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hynI, hmI
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sImn682024.
e-mail: sasthragathy@gmail.com
Mobile: 99958 20684, 9447793801
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STATEMENT ABOUT OWNERSHIP AND OTHER
PARTICULARS OF THE SASTHRAGATHY MONTHLY (MALAYALAM) FORMIV
1. Place of publication : Kozhikode
2. Periodicity of publication : Monthly
3. Printers Name : V.V. Sreenivasan
Nationality : Indian
Address : Parishad Bhavan, Kozhikode - 673 002
4. Publishers Name : V.V. Sreenivasan
5. Editors Name : M.K. Prasad
Nationality : Indian
Address : Parishad Bhavan, AKG Road,
Edappilly, Kochi - 682 024
6. Name & Address of : Kerala Sasthrasahithya Parishad
individuals Who own the Kozhikode 673 002
Newspaper or share holders
holding more than 1%
of the total capital
I, V.V. Sreenivasan hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of
my knowledge and belief
Kozhikode sd/-
01-02-2014
V.V. Sreenivasan
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imkv{XKXn P\phcn 2014 ense `ykpc: {]iv\ ;
kao]\ F teJ\ns cNbnXmhv tUm. _nPp ]n. Ae
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tNm\nSbmbXn tJZnpp. FUn, imkv{XKXn.
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\hpw ISpt]mbXn\v ]nmsebmWv CXv FgpXpXv. imkv{XkmlnXy ]cn
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ns Fmetpap amXrIbpw {]XoIhp amWv Kmn. Kmnsb hopw
hopw IstXns {]kntbpXmWv Cs Cy kmaqlykm
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kzmX{ye_v[npw KmnbpsS ckmnXzn\pw tijw \ ]nn
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XcXzn, kthm]cn P\m[n]Xyn Dunb ka{K cmPy]ptcmKXnbmbn
cpp Kmn t\XrXzw sImSp kzmX{ykac{]m\ns eyw. Fm,
Ccw {]XoIfpsS \mpI t]mepw IcnpIfpsImv XnIpw hyXy
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cn t\sfmw hmcnqnbpw ]IpsSppw, Hcp sNdphn`mKw kaqln
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hobIem] fnepw, sshtZinI B{inXXznepw A[njvTnXamb ]pXnsbmcp
sImtfmWnb hnIk\]mXbpw. Cu \hsImtfmWnb ]mX Cs \hen
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hcthpIbmWv. hKobXbmIs, {]mtZinI sshImcnIXbn \nv IpXdn
amdn, XnI^mknv inbmbpw Xoncnpp. AIv \npw ]pdv \n
pap kmnI inIfpsS kn\v hgn \Smp ]cnjvmc
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cwK `cnmX tijnbmPnpIgn hnizmk{]amW adphiv.
\hen_d ASnaXznsbpw hKob ^mknknsbpw s]mXp i{Xphmbn
P\m[n]Xy aqeyfpw P\m[n]Xykwhn[m\fpw amdngnp. imkv{Xt_m
[s \ncmIcnpXnepw kmtXnI hnZysb IhShcnpXnepw Ccp
Iqcpw sFIynemWv. Cu kmlNcyw P\m[n]Xy aqeysf XIsdnbp
Xv am{Xa, km[mcW P\PohnXw Akm[yampXpamWv.
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am{Xw ]Tnp Ftm, {]mtbmKnI {]h\fntebvv F{Xam{Xw hcpsatm
]dbm\mhm Hcp knKvmhbneqsSbmWv cmPyw \onsmncnpXv.
`mhnsbn {]Xobnm, kz]v\w Im Wm Ignbm P\fn \nv km
aqlnIamn\mbpw Hpw {]Xonm Ignbntm.
Fm Fmhcpw amw B{Klnppv. ]t GXv hgnv FXmWv {]
iv\w. FmWv _Z F tNmZyw Dbcppv. ]t, amn\p XncX
{]ISamIptmgpw BcnIamb \nemh \ne\npp. ImcWw, GXv
icn, GXv sXv, Fv hnthNnm\p, Xncndnbm\p P\fpsS tijn apc
Snncnpp.
Cu Ahsb AXns kbnepw ka{Kbnepw XncndnbpI FXmWv
{][m\w. AXn\p tijnbmWv imkv{Xt_m[w. imkv{Xt_m[amIt \psS
hniIe\mbp[w. ImcWw, imkv {Xt_m[anm P\m[n]Xyw F{Xam{Xw \nlm
bamWv Fv hnfnp]dbppvv Cs Cy Ah.
imkv{Xt_m[amIs
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imkv {XKXn s^{_phcn 2014
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ybnse imkv{X{]h
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m {Kls ey amnbp
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\hw_dn XsbmWv imkv{XIm
c\mb tUm.NnmaWn \mtKi cma
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dmhphn\v CybpsS Ghpw ]c
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b `mcXcXv\w {]Jym]nsXpw.
imkv {Xkmt Xn I cw Kv \nv
Cu BZchn\v ]m{XamIp \mem
asbmfmWv Atlw.kn.hn. cma
(1954),k.Fw. hn tiz i c (1955),
tUm.F.]n.sP.A_v Zp Iemw (1997)
FnhcmWv apKmanI.
_wKfqcphn 1934 Pq 30\m
Wv At l ns P\ \w.1951
ssakq khIemimebn \nv
ckX{n _ncpZhpw 1953
_\mdkv lnp khIemimebn
\nv _ncpZm\c_ncpZhpw t\Sn.
sF. sF. Sn J c Kv ]q cn \n v
kvtImfjntmsS ]n.Fv.Un. sN
m Ahkcw e`np. Fm \m
ev hntZi khIemimeI MIT,
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b(Columbia), ]Zyq(Purdue) Fnh
kmnIklmbw hmKvZm\w sN
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]Zyq sXcsSppIbpambncp
p. 1958 KthjW]T\w ]q
nbmnb dmhp 1959 aSnsb
n, _wKfqcphnse Cy C
nyqv Hm^v kbkn(Indian In-
stitute of Science -IISc) A[ym]Ihr
nbn {]thinp. AhnsS XpS
phcth, 1962 JcKv]q sF.
sF.Snbnse ckX{hIpn h
Ip[y\mbn t\cnv \nbanX\m
hpIbpw 1976hsc AhnsS tkh\a
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1964 Cy AmUan Hm^v k
bkknse (Indian Academy of Scie
1. imkv{XtemIv \nv
hopsamcp `mcXcXv\w
nces) s^tem Bbn Atlw sXc
sSpsncpp. kn.hn.cma
BWt{X AXn\v \nanamb Xpw
Atls hnhcw AdnbnXpw.
JcKv]qcn \nv 1976 _wKfq
cphn Cy Cvyqv Hm^v k
bkn aSnsbnb dmhp, A
hnsS tkmfnUv tvkv{SIvd c
kX{hn`mKn\v XpS w Ipdn
p. 198494 ImeLn {]kv XpX
m]\ns UbdIvSdpw Bbn
cpp Atlw. hntZis HmIvkv
t^mUv, Iment^mWnb, kmm
_m_d, ]Zyq Fo khIem
imeIfn hnknnMv s{]m^k,
tIw{_nUvPv khIemimebn P
hlem s\lr s{]m^k, tIw
{_nUv Pnse InMv kv tImtf Pn
s{]m^ tk dn b s^tem, Fo
\neIfnepw Atlw {]hnp.
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thjWp Phlem s\
{lp sk t^m AUzmkvUv
kbn^nIv dnkv (J awaharlal Ne
hru Centre for Advanced Scientific Re
search)F m]\n\v At
lw cq]w\evIn. AXns HmWd dn
{]knUv,\mjW dnkv s{]m
^ k Fo \ne I fnsemw C
tmgpw Atlw {]hnphcp
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sk t^m saocnb kbkv
(the International Centre for Material
Science) Ubd IS IqSn bmWv C
tmgtlw. 2005 apX {][m\a{n
bpsS imkv{XImtcym]tZiI kan
Xn(Scientific Advisory Council to the In
dian Prime Minister)bpsS A[y\pw
Atlw Xs. Cu NpaXe t\c
t 198589 ImeLnepw At
lw hlnncpp.
temInse {]apJ\mb tkm
fnUv tvaocnb ckX{ im
kv{Xcn (Solid state and Mate-
rials chemist) Hcmsf \nebn im
kv{XtemIv khmZcWob\mWv
{io. dmhp. kw{IaW teml HmIv
ssk Uv -( transition metal oxides)
Isfpdnp Atlns {]
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se Nne LSIsf kw_nn
Stmfw Htsd ASnm\[mcW
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lncmImiKthjWn\pw AXn
s Ghpw almb t\amb sNm
m ]cythW ZuXyn\pw, A
SpImembn \mt\m ]Zmhn
m\obn\pw Htsd KW\ob
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\v km[nnpv.
imkv{XcwKs {]mamWnI
fmb \nc h[n ]pc kv Im c fm
temIw BZcnnp hynbmWv
Atlw. temIsapap AXn
tesd khIemimeIfpsS HmW
ddn tUmIvStdpI Atln\p
v. ssN\okv kbkv AmZan
bn \npw Amcm{ imkv{X
klIcWn\p 2012se ]pckv
Imcw, sS Ahohv bq\nthgvknn
bpsS Um tUhnUv s{s]kv2005
(Dan David Prize), {^v kmcn
sd ss\v Hm^v Zn eoPy Hm^v
HmW2005 (Chevalier de la Lgion
d'honneure), e tdmb skm
ssknbpsS lyqkv saU 2000,
{_ko kmcnsd \mj\
HmU Hm^v kbn^nIv sacnv
2002 (Great Cross of the National Or-
der of Scientific Merit from the Preside
hynI, hmI
7
s^{_phcn 2014 imkv{XKXn
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en n kbnv kv (ISAS)
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sskn Hm^v A\enn kbn
vkv. Cu Iqmbvabn hynI,
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hbvsmw kPohambn klIcn
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BbpjvIme t\pap Aw
KoImcsa \nebnemWv tUm.kn.
Pn.cmaN{ \mbv ]pckvImcw.
tIcf kIemimebpsS ckX{
hIpn s{]m^kdpw hIpy
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kbkv ^mn Uo, almm
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kn. s{]m^k Fancnkv, tIcfm
bqWnthgvknnbpsS ^yq Uo
kv Unmvsans HmWddn Kv
s{]m^ k, Fo \ne I fn epsa
2. tUm.kn.Pn.cmaN{ \mbv
sF.-F-kv.-F.-Fkv ]pc-kvmcw
nt of Brazil), djy {]knUns
HmU Hm^v {^vjn]v2009, P
a sIan skmssknbpsS Hm
Kv hnslw thm tlm^vam
saU2010(August-Wilhelm-von-Hof
mann Medal by the German Chemical
Society) sNtm kv tfm hm Iy k
bkv AmZanbpsS slhtdmhv
kvIn tKmUv saU1989, (Hevro
vsky Gold Medal of the Czechoslovak
Academy of Sciences)XpSn \nch
[n \nch[n hntZi _lpaXnI
pw Alw ]m{Xo`qX\mbn. temI
samSpap imkv{X AmZanI
fnepw skmssknIfnepw AwKam
Wv F XmWv At l n s
khmZcWobXbpsS asmcp sXfn
hv. tdmanse s]mn^n kb
kv AmZan AwKambn Xnc s
Sps BZy Cy ckX{
imkv{X\pw amcpa. Cym
Khsns {]Ya kbkv A
hmUv(2004) dmhphn\mbncpp. t\
ct ]{io, ]hn`qj ]pc
kv Imc \Inbpw cmjv {Sw At
ls BZcnnpv.
Htsd imkv{X B\pImenI
fpsS ]{Xm[n]kanXn AwKambpw
Atlw {]hnpp. Bbnc
n Aqdne[nIw KthjW {]
_ Atlw {]knoIcnn
pv . AtXmfw imkv {X {K
fpw AtlntXmbn Dv. Cu
teJ\fneqsSbpw ]pkvXIfn
eqsSbpw {]`mjWfneqsSbpw A
tlw A\pjvTnXv Xm BPn
Adn hp I km[mcWmsc im
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s Adnhpw Bthihpw hnhn[ X
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\nbnse slbvZ_Kv khI
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von Humboldt)s^temjnpw, Cw
n ko\nb tImashv
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imkv{XkmlnXyImc IqSnbmWv
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v ]pckvImcw \IpXn X
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]pckv ImckaWw tKmhbn
tN, Cy A\enn k
bkv tIm{Kkv 2013s thZnbn
hv BKv 15\v \Sp. kztZinI
fpw hntZinIfpamb apqdn ]cw
imkv{X ]sSp tIm{K
ns apJy Nmhnjbw "lcnX
kmtXnI hnZy' Bbncpp. {]kv
XpX ktf\n tUm. Un.Pn.
cmaN{\mb cp {]_
AhXcnnpIbpapmbn.
2013 HIvtSm_ 29\v 81 hbv
XnI tUm.kn.Pn.cmaN{ \m
b Xs IrX Ir Xy X bn Ncn
Xm\msWnepw, imkv {Xt_m[w
P\ fpsS kmam \y amb Pohn X
t_m[ns `mKambnmWm
Xn kmaqlyt_m[ap GsXmcp
imkv{X{]hIt\bpw t]mse
D Wv Tm Ip e \pamWv . hf sc b
[nIw hnZym`ymk]ptcmKXn ssIh
cnhscv A`nam\nppsn
epw tIcf kaqln Ctmgpw
Ahnizmkfpw A\mNmcfpw
\ndp\nptm, P\fpsS
bnSbn imkv{Xt_m[w {]Ncnn
pI FXpXsbmWv P\Iob
imkv {X{]m\fptSbpw imkv {X
cwKv {]hnphcptSbpw
apJy ISaAtlw Nqnmpp.
(B.cm[mIrjv W)
2014
P\phcn 5 Ct{km (ISRO)
bpsS Ncn{Xnse Hcp
Dze aplqamWv. {]Xom
\n`camb ImncnpIsmSp
hn, ntcm ml tmsS \S
nb ]cn{ia fpsS ]cnkam]vXn
F \nebn Pn.Fkv.F.hn.Un
5 {iolcntmbn \nv hnPbIc
ambn hnt]n s Znh kw.
cmjv { Sn \v DNn X amb Hcp
]pXphckm\w. Cu t\w
]p\cmhnjvcnm Ignbp sav
Xp S hn t ]Wf n eq s S
sXfnbntXpv. AXn\mbn C
\nbpan\nbpw {ia \St
Xpv. hmmhn\nab hyhkmb
cwKv acnp hnPbnphm A
tmtg AXv {]m]vXamIq.
_lncmImi ]cythjWcwKv
Ac\qmntesdmes A\p`
hfpsnepw, Htsd \mgnI
pI CXn\Iw ]mIngnnp
snepw, Gsd AwKoImchpw A
`nam\hpw Gp hmnbnpsn
epw {ItbmP\nIv kmtXnIhnZy
kzmbamnbn F hensbmcp
t]mcmbva cmPys kw_nnS
tmfw _mn\nev]pmbncpp.
C\s kw_n Ahkm\
kmtXnIsshinjv Syw AXnemWp
ffXv FXpw AXnmsX ASp
IS ISpI Akm[yamWv F
XpamWv AXn\v ImcWw. hmm
hn\nab D]{Kl hnt]np
Xn\v `mcXw CXphsc B{ibnn
cpXv HpIn bqtdm]y kvt]
kv GPknsb (ESA) Asn d
jysb Bbncpp FXns Imc
Whpw, henb D]{Kl hnt
]nm {XmWnbpff {ItbmP\nIv
kmt XnI hnZy C FXmsX
asmpambncpn. ê{]Zamb
tKmfmcZuXytam, a\pjysd _
lncmImi kmctam, kkm
l klnXamb hmmhn\nab D
]{Kl kwhn[m\tam km[yamIW
3. {ItbmP\nIv hnZym hnPbw
9
san {ItbmP\nIv kmtXnIhn
Zy A\nhmcyambncpp.
Pn.Fkv.F.hn.Un 5
AXv aodd Dbcapff Pn.Fkv .
F.hn. hml\n\v apv L
fmWpffXv. BZytXv Jchpw, c
matXv {Zhhpw, aqmatXv
{ItbmbpamWv . CXpIqSmsX {Zh C
\w D]tbmKnpff \mev Fn
\pI Hmw Ls s]mXnn
pv. kv{Sm]v Hm Fpw O (zero)
tPv Fpw CXns\ hnfnpw. {Zh
C\ambmepw {Itbm C\ambm
epw AXv enIznUv s{]mj kn
w skddnsd (LPSC) NpaXebn
encpp. Cu skdn\mWv ZuXy
nsd Gddhpw \nmbIamb
]v hlnm\pmbncpXv. addv
hIppIsfmw AhchcpsS {]m]v
Xn CXn\Iw sXfnbnnpffXmWv.
cmw temIalmbpw apX
Xs {ZhC\w \ndpff tdm
ddpI \nehnepv. Pa\n Bbn
cpp AXnsd ap\ncm. tkm
hyddv bqWnb\pw Atacnbpw H
wXs Dbphp. s]t{Smfnbw,
ssUaossY ssl{Ukn XpS
nb C\fpw ss\{SnIv Bkn
Uv , ssl{UP sSt{SmIv sskUv
XpSnb HmIv koImcnIfpamWv
CXn\p] tbmKnpXv. lnddvedp
sS V2 tdmddn Btlmfpw
C\ambn D]tbmKnncpp. C
sXmwXs Aco Dujv am
hn {Zhcq]nemWv nXnsN
pXv . C\hpw HmIv koImcnbpw
Pze\ Adbn Iecptm Xs
PzenpIbpw XpSpmIp Nq
Spff hmXI \mkm{KneqsS
Noddn ]pdtsmgpIptm
tdmddv tatemv IpXnpIbpw sN
pp FXmWv XXzw.
1990 \hw_dnemWv tI{Kh
sadv Pn.Fkv.F.hn. s{]mPn\v
A\paXn \InbXv. cv S `mc
apff Hcp D]{Kls 36000 In.
aodd Dbcnsenm AX
msX aman F Xncndnhn
embncpp AXv. Fm {ItbmP
\nIv hnZy kzmbammsX AXv
km[yamIpambncpn. tdmddn
sd ]e amXrII hc]eIIfn
se ISemkpIfn hcpNos
p. HSphn Gddhpw DNnXamb c
sw XncsSpv kanp
Ibmbncpp.Hmw Lw Jchpw c
mw Lw {Zhhpw aqmw Lw {I
tbmbpambnmWv AXv hn`mh\
sNbv XXv . hnt]W XobXnIw
{Itbm Fn hnIknnpI F
Xv Akm[yamIbm AXv hm
pI FXmbncpp Xocpam\w.
As temIkmlNcyn
tkmhyddv bqWnb\n \nv am
{XamWv , BZmbIcamb Hcp F
n Gddhpw Ffpnepw ku
lrZ at\m`mth\bpw e`nm\p
km[ybpmbncpXv AXn\pth
n 235 tImSn Cy cq]bvv m
hv tImkv tamkv F tkmhyddv
kvt]kv m]\hpambn Icmdn
Gsp. Fnt\msSmw kmt
XnI hnm\hpw ssIamdpI F
[mcWbpw Hapmbncpp.
A\p_ LSIsfmw Cy
kzbw sNpw. Fm tkm hyddv
bqWnb inYneamIpIbpw Ncn{X
nsd Xncoebv v ]nnte
bvv adbpIbpw sNbvXp. ]pXpXm
bn cq]wsIm djybpsS ta A
tacn sNepnb kns
êambn mhv tImkv tamkp ambpff
Icm dmsp; Fn\pan, hn
m\hpan.
djybpsS As ]cnXm]
Icamb kmnInXnbpsS
kn Atacn tUmfdn
hne \Imsa hyhbn I
cm ]pXpn. hnm\ ssIamddw
Icmdn \nv HgnhmpIbpw sNbv
Xp. djy \Inb Fn D]tbm
Knv 2001 BKv 18\v Pn.Fkv.F.
hnUn1 sd hnt ]Ww \Sp.
Ct{km \nn `mKsfmw Xr]v
XnIcambn {]hntm djy
bptSXn\v hogvNbpmbn. 36000 In.
aodddn\p ]Icw 32000 Intemaoddtd
AXv Dbpffq. kmddsseddnsd
{]h\n\v thn IcpXnbn
cp C\w FSpv tijn 4000
Intemaodd Dbm D]tbm
Kntnhp. AXnsd êam
bn kmddsseddnsd Bbpv K
Wyambn Ipdp. Bdv hjn\v
]Icw Hcp hjw.
XpSpff Cy hml\
]coW kwcw`fpsS XpS
bmb aqv ]cmPbv tijapff
Cu hnPbw a[pcXcamWv. `mhn{]
h\v CXv {]tNmZ\am
Ipw. ]pXpXeapd hml\amb Pn.
Fkv.F.hn amv IIIbpsS hnP
bIcamb hnt]Wn\v CXv
XpWtbIpw.
{ItbmP\nIv
kmtXnIX
tdmddpIfn D]tbmKnp
C\sf ùXn I kz `mhw
A\pkcnv aqmbn Xcw Xncnn
pv Jcw, {Zhw, {ItbmP\nIv
Fns\ ssl{UP, HmIvkn
P, Fo hmXIsf XWpnv
{Zhamn D]tbmKnp kmtXn
IX BWv {ItbmP\nIv . ]qPy
nepw Xmgv Xm]\nebnepff
imkv{XimJsb s]mXpsh {Itbm
P\nIv FmWv ]dbpI. \nmW
nepw {]h\nepw kt
Xn I koI Gsdbpff
{ItbmP\nIv C\amWv Gddhpw
{]tbmKahpw Imcy{]m]v Xn
bpapffXv. `mctadnb D]{Klsf
n c `q { àW ]Yn tep
bm CXv AXymhiyamWv .
C\amb ssl{UP ()253
Un{Knbnepw, HmIv koImcnbmb
HmIv knP ()183 Un{Kn sk
jyknepamWv. CXpcpw cdI
fnembmWv tdmddn kqnpI.
Pze\ Adbn Iecptm addv
{Zh Fn\pIfptSXpt]mse CXv
kz m`mhn Iambn Pz en pn .
PzennpXn\v asddmcp Pzme
Bhiyapv ; IpnwKv Kymkv In
pXn\v ssedd F t]mse.
Fm achnnp XWpns\
AXnPohn Xm]w AXv
\IpIbpw thWw. Bhiyw hcn
IbmsWn sISpm\pw hopw
sImfp m\p ap ff kwhn [m\
hpapmbncnWw. Cu {Ib I
fn DsSp Fm b{`mK
fpsSbpw \nmWw, {ItbmP\nIv
kulrZ]camb Acon
{]h\kambn \nphm
sIpff ]Zm sImm
bn cn WsaXp w CXn sd
asddmcp koXbmWv.
`mhnbn s]t{Smfnbw C\
n\v apphcp Imev tamtm
hml\fnepw {Itbm C\w
D]tbmKntn hcpw. (hnZypOn
In sImp\Smhp H
tm) \nehnepff tamtm Fn
\pI ]cnjvIcnv AXv km[yam
msamWv Hcp hn`mKw tamtm
hnZKv [cpsS A`n{]mbw Fm
AXv hnNmcnp{X AbXv\efn
Xa FmWv A\p`h \s
]TnnpXv.
(kn. cmaN{,ISh{)
(ISRO- \nv hncan imkv {X
\mWv teJI)
10
P\n-XI FPn-\o-b-dnMv @40
P
\nXI FPn\obdnMv (Gene
tic Engineering) FXv Csm
cp ]pXnb hm. Hcp Pohnbn
ImWp Po, asmcp Pohnbntev
amn hbvpXmWv, Ghpw efn
Xamb An P\nXI FPn
\obdnMv. P\nXI Xm{X Fdn
bsSp Un.F.F.bpsS `mKam
Wv Po\pI (genes). ]pXnb Po
IqntpXn\mbn, BZyw Un.
F.F.sb apdnWw. AXn\pti
jw, ]pXnb Po\ns\ CSbvphv
hopw IqntWw. Cs\
apdn v , hopw Iqn tp m
p Un.F.F.bvv, B {]h
\ ns kqN \ sb tmWw
\I s n cn p Hcp t]cpv
do tIm n \v Un. F. F. (Re-
Combinant DNA). BZys do
tImn\v Un.F.F. krjvSn
s XneqsSbmbncpp P\nXI F
Pn\obdnMns ]ndhn. mt^m
Uv bqWn th gv kn n bnse men
t\ma tImsl (Stanley Norman
Cohen), Iment^mWnb kIem
imebnse sls_v t_mb (Her
bert Boyer) Fo KthjI tNv
s{]mko UnMv kv Hm^v \mj W
AmUan Hm^v kbkkv F
Atacn tPWen 1973 \hw_
dn {]knsSpnb Hcp {]_
neqsSbmWv, Po\pIsf th
s]Spm\pw CjvSm\pkcWw amn
hbvm\pw klmbnp Cu km
t Xn I hnZy imkv {XtemI n\v
apmsI Ah X cn n sSp Xv .
Xhfbnse Hcp Po\ns\, _mIvSocn
bbntev amnhbvpI kmyam
sWv sXfnbnpXmbncpp, {]
kvXpX {]_w. hfsc efnXamb
Hcp amambncpp Ah CXn\m
bn Ahew_nncpXv. Un.F.F.
sb apdnpXnse Hcp {Snv A
Yhm kq{XhnZybpsS Isembn
cpp kwKXnIsf BbmkclnXam
nbncpXv. ]ckv]cw Hcp _
hpanm PohnIfnse Un.F.F.
IWnseSppI. Cu Un.F.F.
