Prepared by dr.

Amit
Pg final year
prosthodontics
Components of fpd
Classification of
retainers
Extracoronal
retainers
Full veneer crowns
Indication
Contraindication
Advantage
Disadvantage
Preparation
Partial veneer
crowns
Indication
Contraindication
Advantage
Disadvantage
Preparation


CONTENTS


The part of a fixed partial
denture which unites the
abutment to the remainder of
the restoration.

Gpt-8
Retainers-

Retainers with
pontics
Abutment

Bridge

Should cause least amount of
destruction to the abutment
least destroys the outline form of the
tooth
Marginal line should be Finished with
great accuracy
IDEAL RETAINER
Rigidity withstand the requisite load
Functional adaptation and protect the
tooth against its fracture
Least destroys the cervical marginal
ridge
Positioned margins at less susceptible
to caries or recurrence of caries

Preparation should be made without
trauma to the pulp or surrounding
tissue
Accurate complement to the lost tooth
structure
Cleansable
esthetic

Age
D.M.F. Rate
Edentulous space
Periodontal support
Arch position of tooth
Skeletal relationship
Interocclusal conditions such as crown
length
Oral hygiene status
Vitality of abutments

Selection of retainer
Retainers
Extracoronal
Partial
veneer
crowns
3/4
th
crown
Mesial half crown
7/8
th
crown
Complete
crowns
All metal
All ceramic
Metal ceramic
Intracoronal
Inlay
Onlay
Radicular
Cast post
Prefabricated
post
1. based on the
tooth coverage-
full veneer crown
partial veneer
crown
conservative
retainers
telescopic
retainers

2. Based on
material being
used-
all metal
retainers
metal ceramic
retainers
all ceramic
retainers
all acrylic
retainers
Type of retainers-
Criteria of selecting type of
retainer-
Abutment teeth are aligned parallel
to one another full veneer crown
can be given
Partial veneer crown are preferred
for non carious abutments or
abutments with large restorations
but intact facial or buccal surfaces.
Endodontically treated tooth may
have to be restored with core post
before designing the retainer

Appearance-
Full veneer crown show superior
esthetics to partial veneer crown
Anterior restoration all ceramics
Best to retain facial or buccal
surfaces of natural teeth as they
provide best esthetics
In case with inadequate pontic space
full coverage restoration can be
designed for better appearance

COMPLETE VENEER CROWN restore all

surfaces of the clinical crown.
The restorative material may be:
1: All Metal.
2: All Ceramic.
3: Metal-Ceramic.
4: Metal with processed resin.
COMPLETE VENEER CROWN


Fixed/fixed bridge
A prosthesis where the artificial tooth
or teeth (pontic) is supported rigidly
on either side by one or more
abutment teeth.
It is a strong and retentive restoration
for replacing missing teeth.
It can be used for single or multiple
missing units with the abutment teeth
splinted together in the latter case.
Fixed/fixed bridge

