AT O M I C ST RUCT URE

1Defining a mole
G Because atoms, ions, and molecules
have very small masses, i t i si mpossi ble
to count or wei gh them i ndi vi dually. As
a result, sci enti stsuse molesi n a
chemi cal reacti on.
G A mole i sthe amount of substance
that contai nsasmany elementary
enti ti es( atoms, molecules, i ons, any
group of parti cles) asthere are atoms
i n exactly 0.012 ki logram of carbon-12.
Thi squanti ty i sAvogadro sconstant
( 6.023 x 10
23
mol
-1
) .
G The si gni fi cance of thi snumber i sthat
i t scalesthe massof a parti cle i n
atomi c massuni ts( amu) exactly i nto
grams( g) .
G Chemi cal equati onsusually i mply that
the quanti ti esare i n moles.
2 Moles of gas
G O ne mole of any gasoccupi es
22.4 li tersat standard temperature and
pressure, ( whi ch i s0 C and
atmospheri c pressure) .
G The di agram showsthe massi n grams
of one mole of the followi ng gases:
chlori ne ( C l
2
) , carbon di oxi de ( C O
2
) ,
methane ( C H
4
) , hydrogen ( H
2
) ,
ni trogen ( N
2
) , and oxygen ( O
2
) .
3 Molarity
G Molarityi sconcerned wi th the
concentrati on of a soluti on. I t
i ndi catesthe number of parti clesi n
1 li ter of soluti on.
G A 1 molar soluti on contai ns1 mole of
a substance di ssolved i n water or some
other solvent to make 1 li ter of
soluti on.
G The di agram showsthe massi n grams
of one mole of the followi ng
substances: i ron( I I ) chlori de ( F e C l
2
) ,
magnesi um chlori de ( M g C l
2
) , bari um
sulfate ( B a S O
4
) , sodi um hydroxi de
( N a O H ) , calci um ni trate ( C a N O
3
)
2
) ,
and potassi um bromi de ( K B r) .
The mole
atom
ion
molarity
mole
molecule
Key words
21

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1 li te r
6 .0 2 3 1 0
2 3
p a rti c le s
1Defining a mole
1 p a rti c le
x amu x grams
7 1 g ) C l
2
4 4 g ) C O
2
1 6 g ) C H
4
H
2
2 g )
N
2
2 8 g )
O
2
3 2 g )
2 2 . 4 li te rs
1 2 7 g ) Fe C l
2
9 5 g ) M g C l
2
2 3 3 g ) B a S O
4
N a O H

4 0 g )
C a N O
3
)
2
1 6 4 g )
K B r

1 1 9 g )
2 Moles of gas
3 Molarity