Isf apdnm am{Xta, Po amnh
bv {]hrnIfpambn \apv ap
tmv t]mIm\mhq. Fm, shdp
sX apdnm CXv kmyamhpIbn
. Hmas PohnbpsS Un.F.
F.bn\npw Po\ns\ apdnsSp
p AtX I{XnI sImv thWw
Po IqntstS PohnbpsS
Un.F.F.sb apdnm. Fn am
{Xta, apdn `mK Xn \m
bn HntcpIbpw HmbnocpIbp
apq. I{XnI FXpsImv Chn
sS DtinpXv HcpXcw cmkmn
(Enzyme)sbbmWv . sdkv {Sn F
sskw(Restriction Enzyme) FmWv
CXns t]cv. Un.F.F.bpsS Nne
{]tXyI `mKsf am{Xta sdkv{Sn
Fsskw sImv apdnm\m
hq. ]t, Hcp KpWapXv, apdn
`mKfpsS AcnIpIv Ftmgpw
Hcp {]tXyIXcw BIrXnbmbncn
pw FXmWv. Htc sdkv{Sn
Fsskw sImv GXv Un.F.F.
sb apdnmepw, apdn Av
Htc BIrXnbmbncnpw. AXn\m,
Ahsb \apv Ffpn hop
samnmw. DZmlcWambn, Hcp {]
tXyI Po\ns\ apdnpamWsav
IcpXpI. Un.F.F.bn, B Po
ImWsSpXn\v Apdhpw Cpd
hpw, sdkv {Sn Fsskw sImv
apdnmhp `mK Dmhpw. B
cnSfn apdnv, A{Xbpw \of
n, _mnbp Po\pIsm
ambncnpw B Po\ns\ ths]
Sp n sb Sp p I. Bh iy ap
imkv{Xw
F.Fkv. AcpIpam
11
Po\ns\ Dsm p Cu Un.
F.F. `mKsbmWv C\n amn
h bvtXv. AXn\mbn, ASp
]Snsb \nebn, apv D]tbm
Kn AtX sdkv {Sn Fsskw
D]tbmKnv, Po amn hbvs
tS PohnbpsS Un.F.F. bn
Hcp apdnhv (cut) Dmpw. Cu hnS
hntev, apdnsSp Un.F.F.
`mKs (Po\ns\) ISnhbvm
\mbm hnPbnp. Fnepw, Po
am{]{Inb ]qambnn. apdnv
tNp h Un.F.F. `mK
C\n HmbntcWw. asmcpXcw
cmkmnsbbmWv CXn\mbn D]tbm
KnpXv. entKkv (Ligase) FmWv
CXns t]cv. Gp sInbm apg
ncnpw FmWv ]gsamgnsbn
epw, apdnptNv h Un.F.
F. IjWpta entKkv D]
tbmKnm, Ah ]pdta Hcp hyXym
khpw ]pd dn bm Xc n
Hm bn t cpw. CXpXs bmWv
men tImsl\pw sls_v
t_mbdpw sNbvXXv. ]t, Ah
Hcp ]SnIqSn apntev Nnnp
FXn am{Xambncpp hyXymkw.
C.tImssf (E.Coli) F _mIv Socnb
sbmbncpp tImsl\pw t_m
bdpw XfpsS ]coWn\mbn
XncsSpncpXv. C.tImssf
t]mse bp _mIv So cn b I fp sS
{]tXyIX, Ahbvpn, apJy
P \n XIhkv Xp hmb Un. F. F.
IqSmsX, asmcp D]P\nXI hkv Xp
IqSn DsXmWv. Cs\ apJy
ambpw apJyamXmbpw hcp
P\n XI hkv Xp cpw Un.
F.F. XsbmsWnepw, AXn
apJyamXns B IrXn hn
emWv . hrmImcnep Cu D]
P \n XI hkv Xp hns t]cmWv
]v fmkv anUv (Plasmid). tImsl\pw
t_mbdpw XfpsS hn{InbIsfmw
ImWn Xv thXn cn s Sp Hcp
]vfmkvanUnemWv. Xhfbn se Po
Iqnts Hcp ]v fm kv anUns\
bmWv Ah BZyw krjv Sn Xv .
AXn\ptijw, Cu ]vfmkvanUns\
hopw C. tImssf _mIv So cn b
ns Dntev ISn. Cu
_mIv So cn b, hn` Pn p Xn eqsS
]pXnb _mIv So cn b Iv Pw
\In. Cu ]pXnb _mIvSocnbkaq
lw, `qanbn CXphsc Pohnncp
np _mIvSocnbIfn \npw
hyXy kv X am bn cp p. Imc Ww,
CtmfXnsbpn XtXm
Hcp Po Dv. Hcp XhfbpsS Po!
AXp sImp Xs BZys
{Smkv Po \nIv Pohn (Transgenic
Organism) Bhp I bm bn cpp Cu
_mIv So cn bw. BZy Ime fn
CXn\v asmcp t]cpw ]dp tIn
cpp, dotImn\v Un.F.F.
HmKm \nkw (Recombi nant DNA
Organism).
Fn\mWv tImsl\pw t_mb
dpw Cs\ sNbv XXv ? Ah Fn
\mWv Hcp {SmkvPo\nIv _mIvSocn
bs krjv SnXv ? shdptX ckn
\mtWm? A. tImsl\pw t_mb
dpw XfpsS ]coWw {]_
cq]n AhXcnn DSt\, ]e
cpw AXv A\pIcnm {ianp. A
Xp sIm p X s, mt^mUv
bqWnthgv knnbpw Iment^mWnb
bqWnthgvknnbpw DSXs AXv
t]v sNm\p {iafmcw`np.
ImcWw, hmWnPy]cambn hensbm
cp {]m[m\yw tImltbpw t_mb
dptSbpw ]coWn\pmbncp
p. Hcp Po\ns Xs Hne[nIw
]XnpI, Ah F{X thWtam, A
{Xbpw krjv SnpI kmyamsWm
bncpp tImsl\pw t_mbdpw ]d
Xv. AXn\mbnmbncpp Ah
]v fmkv anUpIsf D]tbmKnXv . amn
hbvtp Po BZyw ]vfmkv
anUntem bn cnpw IS p Xv .
Cs\ Po IqntbmPnns
]v fmkv anUns\, Hcp _mIv Socnbbv v
\Inbm, AXv hn`P\w (Binary
Fission) aqew {]XypmZ\w \Sp
tm, AXns Hcp]mSv ]XnpI
\apv e`npw. \ Hcp ]pkvX
Iat\zjnv Hcp sse{_dnbn sN
pp. ]t, AXv Btcm sImp
t]mbncnbmWv. B ]pkvXIn
s Hscm tImntb Dq sse{_
dnbn. \ \ncmicmbn aSpp.
Fm, Hne[nIw tImnI A
hnsS Dmbncpsntem? Htc k
abw, At\Iw t]v AXpsImv
{]tbmP\apmtbt\! GXmv C
Xpt]msebmWv Po\ns Imcyhpw.
Po\pIsf AhbpsS t{kmXpI
fn \npw IspIbpw ths]
SppIbpw FfpamsWnepw, Po
t{kmXpI Ftmgpw e`yamhW
san. DZmlcWambn, \psS \m
n am{Xw hfcp Hcp sNSnbn
ImWsSp Po. B sNSn, ]mm
Xy\mnse Hcp KthjWimebnse
npI {]bmkamWv . Fm, Hcn
AhnsSsbnbm, A Xn
\nv Po ths]SpnsbSpm
Ign m, ]n oSv Xn cn p
t\mtXn. km[\w Hcp _m
IvSocnbsb Gnm, AXv AXn
s Bh iy n \p ]Xn p I
krjv Snp sImpw. Cs\bpm
p Po ]IpIsf \apv ]n
oSp D]tbmKn\mbn kqn
phbv mw. ]coWimebpsS aqe
bn hncnp, Hcp sNdnb kv^
SnIm{Xn\pn hfcp _mIv
Socnb tImf\npn B Po\pI
`{Zambncnpw! Cu Po\pIsf Bh
iyap GsXmcp im{X\pw A
hsb GXpka bpw D] tbm Kn
mw. CXns\bmWv kmtXnIambn
Po sse{_dn (Gene Library) AY
hm Un. F. F. sse{_dn (DNA
Library) Fv ]dbpXv. temIn
emZyambn Po sse{_dnI kr
jvSnsSm IfsamcpnbXv tIm
12
PpdmknIv
]mv hsc !
P\nXI FPn\obdnns km
y X Isf AXn `m hp I Xz tmsS
AhXcnnm {ian t\mhembn
cpp Ppdm knIv ]mv (J urassic
Park). ssat {InIv (Michael
Crichton) F FgppImcs h\y
`mh\bmbncpp CXv. 1990 Fgp
Xs Cu t\mh, 1993 o
sh kv]os_Kv AtX t]cn
Nen{Xamn. Znt\mkdpIfpsS
t^mknen \npw thXncnp
Un.F.F.sb D]tbmKnv Znt\m
kdpIsf ]p\:krjvSnpXmWv
IYbnse CXnhrw. dotImn\v
Un.F.F. ktXw D]tbmKnm
Wv ImegneqsS Znt\mk
Un.F.F.bvv kw`hn tISp]m
SpI ampXv. XhfbpsS Un.F.
F.sbbmWv apJyambpw CXn\p]
tbmKnpXv. Fm, {InIvs
Cu `mh\bvv imkv{Xobamb km
[pXbpw ASndbpw s]mXpth Ip
dhmWv.
ltbpw t_mbdntbpw Is
embncpp. t_mbdpw tIml\pw X
fpsS Ip]nSnw sImv shdp
tXbncnpIbmbncppshpw Icp
X. 1976, Ahcncphcpw tdm_
v kzk Fp t]cmb Hcmfp
ambn tNv sPsdsSIv (Gerente
ch) F I\n cq]oIcnp. temI
nse BZys _tbmsSIv I
\nIfnsemmbncpp AXv . P\nXI
FPn\obdnMn eqsS, Po amnhbv
\Ss PohnIsf krjvSn
pIbmbncpp sPsdsSIv I
\nbpsS eyw. Cu I\n Cv
{]ikvXa. Fm, Cu I\n
bpsS Hcp t\w, AXmbXv temI
nse BZy s Ir{Xna Ckp
en(Human Insu lin) \namWw, Cpw
P\nXI FPn\obdnMvcwKs
\mgnIpIfnsemmbn Adnbs
Spp. AtX! {]tal(Diabetes) tcmK
ns NnInbvmbn D]tbmKn
p Ckp en Xs. C
kpens \namWn\v ASnm
\amhp Po, a\pjy\n \nv
ths]SpnsbSpv, C.tImssf
F _mIv Socnbn Dsmn
p I bmWv sPsdsSIv I \n
bnse KthjI CXn\mbn sNbvX
Xv . CXv kmyambn, ]nsbpw hj
IgnmWv do tImn\v Un.
F.F. ktXn\p t]v
tIml\pw t_mbpw e`npXv .
Hmnm

Hn e [nIw t{kmX p I fn
\np (PohnIfn \np)
Po\pIsf Iqntv \nn
pXmWv dotImn\v Un.
F. F. (Recombi nant DNA).
ssJtadnIv Un.F.F.(Chimeric
DNA) F asmcp t] cpw CXn\v
]dbm\pv. (hnhn[ Pohn Ifp
sS icoc`mK tNv \nan
s Pohn sb \ne bn
{Kov ]pcm W n ]d bp
XmWv ssJtad).

dotmn\v Un.F.F. bpsS
]IpI krjv SnpXn \pw
Ah kqnphbv p Xn \p
ap kmtXnI kwhn[m\amWv
Po sse{_dn AYhm Un.
F.F. sse{_dn Fdnbs
SpXv.

Po sse{_dnbn Htc Po
\ns Xs A\h[n ]Ip
I ASnbncnpptm.
CmcWm, Po sse{_dn
bpsS krjv Snsb Po Iv tfm
WnMv (Gene Cloning) Fpw hnfn
mdpv . Xm{Xm Xe Iv tfmWn
Mv(Molecular Cloning) FXmWv
asmcp t]cv.

tUmfn F sN cn bm Sns
krjv Sn mbn D] tbm Kn Xv
km[m cW Iv tfmWnMmWv .
AXmbXv, tIm i Xenep
IvtfmWnMv. CXv c v Xcn
epv . NnInm]c Iv tfmWnMpw
(Therapeutic Cloning), {]Xyp m
Z\]c iIvtfmWnMpw (Reprodu
ctive Cloning). CXpw Xm{XmXe
IvtfmWnMpambn _sampan
.

Po amn hbv p Xn eqsS
krjv Sn s Sp Pohn bmWv
{Sm kv Po\nIv HmKm\nkw
(Transgenic Organism) Fdnb
s Sp Xv . DZm l c W ambn
_nSn]cpn Bt-Co tton) Hcp
{Smkv Po\nIv kky am Wv .
_nSnhgpXn\(Bt-Brinjal) asmcp
DZmlcWw.

_mknekv Xpdnnsbknkv
(Bacillus thuringiensis) Fv t]cp
Xpw _n. Sn.(Bt) F Npcp
tcpXpamb _mIv Socnb
bn \npap Hcp Po amn
tNs sNSnbmWv _nSn
]cpn. tamkmtm (Monsa
nto) F I\nbmWv Ctm
_nSn kmtXnIhnZybpsS t]
v ssIhiamnbncnpXv.

kzamb {Smkv Po\nIv kmt
XnI hnZybneqsS Cy im
kv {X hnI kn n s Sp
_nSn]cpnbmbncpp _nm
t\cn \ma (Bikaneri Narma). Npcp
cq]w BN Bt.

alm cm jv {S bn se \mK ]q
Bm\ambp sk{S C
nyqv t^m tIm dnkv
BWv _nm t\cn \masb
hnIknnXv. Fm, CXn
tamkmtm v t]v Ah
Imiap Po ASnbncnp
Xmbn sXfn bn s Xns\
XpSv tI{ ImjnI Kth
jW Iukn (Indian Council
for Agricultural Research-ICAR),
AXns hn\ 2009apX
\ntcm[npIbpmbn.

` W n eqsS ssh an
F(Vitamin-A) IqSn e`n p Xv
DdphcppXn\mbn, ssh
anFbpsS \namWn\v ico
cs {]m]vXamp _omI
tcmn (B-Caro tene) Po\pI
ASnbncnp A cnbmWv
tKmU ssdkv (Gol den Rice-
kphAcn) F t]cnedn
bsSpXv.

hf m tlmtam Bb
skmam tm t{Sm n(Somato
tropin), cw I]nSnm klm
bnp t{]mo (Blood-clotting
protein), slssokv (Hepatitis)
tcmK n s\ Xn cmb hmIv kn
Fn h bpsS \nm W n\v
hgn XpdXv dotImn\v Un.
F.F.ktXamWv.

BZys dotIm n \v Un.
F.F.sb krjvSnpXn
hn P bn p sh n ep w (1972),
AXn s tZmj sf p dn
tmv `b sv Kth jWw
\ndp nb imkv {X \m bn
cpp t]m s_Kv (Paul Berg).
X s `bmiI imkv{Xtem
Is Adn bn p Xn \mbn
Atlw Xm dm nb Iv
s_Kv se (Berg Letter) F
t]cn ]nmev {]ikvX
amhpIbpmbn.
aknscience.blogspot.com
13
'imkv{Xw, Ncn{Xw,
kwkvImcw' F aqv
{]tabsf ap\nnbp
Nne BtemN\I
AhXcnnm\mWv ChnsS
apXncpXv. Hcp ]t,
P\Iob imkv{X
{]m\fpsS
{]h\fpsS
B[mcXXz ambn
\nesImp BibamWv
imkv{Xw, Ncn{Xw, kwkvImcw
Fo {]tabfneqsS
kqNnXamIpXv . P\Iob
imkv {X{]m \ ,
hntijnv tIcfn
imkv{XkmlnXy ]cnjXv,
imkv{Xw kmaqlyhnhn\v
F ap{ZmhmIyw
AhXcnnpptm?
imkv{Xns kmaqlnIhpw
Ncn{X]chpamb DSs
Ipdnp HcSnm\kao
Xs AtXmsS
AhXcnnsp Ignbpp.
AXpsImv imkv{Xw,
Ncn{Xw, kwkvImcw FXv
hnimemn P\Iob
imkv{X {]m\fpsS
imkv {XZi\s
ap\np,
AXns\pdnv
]eXcnep
]p\cmtemN\Iv
hgnhbvp Hcp
{]tabamIpp.
1. imkv{Xw Ncn{Xn
sP.Un._W(J .D.Bernal), imkv {Xns kmaqlnI
[spdnv hnhcnp Xssbmcp ]pkv XIns
XpSn imkv{Xns {]mNo\ Zibn cv hn`mK
Xnepmbncp Hcp tNsbpdnv ]dbppv. Hm
atXv a{hmZnIfpw ]ptcmlnXmcpw Zmi\nIcpw Ds
Hcp hn`mKw. cmatXnepXv ]ccmKXamb ss\]p
Wyw ssIapXembp ssIsmgnepImcpw. Cu cv hn`m
Kfpw tNp\n Hcp hnm\ {]tbmK kwtbmKn\
ImWv imkv{Xns Ghpw {]mNo\amb Dhm\w
Fv Atlw kqNnnpp. ]noSv Ncn{Xn ]eamXncn
]cnWmapw hgnXncnbepIpw hnt[bambn imkv{Xw
\mw Cv ImWpnStv Fnsp Fpw, CXntemtcm
Lnepw imkv{Xkev]tfbpw, imkv{Xsam Fv
FXnt\bpw, AXns {]tbmKcoXnItfbpw \nWbn
hnhn[fmb kmaqlyinI {]hnpsImncpnp
v Fpw _W B ]pkvXIn hniZoIcnpp.
imkv {Xsav \manv hyhlcnphcpXv khntij
amsbmcp Ncn{XLn \nehn hXpw B Ln
hniZoIcnsXpamb ikv{Xhnm\nssbmcp coXn
tbbmWv.Hmtcm Lnepw Fs\bmWv imkv{Xkev]w
amdn hcpXv Fpw _W hniZoIcnppv. Atlw
B ]pkv XIn Xs ]dbpIbpw, ]noSv imkv {Xw
Ncn{Xn (Science in History) F hnJymXamb {Kn
hfsc Bgn ]cntim[npIbpw sN bv X Hcp Imcyw
hnm\ns iIeoIcWw Fs\bmWv imkv {Xns
{]`mjWw
kp\n. ]n. CfbnSw
t{ImUoIcWw: jôIv. F. kam
imkv{Xw, Ncn{Xw, kwkvImcw
14
{]hrnIsfpdnp [mcWI
sf amnfXv FXmWv. im
kv{Xw Ncn{Xn F{Kn
s Hcp `mKw GXmv ]qam
bpw, Cv tkmjy kbkv Fv
hntijnnp kmaqlyhnm
\spdnv NsNm\mWv
Atlw \onhnpXv Fv
IqSn HmtXpv.
FpsImmWv imkv {Xns
_rlmb Ncn{XsagpXnb Hcm
v kmaqlyhnm\w AXnsemcp
thmeyn DS\ofw ]cmaint
nhXv? B[p\nIimkv{Xsav
\mw a\nemnhcp hnm\
hyhbpsS BcnIamb Zu_
eytfbpw AXns {]Xybimkv
{X]csatm atm hnfnmhp k
hntijamb hn`mKoIcWtfbpw
Ipdnp hnai\t_m[w sImm
Wv AXv Fv a\nemmw.
AXpt]mse B ]pkvXIn
s t]cpw hfsc {][m\sXmWv.
imkv{Xw Ncn{Xn (Science in
History) FmWv , imkv {Xns
Ncn {Xw (History of Science) F.
Ch Xn henb hyXymkfp
v. imkv{Xw Ncn{Xn Fv ]d
bptm Ncn{Xsa hn]p eam
sbmcp _hyhbvIv, B
hyhsb cq]sSppIbpw
AXn IqSnev {]hnp
Ibpw sNbv XpsImn cn p,
\m\mhn[nep {]`mhpw
t{]cWIpw hnt[bambn {]h
np, Hcp khntijm\
kzcq] ambn imkv{Xw amdpIbmWv.
Cu _hyhbv Iv hv
imkv{Xs a\nempI FXv
{][m\amWv. \psS imkv{XNcn
{Xw s]mXphn _hyhbvv
]pdv khntij hnm\ns
kzbw]cym]v X aeambn im
kv {Xs AhXcnnpIbpw AXn
s Ncn{Xw ]dbpIbpamWv sNp
Xv .
B[p\nIhnm\ns s]m
Xphmb coXn]Xn Xs AXns\
hntij hnm\fmn XcwXn
cnphbv pI FXmWv ."aq
kmlNcyfpsS aqamb hni
Ie\amWv amIvknkw' Fv se
\n ]dXv, Hcp]t, Cu hn
tij hnm\ hyhtbmSp
Bgtadnb Hcp hnai\w F \n
ebvmImw (As\bp {]IS
amb AhImihmZsfmpans
nepw). ImcWw Hcp aq kml
Ncyw Hcp hnm\ hyhbv
Iv am{Xw {]hnp H;
adnv, \nch[n hnm\ hyh
I sImv am{Xta bmYmYyn
s hniZoIcWw km[yamIq.
DZmlcWn\v, \psS kZv
imkv{X hyhbntem, kmn
I ]T\ntem Hcnepw CSw Inm
m\hnjbamWv IrXzw
(Subjectivtiy) FXv. IrXzcq]o
IcWw Fs\ \Spp, AXv F
s\ ]cnWanpp, kzXzns
D]m[nI FsmsbmWv, XpS
nb BtemN\I apJyambpw A
ctdpXv XXzNnbpsS hyh
lmcImWv . CXn\v kZv
imkv{X]cambn Fsnepw {]m
[m\yapXmbn ]cnKWnsn
n.
AXpt]mse ]ucXztbpw,
AXns {]hrnItfbpw {IaoIc
Wtbpw Ipdnp BtemN\I
fmIt cm{aoamwkbvImWv
s]mXpth NsNsSpXv. C
s\ Hcp `mKv cm{aoamwkbn
tepw asmcp `mKv kZv im
kv{Xntepw aqmasXmcp `mK
v XXzNnbntepwFn
s\ bmYmys ]e hnjb
fntepw hIXncnv \nnsm
mWv \mw s]mXpth B[p\nI k
aqlcq]oIcWspdnv ]dp
hcmdpXv.
kzX{ a\pjy F kev
]w B[p\nIa\pjy cq]sp
htm a\pjys\pdnpmb
{][m\ BibfnsemmsWv
kqvaambn \nconm a\n
emm\mIpw. a\pjys\ kzX{
\mpI FXv {][m\s Hcp
BhiyamWv. \apsms Adnbp
Xpt]mse, {^v hnhns
Xs ASn m\ ap { ZmhmIy
fnsemv kzmX{yw FXm
bncpp. Cu kzX{ a\pjys
kzmm]\ns Hcp hnm
\hyhsb \nebvmWv, I
rXzspdnv sZmv (Rene
Descartes) apX Bcw`np B
[p\nIamb, XXzNnm]camb B
ib s]mXpsh \mw ]Tnphcp
Xv .
Cu kzX{ a\pjy\pw, B kz
X{ a\pjys\ km[yamp kz
bw]cym]vX IrXzsa XXzNn
m]camb hnjbhpw, apXemfn
Dev]mZ\s kw_np A
\nhmcyamb Hcp app]m[nbmsW
XmWv hmkv Xhw. ImcWw hyn
bpsS A[zm\s A[zm\in
sb \nebn cq]mcsSpn,
Cu A[zm\insb Itmfn
hngnm ssIImcyI rXz
ap(Agency) kzbw]cym]v X I
mfmn B[p\nI a\pjysc
amnsmmsX apXemfnsa
Dev]mZ\ hyhv \ne\n
m\mIn. AXpsImv Xs,
apXemfnw sNbvXXv \mSphmgn
ns Iogn sInbnSs a\p
jym[zm\s, A[zm\insb
\nebvv Ncphcnv, B A
[zm\insb Itmfn hne
t]in hnm Ignbphcmbn a
\pjysc cq]mcsSppI F
Xmbncpp. AmsX apXemfn
Dev]mZ\n\v aptmv t]mIm ]
n.
AXpsImv apXemfntmev ]m
Z\w BhiysSp B[p\nIamb
Hcp \namW bpnbmWv, a\pjy
k ev]\ns ASnm\ XXz
amW,v hmkvXhn kzbw]cym
]vX IrXzw. AsXmcp XXzNn
m {]iv\w am{XasYw. AXv
kZv hyhbvIp Bi
b cq]oIcWamWv.
Fm \manv ]Tnp Hcp
kZvimkv{X]T\ kaobvI
pw Cu IrXz cq]oIcWt
tbm, kzbw]cym]vX IrXzt
tbm, PoltiybptSbpw ]ucXzns
bpw {]iv\tftbm, kmnI
{]iv\ambnv ]Tnpn. adnv CXv
Hcp `mKv cm{aoamwkbpsS {]
iv\amWv, asmcp `mKv XXzNn
bpsS {]iv\amWv, Asn N
cn{Xns {]iv\amWv. Cu coXn
bn hnjb hn`P\w \Sn, AXn
eqsS aq bmYmYysf Aaq
amb m\ kwhKfmn am
n, ]mTyhnjbfmn cq]mc
sSpn smmWv B[p\nIamb
hnm\ hyh\nehn hXv.
Cu B[p\nI hnm\ hyh
bvIv hmWv hnjbv
Ncn{XapmbXv.