Fixed/fixed bridge
Fixed/fixed bridge
Fixed/movable bridge
A prosthesis where the artificial
tooth or teeth is rigidly supported
on one side, by one or more
abutment teeth.
On the other side, the abutment
contain an intracoronal attachment
which allows a small degree of
movement between the rigid
component and the other abutment
tooth or teeth.
Fixed/movable bridge
COMPLETE VENEER CROWN
COMPLETE VENEER CROWN restore
all surfaces of the clinical crown.
The restorative material may be:
1: All Metal.
2: All Ceramic.
3: Metal-Ceramic.
4: Metal with processed resin.
Metalceramic crown
Used when limited occlusal space and
high functional loads.
Relies on ability of porcelain to bond
to metal oxide.
Modern metalceramic crowns have
excellent aesthetics.
TYPES OF ANTERIOR
CROWNS
Indications
Teeth that require complete coverage
where esthetic demands are high.
Where all ceramic crown is
contraindicated
Extensive tooth destruction due to
caries, trauma.
Indications
Within certain limits this restoration
can also be used to correct the
occlusion plane.
As a bridge retainer
Contraindications
Patient with active caries or
untreated periodontal disease.
In young patients with large pulp
chamber.
When more conservative retainer is
technically feasible.
Advantages
It is more durable than all
ceramic crown and has
superior marginal fit.
It can also serve as retainer
for fixed partial denture.
Natural appearance can be
closely matched by good
technique.
Advantages
The required preparation often is
much less demanding than for partial
coverage retainers.
Disadvantages
The preparation require significant
reduction of tooth to provide
sufficient space for the restorative
materials.
For better esthetic facial margin is
often placed sub-gingivally ,which
increases the risk of periodontal
diseases.
Can have metal (when very limited
occlusal space) or porcelain palatal
surface. Often have butt joint
labially (1.5 mm shoulder to allow
adequate metal and porcelain for
aesthetics) and chamfer margin
palatally.
A porcelain jacket crown (PJC)
consists of a layer of porcelain which
covers the entire crown of the tooth.
A porcelain bonded crown (PBC) is
one which is constructed in metal
alloy with porcelain fused to either
all or most of its surfaces.
Porcelain jacket and porcelain
bonded crown
PJC: When the anterior teeth are heavily
restored with composite restorations or
where tooth material has been lost as a
result of trauma.
PBC: In situations where a stronger
restoration is required, such as the
presence of minimal interocclusal clearance.
INDICATIONS
Improved appearance. The shade and
translucency of adjacent teeth can be
recreated in porcelain work.
The strength of this type of
restoration is its major advantage.
ADVANTAGES
Used when aesthetics of prime concern. Problem in
high-load situation as porcelain in thin section and
liable to fracture. Not usually suitable for posterior
teeth.
Usually butt joint around whole preparation (minimum
1 mm shoulder to allow adequate porcelain for
aesthetics).
Need 1.5 mm thickness of porcelain incisally.
Porcelain jacket crown
Porcelain crowns with superior
aesthetics and with higher tensile
strength than conventional porcelain
jacket crowns are finding increasing
use employ sintered alumina cores
or injection moulding of ceramic.
Require even reduction; preparation
similar to a conventional aluminous
porcelain jacket crown. Use of
dentine-bonded crowns and reverse
three-quarter crowns involve
significantly less tooth preparation.
Other anterior crowns
Maxillary central incisor prepared for all-
ceramic crown
Metalceramic crown
preparation of upper
anterior tooth.
Porcelain jacket crown preparation of upper
anterior tooth.
METAL-CERAMIC
RESTORATION
ALSO CALLED
PORCELAIN FUSED TO
METAL RESTORATION
(PFM).

CONSIST OF A
CERAMIC LAYER
BONDED TO A THIN
CAST METAL COPING
THAT FITS OVER THE
TOOTH PREPARATION.
METAL CERAMIC RESTORATION
Combines the
strength and
accurate fit of a
cast restoration
with the cosmetic
effect of a
ceramic crown.
METAL-CERMIC RESTORATION
WITH THE METAL
UNDERSTRUCTURE,
METAL-CERAMIC
RESTORATIONS
HAVE GREATER
STRENGTH THAN
RESTORATIONS
MADE OF CERAMIC
ALONE.
METAL-CERMIC RESTORATION
Can be used in a
wide variety of
situations
including the
replacement of
missing teeth
with fpds.
METAL-CERMIC RESTORATION
Is a combination of metal and
Ceramic.
The tooth preparation is also
combination of deep reduction
facially and shallower reduction
lingually.
There may be a wing on each
proximal surface where the deep
reduction ends and the shallower
proximal reduction begins.
METAL-CERMIC
RESTORATION
ADEQUATE
REDUCTION IS
ESSENTIAL FOR
ACHIEVING A
GOOD ESTHETIC
RESULT.
METAL-CERMIC RESTORATION
Inadequate space for a
sufficient thickness of
ceramic material-
1. Poorly contoured
restoration affecting
both esthetic and
health of the
surrounding gingiva.
METAL-CERMIC RESTORATION

