Link ...................................... 151
free sailing speed .......................................147
frequrncy-contrulled winch .......................
99
friction
for
109
............................... 98
or
full mission
bridge simulatorl25. 128. 129. 130. l36
sitnulator .......................................... . 156
full scale escort trials ................................. 161

hydraulically
........Y Y
driven winch ..........................
.
.
operated towing pins ........................... 96
hydrudy~iaxnic
furccs ...........44 52 55 163 167 168
mags
73
moment ................................................. 44

ice conditions ............................................... 38

India ................................................
indirect

........111

towing mudc ..............................144. 148

influence of wind and current ...................44
illfornl assisting tugs .................................... 91
infurmi~lionexchange
pilots and tug ci~plains.......................152
I n a p a t e d Schottel Nozzlc (ISN) .......23. 25
ir~teractian.................................... 14. 80. 122
due to tug fendwing ............................. R0
cffcctr .......................... 83. 85. 92. 118

stern drive tugs ....................

.
.
............ V2
thrust performance ...............................
46

7
8
of tug prope ers ........................
.
.
....80
ship prapellcr/ship hullLtug ................80
R0
tug hullLship hull ..................................

........................... 127. 172

International Maritime Organizatiori (IMO)
.............................

J
Jan Kooren Towing Company ...................
96

simulation programs
fast-time ........................................
123
manufacturer's recurnmcndcd continuous
rilling (MCR) ...................................... 30
mdrino ovcrlay finish ................................ 105
Marine Towing of Tampa .........................166
Marinesafety International .............122. 125
Maritime Simulation Centre ....................122
25
system ..................................................
66
111
maximum
heeling mgle .......................................
56
mean towing pull ................................ 148

optimum
inforrnaliun exchange ........................ 119
tug placement ................................... 120
optional class natation ............................ 154
outward hlrning mornenl ..........................
R4

P
Panama Canal .....................................
35, 36
P m c l l , George Q ...................... .........42
.
.
.
.......123
part task simulators ....................
passive escorting ......................
146, 1.52, 153
Peposus .....................................................17
pennimt .................. 107, 109, 114, 147, l50
performance enhancing device ...............165

.
.

Kinsman Hawk
Kirsten. Plofessor ......................................21
Kort. Mr. Ludwig nozzle ............................15

Multratug 72 ......................................
168. 169

communication .............................93
coopel.ation ....................... ..
93
information exchange ................... 93

N
lateral
centre of gravity ...........................
.... 67
centre of pressure ..43. 44. 45. 50. 167
Iurcc cucfficicnt ....................................
71
resistance ...................... 50 63. 170. 171
underwater resistance ..........................76
wind coefficient ....................................
70
lay

pulycster/polypropylene stretchers ........107

polypropylene fibre .................................
10.1

nurnher of crew members

nylon
limitations of tug types .............................
118
linlils olsi~lcly
fin
Lindscv Foss ............................ 146. 149. 158

..

Long Brach ...........................................

li2
longitudinal forces .......................................
59
1.ouisiana Offshore Oil Port (LOOW ..... 159
Lynn Marie ...................
.
.................... 140

M
Maasbank ...........................
.
.
........... 96. 148

........................
111
104
107
107

objectives of escorting ..............................

137
OCIMF .........................
71. 72. 78. 92. 107.

...............157
omnid~recrona
propulsiorl .................
56. 120. 138. 163
prupulsiun systems ..............................171
propulsion tugs ................................... 64

retractable arimuth bow thrusters .............l9

revelse
arrest mode .................................. 61. 62
tractor Lug ..................................................
... 26, 27, 28, 30, 36. 37, 38, 4.5, 49,
.....52, 53, 54, 57, 61, 63, 6.5, 75, 92,

with mninlv terminals .........................

2
pre~cscort
checklist ...............................................154
conference ..................................154, 159
RinceWilliamSound
134. 152. 153. 157. 158
propeller

and heeling arm curves

moment

.......................51
166

risk
assessment study

135

pulyurethnne cuilting ......................... 105

ropes
braid~on-braid...............................
104
douhlc braidcd ...................................
104
ROTOR escurt tug ............................
....
l65
Rotterdam ..................................
2, 37, 165

wvnlt .....................................
30. 69. 86
propulsiun s y r t r ~ ~ ~ s
dienelklectric
14
protection plate ............................................21
158
Profedor
Puget Sound ...........134, 1.51, 153, 157, 158
Tanker
Escort Plan .............................158
.
pull/speed characteristics .........................100
pulling effectiveness ...........................
.--- .. 66
yush~pull

contrullahility ......................................171
littings lur w e with t u p .....................149
mnnoeuvri~~g
simulators .....................172
manoeuvring space ........................... 108
mooring lines as tuwlines ..................111
simulation progl.arn ............................
123

side

simulated escort tug ................................. 156

~~

single
or double druln winch .........................98

point .................................
43. 44 50. 59
hydrofoil sbaped ...........................- ... 148
quick release
controls ......................................... 101
hook ................................-53, 91, 96, 112
. 100
"l echanism
s t n p .................................................100
system .......................
.- ... 29, 88, 94, 101
towing book ............................
.--- ...
52

radial
hook
system

S/R Benicia
iafety
and perfurmancc
during tug operations ............81, 86,
factors .................................
2, 111,

1'39
94
IRO
150

50, 65, 04, l63

..............94, 167
.........................
.