CXpt]mse XsbmWv imkv {X
n\pw Hcp kzbw]cym]vX Ncn{X
apmIpXv. Asn a\pjy\v
kzImcyamb Ncn{XapmIpXpw
kaqln\p thsdmcp Ncn{Xapm
IpXpw. Hcp ]t, CtX bpn
bmWv A\p`qXnI Ncnt{XXcamb
HmsWpw kmaqlnIX Fp
]dbpXv a\pjys ssZ\wZn\ Po
hnX{]{InbI am{XamsWpsam
s \s ]etmfpw sX ncn
npXv. AXpsImmWv kzIm
cyX kmaqlnIa, s]mXpPohnX
amWv kmaqlnIw Fp \ Icp
Xv. As\ IcpXnbXv sImm
Wv Nptat\m kmaqlnI t\mh
enm sWpw kn.hn.cma]n
kmaqlnIXbnm t\mhenm
sWpw \apv tXmpXv.
15
Nptat\m F{Xtmfw km
aqlnIamtWm A{X Xs kmaqln
IamWv kn.hn.cma]n. Ipamc\m
ims Nme`npInbpw Zpch
bpw F{Xtmfw PmXnhyh
sXnscbp hnai\ambncptm
AtX Afhn PmXn hnai\]
camWv {]WbIhnXIsfv \mw I
cpXp \fn\nbpw eoebpw. {]Wb
saXv , ssPhhmk\bmb cXnbn
Ncn{Xw {]hnpmIp A\p
`hamWv. {]Wbw Ncnt{XXcamb
tIhem\p`qXnb. A\p`qXnIfpw
Ncn{X]camWv. A\p`qXnbpsS Cu
Ncn{X]cXsb ImWmXpsImv
{]Wbns Hcp kzImcyNcn{Xw
\apsgpXm ]pw. kmaqlnIX
bpsS Ncn{Xw ApdpsagpXm
]pw.
Cs\ hnjbsf hIXncnv
amp {]tXyIamb hnm\ hy
hbpsS Ncn{X]camb k
tmsSmamWv B[p\nI imkv{X
ns m\knmw \nehn
hsX Imcyw imkv{Xw Ncn{X
n F ]pkv XIns BapJ
n _W kqNnnppv.
CXv \psS imkv{Xmht_m[s
kw_nv \nmbI {]m[m\y
ap Hcp ImcyamWv. ImcWw B[p
\nI imkv {Xns ASnm\
kao Ifnsemmb t_tmWn
b (Baconian) coXnimkv{Xns
cq]oIcWn\v ]pdIn hmkvXh
n {]IrXntbbpw temIbmYm
Yytfbpw hkvXphcnp
Hcp bpn ASnbnpsXv
{][m\amWv.
]coWfpw \ncoW
fpw \nKa\fpw knmh
cWfpw hgn hkv XpbmYm Yy
s ]T\hnt[bamn, B hkvXp
bmYmYyn \npw AXns B
cnIXXzs \nmcWw sNbv
sXSpm Ignbpsa t_tm
Wnb Zi\spdnv samsf
(Thomas Babington Macaulay) FgpXn
bXn \npw _W Dcnpp
v. Atlw ]dbpp: t_sW
(Francis Bacon) kw_nv imkv{X
n\v cv [fmWpmbncp
Xv. Hv, {]tbmP\w, asmv ]p
tcmKXn.
t_sW kw_nv imkv{X
n\v Fv ]dbptm B[p\nI
imkv{Xns kao Asn
AXns bpn]camb DSw
Fp IqsS \mw a\nemWw. {]
tbmP\m[njv TnXambn ]ptcmKXn
sb kev ]s ap\nn
smmWv B[p\nI imkv{Xn
s Anhmcamb Hcp coXn]Xn
t_ \ntZinsXpw ]noSv
aqv \qmv Imesanepw B[p\n
I imkv{Xw {]hnXv Cu coXn
]Xnbn A[njv TnXambmsW
pw _W ]dbppv.
t\cs kqNnn, B[p\nI
hynsb HXncnXmbn ImWm
\pw Xn Xs ]q\mn a\
nemm\pw \s klmbn, sZ
mns B[p\nIa\pjy k
ev]w hXv Cu t_tmWnb ]
Xn cq]s GXmtXkabv
XsbmWv : Rm Nnn p p,
AXn\m Rm Dv. (I think, there-
fore I am). Nnm]cambn thdnv amdn
\nv Hcmv temIbmYmYy
sf honm km[npw. CXv c
pwIqSn tNnmWv B[p\nI a
\pjys t\mns hnjbambn
ocp hkv Xp hcns
Hcp ùXnI bmYmYyw F kao
cq]sSpIbpw CXn \nv B
[p\nI imkv {Xns {]tbmK am
XrII henb tXmXn hnIknp
hcnIbpw sNbvXXv.
IothUv kv (Keywords) F ]p
kv XIn sdbv av hneywkv
(Raymond Williams) {]IrXnsbpdn
v IuXpIap Hcp \ncoWw \
Sppv . Atlw ]dp, {]Ir
Xn Fv ]dbptm AXv \apv
]pdp Ftm HmsWmWv
[cnpXv. \fmWv {]IrXn F
tm Asn \ IqsS Ds
XmWv {]IrXn Ftm B hmv
DcphnSp kabv \mamcpw Hm
mdn. AXv \apv ]pdp F
tm BWv. AXpsImv {]IrXn
sb ImWm \ ISpdttm
Imntetm GsXnepw lcnX ta
JeIfntetm t]mhpIbmWv sN
pXv . AmsX \nqSn {]h
npsImncnp, \mw IqSn
bpsncnp _hyhbp
sS t]cmWv {]IrXn FXv \mw a\
nemmdn. {]IrXnsb \mw Chn
sS A]cambnmWv ImWpXv.
km`nIambn ]dbs, Cu A
]chcWns\Xncmb BZy
s apJyhnai\fnsemv am
Ivkns 1844se ^ntemk^n
am\pkv{In]vvknepv. Cv anhm
dpw hnkvacns, amIvknvIm
Xs ]etmgpw hnpt]mImdp
Hcp BibamWv AXv. hfsc {][m
\s Hcp \ncoWhpw: a\pjy
s AssPhicocamWv {]IrXn (Na-
ture is the inorganic body of human
being). apXemfn Irjnsbpdnv
aqe[\n amIv kv \Sp
Hcp \ncoWamIs, apXemfn
rjn Fm kntbpw Dev]m
ZIcmb sXmgnemfnIsf NqjWw
sNpp FXpt]mse Fm hn`
hfptSbpw ASnm\ t{kmXm
b {]IrXnsbbpw ASnXpcnmXm
pp FXmWv. AXpsImv Nq
jWw sNsSpXv sXmgnemfn am
{Xa. \SpXv BIam\ap Nq
jWamWv .
imkv{Xns Ncn{Xw FXn
\p]Icw imkv{Xw Ncn{Xn F
p]dbpXn\v C{Xbpw A X
efpv. imkv{Xns Ncn{Xw
tcJobambn, A\p{Iaambn, hnIkn
v h Hcp hnm\ hyhbp
tSX. adnv Hmtcm Lnepw km
aqlyamb BhiytfmSpw cm{ob
tmSpw A[nImc _tfmSpw
`cWIqScq]tfmSpw kmnI
bpnItfmSpw Hs ]e amXncn
bp hn\nabfntesv hnI
knv h HmWv imkv{Xns
Ncn {Xw. CXmWv imkv{Xspdn
p \psS kaImenI ssh
m\nI [mcWIfn Ghpw {]
[m\amtIXv . imkv {Xns\Xnsc
hnhcns Hcp {]tXyIXsbmsWv
hm hnhcap Bv AXn {]tXyInv
]mfnsampan, hnhcapmIm \ne]mSv
thWsan, Cs\ tiJcnpsImncpm
aXn FXmWv. As\sb{Xtbm,
]nXmsc \apv ImWm km[npw.
henb sSIvt\m{Impw lmm\nbpambncnpw.
AtXkabw Atbs
PmXnhmZnbpambncnpw. ImcWw
]Tn Adnshmpw Abmsf kv]innn.
16
Dbp hcp hoWsfbpw {]h\
tfbpw sNdpWsan t]mepw imkv{Xs
Cu \nebn XncndnbpI FXv A\nhm
cyamWv.
2. imkv{Xmht_m[w t\cnSp
shphnfnI
imkv{Xhnai\ns Asn imkv{X
ns\Xncmb \ne]m SpIfpsS apJyamb cv cq
]fmWv Cv \apv apnepXv. kaqln
Actdp aXauenI hmZhpw aX] camb
{]NmcWfp amWv AXn Hv . tIcfob
\thmm\hpw B[p\nI tIcfhpw cq]sSpn
sb Sp hn ai\mht_m[s ]mtS
CmXmp anemWv \psS aXmIXbpsS
hf. Fm \ hfsc aX\nct]amb Hcp
kaqlamsWmWv hbv]v.
aebmfnv hmkvXhn h B[ymnIt_m[hpw
Dsn AXv DmIpXn henb ]v h ln Hcmfm
Wtm tbipZmkv . Bobsav hnfnpsmc\p`hw
Dev]mZnnpXn Atlw \Inb kw`mh\ hfsc
hepXmWv . Fm As\sbmcm Aen Ibdp
Xn \nv hne s Sp tm AXns\sNmn Hcp
hnai\hpw \psS aXPohn Xnepbcpn. AXp
t]mses Im]pcstmsemcm, tIcfn
Cpw BZcWob\msWXv Fns sXfnhmsWpw
hmkv Xhn \mw BtemNntXpv . kv {XoI
]Tnm ]mSn Fpw, tPmen sNbv XpIqSm Fpw,
Bhiyapsn ]pcpj \mev hnhml Ignp
Xn XctSn Fpw, Ahs ASm Imamnv
As\ Nne Bhiy IqSnbpspw Hs ]dbp
Hcm ChnsS \Snb PmYbpsS t]cv \thmm\ PmY
FmWv. Ign Znhks ]{Xn I IuXpI
apsmcp hm, \thmm\ aqey hosSpW
sa Im]pcns {]Jym]\amWv! CXv Imens
hmsmcp sFdWnbmWv.
hmv Ncn{Xn GXv \nebvmWv PohnpI FXv
Hcp \nbhpanm ImcyamWv . DZmlcW ambn kzm{ibw
Fp hmv Kmn DmnbXmWtm. A[nImc
ns, Bbp[ns _en temIs IogSnsm
ncp Hcp A[oiintbmSv FXncnv \nm\p Hcp
{]mtbmKnI X{ambmWv KmnPn Cu kzm{ibw F
Bibw sImphXv. "R \q \qep sImv, R
s\bv X hkv {Xw sImv , \nnXw Cu A\oXnsmc
ymhcWw." CXmWv kzm{ibw. Cs\bp mb Hcp
Bibw CshnsS _mnbpsv tNmZnm e
ssIqen sImSpm AUvanj Inp tImtfPns
t]cnemsX thsdsbhnsSbpan. CXpt]mse Xncnp
t]msbmcp hmmWv \thmm\w. Fmhcpw \thmm\w
Fp ]dbpw. AtXmsS \thm m\w FmsWv BsI
kwibamIpw. ImcWw hn.Sn. `XncnmSmtWm \thmm\w,
Im]pcw A_q_dmtWm \thmm\w Fv tNmZn
m \ IpSpnbXv Xs.
imkv{Xns Ncn{Xntev ISptm imkv{X
hnai\w F \nebn cq]sv hcp hensbmcp
temIw Cu aXXo{hXbptSXmWv . aXmIX \psS
asm BibmhenItfbpw Ihnp \n p Hmbn
amdpIbpw tIcfob s]mXp kaqlns bpnt_m[w,
IptdqsS IrXyambn ]dm, AXns hnai\mht_m
[w/critical thinking/critical sensibiltiy NpcpntmhpIbpamWv.
aXn \Iv Xsbp hn ai\mht_m[s
]n pWbv m s]mXpkaqltam { ]m \tfm
ka. aXbmYmn Xn IXz amWv aXm[n Imcw
ImfpXv . aXm[nImcns hnai\m\fmbn
aXn\Iv Xs Dbphcp FXn kzc Cv
IqSpX \n iamsSpIbmWv . Cs\ kmh{Xn
Iambno aXm[n]Xyns, aXmI XbpsS,
hnai\mht_m[cmlnXyns, A[oihyhlmc ns
iamb Hcp aew tIcfnepv. AXv ]cn]qW
ambpw imkv {Xns bpntbmSpw coXntbmSpw FXn\n
p HmWv.
CXns thsdmcp coXn IqsS \mw a\nemtXpv.
AXv imkv{XobXbpsS AhImihmZfmWv. AsXmcp
henb amv BWv. Izmw sam\nvkv XsbmWv
thZmw F hmZ DZmlcWfmWv . tKm]me
17
Irjv W ap X { ^n tPm^v
Im{]bpw (Fritjof Capra) Kmcn kpIm
hpw (Gary Zukav) A\Ipamc
kzmanbpw (Ananda Coomaraswamy)
hsc AXv ]dbpw. Asnepw
kmbnv ]dm icnbmbncnp
sasmcp t_m[yw \appanp
apv. AXpsImv Xs Ae
dn hp \nv tKm]meIr
jvW\pw ]dbpw Izmw sam\nIv
kn ]dbpXv XsbmWv Cu
tmInepsXv . tI ncnp
h\v , Izmw sam\nIv kpadn
qSm, tmIhpadnqSm. AXp
sImv kXnpIbmsX Hcp
\nhrnbpan. Cs\bpmbn
hcp, imkv{Xm`mkw Fv hnfn
mhp, thsdmcp Xcw Ir{Xnaamb
imkv{Xns Acow \apv
ImWmw. Izmw sam\nIv kns\
AZsszXhpambn IqnbnWp
bpnbpsS XpS t]mse t]mIp
Hcp]mSv imkv{XhmZ thsd
bpapv. AXns\pdnv ChnsS Iq
SpX hniZoIcnpn. Cu co
XnbnsemsbmWv imkv{XtmSp
FXnpIfpsS [mcbpmIp
Xv. CXv ImcyKuchapX, ]
t, henb kzm[o\apXmWv .
kzm[o\apXmbXpsImv Imcy
Kuchan Fv IcpXnqSm. kzm
[o\w hcptXmsS AXn\mWtm
]ns ImcyKuchw. sskmnI
ambnv icnbmtWm FpXv A
tm A{X {]ka.
amIvkns {]knamsbmcp \n
coWamWv , "An idea becomes a
material force when it grips the socitey"
FXv. Hcp P\Xbvv apIfn ]n
Snapdpngnm ]ns Bib
ùXnIinIfmWv. ùXnI
hmZspdnp kmam\yt_m[
ns XctsSmsWv hm,
Bibw ùXnIamsWv AXv Icp
Xn. Cu sInSw ùXnIamWv, Cu
Ipw apw ùXnIamWv Fv Icp
Xpw. Fm Bibw FXv a\p
jysbpw Ncn{Xntbpw ASnth
cnfnf ùXnIkzm[o\am
Wv, ùXnIinbmWv FXv Im
cyambn XncndnbsSn. amIvkv
s^mb _mlns\ hnainp sIm
v ]dXv, s^mb_mlv(Ludwig
Feuerbach) IcpXnbXv Bibw a\p
tjyXcambn \ne\np tIhe
kbmWv FmWv. 1844se am\p
kv{In]vvkn Atlw ]dbpp
v, An eye becomes a human eye..and
senses become theoreticians in their
immediate praxis (Economic&Philosoph
ic Manuscripts of 1844). \psS km
am\yt_m[n \ IcpXp
Xv, C{nbt_m[w Hcp `mKpw kn
mt_m[w adp`mKpw Fm
Wv. knmw Fv ]dbptm
Bm ]dbpw CX A\p`ham
Wv {][m\sav. AtmfmWv am
Ivkv ]dbpXv C{nb ssk
mnIcmsWv. ]t, Fs\?
Hcp hyhbvIv hmWv \mw
Hns\ ImWpXv. \psS Hcp I
hn ]dnptm, Iv ImWv IS
en{X hepXmbsXv. AXpt]mse
tIptImWv B\ss`chn B\
ss`chn BbsXtm, IpI
mWv ]\ndw ]\ndambsX
tm a\nemmw. Hcp hyh
bv Iv hmWv bmYm Yyn\v /
Adnhn\v B ]Zhn ssIhcpXv.
cmatXv B[p\nIm\cX
bpsS hoWcoXnbmWv . bmYmYy
saXn\v hymhlmcnIamb Hcp X
eapv. Cu hymhlmcnIamb Xe
s GI]obambn ASn am
n, AXns hymhlmcnIXsb
bmYmYyns GIXXzamn
smmWv Ign aq mep
ZiIfm bn imkv {Xhnai\
n s AXn { ]_eamb ]pXn
sbmcp aew DLmS\w sN
sn cn pXv . AXv B[p\n
Im\cXbpsS Hcp hoWcoXn
bmWv. t]mv tamtU {Innv
Hm^v kbkv FXv s]mXpth
imkv {Xs Hcp hyhlmcsa
\n ebn ImWp HmWv .
imkv{Xw Cu hymhlmcnIXIfpsS
\nanXnbmWv, AXnepdw imkv{X
n kXysampan F hmZw
henbtXmXn Dbnsnpv.
Hmtcm Imensbpw hyhlmc
\pkcnv AXv HmtcmXcw A
dnhpev]mZnnpp. AXnteXv i
cn, GXv sXv Fv ]dbpXn
IYsbmpan. Fmw imkv{Xob
amWv, Asn, Hcpt]mse imkv
{XobamWv F anepsmcp bp
nbmWv Ah aptmv hbv pXv .
Atm ]dv hcpXv, hen
b {]mtbmKnI kzm[o\apfhmp
, AtXkabw sskmnIamb
\ne\nev ]nm, Bibns
Xenep imkv{X hnai\ap
v; AtXkabw hfsc sskmn
Iamb koIcWfp, ]t,
\psS s]mXpt_m[n Imcy
amb kzm[o\sampw Dfhmnbnn
bnm asmcp \nebnep im
kv{X hnai\hpw Cv \ne\n
ppv FmWv. CXns adp]p
dambn ]etmgpw Dbp hcp
hmZsbmWv Hcp]s, imkv{X
hmZw Fv \mw ]dbpXv
3. tIhe
imkv{XhmZns
\ncIX
imkv{Xns Ncn{X \nct]
hpw tIhehpw Aaqhpw k
XymIhpamb ]ZhnbmWv imkv {X
hmZw aptmv hbvmdpXv. imkv
{Xns Zpcp]tbmKamWv {]iv\
apmpXv imkv{Xa Fv ]d
bmdpv. imkv{XsaXv km]c
ambn \ne\np HmsWpw
AXns {]tbmKw asmmsWp
ap Zz zhmZ]camb (Dualistic),
hn` P\coXnbmWXv . km]camb
Hcp kXymIX Hcp `mK v ,
{]tbmKhnm\w adp`mKv.
aXsfpdnv s]mXpth ]d
bmdptm, Cu ImWp bYm
Y aXsav. AXv thZ]pkvXI
fn ]dbpXmWv Fpw. Cs\
]dbpXn h Imcyhpaptm?
aXw Ncn{Xn PohnsXs\
bmWv ?
s{sIkvXhXbpsS ImXsem
sWv tNmZnm ]dbpXv kvt\
lamsWmWv. kwibsampan.
\nstmse \ns Abmct\
bpw kvt\lnpI, i{Xphns\tm
epw kvt\lnpI Fsms
sbmWv . ambnbpsS kphntij
n ]dbpp, \ns kvt\lnp
hsc \o kvt\lnpXnsev
Imcyw? Npmcpw As\ Xt
sNpntbm Fv. kmh{XnI
kvt\lamWv BhiysSpXv. Im
catkmhv ktlmZcm F t\m
h en Zkv X sbhv kv In ]dbpp
v , {Inkv XpkZriamb kv t\lw
km[yamIptam Fmcmbm thn
bnmWv Rm\nXnse Atemjn F
IYm]m{Xs krnsXv . {Inkv
Xphns\tmse kvt\lnm a\p
jy\p ]ptam Fv `mh\ sNm
thnbp Hcp {iaamWv Cu IYm
]m{Xw. AXmWv s{sIkvXhX.
]t, AXns Ncn{XPohnXw
t\mnbm, \memw \qmv apX
Ccp]smmw \qmv hscbp
]Xnt\gv \qmv Imew AXv sNbv
XXv Cu kvt\lkmmImcsam
patm? AXv sNbvXpIqnbh
bn IqsmeI, Ipcnipbp
, ]nimNn\othI, Zpa{
hmZnIsfv ap{ZIpn BfpIsf
sImsmSp apX lnvesd ]n
pWXpssS Dtm? lnv
e sXmbn cpsv amm
]dXv cmw temIalmbp
n\v tijambncptm. ]pkvXI
18
nepX, Fp ]dnv Imcy
an.
k`bpsS Ncn{XneqsSbmWv
\ {Inym\nnsb a\nemp
Xv. AXpsImv km]camb
s{sIkvXhX Apdpv. {Inkv
XpaXw Fsmcp m]\w Cpd
pv. Ch cpw cmsWv ]d
bpXv F{Xtmfw Ncnt{XXcam
tWm, AXpt]mse Ncnt{XXcamWv
imkv {Xns tIheXXzfpw
{]tbmK m\fpw shtsdbm
sWv ]dbpXv. Ncn{XnemWv
imkv {Xw. AXv Ncnt{XXcamb tIh
ebpnb. _W Cu Imcyw
FSpv ]dbppv.
{]bpm\fnemtWm im
kv{Xw? ip BZiamtWm imkv
{Xw? ipimkv{XamWv imkv{Xsa
v IcpXpXv ]gb mtmWnIv Nn
bpsS XpSbmWv. As\bp
imkv{Xn\v kmaqly[a
tfm, kmaqlyêtfm C. AXv
tIhekXyw IsemWv. C
s\ IcpXnbm mtm XXzNnbn
eqsS {]]bmYmyns aqe
XXzfmb ASnm\sf Is
nb t]mse, tIhemibsf
XXzNnm]cambn \nmcWw sN
p Hcp {]hrnbmbnv imkv{X
spdnp kev]w amdno
cpw. {]bp k`nemWv imkv
{Xw. AXpsImmWv ]pkvXIn
s t]cv imkv{Xns Ncn{Xw F
mImsX, imkv{Xw Ncn{Xn
FmbXv .
imkv{XhmZns kmam\ybp
np Hcp Ipgw, km]cam
b Hcp tIheXbmbn imkv{Xs
kev]nm\p Hcp \ow AXn
\Ipsmnpv FXmWv.
AsXs\ hp Fv tNmZnm,
Apdv \np hnjbw, Cp
dp hnjbnbpsS t\mneqsS
\nmcWw sNbvsXSpsSp
kXyns BsIpIbmb Adn
hpI Fsmcp Imgv N imkv {X
n {]hnpXp sImv F
mWv Dcw.
4. \ntbmen_d
Imes imkv{X
hnZym`ymkw
imkv{Xspdnp \psS
t_m[w Xs hensbmcfhn Ncn
{X]camWv, imkv{Xsamsev F
v tNmZnm Inp Dcn
Xs Ncn{X]camb DS
Dv, FmWv ChnsS ]dbm {ian
pXv.Ncnt{XXcambn \ne\n
p, ssZhstmse Fmm
ehpw Hcpt]msetbm GsXnepw
\nebntem a\nemsSmhp
H imkv{Xsa kev]w. Cu
AYn t_tmWnb coXn ]
XntbmSpw Imojy kzXzk
]tmSpw apXemfn hymh
kmbnIXbpsS BhiytfmSpw
IqSnev \nehn h B[p
\nIimkv {XsbmWv \manv
imkv {Xsav hnfnpXv . Cu
Ncn{X_ImWv \mw
imkv {Xs a\nemtXpw A
Xns\pdnp [mcWI cq]oI
cntXpw AXns\ adnISv t]m
tIXpw.
Ncn{X]camsWn AXv adn
ISsSmhpXmWv . ImcWw, Ncn
{XsaXv Hcp \ne m\a,
adnv kwLjmIamb Hcp {]
{Inb BWv. \manXns\ {]{InbIfm
bn ImWWtam, AtXm Adnhns\,
kbmbn ImWWtam FXv {]
[m\ssmcp tNmZyamWv. {]{Inbm
Iambn Im imkv {Xw AXn\v
]pd. As\ hcptm, \
psS BtemN\bpsS hnjbw,
imkv {Xw, Ncn{Xw, kwkv Imcw F
X,v NbpsS tI{m\tv
hcpw. ImcWw imkv{Xw kmaqly
hn]vfhn\v Fv ]dbp kab
v Cu {] {Inb hfsc {][m\
sXmWv. CXv kqNnnm th
nbmWv, AYhm, hnhn[ hnm
\fpw {]bp m\fpw Xn
ep hfsc koamb ]ckv ]c
_s kqNnnp Xn\pw
IqSn thnbmWv _W Atl
ns imkv{Xw Ncn{Xn Hcp
knI apgph\mbpw Cu Imev
cq]s kmaqlyhnm\sf
pdnp BtemN\I sImv
\ndXv.
imkv{Xw ]Tnph ^ntem
k^n Hm^v kbkv s]mXpth ]
Tnmdn. lndn Hm^v kbkpw
]Tnmdn. CsXms ]TnW
sav aps]mcp Xmev ]cyapm
bncpp. Ctm, imkv{XsaXv
hvhv Hcp Xcw {]tbmKssh`hw
am{Xambn amdn. sSIvt\mfPn am{Xam
bnv amdn. CXv hmkv Xhn \ntbm
en_denkns Hmcw bp
nbmWv. tIcfn kzm{ib hn
Zym`ymks pdnv Hcp]mSv N
\Ssnepw B kzm{ib hnZym`ym
kns Dnep Cusbmcp
aqe[\ {]Xybimkv{Xw A{X B
gn ]cntim[nstm Fp
Xv kwibamWv . ImcWw hnm
\s, {]tXyInpw DX hnZym
`ymk taJebnse hnm\s,
hymJym\mIhpw hnai\mI
hpamb aen \nv Npcpn
sImphv, Hcp `mKv hnhcn
epw adp`mKv {]hrn]cnNb
nepw HXpnsnbXmWv \p
sS DXhnZym`ymk ]p\x{IaoI
cWw.
tl_amkv (J urgen Habermas)
]dbpp, Adnhn\v aqp {]Xe
fpv. Hv hnhcw. asmv hymJym
\w, aqmatXv hnaiw. hnhc
sav ]dbpXv \nv ssIh
AdnhpIsf Asn \ne\n
p Adnhns\ AtX]Sn kzoI
cnemWv. DZmlcWambn, BcmWv
Cy {][m\a{n Fv tNmZn
m ataml knwKmsWv ]d
bpXmWv hnhcw. As\bmWv
Iznkv ]cov Hmw m\w In
pXpw tImSoizcm BIpXpw.
tNmZnp Bpw hnhcaps
v tXmpw, Dcw ]dbp B
pw hnhcapsv tXmnpw.
hnhcns Hcp {]tXyIXsb
msWv hm hnhcap B
{]IrXn Fv ]dbptm AXv \apv
]pdp Ftm HmsWmWv [cnpXv.