2.The shade and
translucency of the
restoration will not
match the adjacent
natural teeth.
ANTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWNS
A UNIFORM
REDUCTION OF
APPROXIMATELY
1.2MM IS NEEDED
OVER THE ENTIRE
FACIAL SURFACE.
ANTERIOR METAL-
CERAMIC CROWNS
TO ACHIEVE ADEQUATE
REDUCTION WITHOUT
ENCROACHING UPON THE
PULP FACIAL SURFACE
PREPARED IN TWO
PLANES THAT
CORRESPOND ROUGHLY
TO THE TWO GEOMETRIC
PLANES PRESENT ON THE
FACIALSURFACE OF AN
UNCUT TOOTH
ANTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWNS
FACIAL SURFACE IS
PREPARED IN A
SINGLE PLANE THAT IS
AN EXTENSION OF THE
GINGIVAL PLANE
INCISAL EDGE WILL
PROTRUDE RESULTING
IN BAD SHADE MATCH OR
OVERCONTOURED
BLOCK.
ANTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWNS
FACIAL SURFACE
PREPARED IN ONE
PLANE THAT HAS
ADEQUATE FACIAL
REDUCTION IN THE
INCISAL ASPECT- FACIAL
SURFACE OVERTAPERED
AND TOO CLOSE TO THE
PULP.
ARMAMENTARIUM
1. LAB KNIFE WITH NO:25
BLADE
2. SILICONE PUTTY
3. ROUND END TAPERED
DIAMOND
4. SMALL WHEEL DAIMOND
5. LONG NEEDLE DAIMOND
6. RADIAL FISSURE BUR
(ROUNDED SHOULDER)
7. MODIFIED BINANGLE
CHISEL
Preparation
Armamentarium :- 1.Round-tipped
rotary diamond or carbides.
2.football or wheel shape diamond
3.flat end, taper diamond
4.finishing stones
5.explore and periodontal probe
6.hatchet and chiesel
ANTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWNS
SILICONE INDEX
MADE BEFORE
TOOTH
PREPARATION

TOOTH BADLY
BROKEN DOWN,
INDEX MADE ON WAXED
UP DIAGNOSTIC CAST.
ANTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWN PREPARATION
STEP NO : 1
PLACEMENT OF DEPTH
ORIENTATION
GROOVES - ( 1.2MM )
THE LABIAL GROOVES
CUT IN TWO SETS
1. ONE SET PARALLEL
WITH THE GINGIVAL
HALF OF LABIAL
SURFACE
2. ONE SET PARALLEL
WITH THE INCISAL
HALF OF LABIAL
SURFACE
ANTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWN PREPARATION
ANTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWN PREPARATION
ANTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWN PREPARATION
STEP NO : 2
INCISAL REDUCTION-
(2MM)
ROUND END
TAPERED DAIMOND.
ANTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWN PREPARATION
Inadequate incisal reduction
results in poor incisal
translucency
ANTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWN PREPARATION
STEP NO : 3
LABIAL REDUCTION
(INCISAL HALF)
ROUND- END
TAPERED DAIMOND.
ANTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWN PREPARATION
STEP NO :4
LABIAL REDUCTION
(GINGIVAL HALF)
ROUND-END
TAPERED DAIMOND

ANTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWN PREPARATION
STEP NO : 5
LINGUAL REDUCTION
(0.7 -1MM )
SMALL WHEEL
DAIMOND.
ANTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWN PREPARATION
STEP NO :6
INITIAL PROXIMAL
REDUCTION
LONG NEEDLE
DIAMOND
ANTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWN PREPARATION
STEP NO : 7
LINGUAL AXIAL
REDUCTION
ROUND - END
TAPERED DAIMOND.
ANTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWN PREPARATION
STEP NO : 8
SMOOTHENING
THE SHARP ANGLES
ANTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWN PREPARATION

ANTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWN PREPARATION
IMPROVED ESTHETICS

ALL CERAMIC LABIAL
MARGIN

THIS ELIMINATES THE
METAL COLLAR AT THE
FACIOGINGIVAL MARGIN
OF THE FINISHED METAL-
CERAMIC RESTORATION
ANTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWN PREPARATION
POSTERIOR METAL-
CERAMIC CROWNS
POSTERIOR METAL-
CERAMIC CROWNS
STEP NO : 1
OCCLUSAL REDUCTION
FOLLOWED BY
FUNCTIONAL CUSP
BEVEL
POSTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWNS
STEP NO : 2
DEPTH ORIENTATION
GROOVES
POSTERIOR METAL-
CERAMIC CROWNS
STEP NO :3
FACIAL REDUCTION-
OCCLUSAL HALF

POSTERIOR METAL-
CERAMIC CROWN
STEP NO :4

FACIAL REDUCTION
GINGIVAL HALF
POSTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWN
STEP NO: 5

PROXIMAL
AXIAL
REDUCTION
POSTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWN
STEP NO :6

LINGUAL AXIAL
REDUCTION
POSTERIOR METAL-
CERAMIC CROWN
STEP NO : 7

AXIAL FINISHING
POSTERIOR METAL-CERAMIC
CROWN
STEP NO :8

GINGIVAL BEVEL
POSTERIOR METAL-
CERAMIC CROWN
POSTERIOR METAL-
CERAMIC CROWN
POSTERIOR METAL-
CERAMIC CROWN
All ceramic crowns
Indications:
High esthetic requirement
Considerable proximal caries
Incisal edge reasonably intact
Endodontically treated teeth with post and
cores
Favourable distribution of occlusal load

Contraindications:
When superior strength is warranted
because of absence of reinforcing metal
substructure.
Significant caries with insufficient coronal
tooth structure for support.
Thin teeth faciolingually.
Unfavourable distribution of occlusal load.