54
97
rns ...............123
6.5
.................................... 69
relationship between tug
37
22
22
70
47
dynamic stability ..................................
51

Monuvec rudder ...................................

of compact tugs ..........................-- .
standard

170
97
66

static
furces .................................................. 110
stability ...................
..................49
stability curve requircmentr ...............
51
Statoil Terminal ......................................... I 6 0
sleel
and libre towlines ............................... 101

.
.
.
.

..........166
staple .................................
.
.
.
winch ..............53. 116. 97. 98. 100. 172
towline ....................................................
10
and/or fender characteristics ............129
close behind a ship's stern ..................
88
elaslicily ............................................... 110
furcc ...........46. 50. 53. IOU. 132. 147.
..........................................

manoeuvring space ..............................

10

operating at the ship's side ....................

6

167. I 6 8. 172

handling ....................................... 92. 111

length .......81. 100. 108. 109. 119. 149
luwing un :lline ...........................
107
load reducing system ...........................
U9

. .

submarines ......................
.
.
......... 11 13 92

safety factors ....................

.
.
....... 110
tension control ....................................
149

system
linfs
heat damage ................................. 100

................................

t c m towing ..........................................
tension

143

1.13

...........57.

..................................

single screw ......................................

6. 17
stabilit .................................. 13. 90. 172

18. 32. 56

63. 65. 75. 84. 87. Y2. 143. 152

training ........................................
117. 120
and pilotage ........................................ l 5 6
for a new type of tug .......................... 120
lor specific ships ................................. 120
in thruster and tug handling .............165
manuals ...............................................
119
objectives ......... 117. 119. 123. 124. 130
programs
delinition .................................... 131
transit route
3
transverse
approach speed .....................................73

type suitability ...................................... 65

underwater resistance ...................... 110
Voith~Schnoider.................................... Y

with azimuth propellers aft ................... 6

......1
working method ......................
.
.
.

'TUGSIM
prrlonnance graphs ....................
61. 143
simulation YIU'T*
..............................5Y
Tugz International LLC ............................ 28
tunnel bow thruster ......................................
17
lure and Monestad
terminals ................... 151
"
turning
44
diameter ................................................
moment .................................. 43. 45. 55
Twaron ........................................................
104
twelve strand braids .................................. 103

................................
30
bow and stern .............................. 76. 118

on a line ............................... 52. 64. 171

in ice conditions ............................3Y
114
148
point .......................
.... .43. 44. 15. 94
varying locatiun .............................
94

tripping ..................................................
8 89
tug
assist in station keeping ....................... 78
assist manoeuvres ............................... 14.7
assistancc in ice

U
UHMW polyethylene ................................ 13
UK ............................IY. 134. 146. 154. l 6 0
UK P&I Club ............................................ 135
IJlstein ...........................................................25
Ultra Hieh Module PnlvEthvlene IUHMPEl

unsafe situations ...................

.
.
................. U0
URS ...................
.
.
.
.................................101
IJS Coast Guard (USCG).........51. 134. l 5 8
USA .......... 14. 19. 21. 29. 34. 38. 48. 58.
~~~~~~~~

TI lC I ICE Ihl D n R T

101

waterlight duurs ...........................................

............ 100. 102. 122. 123. 134. 139. 1.50.

93

wave

...................................................
152. 154. 166
federal rules ................................
153
ledcrd rules fur escurting .................161

conditions ..............................................
64
....................... 72
forces .......................
.
.
p.lilrm .................................................... 82
wilvcs
influence on tug pelformance ..........I31

ports ................................................ 3.5 36

Valdez

.
.

towline angle ..............................

109. 110
tug acceleration ..................................
110
vessel
escort and response plan ...................152
escort and response plan (VEKP) .... 158
traLliic services .....................................
135

VS

reverse-tractor tug ................... ..... 154

tractortug ........26. 27. 30. 46. 52. 57.
..............64. 65. 95. 144. 1.58. 1.59. 171
tug .......21. 22. 23. 2.5. 32. 3.5. 37. 38.
.......... 4.5. 48. 51. 59. 61. 66. 75. 123.
................. 143. 144. 14b. 154. 158. 16Y
design .......................................... 65

. .

10
10

...............................

wijsm. dler
Engineering Milrin ..........................I..
Harbour Towage Arnstfrdam ...............
winch
groove profile ....................... . . . . . .a
waterfall
R
wind
and currcnt ........................................
Y
0
70

.
.

........

...................92
WJ. Tratt~r........................
WarringtorllSeale ......................................
106
Washingion Tanker Law ........................... 1.58
water depth
restricted ........................ ....................
4

.
.

192 THE NAUTICAL INSTITUTE

yarn-to-yarn friction ............................... 105

yaw moment ..................................69. 71. 75