\fmWv {]IrXn Ftm Asn \
IqsS DsXmWv {]IrXn Ftm B hmv
DcphnSp kabv \mamcpw Hmmdn.
AXv \apv ]pdp FmWv.
AXpsImv {]IrXnsb ImWm \
ISpdttm Imntetm GsXnepw
lcnX taJeIfntetm t]mhpIbmWv
sNpXv. AmsX \nqSn
{]hnpsImncnp,
\mw IqSnbpsncnp _hyhbpsS
t]cmWv {]IrXn FXv \mw a\nemmdn.
19
v AXn {]tXyInv ]mfn
sampan, hnhcapmIm \ne
]mSv thWsan, Cs\ tiJ
cnpsImncpm aXn FXmWv .
As\sb{Xtbm, ]nXmsc
\apv ImWm km[npw. henb
sSIv t\m{Impw almm\nbpambn
cnpw. AtXkabw Atbs
PmXnhmZnbpambncnpw. ImcWw ]
Tn Adnshmpw Abmsf kv]in
nn.
Cs\ hnm\s apgph
Adnhmn amptm, hnm\
ns CSs]S tijn DmIp
n. hnm\w apIfn \nv hy
hsncnpp.Hcp hn[nep
CSs]SepanmsX Inp hn
hcw \ kzoIcnpp, kqn
phbv pp.]mkohv dnk]v j.
Cs\sbmcp DZmko\amb Gphm
entev hnm\ns kzoI
cWs NpcpnsImphv A
Xns\ Adnhns GIXeamp
XmWv hnhchcWw. Cu hnhc
amWv \psS hmmam[ya
Cv \apv XpsImncnpXv.
]pkvXI ]etmgpw Xcm {i
anp sImncnpXv . As\
hnhcw s]cpInsmtbncnpI
bmWv . Cv {Kmebfnepw sse
{_dnIfnepw ]pkvXI{]km[\ tI
{fn epsams Ghpw IqSpX
hnp t]mIpXv/{]NmcapXv hn
m\kmlnXyam Wv . hnm\
kmlnXyw hnpt]mIpXv antm
gpw Cu \nebvmWv.
cmas hnm\{]Xew
hymJym\amWv. hymJym\w hnhca
. ssIh hnhc sImv Hc
hsb hniZoIcnemWv hym
Jym\w. As\ hniZoIcnps
n, \nsmcp hniZoIcW ]
Xn thWw. Ncn{Xspdnv ]d
bptm ]dbpw knmansn
Ncn{Xan Fv. AXpt]mse, \n
smcp Imgv NmSnsn, Hcp
\ne]mSnsn \nv hymJym
\an.
AXpsImv ataml kn
mWv {][m\a{n Fv ]dbm
hnhcw aXn. 4060hjs cm{o
b{]h\ ]cnNbap, tZiob
{]m\fpsS Imew apXtebp
cm{ob A\p`hfpap {]Wm
_vIpam apJPnsb t]meph
Ccns CsXmpanm knv F
s\ cphw {][m\a{nbmbn
F tNmZynsbpcn\mWv
hymJym\tijn thXv. Atm,
\ntbmen_denkw BscbmWv `c
WtanpXv, FmWv \ntbm
en_d `cWIqSw, FmWv t\Xr
Xzspdnp \ntbmen_d
`cWIqSns kev]w, Fsm
s \apmcmtbnhcpw. AXv \
apv B{m{]tZinse ]gb apJy
a{n ]dpXnpv . I am the CEO
of Andhra Pradesh FmWv Atlw
Av ]d Xv. B \ntbmen_d
bpnbmWv ataml knns\
{][m\ a{nbmnbXv. hymJym\
tijnbpsnte CXv Ism
\pw a\nemm\pw ]pIbpp.
aqmatXv hnaiamWv. F
mWXv ? Adnhns Adnhmbncnm
\p ASnm\spdnp
tNmZyamWv hnimemYn hna
iw. Fs\bmWv Hcdnhv Adnhm
bnoXv? Fm AdnhpIfpw A
dnh.
\oeIWv T tkmabmPn F
t]cv tImsX KWnXimkv{X
n _ncp Zm \ c _n cpZw ]m
mb ]Xn\mbncWn\v BfpI
fp \mSmWv tIcfw. hSticn ]c
taizc, \oeIWv T tkmabmPn,
Bcy`S, Fsmpw \mw tI
tXn. Bcy`Sobns tKmf
]mZn ]dbppv: \nsfmcp
tXmWnbntedn kcnptm,
Npp]mSpap kkyPme A\
pXmbpw \n A\msX
\npXpambn Fs\bmtWm
tXmpXv, AXpt]msebmWv kq
cy `qansb NpndpXmbpw
`qan \neambn \npXmbpw
tXmpXv, Fv. CXv ]dbpXv
F.Un. 499 BWv. ]cov am
v InWsan, ]t, tIm\n
v FsgpXWw.(CXv ]d bp
tm, Fmw `mcXn \np
mbXmsWv ]dbp tcmKambn
sXncnmXncnpI).
tIm\nntesptm
tgpw Cu ImgvNsbms Hcp]mSv
amdn. Atlw CXv shdpsX ]dbp
I am{Xa, AXv m]nsSpp
Ibpw sNbvXp. AXns Hcp]mSv N
cn{Xapv . ]t, C s\sbmcp
Ncn{Xw \appapsXv A[nI
ampw AdnpIqS. Atm A
dnhv Fs\bpmbn Fpw, Hcp
Adnhv Fs\ Adnhns ]Zhn
ssIhcnpp Fpw a\nem
m \ hnains hgntb
t]mbn t\mtXpv.
5. Adnhv shdpw Adnh,
AXv A[nImcamWv
Fs\ `q]Sw Dmbn? bqtdm
v Hcp `qJamWtm. Fs\
bqtdmv `qJambn? B{^n
bpw, emn\tacnbpw Gjybpsam
s t]mse `qJamIm\p
Fv hIbmWv bqtdmn\pXv?
Hcp hIbpan. bqtdmv BWv tem
Iw `cnncpXv, At{Xbpq. CXv
hfsc efnXamsWv tXmpXp
sImv \apv hnizknm tXm
pnsv am{Xw.Imcyfn {X
t\vt\ hcptm A{Xbpam
bncnn, AXn IqSpX Dm
Ipw Fp IcpXpw. Atm ]ns,
sam s{]mP\n XpSn
As\ ]eXns\nbpw ]dtb
n hcpw.
ChnsS \psS BtemN\, A
dnhv Fs\ B ]Zhn ssIhcn
pp FXmWv. Adnhv bYm
n tIhem\amsX,
m\m[nImcambmWncnpXv .
Adnhv AXn Xs A[nImcam
Wv. hmv AXn Xs A[nImc
amWv. hmv D]tbmKnph\
A[nImcw.
\psS `mjbn \neo\amb H
mWv ]{Snbmn. ]pdta \npw
sInbndnbX. \fntm, \m
p`mjbn ]dbpatm, Xbvv
]ndWsav. temIv Cth
sc Hcp a\pjy\pw Xbvv P\n
npan. P\nsXms Xbvm
Wv. Fnepw Xbvv ]ndpI F
t ]dbq. Xbv v ]ndpI Fv
Bcpw ]dbmdn. Ah\hs Im
cyw Ah\h t\mWsat kv
{XoIfpw ]dbq. Ah F kv{Xo
enwKapmbnpw Ahs\ ]pnw
Kn Xs ]dbWw. Ahfhfp
sS Imcyw Ahfh t\mWsav
]dm tImaUnbmbntmIpw.
t\mq, kv{XoI AhcpsS enwK
kzXzn Ddv \nv kwkmcn
m XpSnbm AhcpsS `mj
tImamfnambnocpw. AXmWv
AXns AYw. \n kv{Xobm
bn \nv kwkmcnm \n ]cn
lmk]m{XamIpw. \n ZfnX\m
bn \nv kwkmcnm ]cnlmk
]m{XamIpw. ZfnXs hmpI
tIptm ]nXmv
kwibamIpw. dmIndtWm, ]mdn
dtWm F ]gsbmcp kwib
ant? AXs\ hXmWv. t\cw
t]mbv t\cw t]mbv ]qssX ad
]n. AsXs\bm ]qssX ad
]pXv FmWv kwibw. ZfnX
ZfnXs `mjbn kwkmcnp
tm AYanmbvabmbntmIpw.
CXmWv m\m[nImcw. AXmbXv
Adnhmnh A[nImcnbmIp
20
Ib, Adnhv Hcp A[nImc {]h
\amWv. GXdnhpw Hcp A[nImc
{]h\amWv.
As\ Adnhv FXv A[nIm
cambn amdpsXs\, Adnhn
A[nImcw {]hnpsImncn
psXs\, A[nImcns
hymhlmcnI bpnsbv Fmcm
v, Hcp ]t, Adnhns B[n
ImcnIXsb Xpdv ImWnv, Adn
hns\ A]\nanp ]WnbmWv
hnaim\w.Critique. Cu critique
-Dw hymJym\hpamWv hmkv Xh
n Hcp kaqlns hnai\m
ht_m[ns ASnv . hnhc
a.
efnXambn ]dm `qXIme
ns kv tmv cPn BWv hnh
cw. hymJym\amIs ham\hp
ambn Hcp P\XbpsS kwthZ\am
Wv, apJmapJamWv. `mhnv thn
bp m \cq]oIcWamWv hn
aiw. AsXmcp cm{ob{]tbmKw
IqsSbmWv. ImcWw \ne\np
Adnhns\ XncppI hgn, tNmZyw
sNpI hgn, AXns ASnm\
s NmhnjbampIhgn, \ne
\np A[nImc hyhsb
An c s Sp p (Destabilise
sNp) Hmbn AXv amdpp. A
Critique FXv amIvkv Atln
s BZys ]pkvXIw apX A
hkm\s ]pkvXIw hsc Bh
nv sImncp Hcp D]iojI
amWv. Ahkm\s ]pkvXIn
s t]cv Critique of the Gotha Progra
mme FmWv. aqe[\ns apgp
h t]cmIs, F {Innv Hm^v
s]mfnn FtmWan(Capital: A
C ritique of Political Economy) Fpw.
{InnIv FXv shdpsX Adnhpm
e. AXv \nehnep Adnhn
s\ AncsSpemWv , ]nX
\mhe. ImcWw Hcdnhpw tIhe
m\a. m\m[nImcamWv.
amIvkv ]dbp Hcp Imcysa
sm: FtWmanIvkn\Iv
t{]m^nsv ]dbpw; XXzimkv {X
n\Ipw aX Nn bv Ipw
\oXn , [w, Fsm sbpw
]dbpw. amIvkv CXv cpw tN
phv tNmZnp, em`w \oXn
bmtWm? em`ns FnIv kv
FmWv ? Hc n amIv knv
FtWman Ivkv Fp ]dbpXv
Cusbmcp tNmZyamWv . FmWv
em`ns \oXn imkv{Xw?
tNcmXncp cv temIsf,
bpKmcfmbn XXzimkv{Xn
epw/aXNnbnepw kmnIim
kv{Xnepambn AIp\n cv
m\hyhlmcsf, tNph
tXmsS hKNqjWns Ncn
{Xw ]pdphcm XpSn. CXmWv
{Innv Fp ]dbpXv. hnaiw
Hcdnhns\ AIta s]mfnpIfn
v , Cu Adnhns\ cq]sSpnb
kmaqlym[nImcw, AsX{Xta a
IamsW henb tNmZyw, Db
nsmv hcpw.hnm\n\v
Cs\ AKm[amb Ncn{XmIX
bpv. AXv Dmbnh Imen
s Ncn{Xa, DmnbhcpsS Po
hNcn{Xa, adnv hnm\ hyh
AXn Xs AKm[amb Ncn
{Xaqeys Dsmpp. Cu
Ncn{Xaqeyw Hcp m\hyh F
\nebvv B[p\nIimkv{Xhpw
ssIbmfppsXmWv, \ psS
{][m\s XncndnhmtIXv.
6. hnm\ns
Ncn{X]cX
k]\fpsS cq]oIcWam
Wv imkv{Xns Hcp Xew. imkv
v{Xhnm\w ]cnI\m]camWv.
Cu ]cnI\I cq]sv hcp
tm, Ahbv pw Ncn{X]chpw
kmaqlyhpamb kz`mhapmIpw.
Ah Ncn{X \nct]a. ImcWw
\mw \npXv Xs Ncn{Xn
emWv. hmpI Ncn{Xn {]
hnpsImncnp hbmW
tm. AXpsImv Ncn{Xapamb
Hcp hmv FSpm\mhn. apXemfn
hn]WnbpsS ASnm\bpn
bpw, amqknb P\kwJym kn
mhpw IqSnev \ne\np
Hcp NnmaenemWv Um
hns ]cnWma knmw ]ndhnsb
SpsXv GwKkv ]dbppv.
Cs\ ]dbpXns AYw, ]cn
Wmaknmw Hcp apXemfn Kq
VmtemN\bm sW. As\
sbmcp hmZa DbnpXv. t\c
t ]d t]mvtamtUWnpI
fpsS \ne]mSv AXmWv. Ccw hy
hlmcamWv CXpmnbsXpw,
AXpsImv Umhn\nb ]cnWma
knmw Hcp Iym]nenv km[\
amsWpw Ah ]dbpw. Umhn
]cnWma knmn aptmv h
\mev Iev]\Ifn BZys aq
saptm: AantXmev]mZ\w,
\ne\n]n\v thnbp kacw,
AlXbpXns AXnPoh\w,
Fnh kwibclnXambn apXem
fn hn]WnbpsS kao]\amWv.
AXpsImv amqknb P\kw
Jymknmhpw apXemfn hn]
Wnbpw tNv {]hnp
m\hyhbv ImWv , A
sn B m\ k`ns
kzm[o\pw kpw
AImW,v Cu ]cnIev ]\mhyq
lw {]hnncpXv. AXnsb
w CXv apXemfn KqVmtemN\
bmsW. adnv t\cs ]d
t]mse, ]cnI]\m hyhI,
Ah imkv{XnsbmIs, av
GXv hn m\n sbmIs,
Ncn{X]c amtb \nehn hcq.
AXns kfpw kzm[o\
fpw AeIfpsam s, AXns
Bibcq]oIcWn s Xew
apXte, ImWm ]pw.
\ncoW, ]coW,
\nKa\, knm cq]oIcW
F anep t_tmWnb
]Xnbn, "Nnnp Rm
ChnsS; Nnmhnjbamb temIw
AhnsS' F B[p\nIamb hn`P
\w DSnbnpv. Cs\ hkv
XphcnsSp temIamIs
{]IrXnv taep a\pjym[nImc
ns, Asn a\pjym[n\nth
ins, Hcp bpnsb Dsm
pIbpw sNppv. CXv HXncn
H. AXmbXv bmYmYy
sf hn]coXKWfmbn hIXncnv
amn, Hn\ptaep asmns
B[n]Xyw hgnbmWv \apv bm
YmYyn tev , kXyntev
Fntcm IgnbpI, FXv B
[p\nI NnbpsS Xs Hcp ASn
m\ kz`mhamWv. AXv imkv{X
nstbm {]IrXnbptStbm Imcy
n am{Xa. B[p\nIX sNbv
Xph Hcp Imcyw Xs hn]coXZz
fmbn (Binary Opposites) bmYm
Yys Xncnv ImWnpI FXm
Wv . ]pcpjs\pw kv {Xosbpw, hn
Imcsapw hnNmcsapw, {]IrXn
sbpw a\pjys\pw, Bmsh
pw icocsapw, ùXnIsapw
Bobsapw XpSn Fa hn
]coX. Cu hn]coXfn
Hns\ Hgnp\nn IogSn
smt, asmn\v kzbw m]n
m ]q. Rm HcmWmbnocp
sXs\sbv hm, Fsbp
n, Fs {]IrXn D s]
bpsS Awisf apgph ]Sn]
Snbmbn CmXmn, AXn\v apIfn
Fs Bsb DdnmWv. Am
sX ]n. hmkvXhn a\pjy
P\m, BWnsbpw s]ntbpw
`mhlmh, B`napJy IqSn
e Hcp kwbpamWv. Cu
kwbpn \npw BWns\
DdnsSpp Hcp hyhlmc{Inb
bpv. s]ns\, {]IrXnsb, icoc
21
ssbms Cu \nebn A]c
hcnv B A]cXzw hIpam
n, A]cn\v apIfnep A[oi
Xzambn Bs {]Xnjv Tnp
sImmWv B[p\nIX s]mXphn
{]hnXv. AXpsImmWv A
tUmsWmsbtmep Hcp ]nm
e amIvknv ]dXv, "^mjnkw
]pdta \nv h Hc]ISa, B
[p\nIXbpsS ]cnkam]vXnbmWv '
Fv. AhnsS hIpamstS
A]cambn PqXm. AXpsImv
B[p\nIambn \nehnh B
m]\ {]{InbbpsS ]cnkam
]v XnbnemWv , hmkv Xhn ^mjn
kw DSseSpXv AtUmtWmsbm
s ]dbpp. AXv AXnhmZamsW
v tXmmw. Fm IqSpX B
temN\Iv hnjbamtI Hcp
{]iv\w AXn\Ipv.
B[p\nItemI cq]oIcWn
s hensbmcp LS\bvIv, B
LS\mkwhn[m\s BcnIam
bn kzmwioIcnpsImpXsbm
Wv , t_tmWnb ]Xn \ne
\npXv. Bib{]cq]fpsS
cq]oIcWw(Conceptual Formation),
coXn]XnI(Methodology), Fo
cv kp{][m\ Xefpw {]hn
pXv Ncn{X_Im
Wv; hK kwLjIpw,
kmaqly_e {]hnp sIm
ncnpXn\pnepamWv ; Ah
tbmSv tNpw Ahsb ]qcnnpw
Ahsb thdnp ImWnpsamsbm
Wv. \yqtmWnb {]] Zi\w
cq]sv hXv mt\mZbw Fv
\mw hnfnp, 18mw\qmnse {^
v NnbpsS LnemWv. AXn
s Ghpw henb Ahkm\s
{]Xn\n[nbmbnmWv \ ]etm
gpw \yqs\ ImWpXv. t\cs
kqNnn B[p\nIXbpsS ho
Ww mt\mZbn \neo\amWv .
AXns\ aqtm \mtem ASnm\
XXzfmbn Npcpndbmw. Hv,
{]] bmYmyw. AXv qeam
Is, kqv aamIs, {]m]nI bm
Ymyw hyhm]camWv. c,v
a\pjy\v Cu hyhsb bpn
t_m[w sImv Xncndnbm ]pw.
aqv, As\ Xncndnbm ]p
XpsImv Xs, CXnenSs]Sm\pw
As\ ]cnh\sSpm\pw
]pw. \mev, Cs\ CSs]v ]cn
h\sSpm km[npsa
XpsImv \apv ]Sn]Snbmbn ]p
tcmKanm\pw IqSpX kzX{\m
bnocm\pw ]pw. FmWv m
t\mZ bw?(What is Englightenment?)
F hnJymXamb {]_w Cm
\ph Imv(Immanuel Kant) XpSp
Xv, a\pjy\v XSfnmsX kz
w bpnt_m[w {]hnnm
\p km[yXsbbmWv mt\m
Zbw Fv hniZoIcnpsImmWv.
FmWv Fssesav FXn
\v Atln\p Dcw AXm
Wv: XSfnmsX a\pjys bp
nt_m[w {]hn kàm
Wv Fssesav. Hcp Imcyw
km`nIambn ]dbs, Cs\bp
mIp a\pjybpnbpsS al
Xzw hniZoIcn Cm\ph Imv
B{^nm a\pjycmsWv
IcpXnbncpn. Idph a\pjy
\. AXpsImv Ahs\ \ I\
ap hSnsImv thWw Xm F
mWv Imv ]dXv. Hmt
Xv Fm hnhfpw Ncn{Xn\
ImWv . Fm hnhpw
]cn[nIfpv . AXv adnISns
n hnhw {]Xnhnhambntm
Ipw. Hpw sN, AXv kzbw B
bnsmpw. DZmlcWn\v, Np
tat\m henb P\m[n] XyhmZn
tbm hnhImcntbm Bbncptm.
]n.sI. _meIrjv W ]dbppv ,
Nptat\ms t\mhen kqnv
t\mnbm, cv {]tXyIXI
ImWmsav. Hv AhnsS \mbm
cpw \qXncnamcpw am{Xtabpq.
Nptat\ms ASp IqpImc
Cugh\mb aqtmv Ipamc\m
bncpp. Xobmsc hon Ibn
bnpv. ]t, t\mhen Ibn
bn. hnhw \qXncnbn XpSn
\mbcn Ahkm\npp. asmcp
IuXpIap ImcysamsWv h
m Nptat\ms t\mhen kp
cnIfpw kpcmcpambn Bscm
sbptm, Ahsms Cwo
jv Adnbmw. Cwojv Adnbmsm
cp kpcs\ Nptat\m\v kev
22
]nm ]n. CsXmcp Ipambnv
]dbpIb. Ncn{Xans\bmWv .
\ IcpXn Ncn{Xw \neps
v. hn sI IrjvWtat\ms Hcp
ktlmZcnbpmbncpp. \psS
]{mw mknse \nehmcn
]Tnp kabv AhscgpXnb
]mT Fv, H]Xv mkpIfn
]Tnm\pmbncpt{X. A{Xbpw
]mnXyapbmfmWv . A\h[n
`mjI ssIImcyw sNpambn
cp, IhnXbpw kmlnXyhpw Hs
FgpXnsmncp, Hcp kv {Xo.
Cv B kv{Xosb HmpXv Ir
jvWtat\ms s]sfmWv. B
\nebn Ahsc Hmptm B
kv{XobpsS Bfbmbnv IrjvW
tat\ms\ \ Hmn. AXm
Wv, ]m{Snbmn. Cs\bm Wv
A[nImcw {]hnpXv. adhn,
A [nImcns Hcp ASbmfamWv .
Ncn{Xw {]hnp Hcp coXn
bmWv. \fneqsS A[nImcw/Ncn
{Xw {]hnpsImncnbmWv.
As\ Nptat\m\n Ncn{Xw
{]hnpmIp hnhamWv
\mb\qcn _w. AXv hnh
amWv. ASp Ln {]Xnhn
hhpw.
1930I Fnbtm XIgn
pw _jodn\psams tXmn am[
h\pw CpteJbpw Xn {]W
bn t]mse {]Wbnm aXntbm
Fv. Cv \ As\sbn
epw {]Wbnm aXnbmbncpp!
ImcWw `mhns\ Fv hnfn
WsaXn\v Kwòcamsbmcpcap
Xv CpteJbnemWv: "i'. B
hnfn hnfnmXmWv tIcfnse
sbmcp {]iv\w. 1889se DcamWv.
CpteJ am[hs\ hnfnXv i
FmWv. tIihtZhns Hcp IY
bpv, sdbnth kvtj\nse dn
mhnmcs IY. BfpI C
s\ hndnsm ncpnpw
Bcpw Ibdpn. Hmtcm XhW A
bm sNv tNmZnpw, "kmtd, h
nsbSps?' Fnepw Bcpw tI
dpn. sshIptcambnpw Hmsam
pw Innbn. Ahkm\w, sshIn
s Hcp s{Sbn\n hndnb,
tImpw apw [cn, HcmfpsSbSpv
sNv sNhnbn kzImcyambn ]d
p:"FSm kmtd, hnsbSp
s?'. tI DSs\ kmdv hnbn I
bdn. ImcWw thsdmcp `mj hcnI
bmWv. AXpt]mse i Fv hn
fnm Xocmhp Hcp]mSv {]Xm]
fpv. ]t, Ctmgpw Xon
n.
Fn\mWv kv{XoI ]Tnp
sXv tNmZnm hnhmlw Ign
v hobmIm\msWv ]dtb
nhcpw. ]cnjns tIcf]T\w
t\mnbm AXv ImWmw. DX
hnZym`ymkw t\Snb kv{XoI G
hpw IqSpX tIcfnemWv . ]
t, DXhnZym`ymkw t\Snb
kv{XoIfpsS sXmgn taJebnse
]mfnns IWpI ]cn
tim[nm, Cybnse, Ghpw
XmW ]Zhnbn, 28ms ]Snbn
emWv tIcfw. Cu ]Tnsms F
hnsS t]mbn? ]Tnhscms Fhn
sS t]mbn? Cu ]Tnp sImv Fv
{]tbmP\w? Iptd {]iv \sams
i Fv hnfnsn Xot
s\."h\nX' amknI FSpv t\mn
bm Hcp teJ\w Ctmgpw CSbv
nsS hcpXv ImWmw: "`mhn
s\ Fv hnfnWw?' Ahkm\n
nn.!!