Advantages:
Superior esthetics.
Good tissue response even for subgingival
margins.
Slightly more conservative of facial wall.


Disadvantages:
Reduced strength compared to metal
ceramic crown.
Proper preparation extremely critical to
ensure mechanical success.
Least conservative.
Brittle nature of material.
Causes wear on the functional surfaces of
natural teeth that oppose porcelain
restorations.

An extracoronal metal
restoration that covers only
part of the clinical crown is
considered to be a partial
veneer crown.
TYPES OF PARTIAL VENEER
RETAINERS


1.Proximal boxes
2.Seven eight crowns
3.Reverse three quarter
crown
4.Proximal half crown
1 Posterior three quarter
crowns
2 anterior three quarter
crown
3 pin modified three
quarter crown
Restores the occlusal surface &
three of the four axial surfaces
(not including the facial surface).
It covers three-fourth of the
gingival circumference of the tooth.
The facial surface commonly
remains untouched.
1: THREE QUARTER CROWN:
THREE QUARTER CROWN
THREE QUARTER CROWN
Restores all surfaces except the
lingual surface.
It is indicated on mandibular
molars with severe lingual
inclination used as FPD
abutments.

2: REVERSE THREE
QUARTER CROWN:
REVERSE THREE QUARTER
CROWN
They are the extensions of the
crowns to include a major
portion of the facial surface.
It covers seven eights of the
gingival circumference of the
tooth.

3: SEVEN-EIGHTS CROWN:
It is generally indicated for
maxillary molars & premolars that
are sound mesially but have
extensive carious involvement or a
previous restoration on the distal
surface.
The seven eights crown preparation
extends the distal finish line to the
midfacial surface.
3: SEVEN-EIGHTS CROWN:
SEVEN-EIGHTS CROWN
It is actually a three-quarter crown rotated 90
degrees, preserving the distal surface of the tooth
while veneering the remaining surfaces.
Primarily indicated for the distal retainer of a
mandibular FPD with mesially tilted molar
abutment.
It is contraindicated if the distal surface is carious.
Also c/as one-half crown.
4: MESIAL HALF CROWN:
MESIAL HALF CROWN:
MESIAL HALF CROWN:
Partial Veneer Crown
Partial veneer crowns generally include all tooth
surfaces except the buccal or labial wall in the
preparation.
Whenever feasible, a partial-coverage restoration
should be selected rather than a complete
veneer crown.
However, the preparation is more demanding
and is not routinely provided by practitioners.
Partial Veneer Crown
1. Intact or minimally restored teeth.
2. Teeth with crown length that is average or that
exceeds the average.
3. Teeth with normal anatomic crown for, i.e.
without excessive cervical constriction.
4. Anterior teeth with adequate labiolingual
thickness.
5. Teeth with sufficient bulk because they can
accommodate the necessary retentive features.

6: To restore posterior teeth that have lost
moderate amounts of tooth structure, provided
the buccal wall is intact and well supported by
sound tooth structure.
7: Used as retainers for a FPD or where restoration
or alteration of the occlusal surface is needed.
8: Used as retainers, to reestablish anterior guidance.
9: To splint teeth.
1. Teeth that have a short clinical crown because
retention may not be adequate.
2. Retainers for long-span FPDs.
3. Endodontically treated teeth, especially anteriors,
because insufficient supporting tooth structure
remains for the retentive features.
4. Endodontically treated posterior teeth if the
buccal cusps are weakened by the access cavity.

CONTRAINDICATIONS
5: Teeth with an extensively damaged crown.
6: Dentitions with active caries or periodontal
disease.
7: Teeth that are proximally bulbous. Making the
necessary proximal grooves on these teeth is
likely to leave unsupported enamel.
8: Thin teeth of restricted faciolingual dimension.
9: Poorly aligned abutment teeth.