C_v ks (Henrik Ibsen) ]mh ho
Sv F \mSIn \nmbIam
sbmcp k`n, Xs Xn
dbm aSnbnmsmcmfmWv `
mshv a\nemnb \mbnI
t\md Xs hoSpt]nv ]pdnd
pIbmWv. AXns\pdnv bqtdm
nepmb Iav, "t\md hmXn
sImnbSbvp iw tIv bqtdm
v sRntmbn' FmWv. ]sm
Xmw \qmns Ahkm\amWv
AXv. Fm \psS kn\nabn
`mhn \npw IcWv ASn
sIm `mcy Ctmgpw AItm
Wv t]mhpI. Fnv s_Uvdqan
InSv Icn. \qnnzm\w hj
v apmWv bqtdmn t\md
]pdtndnbXv. ChnsS Ctm
gpw AItv Xs.AXmWv tIc
fob PohnXw.
7. imkv{Xs
kmaqly hnhn\p
Bbp[amtsXs\?
A[nImcw, \ ]etmgpw I
cpXpXpt]mse ]pdta \nv {]
tbmKnsSp H. Hchbv
Iv DXmWv. Cu Ahbv
Iv \neo\ambnnSp Im
gvNbpsS Xew, temIhpw bmYmYy
hpw hyhm]camsWpw, AXn
s\ a\nemm\pw IogSm\pw
As\ kzmX{yw t\Sm\pw ]p
sapw IcpXp mt\mZb Z
i\nepv. t_tmWnb im
kv{XZi\ns ASnm\s
pdnv samsf ]dp: {]tbm
P\w, ]ptcmKXn. BcpsS {]tbmP
\w? BcpsS ]ptcmKXn? BcpsS {]
tbmP\ambnmWv, BcpsS ]ptcmK
XnbmbnmWv CXv hnIknph
sXv t\mptmgmWv Ncn{Xn
s {]bpmhbn CXv thsdm
mbn amdnsbv \mw Xncndnbp
Xv. AhnsS hnmWv Adnhv A
[nImcambnocpIbpw ]pXnb A
Dev]mZnnpIbpw sNp
Xv. \yqs {]] Zi\n
septmtgpw \mw Cu ho
Wns kmh{XnIamb kzcq]
ntespp. hfsc knanIv
Bb Hcp {]]Zi\ns Ah
A]mchpw AKm[hpamb
hnaimht_m[nemWv Hcp hnm\
hyhbpsS `{ZX \ne\npXv. ImcWw
hnaiamWv `mhnbpsS m\w. hnhcw
CsebpsS m\cq]amWv.
B hnhcm[njvTnX m\s Ddnm\p
\ntbmen_d B[n]Xy {iasXnsc
hnaimht_m[s \psS
imkv {Xt_m[nsbpw
kmaqlym\t_m[nsbpw B[mc
XXzampI Fsmcp henb {]{InbbmWv
cm{obambn \apv GsSpm\pXv. AXv
cm{obambnocpXv AXv
hnaimIamIptmfmWv. B Hcp
Xentev \psS imkv{Xmht_m[s
Dbnsmv hv imkv{Xs
kmaqlyhnhns D]m[nbmbn ampI F
XmIWw \psS ZuXyw.
23
XcWw \yqWn ImWmw. \yq
s {]knamb Hcp DZmlcWap
tm. Io sImSp hmmWv {]]
w FXv . Atln\v BsIbp
Hcp {]iv\w, ssZhs Fp
sNpw FpXmbncpp. AXn\v
Atlw Dcw sImSpXv "BZyw
Io sImSp B' FmWv . BZyw
Hcm Io sImSppp. ]ns tem
Iw Nenpp. As\ mt\m
ZbZi\n\pw ssZhNnbvpw
]cnlmcambn. cpw IqsS GtIm
]nnp. \yqtmWnb {]]Z
i\saXv shdpsXbpmbn h
H. Ncn{Xn\ImWXv kw`
hnXv, \psS GXdnhpw F t]m
se. tjIvkv]nbdpsS sSv F
Xv Hcp ItOZns am{Xw IY
b. sImtfmWnb hym]\ns
òXnIfpsS IqSn IYbmWv. HYtm
Hcp sImebpsS IYb. adnv hwi
shdnbpsS IYbmWv. HYtm aq
BWv. sUkvUntamW F Hm
cw bqtdm]y h\nXbpsS \njv I
famb kvt\ls Xncndnbm\p
B_eanm, GtXm Xc
n {]mIrXamb, Bct_m[
amWv Ieph\mb Cu HY
tmbnepXv. AXpsImv HYtm
sUkvUntamWsb sImpw. bqtdm
]ys Cu hwishdnbmWv HYtm
bn {]WbZpcambn amdpXv.
Cs\ GXv Adnhnepw kaql _
{]hnpsImncnp
pv. satUmfPnbpsS, Bib
{]cq]fpsS, ka{Kmht_m[n
ssbms Xefnep, B[p
\nIamb imkv{X ]cnt{]y
pw Ncn{X]cXbpv. Cu Ncn{X
]cXsb XncndnbpIbmWv {][m
\w. Ncn{Xn Hmtcm hnm\
cq]fpmIpXpw tIhe m
\ambn, Hcp A[nImcambnmsW
v ImWm ]pw. DZmlcWambn,
{_nojv km{amPyw Cybn B
Zyw XpSnb ]cn]mSnIfnsemm
Wv kth. kthbpsS Ncn{X]c
X ]cntim[nm ta]dXv
hyamIpw.
CXv apgph Akw_w, Fm
Adnhpw Hcp t]mse, F B[p\n
Im\c hmZtmtSm Asn
aX]camb imkv{X hnai\tm
tSm GsXnepw Xcn Xmev]cy
apmbXv sIm Cs\ ]dbp
Xv . adnv imkv {XhmZns tIh
ebpnbntev \psS imkv{Xm
ht_m[w t]mbvqSm FpXp
sImmWv . Ncn{Xn\Iv {]h
npsIm mWv imkv {Xw \ne
\npsXv a\nemm
thnqSnbmWv. ImcWw B a\
nemenemWv \apv IqSpX
Bgtadnb Hcp hnai\mht_m[
s DmnsbSpm km[np
I. Hcp khntijLn cq]s
m\hyhlmcs AhnsS \n
eampIbpw kmhcnp
Ibpw sNmsX, Ncn{Xn AXv
hopw hopw {]{Inbm]cambn am
dnsmncntXps ASn
m\ kao \mw apt]mv hbv
tXpv. As\ sNbvXns
n hnhv Ncn{Xnse
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amn _Wens {][m\ hna
iw, AXv hfscb[nIw bqtdmtI{o
IrXamsWXmWv. Atlw hmZn
pXv, Acnkvtmnentepw A
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m\sfmss\ {Kokn\v
ssIamdnnnsbpw, B ssIamdn
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bn hnIknnsSpXv FpamWv.
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n) shfpn, IdpnmsW
pw, ]mmXyimkv{Xsav \mw I
cpXpXv bYmn hensbm
cp AnadnbmbncpXv Fns\bm
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fnembn hniZoIcnppv.
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ns ASnd ]mInbXv bqtdmn
epmb sshm\nI hnham
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tdmn kw`hnp, Fp]dbp
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v (J acob Burckhardt) F Ncn{XImc
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cnXpw hmZnpdnXpw. Fn\v th
n? FmWv Cs\sbmcp Is
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XpSambn FpamWv \ ]Tn
p hmZw. Fm Cu {Kotm
bqtdm]y hnm\w Fs\bm
Wv bqtdmntebvsnbXv? ]Xn
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hsc _mKvZmZpw sImtZmbpw tI{
ambn \n CmanI at[yjy hn
m\ tI{fneqsSbmWv Cu
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ybn \npw ssN\bn \np
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ssIamdnbXv Ad_nIfmWv. ]t,
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24
aqmw \qmv hsc \op\n Ip
cnipbp bqtdmn\v Cmw
Hcp NXpnbmn, A]camn
Xop. AXpsImv at[yjybn
se CmanI kwkvImcneqsS
ssIamdnnnb Adnhv F \ne
bvv kzw `qXImes a\n
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tXbp Hcp ssIamw am{Xambn
cpn. Xv ssIh Adnhp
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np. `q{]IrXn, ]cnnXn, Imem
hm hyXnbm\, Fnhsb
sbmw tNnWn Hcp tZin
s Ncn{XsagpXpXns\pdnv
B[p\nI Ncn{XImcm 1970I
fn FmtWm ]dXv AXv
]Xn\memw \qmn apJna F
Xs IrXnbneqsS GItZiw \Sn
emnb Hcp Ncn{XImc\mWv C_v
\p JZq. Fm Cntm
dms (Leopold von Ranke) BWv Ncn
{Xns ]nXmhv Fv \ ]d
bpw.C_v\p JZqs\ (Ibn Khaldun)
Ipdntm apJna(Muqaddimah)sb
pdntm \ tInn. tIm
Xs hnNn{Xamsbmcp hnjbn\
Im Wv tIpI CmanIv
lndn. CXpt]msemcp Akw_
an. AXmbXv bYm Ncn{Xw
XfptSXmsWpw atXv Hcp
aqmwXcw km[\amsWpamWv
[z\n. slK Ncn{Xknmw ]d
psImncnptm AXn\pw
Av \qmv ap]v AXnepw hep
sXgpXnb BsfpdmWv Cu
]dbpXv. ]t, ]Tnnptm
AXns\ cmw Xcamtb ]cnKWn
pIbpp. Cs\ B[p\nI
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Hcp alm]cn{IaWns IYsb
samw XakvIcnp Hcp kwh
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sXmcp ]p\\nbmWv. CmanI
kv ]ianm, {Kotm tdma
alnX`mh\bpsS AIfamb `qX
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sImv \thmm\w Fv \mw ]v
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bm ]n. AsXmcp {]iv\ae
ambn a\nemsSWw. Cs\
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hcpXv \mw {]XonpXnep
sa{Xtbm AKm[amb kmaqly_
pw kwLjpw
AImWv F Xncndnhv \p
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Cv B[p\nIm\c imkv{X hn
ai\ BhiysSpXv. AXv
t\cs ]d t]mvtamtU
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amb cm{obmSndbp henb
Ncn{XImcm ]dpsImncn
pXmWv. B [mcWsb kzmwio
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[w B[p\nIXbpsS bpnIv
]cnanXsv t]mIpw. AXv ]etm
gpw sImtfmWnbemb ]eamXncn
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sXtbm NpapIbpw sNpw. A]m
chpw AKm[hpamb hnaimht_m
[nemWv Hcp hnm\ hyh
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Ww hnaiamWv `mhnbpsS m
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] amWv. B hnhcm[njvTnX m
\s Ddnm\p \ntbm en_
d B[n]Xy {iasXnsc
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pI Fsmcp henb {]{InbbmWv
cm{obambn \apv GsSpm
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Xv AXv hnaimIamIptm
gmWv. B Hcp Xentev \psS
imkv {Xmht_m [s Dbn
smphv imkv {Xs kmaqly
hnhns D]m[nbmbn ampI
FXmIWw \psS ZuXyw.
({]`m j W ns Cu t{ImUo IrX
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ISmSv tcJ s Sp nsmp p.)
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t^m \ : 9847723477
25
Zmcn{Zy \namP\n\v
Hcp BtKmf AP
""a
lZvhynIfpsS DXm[n
ImckanXn(High Level Panel
of Emi nent Persons) AXmWv, Cu
\qm nse shp hn fn Isf t\cn
SpXv kw_ n \ntZ i
kanm sFIycmjv {SkwLS\
cq]w \Inb kanXnbpsS t]cv.
Ctmt\jy, sse_ocnb Fo
cmPyfnse {]UnUpam, {_n
ojv {][m\a{n Fnh Htc k
abw A[ymcmbpXpw 27 a
lZv hyn I AS p Xpw B
bncpp kanXn. Xmsgdbp Imcy
fmbncpp UNO {]kvXpX kan
XntbmSv BhiysncpXv.
1. 21mw \qmnse shphnfnIsf
t\cnSm {]m]vXambXpw 2015\v
tijw \S mm hpXp amb
ihpw {]mtbm Kn I hp amb
Hcp temI hn I k\ AP
\ntinpI.
2. BtKmf Iqmbva ]p\\n
bnm\pw DchmZnXzw in
sSpm\pap Hcp temIkw
hn[m\sn \ntinpI.
3. kmnI hf, kmaqly k
aXzw, ]cnnXn kpe\w F
nh Ddp hcpm\pw kwL
j ]q cn X amb {]tZ i v
{]tXyIw Du \In \Sm
m\pw Ignbp coXnbn cm
jv{Sob [mcWI Dmm\p
\nti kanpI.
4. kl {km _v Z hn I k\ eyw
(Millenium Development Goal- MDG)
Dmnb amfpw dntbm+20
bpsS t\fpw CXntembn
]cnKWnpI.
kanXn XfpsS dntmvv, 2013
sabv amkw Xs kanpIgn
ncnpIbmWv. BtKmf hnIk
\s ap\nn 2015\v tijw
\Smt ]pXnsbmcp AP
bmWv dntmn AhXcnnncnp
Xv . ]pXnsbmcp BtKmf Iqmbv a
(A New Global Partnership) FmWv
dntmns t]cv Xs. Zmcn{Zyw
\namP\w sNpIbpw AXn\mbn
kpnc hnIk\ns ]mhn
eqsS kZvLS\Isf ]p\:{IaoI
cnpIbpw sNpw Fsmcp e
yamWv AXv ssIsmncnp
Xv . \ne hnep Xe ap d IfpsS
Imev Xs Cu eyw ssIh
cnm Ignbpsapw kanXn Ddp
hnizknpp. Ign 13 hj
nsS MDG hgn t\Snb t\
{][m\amsWpw, Ah IqSp
X sas coXnbn 15hjw Iq
Sn XpSm Cu eyw \ndth
m Ignbpsapw kanXnv hnizm
kapv.
Fm, Cs temIn
htXmXnep kmnI Ak
aXzw \ne\npXpw Fmh
pw AhkcXpeyX CmXpw
{][m\ shphnfnbmbn Xs k
anXn hnebncppp. temInse
Zcn{Zcmb 120 tImSn P\ temI
D]t`mKns Hcp iXam\w am{Xw
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bpsS D]t`mKhnlnXw 72 iXam\
amWv. CXn\p]pdsabmWv Imemh
mhyXnbm\w krjvSnp ]pXn
b {]iv\fpw Ah Dbp X
\Xmb {]XnknIfpw. CXnssb
mw `mKambn IWpIqepIsf
mw sXpIbmWv. h\\ioIcWw,
Pe m aw, `Ww ]mgm ,
Im_ ha\w, {]Ir Xn tm `
Fnhsbms insp
hcpXn\m temIns `mhnsb
n kanXn AXoh DWvT tcJ
sSppp. Chsbms Dmp
{]XymLmX ]cnlcnm
]Ww sNehmpI FXnt\m
{][m\w \b]camb {]Xntcm[ \S
hnIk\w
s{]m^.Sn.]n. Ipn
26
]SnI Dbnsmp hcnIbm
sWv kanXn hnebncppp.
temIv \ne\np A\n
nXXz amWv Chbvv ]pdta ]cn
KWnt asmcp Imcyw. k
cm Py fnse km nI{]Xn k
n, Zcn{ZcmPyfnse D]mZ\
sXmgn apcSnv Fnh A\nn
XXzn\v BwIqpp. temIn
se AXnZcn{Zcn ]IpXnbpw Cv
Pohn p Xv kwLj`qan bn em
sWXpw {]iv \amWv . CXn \nv
Hcp Imcyw hyamWv. F{X k
cmPyambmepw ]pXnsbmcp Iqm
bvabnsem Ignnnsn
`mhnbnse hfmkmyXI F
p sImpw an b Xm bn cn pw.
AXn \m, temI cm Py n S
bnepw P\nSbnepw XnIpw
hyXyamb ]pXnsbmcp Iqmbva
A\nhmcyambncnpp.
Cusbmcp ]m e n
AXnZmcn{Zyw \nam\w sNm
\pw, Zmcn{Zyns ASnm\ Imc
W sf {]Xn tcm [n m \p ambn
Cs {]h\fpsS cq]`m
hfn Xs amapmIWsav
(Transformative Shifts) kanXn \nt
inpIbmWv . kpnc hnIk\n
eqsS Zmcn{Zy\nam\w FXm
Wv s]mXp ap{ZmhmIyw. CXns km
[qIcWn\mbn temInse k
mcpI, ]uckaqlw, kkw
LS\I, hyhkmbnI, AmZ
anpI, cmjv{Sob ]mnI, av
GPknI FnhbpsSsbmw
]pXnb IqmbvaI kanXn hn`mh
\w sNpp. Zmcn{Zyw Fstp
ambn Ahkm\nnWw. AXns
aptmSnbmbn hniv, \nccX F
nh CmXmm\pw NnInmku
Icy hnnm\pw IgnbWw.
CXn\mIs, Cs NSn coXn
am{Xw aXnbmIn. AXn\m [\n
IZcn{Z hyXymkanmsX Fm cm
Pyfpw am \Smm Xm
dmhWw. AXv HmtcmcpcpsSbpw
{]XoIsf am{Xa, ]pXnsbmcp
{]] hoWns Dchm
ZnXzw IqSn HmnnpIbmWv.
dntmn\v Av Aymbfm
WpXv . HmatXv , ]pXnb AP
bvp Hcp s]mXpNqSmWv.
cm as Aymbw cq] `mh
fn htc amsfnbmWv.
\nnjvS eyfpsS hniZoIc
WamWv aqmas Aymbw. am
ns \nlW coXnsbnbm
Wv \memas Aymbw. Ama
tXv, ChbpsS D]kwlmcamWv.
CXn\v ]pdsa Btdmfw Aymb
hnhn[ A\p _ fmbn
\Inbnpapv.
\nti:
kanXn \ntinp {][m\
s Av Imcy ChbmWv.
1. Fm Xc n epap AXn Zm
cn{Zyw Ahkm\nnpI.
2. kpnchnIk\n\v apnb
apKW\ \IpI.
3. sXmgn en\pw Gh tcbpw D
tN hnI k \ n \p ambn
kZvLS\Isf ]p\:{IaoIcn
pI.
4. kam [m\w ]pep I, Hw
ê{]Zhpw XpdXpw Dchm
ZnXzapXpamb kwhn[m\
GsSppI.
5. Xopw ]pXn sbmcp BtKm
fqmbva hfnsbSppI.
CXn BZys \msew
AXmXv cmPy fn Ah ccpsS
km[yXI\pkcnv \Smt
hbmWv. AmatXv, Am
cmjv{S Xen cq]sSpt
Xpw insSptXpw BtKm
fmSnm\n Xs Fm cmPy
fpw tNv \SmtXpamWv.
AXnZmcn{Zyw Ahkm\nnpI
FXpsImv ka{Kamsbmcp \ne
]mSvamw XsbmWv kanXn hn `m
h\w sNp Xv . hniv Cm Xm
pI am{X a , Zcn {Z cpsS Fm
{]iv\fpw ]cnlcnpI Xsbm
Wv thXv. Zmcn{Zyn\nSbmp
Fm {]iv\fpw ]cnlcnpI F
XpX s bm bn cn Ww eyw.
CXn {][m\w AhkckaXzw Dd
mepw AkaXzw Ahkm\nn
epamWv. sas NnIn, Fm
hpw hnZym`ymkw, B[p\nI ]
me kuI cy fpsS e`yX
Fnhsbsbms Cu eyn
s `mKambn ImWpp. {]IrXn hn`
hfn kmaqly \nb{Ww Dm
IWsaXmWv asmcp \ntiw.
CtXmsSmw XsbmWv Fmh
pw kzhImiw F \nti
hpw. kv{Xo]pcpj kaXzw hnn
ptXmsSmw Xs Fmc
nepap hnthN\w Ahkm\n
n m\pw kanXn BhiysSpp.
kpnchnIk\w t\ssIhcn
Wsan, Cv ]menphcp
]e coXnIfpw amWsapXsbm
Wv kanXnbpsS A`n{]mbw. CXns
`mKambn, Duw, KXmKXw, Nc
vISv, Ptem]tbmKw, `tymev
]mZ\w Fnhbnsemw \SpcoXn
Ifn KWyamb amw hcpn {Ia
n Hcp lcnXkZvhyhbn
tev amtdXpv. CXn\mbn, hm
aqv {]iv\fnemWv dntmv DupXv.
Zmcn{Zyw, hnIk\ns AncX,
{]IrXnbnse AkpenXmh. CXns
sISpXnI A\p`hnpXv ]mhs
P\fpw Zcn{ZcmPyfpamWv. Ahv
kzw hn`hfpsS taep \nb{W
t]mepw ]cnanXsSpsSpIbmWv.
Imemhm hyXnbm\w, {]IrXnZpcw,
`q_nX kwLj, hob Iem],
]cnkc aen\oIcWw Fnhsbms Zcn{Z`qcn
]ns PohnX {]bmk hnnbm
Wv. CXns {][m\ ImcWw \yq\]amb
AXnkcptSbpw tImtdpIfptSbpw
AanX em`mnbpw {]IrXnhn`h
IthpamWv. [\nIZcn{Z klIcWw hgn
CXv ]cnlcnm IgnbnsXmWv hkvXpX.
\yq\]w hcp AXnksXnsc
`qcn]ns sFIyhpw kachpamWv
{][m \w.
27
l\ D]tbmK coXn, sInS\namW
coXn, amen\ykwkvcW coXn F
nhbnsemw lcnX kmtXnI hn
Zy D]tbmKnWw. CXns `mKam
bn av kwcWw, ]ptaSpIfpsS
]cn]me\w, h\kwcWw Fn
hbvsms apKW\ \IWw.
sXmgn e h k c krjv Sn
tXns BhiyIXbpw AXn
\pth \S]SnIfpw kanXn {]tXy
Iambns ]cmainpp. ka
Xz]qamb, Ghtcbpw Dt
hf, sXmgnehkcw, hn`h
] cn an Xnbpw Imem hmhyXn bm
\hpw t\cnSm\p \S]SnI Fn
hbvsms kanXn AXoh {]m
[m\yw \Ipp. DmZ\nepw,
D] t`m K nepw XpS \ne \n
ns(Sustainability) km[y Xbv v
{]tXyI Du \IWw. kw
Ljw, Iem] Fnhbn
\np kzmX{yw AXymhiyam
Wv. CXv a\pjy CSs]Sens ASn
m\ LSIamWv. kam[m\n
\mbn cn Ww {]Ya]cn K W \.
CXns `mKambn Hmtcm cmPyn
tebpw km Ahn S fnse
P\fpsS BhiytfmSv kpXm
cyambpw DchmZnXztmsSbpw
{]XnIcntXpamWv. hynkp
c, \oXn\nlWw, hnthN\
bnmbv a Fnhsbsbmw CXns
`mK ambn ImtW Xm Wv . CXn
s\mw app]m[n F\nebn
BtKmfmSnm\n Xs Hcp
]pXnb Iqmbva A\nhmcyambncn
pp.
Cu ey \ndthm\mbn
Hmtcm cmPyhpw, AXmXns km[y
XI\pkcnp ]cn]mSnI
BhnjvcnWsamWv kanXn
\ntinpXv. Fm, Hmtcm
n\pw C {]h \ ] cn ]m Sn
sbv kanXn \ntinppan.
Hmtcm ]cn]mSnbpw ]ckv]c_n
XamsWXmWv ImcWw. am{Xa,
] e coXnbnepw DuSpw ]mhpw tN
psImp am{X ta, Ah \S m
m\pw Ignbq. Cu coXnbn apI
fn ]d Av {][m\ apt
kmm Xv cn m \mbn 12
eyfpw 50Hmfw {]tXyI ]cn
]m Sn Ifpw apK W \ I, ey
, {]tXyI ]cn]mSnI Fn
s\ XcwXncnv Ioj \nt
inppv. Ahsb {lkzambn C
s\ ]nIsSpmw.
eyw {]h\
Zmcn{Zy \nm\w 1a. icmicn 1.25 tUmf Znhk hcpam\w Fmhpw DdmpI.
1b. `qan, kzv, BkvXn Fnhbn Fmhpw AhImiw
DdmpI.
1c. ]q kmaqly kpcm kwhn[m\w DdmpI.
1d. {]IrXn Zpc hgnbp acWw CmmpI.
enwKkaXzw 2a. kv{XoIpw IpnIpsaXnscbp FmXcw A{Iafpw
Ahkm\nnpI.
2b. ssiih hnhmlw Ahkm\nnpI.
2c. kzhImiw, Icm, _nkn\v, v Auv Fnhbn
kv{XoIv XpeymhImiw.
2d. kv{XoIsXnscbp hnthN\w Ahkm\nnpI.
KpWtabp hnZym`ymkw + 3a. Fm Ipn Ipw {]o ss{] adn hnZym`ymkw.
XpS kmcX 3b. Fm IpnIpw ss{]adn hnZym`ymkw.
3c. Fm IpnIpw sslkvq hnZym`ymkw.
3d. sshZKvZy t]mjWw Ddm.
kq BtcmKyw 4a. inip_me acW CmXm.
Ddm 4b. ]q {]Xntcm[ Ipnshv
4c. amXracW \ncv KWyambn Ipd.
4d. RCH hym]\w.
4e. PohnXssien tcmK CmXm.
`ykpc + 5a. hni n m Xm p I. Fm hpw `Ww Hcp AhImiamWv
FXv kwcnpI.
5b. apcSnv , hnf Fnh CmXmpI.
5c. ImjnI DmZ\ aX hnnpI.
5d. kpnc Irjn, ayhyh
5e. `y[m\y \inmsX kwcnpI.
kq ipNnXzw + 6a. FmbnSpw ipamb IpSnshw Ddm.
Pe e`yX 6b. Fmhpw Iqkv
6c. Irjnpw, hyhkmbn\pw th shw Ddm.
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Imew C\w hnkv XrXn % DmZ\w % DmZ\ aX %
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31
Ahew_w Department of Food and Public Distribution Annual Report 2012-13
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Ahew_w National Food Security Act 2013
kwm\w P\kwJy NFSAbn {KmaoWw \Kcw
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lcnbm\ 25.35 12.54 54.61 41.05
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(Ziew)
_olm 103.89 87.11 85.12 74.53
Bmw 31.16 25.19 84.17 60.35
ay{]tZiv 72.59 54.46 80.10 62.61
QmJWv Uv 32.96 26.42 86.48 60.20
HUoj 41.04 32.62 82.17 55.77
D{]tZiv 199.58 152.05 79.56 64.43
tIcfw: tdjImUpIfpsS Fw
14.1.2014 hsc
C\w Fw
APL 6080904
BPL 1477590
AAY 561824
APNA 28169
BsI 8148487
\hen_d \bfpsS êambn
kw`hnp sXmgn \jv Sw,
hcpam\pdhv Fnhsbms
P\s ]nWnbntev
\bnpsImncnpp. Cu
kmlNcynemWv P\kwJybpsS
67 iXam\n\v am{Xw `y k pc
FXv hnNn {Xw Xs. tIhew
`W ]Zm \Ip
Xnpapdw cmPyv sXmgnen\pw
hcpam\n\papff kmlNcy
DmpI FXmWv `c W IqSw
eyamtXv .temIv Ghpw
IqSpX ]nWnmcpff,
t]mjIpdhqaqew IpnI
acnphogp cmPyv cmPykpc
t]mse {][m\sXmWv
`ykpcbpw.
33
""]p
Ihen BtcmKyn\v lm\n Icw'amcIamb hnjhkvXp
ASnb knKdv ]mn\v ]pdv Cu almb ktiw
sNdnb en ]nIfm BteJ\w sNbv Xncn pp. Cu ImeLnse
Ghpw henb ênXw! ]pIhen \ntcm[\n\mbn Nne \nba
krnv , `cWIm AhcpsS ISabn \npw ]nhmpp;
kwXr]v XnbSbpp. amcIamb ]pIbne Dev ] ]pIpw Nhpw
P\w A\p\nanjw acnpsImpancnpp.
hnIknX cmPyfn htXm
Xn k_v knUn \Insmv
`y[m\y DmZnnpXv
B cmPyfnse `ykpcbvv
thnb. adnv Zcn{ZcmPyfn
IqSnb hnebn hnpI F
eywhv Xs bmWv. AXn\mbn
hnIkzc, AhnIknX cmPyfnse
ImjnI taJe XIt ]q,
XIt ]q. AXn\mbn BtKmf
kmnI m]\sf D]tbm
Knpp. hInS kmnIin
Ifmb Pm 68 iXam\hpw, bqtdm
]y bqWnb 70 iXam\hpw,
Im\U 73iXam\hpw, Atacn 89
iXam\hpw hInS Irjnmv
k_v knUnbmbn \In hcppv.
kcmPy `Ww Hcp
hn]\cmbn D]tbmKnp
tm Cyv `ykpc Hcp
Poh{]iv\ambn amdpp. hnIkn
XcmPyfn \n v `y[m
\y hnepdhn CdpaXn
sNpXv B`yc D]mZ\s
_m[npw. Cy `ykpcm
\nbaw ]qtXmXn \Snemp
Xv Icm ewL\amsWpw A
Xn\npw ]nncnbWsapw WTO
bpsS _men ktf\n, Bh
iyapbcpIbpmbn.
\hen_d \bfpsS êam
bn kw`hnp sXmgn \jvSw,
hcpam\pdhv Fnhsbms
P\s ]nWnbntev \bnp
sImncnpp. Cu kmlNcyn
emWv P\kwJybpsS 67iXam\
n\v am{Xw `ykpc F \
bw cq]sSpXv FXmWv hnNn
{Xw. tIhew `W]Zm
\Ip ]XnIpdw cmPy
v sXmgnen\pw hcpam\n\pap
ff kmlNcy DmpI F
XmWv `cWIqSw eyamtXv.
t]mjImhiy \ndthm\pw B
tcmKytmsS Pohnm\pw k
p ev]mZ\cwKv P\fpsS ]
mfnw Ddnm IgnbWw. A
Xn\mbn kmh{XnI tdj XpSc
Ww. ASnm\]cambn kmaqly
kmnI ]cnjvImc \Sn
emWw. `q]cnjvIcWw, Zmcn{Zy
\nmP\ {]h\, ta
{]h\, sXmgn \Im\p
ff ]XnI XpSn P\fpsS
hmtijn hnnm\pff
]cnjvImc \SnemWw. Np
cpn hfbpsS AP am
Ww. temIv Ghpw IqSpX ]n
Wnmcpff, t]mjIpdhqaqew
IpnI acnphogp cmPyv cm
Pykpc t]mse {][m\sXm
Wv `ykpcbpw.
kgmleonard@gmail.com
]pIhen
BtcmKyn\v
lm\nIcw.-
imkv{Xw
B. inhcma]n
34
Hcp knKdn \membncne
[nIw cmkhkvXp ASnbncn
pp. CXn Ccp\qn A]sX
w a\pjymtcmKyn\v lm\nIc
amWv. Im_ tamtWmIvsskUv,
\ntmn, Sm FnhbmWv ]pI
henbneqsS a\pjyicocnse
p Ghpw hnjabamb cmk
hkvXp. `qcn`mKw ]pIhenm
cpw hmbnsenb ]pI izmktIm
intev henpIbpp. izm
kw hnSptm Iptd ]pI ]pdt
v t]mIppsnepw, \qdp iX
am\w Im_ tamtWmIv sskUpw
sXmqdv iXam\w \ntmn\pw F
gp]Xv iXam\w Smdpw izmktImi
n Xs Ahtijnpp. Im
_ tamtWmIvsskUpw \ntmn
\pw DS Xs izmktIminse
sNdnb c[a\nI hgn cn
eenbpp. \ntmn apXv sk
n\Iw Xs Xetmdnsep
Ibpw AXns {]h\w XpSp
Ibpw sNpw.
knKdv ]pIbn Ap iXam
\ne[nIw Im_ tamtWmIv
sskUv ASnbncnpp. lrZb
ntbpw cpgepIfptSbpw
{]h\s Im_ tamtWm
IvsskUv XIcmdnempp. izmk
tIminsep hmbphn \n
pw HmIvknPs\ kzoIcnv icoc
nse tImSm\ptImSn tImifn
senpXv Nph cmWp
fnep lotamtm_n\mWtm. ]p
I henptm izmktImin
sep ]pIbnebn ASnbn
cnp Im_ tamtWmIvssk
Uv , lotamtm_n\pambn tNv
Imt_mIv kn lotamtm_n D
mIpp. HmIvknPs\ kzoIcnp
hm\p lotamtm_ns Ignhv
Imt_mIv kn lotamtm_n Cm
Xmpp. Im_ tamtWmIv
sskUn\v lotamtm_n\pambn _
sSm\p Ignhv , HmIv knPs
Ignhns Ccpqdv CcnbmWv. ]pI
henmcn HmIv knPs\ kzoIcn
m\p Ignhv lotamtm_n\v \
sSpXns êambn, tImi
fn th{X HmIv knP FmsX
icocns ssPh{][m\ {]h
\ \SmsX hcpp. Imt_m
Ivkn lotamtm_ns kmnyw
Nph cmWpfpsS Fw {I
amXoXambn hnnpIbpw c
ns km{X IqpIbpw sNpw.
Cs\ InIqSnb cw I]nSn
m FfpamWv. CXv lrZb kv]
\ tXmXpw ckhpw hn
npp.
knKdnt\mSv B{inXXzw(depen
dence) Dmp LSIw \ntmn
\mWv. Hcp knKdn Hcp ann {Kmw
\n tmn ASn bn cn pp.
Adp]Xv ann{Kmw \ntmn Hcp
anv icocnsenbm acWw
kw`hnpw. \ntmn, imcocnI
hpw am\knIhpamb {]h\
v BZyw DtP\w \evIpsa
nepw {ItaW B DtP\w Ipd
v oWnsenpp; lrZ
b kv ]\hpw ckhpw Iq
pp; {IawsXnb lrZb kv]\
n\v CS hcppp. ]pIhen
ptm cn ISpIqSp
\ntmn, A{Uo\ {Kn Dev
]mZnnp A{Uo\en F
tlmtamWns Afhv hnn
pp. A{Uo\en\v lrZv t]inI
fn t\cnv {]hnm\p Ign
hpv . Hcp knKdv henptm,
lrZbkv ]\ \ncv km[mcW
bn \npw an\nn1520 hsc Iq
Spw. AXphgn ckw 1020 an.
ao. sapdn hnpp. \ntm
ns {]h\êambn, hn
Afhn Dev ]mZnnsSp A
{Uo\en, cnse sImfkv
t{Smfntbpw kzX{sImgppI
fptSbpw Afhv {IamXoXambn h
nnpp. Cu sImgppI c
pgepIfpsS D`nnbn \nt
]nsSpp. Cu Ahbv v
AYntdmkv otdmknkv (Atheroscle
rosis) Fv ]dbpw. CtXmsSmw,
cs I]nSnm (Clotting)
klmbnp tvsepI ]ckv
]cw Hntcm CSbmIpp. C
s\bpmIp tv sev c
Ifpw chmln\nbpsS D`n
nbn ]nn Snpp. CsXmw
chmln\nIfpsS hymkw Npcp
pp; ckw Dbcpp;
lrt{ZmKv ]pIhen m
IogvsSpp.
Iymk ImcWfpw t{]cI
fpamb [mcmfw ]ZmfS
nb SmdmWv knKdnse asmcp
A]ISIcamb LSIw. knKdns
cpNnbpw inbpw AXneSnbncn
35
]eXcw A\yIWn II iz mktImin
{]thinpw. Chsb tiJcnv ]pdwXn izmk
tImis ipoIcnm\p kwhn[m\w \psS
icocn\pv . izmk\mfns D`nnbnse
tjv akv Xcnep ayqkv {KnI tjv aw
(mucus) Dev ]mZnnpIbpw, A\yhkv Xpsf Cu
tjv an IpSppIbpw sNpp. CXv sXm
bnsepIbpw hngppItbm XppItbm sNbv Xv
iz mktImis ipoIcn pIbpw sNpp.
izmk\mfnse sNdnb, hfsc kqvaamb, Xmfm
Iambn Nen p sImn cn p koen bIfmWv
tjv as sXmbnsenpXv . knKdv ]pI
bneSnbncnp sslt{Um ssk\nIv BknU
v(Hydrocyanicacid), AtamWnbm (Ammonia), At{Imen
(Acrolein), Akn mUn sslUv (Acetaldehyde),
t^mamUnsslUv (Formaldehyde) Fnh koenbm
bpsS {]h\s CmXmpp. CXv Htsd
izmktImi tcmKv ImcWamIpw. t{ImWnIv
t{_mssokv , hcNpa (smokers Cough), Fwô
knanbm XpSnb tcmK ]pIhenmsc ]nSn
IqSpp.
hmbphneqsS izmktIminsep tcmKmWp
sf \innpXv izmktImin [mcmfambp
tamtWmsskv(Monocyte) tImifmWv. knKdv]pI
CXns {]h\s _m[npIbpw tcmK{]Xn
tcm[tijn \sSpIbpw sNpp. ]pIhenmcn
btcmKw apXembh IqSpXembn IphcpXns
Hcp ImcWw CXmWv.
]pIhen aqew Imgv N \sSphm kmyXbp
v . ]pIbnebneSnbncnp sskss\Uv (cyani
de), Imgv Nin bpsS AhiyLSIamb _n 12
hnman\p ambn tNv do\bpsS {]h\s
tZmjI cambn _m[npXpsImmWv ImgvNin
IpdbpXv.
Zl\hyqltbpw ]pIbnebnse amcI hkvXp
shdptX hnSpn. cpNn Xncndnbphm\p Ign
hv \sSp Ibp w hn in mbv a DmIp Ibp w
sNpp. Smdpw \ntmn\pw Dan\o BKncWw
sNbvXv Bamibnsenv Bamibn\Is
ayqkv kvXcs DtPnnpp. sslt{Umtm
dnv BknUv AanXambn Dev]mZnnsSpp; CXv
Bamib {hWw(ulcer) DmIpXn\v CS bmpp.
]pIhenmcpsS BbqssZLyw IpdbpXm
bpw Nne ]T\fn ImWpp. Hcp knKdv hen
ptm Bbpn Av an\nv Ipdbpp Fm
Wv ]dbpI. Xosc sNdnb {]mbnte ]pIhen XpS
nbh 1015 h jw apt acnpsamWv IWv.
ssewKnIXtbbpw ]pIhen tZmjIcambn _m[n
pp. ]pcpjenwKntep c{]hmlw Ipd
bpXpsImv ]pcpjs ssewKnItijn Ipdbpp.
]pIhen sImp hmbv\mw, ]pIfpsS \ndwamw,
tamWtcmK Fnhbpw ssewKnIXsb tZmj
Icambn _m[np LSIfmWv.
kv {XoIfn ]pIhenbpw shne apdppw IqSn
hcpXmbmWv ]T\dntmpI. K`nWnI ]pI
bne D]tbmKnpXv, Ipns hf apcSnp
Xn\v ImcWamIpp. Im_ tamtWmIv sskUpw
\ntmn\pamWv Ipns hfsb XSsSp
pXv . K`w AekpXpw, Nm]nsb {]khn
pXpw, ]q hfsbmXp {]khhpw
p Smdns Afhns\ B{ibnmWv Xocpam\ns
SpI. km[mcW Hcp knKdn14 an.{Kmw SmdmWv DXv.
Fm CUybn hn sSp kn Kdn
1927an.{Kmw hsc Smdpsv temImtcmKy kwL
S\bpsS ]T\ kqNn n pp. Atcmamn Iv
sslt{Um Im_ ( Aromatic hydrocarbon), Atcmamn
Iv Assa(Aromatic amines), ss\ s{Smkssakv
(Ntirosamines) FnhbmWv Smdnse {][m\ Iymk
tlXp. hmbv, sXm, izmk \mfw, izmktImiw,
Bamibw, hr, aq{Xmibw, ]m{Inbmkv, K`mibw
Fo Ahbhfn ]pIbn e D]tbmKw aq ew
Iymk DmIm\p kmyX GsdbmWv.
knKdv henptm izmk tIminsep
]pIbn ASnb Sm, izmktImins sNdp hmbp
AdIfmb AthmfI fn ]nnSnpp. CXns
êambn, HmIvknPs\ kzoIcnm IgnbmsX hcpp.
izmktImins hnIk\tijn \sSpp. Im
_ UtbmIv sskUv HmIv knP hn\nab tijn
CmXmIpp. izmktImiw hepXmIpp. lrZbn\v
AanXambn {]hntnhcpp. CXv lrZbmLmX
n\v ImcWamIpp.
\mw iz kn ptm, B hmbphn t\msSmw,
Acon ep, icocn \v tZmjwsNp,
36
]pIbne D]tbmKnp Aam
cn IqSpXemWv . ]pIhenp
Aamv P\np Ipp
v `mcpdhpw sshIeyfpw
Iq Sp Xembn Ip hcp p . \n
tmns {]h\ êambn,
]pIhenp kv {XoIfpsS aq{X
n IqSn hfsctbsd Imyw
\sSpIbpw icocnse An
IfpsS I\w Ipdp hcnIbpw
Zp_eamIpIbpw sNp p. Cu
Ahv Hmntbm s]mtdmknv
Fv ]dbpp. apJ v NpfnhpI
hfsctbsd {]Xy sSpXns
êam bn AIme hmyIyw
_m[nhcmbn Xocpp ]pIhen
mcmb kv XoI. sNdp w
ap Xtebp ]p Ihen CXn \v
Bw Iqpp. ]pIhenmcmb
Aamcn apemen s Afhv
hfsc IpdbpIbpw apemeneqsS
\ntmn inipfnsepIbpw
sNpw. K`mib Iymkdn\pw
]pIhen ImcWamIpp. sNdpw
apXte ]pIhenp kv{XoIfn
hyX IqSpXemWv . Bhw
t\cs \nebv pXn\pw ]pI
hen CSbmpp.
]pIhenphcpambn ASp
n Ss]Sp ]p Ihen mcm
hcpsS BtcmKyhpw A]ISn
emWv . Hcm ]pIhenptm
DmIp ]pI, ASpp B
izkntnhcpXmWv ]mohv
kv tamnwKv , Cthmfdn kv tamn
Mv , sk v lmUv kv tamn Mv
Fo t]cpIfnednbsSpXv .
]pIhenptm, ]pIhenmc
AItv hensSpp ]pI
sb {][m\ ]pI(Main stream Smoke)
Fpw knKdns Ip A{K
n \npw hcp ]pIsb ]m
iz]pI (Side Stream Smoke) Fpw
]dbpw. ]miz ]pIbn {][m\
]pIbneSnbncnpXnt\m
Ancn Im_ tamtWmIv ssk
Upw aqncn Smdpw \ntmn \pw
\men cn _tkm ss]dn \p w
\mev ]nbmdncn AtamWnbmbpw
ASnbncnpp. ap hnjhkvXp
fpw CXpt]mse ]miz ]pIbn
A[nIamWv . amdv Ipns\
ASpnnSnv , Npn Fcnbp
knKdpambn \nevp hnZymk
cmb cmImsf tIcfn
sehntSbpw ImWmw. ]nXmhv ]pI
hen mc\msWn , Ipn \v
t{ _mssokv , \yq tamWn bm,
izmkwap, Bkv Xv a, XpSnb
izmktImi tcmK ]nSns]Sm
\p kmyX hfsctb sdbmWv .
`mm ]p Ihen mcp w
`mcyam ]pIhenmhcpamsW
nepw ]pIhenmcn Ip hcp
Fm tcmKfpw B kv {XoI
tfbpw ]nSnIqSpXmbn ImWmw.
Iymk, lrt{ZmKw XpSnbh
bv smw, ]pIhenp kv {Xo
IpmIp Fm tcmKfpw
]pIhenmcpsS ]pIhenm
`mcyamtcbpw _m[npp. ]pIh
enmcpsS, ]pIhenm K`n
WnIfmb `mcyamcpw, Ah {]khn
p Ippfpw ]pIhen aqe
ap Zpcn \npw tamNnX
c.
A\pIcWw a\pjys Hcp
{]tXyI hmk\bmWtm? sNdp
{]m bn {]tXyInpw, X
amXrIbmp cn Xmfpw
Aym]Icpw sNpsXms
A\pIcn m IpnI {ianpI
km[m c WamWv . Aq n
]pIhen, aZy]m\w, XpSnbhbpw
DsSpp. kn\na, sSenhnj
XpSnb amyafpw Ccw
ioe sf t{]mmlnnpp.
CXnssbms êambn Iuamc
klPamb Pnmkbm Xp
Sn, ISp ]pIhenmcmbn
bphP\ amdp Imgv NbmWv
Cv kaqlnemsI. ]v tIm
tfPv hn Zym`ymkImemWv
]pIhen ioenv XpSpsXn,
CXv s{s]adn mkv apXt
XpSpp.
]pIhen, shneapdpv XpS
nb kmaqlnI hn]pIfn \n
pw B_mehrw P\tfbpw,
kv {Xo ]pcpj t`Zsat\y cnp
hm\p hn]peamb t_m[hev
cW {]h\w Bcw`ntnbn
cnpp. ]pIbne D]tbmKn
s amcIhi a\nemn
]p I h en m AXn \n p w
]nmdm kzbw Xocpam\ntn
bncnpp. ]pXnbXmbn Bcpw
{]tXyInv IpnI ]pIhenbn
tev ISmsX Ahsc kwcn
t Np aXe ap Xn Xe
apdbvpv.
Hmp I: ]p Ibn e Dev ]
v \mw cp{]mhiyw hne
\Ipp.
Hv AXv \mw ssIemp
tm
cv AXv \sf ssIem
ptm.
rsivaramapillai@gmail.com
tI
cfw Cv A`napJoIcn
p cqamb KXmKX
{ ] iv \ fpsS ]cn lm c n \v
Ghpw A\p tbm Py amb sdbn
KXmKXtaJebpsS \hoIcWhpw
B[p \n Io I c Whpw kwm \
kmcns APbn hpsh
Xv Atbw ktmjIcamWv.
sXvhSv \opInSp, tIc
f ns \sv t]mse hn
p, awKem]pcw\mKtImhn
XohnmXbpsS hnIk\neqsS
kpnc KXmKX cwKv tIcf
n\v hen sbmcp IpXn p Nmw
kmy am Ipw. Hm tm am nIv kn
env k{Zmbw GsSpp
Xn\pw ]mXIfpw Xohn tj\pw
\hoIcnv k__ XohnI
HmSnpXn\pw eyanpsImv
kwm\kmcpw dbnthbpw
Xpey ] m fn I fmbn ]pXn sbmcp
kwbp kw cw`w Bcw `n p
hm\p kwm \ Xo cp am\w
Cusbmcp kml N cy n emWv
{itbamIpXv. \nehn Cy
bnse ]ne[nIw kwm\
Cu amXrIbn dbnth ]Xn
I \Smn hcppv.
awKem]pcw apX \mKtIm
hn hscbpw, sjmWq apX
tImbq hscbpap dbn
irwJe Hcpt]mse hnIknsn
am{Xta ka{Kamb bm{XmkuIcyw
tIc f n\v e`y am Ip I bp p.
CXn FdWmIpfw apX tImb
q hsc sshZypXoIcn Cc
mX Ctm Xs \nehnepv.
sjmWqawKem]pcw ]mX Ccn
n ASp amkhpw sshZyp
XoIcWw 2015epw ]qnbmIpw.
FdWmIpfw apX ImbwIpfw hsc
tImbw hgnbpw, Bepg hgnbp
ap ]mX Ccnnen\v A\paXn
t]mepambnn.
KXmKXw
]n.IrjvWIpam
37
tIcf-ns
sdbnth
hnI-k\w
\nehnep XohnmXIfpsS Ccnnepw
sshZypXoIcWhpw ]qnbmbm Cs
kuIcyfp]tbmKnpsImv Xs
Xncph\]pcw apX ImktKmUv hsc Ggv
aWnq sImv FpI km[yamWv. Ipd
sNehn Ccsamcp kuIcyw
GsSpm\mhpsan Hc ew tImSn
cq] sNehn ]pXnsbmcp AXnthK dbn
CS\mgnbpsS Bhiyw Dmhn.
Cu kmlNcyn kwm\
s tijnp ]mXI Ccnn
pXn\pw sshZypXoIcWw ]q
nbmpXn\pamIWw kwm
\kmcns apKW\. Cmcy
n dbnthbpsS ta \ncc
khpw Bhiyambn hcpw.
dbnthbpambn tNv {]tXy
I kwbpkwcw`w cq]oIcnv kw
m\sammsI k__ kho
kpI Bcw`npXn\p km[y
Xm]T\hpw AtXmsSmw Xs \S
tXmWv. sshZypXoIcns
Xpw CcmX \nehnepXpamb
Xncph\]pcwImbwIpfwsN
q, Xncph\]pcwImbwIpfw
lcnmSv taJeIfn k__
hn I HmSn p Xns\pdnv
]Tnphm\mWv BZy Ln apw
ss_ dbn hnImkv tImsmtd
js\ Npa X e s Sp p Xv . kw
m\smmsI k__ k
hokpI hym]nnpXns\ Ipdn
p ]T\hpw CXns `mKambn
Ahsc GnpXv DNnXamIp
sav tXmpp. tImbqFd
WmIpfw taJebn sshZypXoI
cn CcmX \nehn hnv Hcp
hymghw IgnpshXv hnkvacn
pIqSm. sjm WqawKem]pcw ta
JebnemIs Cu kuIcyw 2015
HmsS \nehn hcnIbpw sNpw.
Npcpn 2015 HmsS FcWmIp
fn\v hSp {]tZiw apgph\pw
k__ hnI HmSnphm
k am Ipw. Hmtm am nIv kn
env am {Xw GsSpnbm aXn.
apwss_bn P\ {]m{]
tZifn \npw cmhnse \Kc
n se p Ibpw sshInv aS p
Ibpw sNp coXnbmsWpw F
m ChnsS nXn hyXykvXam
sWpw _s DtZymK
kqNnnXmbn hmbn Ip.
Xobmbpw tIcfns inbpw
AXmWv. CcpZniIfnepw XohnI
fn cmhnsebpw sshInpw bm{X
mcpmIpw. hnI Imenbmbn
HmtS kml Ncyw Dm In .
Cm c W fm Xs aw K em
]pcw, tImb q, \m KtIm
hn, Fo \Kcpn InS
p {]tZiw apgp h\pw \mtem
Atm taJ e I fmn Xncnv
k__ XohnI HmSnp
Xns km[yX ]T\n DsS
WsamWv bm{Xmcpw kpnc
KXmKXw Imwnphcpw B{K
lnpXv.