1. Conservation of tooth structure.
2. Reduced pulpal and periodontal insult during
tooth preparation.
3. Access to supragingival margins is rather easy
and allows the operator to perform selected
finishing procedures that are more difficult or
impossible with complete coverage
restorations.
4. Access is also better for oral hygiene.
5. Because less of the margin approximates the
soft tissues subgingivally, there is less gingival
involvement than with complete coverage.
During cementation of a partial veneer, the
luting agent can escape more easily, which
produces relatively good seating of the
restoration. Because of direct visibility,
verification of seating and cement removal
are simple.
After cementation, the remaining intact
facial or buccal tooth structure permits
electric vitality testing
Partial veneer restorations have less
retention and resistance than complete cast
crowns.
Preparing the tooth for this type of
coverage is difficult, primarily because only
limited adjustments can be made in the path
of withdrawal.
The placement of grooves, boxes, and
pinholes requires dexterity from the
operator.
Some metal is displayed in the completed
restoration, which may be unacceptable to
patients with high cosmetic expectations.

1. Handpiece
2. Small round diamond
3. Small wheel diamond
4. Long needle diamond
5. Torpedo diamond
6. Torpedo bur

7. No. 169L bur
8. No. 170L bur
9. Flame diamond
10. Flame bur
11. Enamel hatchet

As stated, with the advent of
metal-ceramic restorations, the use
of partial veneers on anterior
teeth has become rare.
Nevertheless, two anterior partial
veneer crown preparations are
worthy of consideration.
ANTERIOR PARTIAL VENEER CROWN
PREPARATIONS

The three-quarter crown on a maxillary canine is
probably one of the most demanding of all tooth
preparations.
It involves the proximal and lingual surfaces and
leaves the facial surface intact.
The greater degree of difficulty stems from the
different shape of the canine tooth. Unless the
placement of grooves is determined very precisely in
advance, there will be an undesirable display of
metal in the interproximal embrasures. The
relatively short proximal walls do not allow much
correction after initial groove placement. Similarly,
the greater degree of curvature in each proximal
wall immediately adjacent to the contact area
significantly influences the location of the
preparation's facial margin.
Maxillary Canine Three-quarter
Crown
1. Remove enough enamel to allow 1 mm of metal
thickness. The design of the incisal bevel should
prevent contact between opposing teeth and the
incisal margin.
However, the original configuration of the facial
surface should be preserved without significant
Incisal and Lingual
Reduction
The maxillary canine three-quarter crown
preparation. A, A guiding groove is placed
on the lingual surface. B, Half the lingual
surface is reduced. Clearance is verified
before reduction of the other half. C,
Lingual reduction is completed, with an
incisal bevel placed. No significant change
has occurred in the incisocervical height.
D, After an alignment groove is placed in
the center of the cingulum wall, half the
axial reduction is complete. Note that the
path of withdrawal parallels the incisal or
middle third of the labial surface. As a
result, the lingual chamfer is quite wide,
perhaps even resembling a shoulder.
This permits paralleling of the cingulum
wall, with the proximal grooves and pinhole
providing additional retention.
Lingual
Reduction with
small Wheel
diamond

Preparation on Maxillary
Canine
Preparation on Maxillary
Canine
Incisal
Reduction
With
small
wheel
diamond
Lingual
Axial
Reduction

Preparation on Maxillary
Canine
Proximal
Axial
reduction
with needle
and diamond
torpedo

Preparation on Maxillary
Canine
Axial
finishing
with
torpedo

Preparation on Maxillary
Canine
Proximal
grooves

Proximal
flares

Preparation on Maxillary
Canine
Incisal
offset

Preparation on Maxillary
Canine
Incisal bevel
with flame
shaped
Diamond bur

Preparation on Maxillary
Canine

Preparation on Maxillary
Canine
E, Axial reduction is completed. Any
final modification of the path of
withdrawal
is done at this time before groove
placement. F, Proximal grooves. The
visible mesial groove has
been flared, but unsupported enamel
remains on both grooves where they
meet the incisal bevel.
G, Completed preparation. The
lingual pinhole is surrounded by
adequate dentin. Note the horizontal
ledge prepared before pinhole
placement.