AtXmsSmw, ]mXbncnn
]qnbmIptXmsS FdWmIpfw
Iq taJebn aqc aWnq
sImv HmSnsbp Xohn B
cw`nm BhiysSpsav apJy
a{n ]d n p v . ]mX bn c n n
]qnbmbm Xncph\]p
cwFdWmIpfw taJebn cc
aWnq sImv HmSnsbp Xo
hnI km[yamIpsav dbnth
A[nIrX t\ct hyamnbn
pv. \nehnep XohnmXI
fpsS Ccnnepw sshZypXoIc
Whpw ]qn bm bm Cs
kuIcyfp]tbmKnpsImv X
s Xncph\]pcw apX Imk
tKmUv hsc Ggv aWnq sImv
FpI km[yamsWmWv CXv
kqNnnpXv. ]pXpXmbn cq]oI
cnp kwbp kwcw`n\v Cu
km[yXbpw ]cntim[nmhpXm
Wv. Ipd sNehn Ccsamcp
kuIcyw GsSpm\mhpsan
Hc ew tImSn cq] sNehn
]pXnsbmcp AXnthK dbn CS\m
gnbpsS Bhiyw Dmhn.
bm{Xmcpw kpnc KXmKX
amK sf ]np W bv p hcpw
Gsd \mfmbn ]dbp dbn KXm
KX hnIk\w kwm\kmcn
s {]Ya ]cnKW\bmbn amdpp
shXn NmcnXmyapv. Cu
eyw ssIhcptXmsS A\mh
iy ZoLZqc khokpI Ipdv
Xohn tj\pIfn \npw Ing
v, ]Snmdv ZniIfntev IqSp
X {lkzZqckhokpI Bcw
`npXv sI.Fkv.B.Sn.kn.pw
KpW I c am Ipw. tIc f ns kp
nc`mhnbn Gsd kzm[o\w sN
epm t]mIp ]pXnsbmcp Nph
Sphbv]n\mWv kwm\w Hcpp
sXv Xo.
(Xriq dbnth ]mk tgv kv
Atkm kn tb j P\ d sk{I dn
bmWv teJ I; t^m 9995297800)
38
jmw]q: anYybpw
bmYmyhpw
]
pt]me arZpeamb \o AgIm tIiw Hcp km[mcW
bphXnbpsS Nn Nn BiIfn HmWv . \nfpsS apSn
arZpehpw karhpw \oXpw BIpsamWv hnhn[ {_mUv
\mafn Itmfn Fp jmw]qIsfmw BIjI
amb ]ckyfneqsS AhImisSpXv. ]gb Imes Xmfn
bpsS B[p\nI cq]amWv jmw]q. XeapSn IgpIn hrnbmm
\p Dev ]w F \nebn am{Xambn ]ckyfn jmw]q
AhXcnnsSpXv. apSnsb, kpjvSamm\pw ]cphsSp
m\pw hf XzcnXsSpm\pw Xmc \nb{nm\pw DX
Ip tNcphI jmw]qhn tNnpsv \nmXm
AhImisSpp. Cv {]Nmcnep jmw]qI tIhew apSn
bnse Agpv \op Dev]w am{Xa, kucyh[Ifpw
Huj[fpw IqSnbmsWv ]cky ]dbpp.
kcfambn ]dm Hcp UnPv embn\nbmWv jmw]q.
Agpv \om\p]tbmKnp cmknIfmWv UnPpI.
Itmfn BZyImefn Fnb jmw]qhns ASnm\
LSIw shfnsbp]tbmKnv Dmp tkmmbncpp. shfn
s tkm n\v ]X b KpWw IqSpw. ]t ITn \ P e am sW
n tkmv ]X bn . IqSmsX Pe n ebn m Imyw,
aojyw, Ccpv, ehW DmhpIbpw Ah apSnbn ]nn
SnpIbpw sNpp. AXv tIis A\mIjIampw. AXn
\m Ctm tkmn\v ]Icw kwt jnX UnPp IfmWv
(Synthetic detergents) jmw]qhns ASnm\ LSIw. UnPp
I ITn\Penepw \mbn ]Xbpw. Ccw cmknIfpsS
ASnm\ [w Pens {]Xe _ew (Surface tension) Ipd
bv pI F Xm Wv . AXn \m Ccw cmkn I {]X e {]
hI (Surfactants) F t]cnepw Adn b s Sp p. ]e
Xcw {]Xe {]hI jmw]qIfn D]tbmKnpps
nepw kkm[mcWambn D]tbmKnpXv eudn kt^p
I(LauryI Sulfates), eudn CuY kt^v (LauryI Ether Sulfa
tes), B^ Hse^n kt^mtWv (Alpha Olephin Sulfonates)
FnhbmWv. ta kqNnn UnPv cmknIsfmw Xs
ITn\Penepw ]XbpIbpw Agpns\ ]qWambpw \on
fbpIbpw sNp ]ZmfmWv.
{]X e {] h I ambn tkmtm UnPtm tNp Xp
IqSmsX jmw]qhn av Nne IqpIfpw DmIpw. t^mw _q
AXmbXv ]X h[n\nI, Ioj\dpI, ncoImcnI (Sta-
bilizers) iym\Xbn amw hcpm\p cmknI (Viscosity
modifiers) ]cn c I (Preservatives) tim` tb Ip cmkn I
(Opacifies), apSnsb arZp hm p cmkn I (Emollients),
kpK h kv Xp (Perfumes), Nmb (Dyes), Fn h sbm
s jmw]qhn Dtpw. Chsbms tNcppsnepw
jmw]p hns {]mYanI[aw Xe ap Sn bn ASnpIqSp
sk_w(Sebum) F sagpns\bpw Xebn tXbvp F
bptSbpw Huj[fptSbpw AhinjvStfbpw \onfbpI
FXmWv . A tm jmw]qhn\v Dmbncnt A`nImayamb
KpW Fsmssbv ]cntim[nmw.
1. tIin A\mbmkambn tXbvm\pw
IgpInfbm\pw IgnbWw.
2. \nhlWw Xr]vXnIcamIWw.
3. \dpaWw DmhWw.
4. kpcnXamhWw
Xo bmbpw I\ kar amb ]X
Dm hp jmw]q hn t\m SmWv D] t`m m
v Xm]cyw. AXpsImv Zriyam[ya
fnse ]ckyfn Cmcyw FSpp Im
WnsSpp. jmw]p hnhn[ ùXnI cq]
fn Am Sn bn Fp p. kpXm cyhpw
\naesav tXmpXpamb {ZmhIcq]n
imkv{Xw
s{]m^. sI.B. P\m\
39
ep jmw]qhmWv \apv Ghpw
]cnNnXambXv. Fm sP (Gel)
cq]nepw, tSmbv ev tkmpt]mse
tbm _mnv _m t]mse tbm
IbpsS cq]nepw jmw]q \nan
mdpv.
IojW (Conditioner)Fdn
bsSp, apSnsb ]cphsSpm
klm bn p Hcp LSIw Fm
jmw]qhnepw Dmbncnpw. {ZmhI
jmw]q, ssIhbnsemgnptm
s]sv Hgp IntmIm Xn cnm
Xhw iym\X(Viscosity) IqSnb
Xm hWw. Xe bn tXbv p
Xphsc AXv DwIn Dm h
Ww. AXn\ptijw apSnbnepw Xe
tbm n bnepw s] sv ]c n tX
bv m ] Ww. Ah km \w, apSn
bntem Xetbmnbntem HpwXs
AhtijnmsX jmw]q \mbn
Igp In I f bm \m I Ww. IgpIngn
m apSn\mcpI Xn Xn
H cp Xv . Agppw sagppw \on
tXmnb apSnbn Aev ]w Cu
apmbncnpw. AXn\m \mbn
NoIn hbvm IgnbWw. apSnv
kzm`m hn I amb Hcp Xnf ap v .
jmw]q tXv IpfnpWnb apSnv
Cu kzm`m hnI Xnfw \jv S s
Sm ]mSn. kzm`mhnIamb sagpv
]qW ambpw \jv S s m apSn
hcv , Hpw tNen m Xmbn Xo
cpw. sXmm an\p k ap m In .
jmw]q tXv IpfnpIgn m epw
apSnbn Ipdsnepw kzm`mhnI
amb sagpv DmbncnWw. Bh
iy n e [nIw kzm`m hnI F
\jv Ssm apSnpmhp tZmj
^ e ]cn l cn p Xn \mWv
IojWdpI tNpXv. jmw
]qhpw IojWdpw tNcp tm
AsXmcp "Sp C h (Two in One)
Dev ] am bn o cp p. apSn bnse
Agppw sagppw \o s Spw.
Hw Ahtijnp UntPpw
\o s Spw. Fm IojW
\ne \npw. Hmtcm apSnbnepw
AXns te]\w Dm hp Ibpw
sNpw. Bh iy an m sagp n
t\bp w A`n e j Wo b amb I
ojW dn t\bpw Hcp \ jmw]q
Xncndnbpw. Ioj\nwKv GPpI
fmbn hn hn [ X cw sagp p
]Zm D]tbmKnsSpp.
et\men, apbn \nv thXncn
s Sp p Nn e Dev ] ,
kwtjnX knentm sdkn\p
I, Iz ms\dn Atam Wn bw
kt^pI Fnh. AtbmWnI
kz`mhapXn\m Ch UnPp
Ifpambn IqSntcpn. AXn\m
jmw]q D] tbm Knv apSn hrn bm
n b tijw Xe ap Sn bn Io
jW tXbvWw.
FsmsbmWv IojWdpI
fpsS [aw? kvt\lI AYhm
eq{_npIfmbn {]hnv , Ah
Cu ap tXm hc tXm Bb
apSn bpsS tcm[w Ipdv , NoIn an \p
FfpapXmnopp.
apSn IqSnnWbmXncnm\pw PS]nSn
mXncnm\pw IojW klm
bnpp. apSnbngIsf Xn IqSn
tcmsX Hsbmbmbn \npp.
As\ apSn arZphmbn Xocpp.
hc apSnbn mnIv CeIv{Sn
knn ASnbpIbpw apSnbngI ]c
kv]cw hnIjnv ]mdn]dpIbpw
sNpw. Cs\ kw` hn m Xn cn
m Ioj\dpI {]tbmP\s
Spw. sIcmn F t{]mo\mWtm
apSnbnepXv. IojWdpIv
sIcm n \p ambn Hn \nm \p
cmkm IjWw Dm bn cn Ww.
IojWdpIfpsS {]`mhw ZoL
Imew \ne \np Xv \ XmWv .
]t Bhn m hn v
jmw]q D]tbmKnptm AanX
ambn Io j W apSn bn g I fn
ASnpIqSm km[y X bp v .
CXpw apSnbpsS BtcmKyn\v \
.
apSn, Poh\nm arXtImi
fpsS kbamWv Fnepw PohI
fpw t{]mo\pIfpaSnb jmw]q
I tIi t]m j I (Hair Nutri-
ents) F t]cn kpeàmbn hn
gn s Sp p. Fm Ahbv v
apSnbpsS I\w h[n n mt\m
\ofw Iqmt\m Ign hn . apSn thK
n hfcm jmw]q klmbIca
. Xe bn t] If bp Xn\pw
Xmc Cm Xm p Xn\pw tcmK
_m[ XS bm\p w Huj [
tN jmw]q D]tbmKnp hcpp.
t] \in n p hm jmw]q hn
IoS \m in\n tNp pv . DZm l
cWw ss]d t{Xmbv Uv (Pyrethroid)
{Kqns ^nt\m {Xn (Phenoth
rin) F IoS\min\n. skem\nbw
ssUkssÛv (Selenium disulfide)
tN jmw]q , AXn Xo{ hamb
Xmc _m[bpsn am{Xta D]
tbmKnmhq. ImcWw skse\nbw
ssUkssÛv Hcp A_pZImcn
bm sWv kwi bn s Sp p.
Fm kn v ss]dn Xn tbm
(Pyrithione)kpc n X am Ws{ X.
Huj [ tN jmw]qI
tcmK e W sf ian n p sa
nepw tcmK Im c Ws NnIn n
pn.
jmw]q hn tNp Nne cm
knI LSI IpIsf Atem
kcsSpm km[yXbpv . AXn
\m D] tbm Kn p tm jmw]q
InsSmsX kqnWw. k
ÎvpIfn hnj{]`mhfp
cmkn I fpsS Iev Dm hmw.
ktSm Xzn\v lm\nIcamWv.
Utbm Iv tk A_pZ Im cnbpw.
kqvamWpfpsS hf XSbm
jmw]qhn Nnetm tcmKmWp\m
in \n I tNm dp v . Ah bpsS
tZmjêfpw ]cnKWntXp
v . Ch bn sapdn buKn I
, t^mamUnsslUv XpSn
bh DsSpw. Nne tNcphI kz
bw hnj{]`mhapXmbn Xocpw. DZm
lcWambn t{_mtWmt]m (Brono
pol)F cmkn Iw jmw]q hn se
Bsstem Aao ehWfp
ambn (Alkyloamine Salts) tNcptm
A_pZImcnbmb ss\t{Smtkm A
ao (Nitrosoamine) DmIpp. Nne
jmw]qI D]tbmKnptm thZ
\ tbm Sp Iq Snb \osv In
DmIpp."No sting' jmw]q Fdn
bsSphbn IangnIsf A\
kv sskv (Anasthise) sNp
Nne LSI Dmhmw.
ASpImembn jmw]qhn
] acp p I (Herbal Medicines)
tNp Xv Hcp \S p co Xn bmbn
amdnbnpv . tkmn Imb As
n Nohbnep kt]m\n \p
I(Saponins) F ]Zm fm
Wv AXn\v Agpv \om in
\Ip Xv . kt]m\n \p I Hcp
tkmns the sNp p F
w. NohbpsS kv sl_
jmw]qhnse apJyLSIambncnpw.
ap cmkn I fpw Acw jmw]q
hn Dmhmw. s\n, Imhmg,
ssaemn, \mcm sXmen, Deph
FnhbpsS kv, apSn ]cphsSp
m klmbnp IojWdp
IfmWv . BbqthZ jmw]qhn tcm
KmWp\min\nsb \nebn th
ne kpw tNpp. sl_
jmw]qhn {_nbptSbpw sNc
n bp tSbpw kv tNm dp v .
XeapSn sImgnbmXncnm thn
bmWv ta d kky kp
tNp Xv . Idp apSn Xg
phfcm\pw \XmsWv ]gam
]d bp p. ]t cmk hn t j W
ns ASnm\n ]cntim
[nptm \ KpWhmcap kw
t jnX jm]q(Synthetic Shampoo)
hns\ At]nv BbqthZ jmw
]q Ifn IoS \m in \n I fpsS km
n[yw hy am s p. IqSmsX
40
ssatmtSmIvkn\pIfpw IeXmbn Inpv. Ccw
Ie]v hcmXncnm Fsnepw \S]Sn I kzoIcnn
ptmsbv \apdnbn.
jmw]qtXv Xe IpfnpXv aqew apSnsImgnn Dm
Iptam? Nne D bn p tNmZy am Wn Xv . Chn sS bmWv
jmw]qhns PH aqeyns {]kn. jmw]q D]tbmKnp
tm apSnbn bmsXmcp {]`mhhpw ZriyamImXncnWsa
n PH aqeyw An\SpmbncnWsamWv IWm
s n cn p Xv . km[m c Wbmbn jm]q hns PH aq eyw
apSnsb kw_nnStmfw \yqS BWv. PH aqeyw IqSp
tm apSn IqSpX cmknIsf BKncWw sNpIbpw
hopIbpw sNpp.
C\n A]w tIi hn Nmcw: Hcp bphm hns / bph Xn
bpsS XetbmSn\v GXmv 1,00,000 apSnIsf Dsmm
Ignbpw. Hmtcm apSnbpw arXIebmWv (Dead tissue) Fm
Hmtcmn\pw Poh\p thcpv, Cu thcv XetbmSn\pn
emWv. 1,00,000 apSnbngIfn 80,000 apX 90,000 hsc kZm
hfpsImtbncnpp. 1000 apX 3000 hsc apSnI
hf bpsS Imcy n sastmpIm cmWv v .
tijnph hn{iamhbntem sImgnbp Ah
bntem BImw. {]XnZn\w 100 apSnbngI sImgn
pt]mIpw. ]t Xmbvthcn \nv 100 ]pXnb
tImiw s]mn apfbv pw. AsX; Nne tImifpsS
s]mgn n Hcp kzm`m hnI {]{In b am {X am Wv .
]t AanXambn apSn sImgnbpXv, Hcp ImcW
ns apdnbnmWv.
At\Iw kvt\l{KnI XetbmSn hnX
cWw sN s n cn p p. Ah bn \nv {khn
p F t]msebp Hcp {ZmhIamWv sk_w.
sk_n sImgpv (Fat) kzX{ ^mn A
(Free fatty acid) sslt{Um Im_ Wp I Fn h
IqSmsX sImsfkvt{Smfpw (Choles troll) ASnbncn
p p. sk_ n\v Fakn ô I cW (Emulsifi)
n\p Ignhpv. hym]\tijnbpw Gsdbpv.
apSn bn g I fpsS {]X e n sk_w hym]n p
tm, apSnmsI ]f]fpw Xnfhpw hcpw, arZp
eamIpw. XetbmSns\ kqvamWpfpsS B{Ia
Wn \nv cnpIsb [w IqSn sk_
n\pv. sk_n\v AKpWapv. AXn\m
PH aqeyw IqSnb, AXm bXv mco b amb jmw]q
Xe tbm nse sk_ ns\ \onIf bp p. PH
aqeyw 7.5 D jmw]q Ijv Snv mc Kp W ap
XmWv . AXp ]tbm Knv Ip fn p tm Ipdv
sk_w \jv SsSpw. BtcmKyap HcmfmsWn
H cp aWnqdn\Iw sk_w hopw {khnsSp
Ibpw PH aqeyw 5 Xn cnspIbpw sNpw.
jmw]q I kky P \ytam Ak ky P \ytam
BIpw. AkkyP\y jmw]qhn apcpthm Pe
hntjWw sNbvX arKt{]mot\m tNncnpw.
Ah IqSpX sas êw \IpsamWv ]c
ky AhIm i s Sp Xv . hmc n cv
Znhkw Xebn jmw]q tXbv v IpfnWsamWv
Dev]mZI \ntZinpXv. Fn am{Xta \
êw e`npIbppshv Ah ]ckysSpp
p. Fm XpS bmbn jmw]q D] tbm Kn p
Xp aqew \jv S s Sp sk_w ]qW ambpw
]p\\nan s Sn . mcs \oho cy am m
\p sk_ ns in \jv S s Sp p. Nne
jmw]qI XpSbmbn D]tbmKnptm Xe
tbmnse kvt\l{KnI DtPnsSpIbpw
sNpp. sk_w IqSpXembn apSnbngI Xn
Hn n Sn pw. Ftmgpw F abw Dm hp Ibpw
sNpw. ]t Cu AanX k{InbX Iptd Imew
Ignbptm aKXnbnemIpIbpw sk_ns
Dev]mZ\w IpdbpIbpw sNpw. AtXmsS apSnbpsS
Xnfhpw hghpw \jvSsSpw. s]mntmIm\pw
XpSpw.
C bnepw Xmfn bnepw Nohm bnepw ]b dp
s]mSnbnepw XpSnb tIikwcWw Cv ]e
X c n epw cq] n ep ap jmw]q Ifn Fn
\npp. D]t`mm ]ckyfpsS hW
{]]n Bpt]mbn hnsSpIbmWv
]e tmgpw ]Xn hv . jmw]q hns ASn m \
[hpw imkv {Xhpw a\ n em n bm D] t`m
mhv hnsSn.
teJIs t^m \ 9447991392
41
gm
v bnXmv (Zhang Ytng)
F KWnXimkv {X
s\n imkv{XtemIw At\zjnp
XpSnbXv Cgn sabvamk
IpXnbnemWv. "Akv Hm^v am
amnIv kv ' F {]apJ KthjW
{]knoIcWn\v Cu hjw
G{]n 17\v kan KthjW
{]_w {]knoIcWn\mbn
kzoIcnstXmsSbmWv
1
Atlw
{]ikvXnbntepbXv.
ssN\bnse ]onv khI
emimebn \npw KWnXn
_ncpZm\c_ncpZw t\Snb gmv,
KthjW ]T\n\mbn Atacn
bnse ]Uyq (Purdue) khIem
imebn 1985 Fntp
2
.
"Ptm_nb A\pam\w'(J acobian
Conjecture) F Zpjvcamb KWn
Ximkv {X kakybpsS Dcw
Ism ssN\okv Atacn
KthjI\mb s{]m^k Sn.Sn.tam
bpsS (Tzuong-Tsieng Moh) ta
gmv bnXmpw
Nne imkv{XhnNmcfpw
t\mn Ggv hjtmfw A
tlw ]cn{ianpshnepw B
DZyaw êhmbn. KthjW
hgnbn Isnb KWnX im
kv {Xê gmns\ 1991
KthjW_ncpZn\v Al\mn.
Fm Ptm_nb A\pam\w
Dcw Inm Hcp KWnXimkv{X
{]iv\ambn Cpw XpScpp.
Imcyamb KthjW {]knoI
cW Dmbncpnsnepw, K
WnXimkv{XtmSp A`n\nth
ihpw AWat\m`mhhpw gmn
\v ssIapXembncpp. {]knoIr
Xamb KthjW{]_fpsS
bpw Aym]IcpsS ip]mip
IfpsSbpw ASnm\n \Sp
t]mcp Atacn khIemim
em Aym]I \nba\ {]{Inbbn,
Atln\v ]cnKW\ e`nn.
tlm tPmenIfnepw IWsgp
nepw av Icm tPmenIfnepsam
stbsv , kmnIti
v \SphneqsS Gsdmew A
tlw Atacnbn IgnpIqSn.
Fm KWnXimkv{X taJebn
se kw`h hnImk kqvaam
bn \nconphm\pw ]Tnphm\pw
Atlw Cmea{Xbpw {inncp
p. Gsd hjv tijw \yq
lmwsjbdnse {]mtbW A{]ikv
Xamb Hcp km khIemime
bn, Aym]I t{iWnbnse G
hpw Xmsgbp DtZymKamb eIvN
d XkvXnIbn Icm ASnm\
n Atln\v \nba\w e`n
p. Cu DtZymKnencns, 2007
, "etUm koK A\pam\w'
(Landau-Siegel Zeros conjecture)
F Zpjvcamb asmcp KWnX
imkv{X {]iv\snbpw kpZo
Lamb ]T\w \Snsbnepw, {]
kvXpX hnjbnepw AwKoImcw
e`n KthjW ]ptcmKXn
ssIh cnm Atln\v Ign
n.
imkv{Xw
tUm. sI. apcfoIrjvW
42
CXn\nsS, "Zzb A`mPy kwJym
A\pam\w'(Twin Prime Conjecture)
F {]kn kwJymimkv{X ka
kybn gmv BIr\mhpIbpw
Xnctdnb Aym]I PohnXn
\nSbnepw,AXns Dcat\zjnv
Xs kzXxknamb ssienbn,
GImInbmbn, KthjWn apgp
IpIbpw sNbvXp. aqv hjs
]cn{ians\mSphn Cu {]iv\
n\v `mKnIambn Dcw Is
m Atln\v km[np. ap
KthjWêfn \npw hyXy
kvXambn gmns ]pXnb Is
epI imkv{XKXnv \nWm
bIamsWv hyambtXmsS, im
kv{X temIw AmX\mb Cu K
WnX imkv{Xs\tSn C
s\neep.
KWnX imkv {Xns A`nPmX
hrfn tIptIhn t]mepan
m gmns {]_w {]kno
IcWn\v e`ntm, ap\nc K
thjIcpsS DXvIrsav IcpX
sSp {]_ am{Xw {]kn
w sNp ]mccyap A
kv Hm^v amamnIv kns {]kno
IcWkanXnbwK, AXns\
AinnX\mb GtXm KWnXim
kv{XIpXpInbpsS A]Izamb Ah
ImihmZambn IcpXnbncnmw.
Fm teJI\v {]_hnjb
nep AhKmlhpw, {]_
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tadnb Hcp imkv{XbXv\amsWv
hyampXmbncpp. gmns
{]_w AXnthK kqva ]cn
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imkv { X hn ZKv v Abp
sImSp p hm { ]kn oIcW
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3
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ns ]cnkam]vXnbmWv Atl
ns t\sfv , gmns Kth
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imkv{X{]kambn am{Xw kwkm
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cpp.
gmns KthjWPohnXw A]
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s kmtXnIXIpdw DX
hnZym`ymkcwKs kmaqlnIamb
Nne ASnsbmgppIfpw {]hWX
Ifpw shfnsSppv. CXntebvv
ISpw apv gmns imkv {X t\
ns A:k efnXambn Hv
a\nemphm {ianmw.
gmns kw`mh\
kwJyIfpsS t{iWnbn HnS
hnphcp A`mPy kwJyIsfbm
Wv(Prime Numbers) Zzb A`mPy kw
JyI(Twin Prime Numbers) Fv
hnfnpXv. DZm:35,57,1113,1719 XpS
nbh. 9,15,21 XpSnb kwJyI
A`mPyfmXn\m 79, 1315,
1921 XpSnb kwJymtPmSnI Zzb
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t{iWnbn Zzb A`mPy kwJyI
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F efnXamb tNmZyns D
cw Ctmfw KWnX imkv{Xn\v
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A`mPykwJyIsf Isnbn
psnepw (DZm: 1000013910000141,
3071419730714199) AhbpsS Fw
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epw \nmbIamb Hcp NphSphbv
]mWv gmns kw`mh\.
Cu kakybvv Hcp Dcw I
sm \mw {ianppshv I
cpXpI. Fns\bmWv \mw XpSp
I? Hcp amw C{]ImcamWv. Zzb
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cp tNmZyw tNmZnpI. DZmlcW
n\v, HnShnv hcp A`mPykw
JyIv ]Icw ]tm AXn Ip
dthm hyXymkn hcp A`m
Py kwJymtPmSnIfpsS Fw A\
amWv Fv m]nphm {ian
pI. C\n ]pw Zpjvcsan
Cu "hnShns\' ]n \npw \q
dmbncamn {ianpt\mpI.