Completed three-
quarter crown
preparation.
Note the location of
the facial margin
relative to the
adjacent teeth.
Sufficient
interproximal
clearance has been
established, but
unnecessary display of
metal is avoided.
Conservative retainers-
Require minimal tooth reduction
Acid etching
These dentures do not accept heavy
loads
Indicated for anterior teeth
Have a small metallic extension which
are designed to be luted directly
onto the lingual surface of the
abutment tooth using resin cement
resin bonded fpd-
Missing anterior teeth
Retainer with wings
Wings bonded to the lingual
surface of the abutment
teeth

Advantages-
- non invasive to dentine
- conservative preparation
- reduced cost and chair side time
- decreased tissue irritation
supragingival margins
Disadvantages-
- plaque accumulation
- bulky contours may be intolerable
to some patients
- not ideal for replacing more than
one tooth
Types-
Rochette bridge
Maryland bridge
Castmesh fixed partial denture
Virginia bridge.

ROCHETTE BRIDGE
- Wing like retainer
- Funnel shaped perforations
MARYLAND BRIDGES
- Mechanical retention
- microporosities present on the
tissue surface of the retainer created
by etching
CASTMESH FPD
- nylon mesh is placed on the
tissue surface of the retainer wax
pattern to create the microporosities
- doesnt require acid etching
VIRGINIA BRIDGE
- utilizes lost salt technique to
create voids in the cast metal
retainer
- this provides mechanical retention


Indications:
Retainer of fixed partial denture for
abutments with sufficient enamel to etch
for retention.
Splinting of periodontally compromised
teeh.
Stabilizing dentitions after orthodontic
treatment.
In young patients for replacement of
anterior teeth.
In medically compromised, indigent and
adolescent patients.

Contraindications:
Patients with parafunctional habbits e.g.
Bruxisum.
Long endentulous spans, replacing multiple
missing teeth.
When the facial esthetics of abutment
require improvement.
Insufficient occlusal clearance to provide 2
to 3mm vertical retention e.g. abraded
teeth.
Inadequate enamel surfaces to bond e.g.
caries, existing restorations.
Incisors with extremely thin Faciolingual
dimensions.

Advantages:
More conservation over conventional fixed
prosthodontics.
Preparation confined to tooth enamel only
the potential for trauma to pulp is
minimized.
Tissue tolarance because of supragingival
margins.

Disadvantages:
Longevity of prosthesis is questionable
Debonding rate increases with time.
Higher dislodgement rate with posterior
resin retained fixed partial dentures.

Indications for multiple retainers
Abutment teeth with short roots.
Lack of sufficient bone support.
Density of alveolar bone.
Excessive length span.
Excessive lever arm action because of shape
of anterior arch.
Distal extension of pontic for increased
function.
Replacement of a missing cuspid.

The objective in selection of retainer
whether it involves a single tooth, several
teeth or complete restoration of
masticatory mechanism, it should restore
and maintain function of dental arch. It
should be therefore both restorative and
preventive.

conclusion
To accomplish this objective preventive as
well as theraputic measures should be
utilized. The efficiency in selecting the
retainer depends on the intelligent
application of mechanical, physiological,
hygienic and esthetic principles within the
limits of the supporting tissues.
As it is the critical component of fixed
partial denture we have to give atmost
care in selection of retainer to achieve the
goal in the success of fixed partial denture.

A.E. Kahn : Partial versus full coverage. J.
Prosthet. Dent. 10:167-178, 1960.
Edger Kopp: Partial veneer retainers. J.
Prosthet. Dent. 23(4): 412-419, 1970.
Johnstons Modern Practice in fixed
Prosthodontics 4
th
edition 1986.
Joseph E. Ewings Fixed Partial Prosthesis
2
nd
edition 1959.

References:
Lowerence Weinberg: Vertical non parallel
pininlay fixed partial prosthesis. J.
Prosthet. Dent. 23: 420-433, 1970.
Stephen F. Rosenstial, Martin F. Land.
Junhei Fujimoto: Contemporary fixed
prosthodontics 2
nd
edition 1995 Indian
edition 1959.
Schelling burg: Fundamentals of Fixed
Prosthodontics. Second edition.
Sturdevent: The Art and Science of
Operative Dentistry. Second edition.

Someul E. Guyer: Multiple preparation for
fixed prosthodontics. J. Prosthet. Dent.
23: 529-553, 1970.
W.F. Malone, D.L. Koth, E. Carazos:
Tylmans theory and practice of fixed
prosthodontics. 8
th
edition, Indian edition
1997.
Weinberg: A new design for posterior
porcelain fused to metal prosthesis. J.
Prosthet. Dent. 17: 178-194, 1967.
W.H. Wilson and R.L. Lang: Practical crown
and Bridge prosthodontics.