_menisav tXmp CtX
am XsbmWv imkv {X
mcpw imkv{XhnZymYnIfpw Ah
ew_npXv. ChnsS {]kamb
Hcp hkv XpX, Ccw {]iv \fn
BZyw sXfnbnsSp hnShv A
Xv ]tm, \qtdm, Bbnctam, tIm
Sntbm BhskakybpsS \nm
cWn\v X{{][m\amWv F
XmWv. kakybpsS ta BZys
"Ipcpv' hoWpIgnm, Cu hn
Shv imkv {XcpsS kwLSnXamb
]cn{iaêambn Ipdhp sNbvsXSp
m kmyamImdpv F A\p
`hw imkv{XNcn{Xn ]ehpcp
BhnnpXmWv.
gmv Xs {]_n sXfn
bn hnShv Ggv tImSnbmbncpp!
]s, Znhkpn CXv Ip
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bnse nXnhnhca\pkcnv, CXv
ActmSnbmbn Npcpn Fv hn
n]oUnb tcJsSppp
4
. {]ap
J KWnX imkv{X\mb sSd
kv XmthmbpsS(Terence Tao) t\Xr
Xzn Cu hnShns\ tIhew ]
ocmbncnbmdmn amn F A
`yql Cs\n {]Ncnp
p
5
.
KWnXimkv{XtemIn\v ]pd
v Xs KthjWêvv F
snepw {]mtbmKnI t\fp
tm F tNmZyn\v , "bmsXmp
an' F {lkzhpw AK`hp
amb adp]SnbmWv gmv \InbXv.
kmnI tinSbneqsS
bp PohnXbm{XbnepS\ofw KWn
Ximkv{Xnep GIm{KX \ne
\nm km[nXn Xm kp
\msWpw Atlw ]dbpIbp
mbn.
D]cnhamb KthjWê
43
sf s]cpnpImn, DXhnZym`ym
ktaJesb BtKmfXen s]m
bmnophm ]cym]vX am
b Nne A_pZ {]hWXIfntev
hnc Nqppv gmns Pohn
Xw. imkv {XtaJebpsS Cu Aca\
clkyfntep Hcp bm{Xbm
Imw C\n.
gmv \Ip ]mT
temInse ap\nc kwJym
imkv{X hnZKvtcmsSmw \nesIm
m tbmKy\mb gmn\v Fp
sImmWv Hcp ncw Aym]I
\nba\w t]mepw e`nmXncpXv?
CXv , Xs KWnXimkv {X anI
hns\, imkv{Xkaqln kzw
m\apdnp KthjW ê
fntesnm Atln\v
km[nmXv aqeamWv Fv
Ht\mn tXmmsanepw,
CXn\p]cnbmb Nne hkvXpX I
\mw A]{KYntXpv . gmv
Xs KthjWPohnXIme a{Xbpw
IogSm { ian KthjW
kakyI, KWnXimkv {Xn
kp{][m\hpw Zpjv chpambncp
p. av an KWnXimkv{X
cpw { ]mtbW tiIcam
KWnXimkv{X {]iv\fpsS ]T
\ntesv , KthjWêfpw
KthjW{]_fpw XfpsS
t]cnepv Fv kabmkab
fn Ddphcpn, m\am\fpw
AwKoImcfpw t\SnsbSpp.
ChnsS \mw a\nemtXv ,
Ccsamcp "hnPb]mX' ]npScm
\p {]m]vXnbnmXpsIm
gmv XtXmb hgnbn kcn
Xv FpXmWv.
Hcp Aym]stbm KthjI
stbm aqeyw khIemimeI
AfpXv AbmfpsS KthjW
êfpsS ASnm\nemWv.
{]apJ imkv{X {]knoIcW
fn {]_ {]knoIcnm
Wv KthjI XfpsS "aqeyw' A
[nImcnIsf t_mysSppXv.
{]kvXpX KthjWw khIemim
ev t]pI, t{]mPIv pI
XpSnb amfneqsS F{Xam{Xw
hcpam\w t\SnsmSppp F
XmWv asmcp am\Zw. Cu
am\ZfneqsS klmym]
Icpambn acnpw kzw aqeyw
m]npw am{Xta Hcym]I\v
khIemimebnse Xs HutZym
KnI t{iWnbnse {]bmWtam,
Fn\v \ne\nv t]meptam
kmyamhpIbpq.
imkv {XmcpsSbpw imkv {X
krnIfpsSbpw aqeyw C{]Imcw Io
dnapdnv AfsSptm, {][m\
ambpw cv hn[nep Zpjv{]h
WXI AmZanIv cwKv {]I
SamIpp.
HmaXv , \nhymPamb imkv {Xm
t\zjWn apgpIp gmns\
t]msebp imkv{Xkvt\lnItf
m, kab_nXambn ]qn
bmmhp KthjW{]iv \fn
apgpIn, XfpsS hyn hnhcW
tcJIsf {im]qhw ]cnt]mjn
np acmnIv am{Xw
Cu ac{]{Inbbn m\am
\ t\SnsbSpm\mIpp. ]e
tmgpw, {]apJ imkv{Xcpambn
acntnhcp KthjW taJ
eIsf Hgnhmnbpw, Ffpn
[mcmfw {]knoIcW kmy
amIp taJeIfn D]cnhamb
\nch[n {]_ {]knsSp
nbpamWv Ch aqey\nb {]
{Inbsb ]cmPbsSppXv . m
\am\fnsenbXn\v tijw C
q aqey\nb kanXnIfn
AwKfmhpIbpw, Xsfs
amXrImKthjIcmbn m]np
hn[nep AfhptImepI av
KthjIcpsS ta ASntnp
Ibpw sNpp. Ime{ItaW, \ne
hmcaptXm auenItam Bb bm
sXmcp KthjWhpw kmyamIm
\nebntev khIemimeI A
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thjI Cu {]{Inbbn kzm`mhn
Iambpw ]pdsSpp.
`mKyhim, Cpw temIn
tebpw Cybntebpw Ghpw anI
imkv{Xm]\sf Cu {]h
WX hngpngnnn. Fm
cmw \ncbnepw AXn\v Xmsgbpap
m]\fpsS nXn Ctm
s Zb\obamWv. Iq t]mse
s]mnapfphcp "Amcm{' im
kv{X ktf\fpw, \mS Am
cm{ imkv{X {]knoIcWfpw
Cu {]Xn`mks kmysSpp
p. ap\nc KthjWm]\
sfsbmw \njv{]àmp \ncn
emWv Ccw thZnIfneqsS "Kth
jW {]_' {]knoIcn
spsImncnpXv.
KthjW aqey\nb kwhn
[m\w khIemimeIfn krn
p cmas {]Xnkn IqSp
X auenIhpw hnZym`ymkns
]caamb eys Xs ]cmPb
sSppXpamWv . Aym]Icn
\npw {]tNmZ\apsmmWv hn
ZymnI imkv{Xmcpw Nn
Icpambn hfphcpXv. Hcp
kaqlns `mhn \nbnt
bphXeapdsb krn tXv
hnZym `ymkm]\fmWtm.
kaqlKXnbn \nmbIamb
m\w hlnp Aym]I
kaqls, ]ckv ]cw acnv
kzw Dbbn am{Xw {ibq
n, \nehmcanm KthjW
{]h\fpam bn Ignbp Hcp
cmwInS kaqlamp \nebn
tev khIemimem kwhn[m\w
A[x]Xnm, AXv hnZymnIfn
epw kaqlnepw krnp
{]XymLmX hn\miIcambncn
pw.
GsXmw taJeIfnemWv "em`
Icamb' KthjWw kmyamIp
Xv FXns\n Aym]Ipw
KthjIpw {]apJ khIem
imeIfpw imkv { XkmtXn I
m] \fpw, am\nti
\Ip {]hWX Cv GdnhcnI
bmWv . kzw imkv {Xmt\zjW
Xm]cy _enIgnv Ccw
am\n ti\pkrXambn
KthjWw sNtnhcp, apJw
\s Hcp Aym]Ikaql
sbmWv Cu hyhnXn krn
pXv . {]Xn_X, BmX,
]uct_m[w Fo aqeysm
pw hnesImSpm, kzw
Dbbn am{Xw {ibqp Hcp
hnZymnkaqlsbmWv Ccw
khIemimeIfnse Aym]Ik
aqlw hmsSppI.
AXyw A]ISIcamb Cu
{] hWX ap\nc m]\fnte
pw {Iam\pKXambn ]SpIbdp
Xv BitbmsS am{Xta t\mn
mWm\mhq. hnZym`ymk taJesb
A[x ]X\ntev \bnp
Cu {]hWXv XSbnSWsan,
\n kz mamb KthjW { ]
h\w BlXym]camIm
hn[n KthjW aqey\nb
kwhn[m\w ASnapSn DSphmt
Xpv . \ne\nn\mbn ]c
kv ]cw acnp HcpIqw A
ym]Iscb khI emimeI
kaq ln \v \tIsX
hkvXpX AwKoIcnpsImv am{X
ta Ccsamcp ]cnjv cWw
kmyamhpIbpq.
gmntev \apv XncnsI
hcmw. imkv{XKXnv A{]k
44
imkv{X kmtXnI
hnZy-bpsS Ncn{Xw
Aymbw 10 :
hyhkmb hnhhpw
]Xns\mw \qmnse imkv {Xhpw
\yq\v tijap
\qmv
sRnnp Ip]nSn
tfmfpw, imkv{Xns kpLSn
Xhpw kp_hpamb ]ptcmKXnv
klmbnp Nne {][m\ kw`mh
\I sImmWv ]Xns\mw \qm
v {itbambncnpXv. Hmbve
sdbpw(Leonhard Euler,170783) emm
kns\bpw(Pierre-Simon, Marquis de
Laplace 17491827) em{KmMvjns\bpw
(J oseph-Louis Lagrange,17361813)
t]mse {]Xn`m[\cmb KWnX
cpw ImshUnjns\bpw (Henry Ca
vendish, 17311810) bns\bpw (Tho-
mas Young,17731829) {]ovensbbpw
(J oseph Priestley, 17331804) t]mep
{]Kcmb ]coWIpXpInIfpw
Cu \qmn Pohnncppshn
epw, Xm Pohn ImeLsbpw
CSs] taJeIsfbpw kaqew kzm
[o\n \yqsWtmep khmXn
imbnbmb Hcp {]Xn` hopw Dm
bn. \yq shnsfn ]mX
bpsS kmyXI ]qWambn
{]tbmP\sSpm ]nmse
h imkv{Xv Hcp \qmv
Xs thnhp Fv IcptXn
bncnpp.
sam\nIvkv F imkv{X im
JbnemWv Ghpw ]ptcmKXn Dm
bXv . IrXyambn ]dm, \yqs
Ne\\nbaw _nphn tI{oIcn
]nv am{Xta _m[Iam
bncppq. "`qanbpsS ]nw apgp
h `qa[yn tI{oIcnncnp
p' Fv k]npsImmWv
\yq kucbqY Ne\sf hni
ZoIcnXv. ]t, bmYmYyn\v
\ncp Ne\\nba Ip]n
Sntnbncpp. \yqs \nba
sf \nbXamb BIrXnbp Jch
kvXpfntev hym]nnXv, Cu
imkv{Xw
tUm.B.hn.Pn. tat\m
10.5 ]Xns\mw \qmnse imkv {X ]ptcmKXn
sav kzw a\:kmnv t_m
yapXpw Fm aqey\nb
kanXnIv kzoImcyamIp
Xpamb KthjW {]h\fn
apgpIn, ap\nc khIemimeI
fn Xs m\apdnphm
Atlw Xc\mbn cp n .
Aym]I \nba\n\mbp
ip]min\v thn Hcn
tmepw gmv Xs kao]nnn
spw, Atacnbnse acm
[njvTnXamb KthjW kwkvmc
n\v XnIpw "AkzoImcyamb k
ao]\ambncpp gmntsXpw,
Atlns KthjW amK\n
tinbmbncp s{]m^ Sn. Sn.
tam Xs tcJsSpnbnp
v6
.
cmwInS KthjW{]h\
fneqsS A\mbmkw FnnSn
m\mhpambncp t\fpt]n
v, kXykamb imkv{Xmt\zj
Wn apgpIphm Cmea{X
bpw Atln\v Ignp. Xs
PohnXtinSbnepw Cu
hnjbn gmv Imnb Bh
amWv Atlns PohnXIYsb
lrZbkv]inbmpXv.
Ahew_w:
1. Yitang Zhang, Bounded gaps between
primes, to appear in: Annals of Mathe
matics.http://annals.math.princeton.
edu/articles/7954 Accessed on J uly 17,
2013 !
2. Wikipedia article, Yitang Zhang, http:/
/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitang_Zhang.
Accessed on J uly 17, 2013 !
3. Erica Klarreich, Unheralded Mathemati
cian Bridges the Prime Gap, Quanta
Maga zine, Simons Foundation, https://
www. simonsfoundation. org/quanta/
20130519-unheralded-mathematicia..
. Accessed on J uly 17, 2013 !
4. Wikipedia article, Twin prime, http://
en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_prime_
conjecture Accessed on J uly 17, 2013 !
5. Polymath8 project home page, Bounded
gaps between primes,http://michaelniel
sen.org/polymath1/index.php?title=
Bounded_gaps_between... Accessed on
J uly 17, 2013 !
6. T. T. Moh, Zhang, Yitangs life at Purdue
(J an. 1985-Dec, 1991),http://www.
math. purdue.edu/~ttm/Zhang Yt.pdf
Accessed on J uly 17, 2013 !
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Iyq Fn\obdnv hn`mKw
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I. t^m: 9995713251)
teJ\w bodhicommons.org
t]menepw e`yamWv.
45
ImeLnse Ghpw alm\mb
KWnXcnsemcmfmb ensbm
\mUv Hmbve Bbncpp. Hcp eq
Yd ]mXncnbpsS aI\mbn kznv
kemnemWv Hmbv e P\nXv .
sNdpnte Xs B bphmhv
{]ikv X KWnX\mb sbmlm
s_\qfnbpsS(J ohann Bernoulli,
16671748) kzm[o\n s]p. {Ko
pw lo{_phpw ssZhimkv {Xhp
sams ]Tnv ]mXncnbmIm Hcp
nb ensbm\mUns\, s_\qfn
bpsS kzm[o\amWv KWnXnte
v XncnphnXv. ]Xnqmw hb
n D]cn]T\n\mbn B bphm
hv _mk bq\nthgv knnbn tN
p. ins kmcsn K
thjW {]_w kanp sIm
v Hmbve ]smXmw hbn
khIemimem hnZym`ymkw ]q
nbmn. Amev skbnv ]o
skv _Knse djy AmZan
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Um\nb _\qfnbpsS (tbmlm
\ns aI) kzm[o\n Hmbv e
1777 AhnSs KWnXhn`mK
n tNp. "alm\mb ]o'
[32]
(Peter the Great) djy AmZan
m]nXv Xs imkv{XcwKv
djysb av bqtdm]y cmPy
smsanpI F ey
tmsSbmbncpp. AXn\m, hntZ
i]nXvv hfsc henb AwKo
Imchpw KthjW kuIcyfpw d
jy AmZanbn Innbncpp.
]odns acWn\v tijw At
lns hn[h ImXssd cmn
Cu \b XpSsnepw Ah
cpw acntXmsS AmZanv Xncn
SnI t\cnp. AXns êambn,
skbnv ]otgv kv _Kv hnSm Hmbv
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at,171286) Ww kzoIcnpsImv
Atlw, 1741, s_en\nsen,
s_en AmZanbnse KWnXhn
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s cv A\izcIrXnI, (Introdu
ctio in analysin infinitorum, Institutiones
calculi differentialis) {]knoIcn
sXv. ]t, GXm\pw hj
Iw Hmbvedpw {Ûdnpw Xn
sXn. AXn\v ]e ImcWfpap
mImw.
[33]
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Zmi\nI\pw kmlnXyImc\pamb
thmb {Ûdnns kZnse
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Is ISpw]nSnmc\pw aXbmYm
nXnI\pambncpp. t]mscn,
alm\mb Cu KWnXs {]m
tbmKnI sshZKv[ysn {^sU
dnn\v A{X aXnpapmbncpn
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Hcp In Cs\ ]cmXn ]d
p: F\nv Fs DZym\n Hcp
Pe[mc \nanWambncpp. AXn\v
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b{ n \mbn .
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[32] Hcp CScw AhnIknX \mpcmPyw(Tsardom) F \nebn \nv djysb Hcp alm km{amPyamn amnb ]o
(Pytor Alexeyich, 16721725) djy km{amPyns {kmhv FmWv AdnbsSpXv . AtXmsSmw, Hcp
kwkvImcnI hnhneqsS djysb av bqtdm]y cm{smsanpIbpw sNbvX alm\mb `cWm[nImcn
IqSn Bbncpp Atlw.
[33] CXn\v ]pdta, Hmbvev a smcp "kp{][m\' NpaXe IqSn Dmbncpp: s{^sUdnns A\chfmb Almv
sZu cmPIpamcnv (Princess of Anhalt-Dessau) Syqjs\SppI. AXns `mKambn Hmbv e B Ipnv Ccpqtdmfw
IpI FgpXpIbpmbn. Ah ]noSv kamlcnv Letters of Euler on different Subjects in Natural Philosophy Addressed to
a German Princess F t]cn {]knoIcnsp. KWnXnepw ùXnInepap Kl\amb hnjb Fs\
efnXambpw A\`nv a\nemIpw hn[hpw hniZoIcnmsapXn\v amXrIbmWv B IpI.
[34] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonhard_Euler
[35] CXv ]odns hn[h ImXssd A. sbmscn\ AseIv kohv \ F ImXssd II BWv . Catherine the
Great FdnbsSp Ch djy Ncn{Xn Ghpw IqSpX Imew cmPyw `cn h\nXbmbncpp.
46
\n\mbn aqamb DZmlcW
XncsSptm em{Km
Mv jv BIs Aaqamb kmam\y
hXv IcWnemWv A`ncanXv .
AIpt]mIp A\ t{iWnI
sf Hmbve ]etmgpw Aeyam
bn ssIImcyw sNbv Xtm, A\
{]{InbIsf bpn`{Zamb sskm
nI ASndbnepdnm em
{KmMvjv Ftmgpw {inp. AXn
\m, Hmbved, em{KmMvjv BWv
B bpKnse Ghpw alm\mb
KWnX\mbn s]mXpsh hne
bncpsSmdpXv.Kntkn sem
tUmhntm em{Km Mvknb
[36]
F
t]cn Cenbnse Sqdns\ \K
cnemWv Ctlw P\nXv. Sqdn
\nse tImtfPn ]Tnncp em{Km
Mvjv, ]Xnt\gmw hbkn bmZrOn
Iambn ImWm\nSbmb FUv av
lmenbpsS Hcp t] hmbnmWv
KWn Xn tev BIr\mb
Xt{X. ]pdta \nv BcptSbpw
klmbanmsX Xms\ ]Tnv
Hcphjw sImv Atlw anI
KWnXs\v t]scSpp.
es Bndn kvIqfn KWnXm
[ym]I\pambn. hyXnNe\ Ie\w
(Calculus of variations) Bbncpp
em{KmMvjns CtaJe. 1754 ap
X Atlw ^v j\pIfpsS amIv
knahpw an\nahpw ImWm\p
hgnIsfn KthjWw sNbvXp Xp
Sn. Cu hnjbn auenI kw
`mh\I sNbv X Hmbv edpambn
Atlw InS]mSpI \SpI
bpmbn. Ah Xnep kwbp
{]h\amWv Cu taJebn
se ASnm\ kahmIyamb Hmbv
eem{KmMv jv CtIzj\ntev
\bnXv.
[37]
s_en\n \nv sk
bnv ]otkv_Kntev Xncnp
t]mbtm, Hmbve XsbmWv
X\nv ]Icmc\mbn em{KmMvjn
s t] \ntZinXv
[ 38]
]t,
em{KmMv jns\ s_en\ntev
Wnp sImv {Ûdnv Ab
In Cs\bmWv ]dn
cpXv : bqtdm nse Ghpw alm\mb
KWnX bqtdmnse Ghpw
alm\mb cmPmhns kZnemWv
DmtIXv Fv \mw hnNmcnpp.
GXmbmepw 1766 s_en\nse
n b em{ KmMv jv ASp 20
hjmew AhnsS sNehgnp.
Atlns hcnjvT IrXnbmb
Mcanique analytiques cq]tcJ
AhnsShmWv XbmdmnbXv .
em{KmMvjv, {Ûdnv cmPmhns
C kZky\mhp Ibp w At
ln \nv ]e PohnX]mT
fpw ]IpIbpw sNbvXp. Ahbn
semmbncpp ssZ\wZn\ PohnX
nse IrXy\njvT. AXv Acm
nepsm em{KmMvjv Hm
tcm cm{Xnbnepw ASp Znhkt
p ]cn]mSnI IrXyambn tcJ
sSppIbpw AXv sNbv XpXo
m ]camh[n {inpIbpw ]Xn
hmbn. kzw icocsbpw a\n
s\bpw Hcp b{ambn IWmn
bm, AXv "t{_v Uu' Bhm
sX AXns\smv Fs\ ]cam
h[n tPmen sNnmw, Fv hfsc
imkv{Xobambns Atlw ]
conp. Hmtcm t{]mPpw Xom
epSs\ Xs AXns Hcp A]{K
Y\w Xbmdmn AsXs\ sa
sSpmw Fv hnebncppI ]
Xnhmn. KthjW {]_sf
gpXpw apv Xs AXns Hmtcm
hniZmwihpw Atlw apIqn a\
kn Incnpw. Fgpv XpSn
bm ]ns Hcp XSthm Xncp
tem Dmhn. Npcpn, em
{KmMvjns Ghpw "DXv]mZ\
aamb' hjfmbncpp Ah.
1786 {Ûdnv acnp. s_
en\nse Imemh Hcnepw C
sSmXncp em{KmMvjv {^mkn
se eqbn XVI \onb Ww Hch
kcambn FSppsImv ]mcokn
tev tNtdn. A`qX]qhamb
kzoIcWhpw BZchpamWv Atl
n\v {^mkn InnbXv. ]t,
{^mknse Atlns BZy
hj Ahyamb Nne am\
ensbm\mUv Hmbve
]o Zn t{Kv
[36] amXm]nXm Cenmcmbncpsnepw As ap {^pImc\mbncpXpsImv {^pIm Atls
"XfpsS' Bfmbnpw IcpXppv ! (http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Lagrange.html)
[37] em{KmMv jns Isen kw{]oX\mb Hmbv e Atlns t] BZyw {]knoIcnm\mbn kabw
sImSppsImv Xs t] "]nSnphp'Fsmcp IYbpv .
[38] hmkv Xhn 1756 Xs em{KmMv jns\ s_en\ntev sImphcm Hmbv e {ianpIbpmbn. ]noSv Zv
'Bews_ F {]ikv X KWnX\pw As\ D]tZinp. ]t, em{KmMv jns adp]Sn, "Hmbv e
AhnsSbpnStmfw Imew, Rm\hnsS sNpXv icnbmhn' Fmbncpt{X! (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J oseph-
Louis_Lagrange)
tPmsk^v eqbn em{KmMvjv
47
knI {]iv\fm IepjnXambn
cpp.(s_en\n \nv ]cnioen
AanXamb bm{nInbmbncp
tm AXns ImcWw Fv hy
a! GXmbmepw, kpcnbpw kpio
ebpw hnZpjnbpamb Hcp bphXnbp
ambn 1792 \S Atlns
cmw hnhmlamWv B amyn
\nv Atls IcIbnbXv .)
1789 Bcw`n {^v hnhw A
tln BZyw IuXpIhpw ]n
oSv DXvIWvTbpw hfn. GXv
kabpw ]emb\w sNm Xbm
dmbmWv Atlw PohnsXnepw,
hnhns Fm Lnepw G
hpw Db ]cnKW\bmWv _
s Fm InIfpw em{KmMvjn
\v \InbXv
[39]
. Fm hntZinIfpw
cmPyw hnSWsa hnfw_cw1793
Dmbtmgpw, AXn em{KmMvjn
s\ t]scSpp]dv HgnhmpI
bpmbn. am{Xhpa, hnhs
pSv Fm AfhpIfpw Xq
fpw Imem\pkrXambn ]cnjvI
cnm\mbn \nbpamb Iojs
Ay\mbn {]hnm\pw
Atlw Wnsp. ]pXnb co
Xnv B[mcambn ZiKpWnX
fn A[njvTnXamb sa{SnIv knw
XncsSppXn em{KmMvjn
s kzm[o\w \nWmbIambncpp.
[40]
\ofn\pw Xqn\pw hym]v
Xn\pap AfhpI {]mNo\
Imew apXv Xs Fm kaql
fnepw Dcpncnphncpp.
]t Hmtcmpw Hmtcm hn[nem
bncpp. DZmlcWn\v, AwKpew
(digit), apgw(cubit), amdv (yard), ASn
(foot) XpSnbh an kaql
pw Dmbncpsnepw Hmtcm
epw AXns \nhN\w hyXykv
Xambncpp. Cwn sldn I hm
gpwImev Hcp amdv(yard) Fm
ssIhncnp \np Atln
s aqpapX s]cphnc hscbp
\ofambncpp! cmPyw `cnp
cmPmhns ImmZns Afhm
bncpp ]e epw ASn. (pied
du roi or- the King's foot.) CXn \n
smw hyXykv Xambn, \ofns
GIIambn khmwKoIrXamb Hcp
ncmw Ism {^v Io
j Xocpam\np. AX\pkcnv, `q
anbpsS {[phn \npw `qa[ytc
J hscbp Zqcns ]ve
nsemcwiw hcp \ofw Hcp ao
dmbn \nhNnsp
[41]
. AXn\v th
n, ]mcokneqsS ISp t]mIp
tcJmwins ssZLyw \nWbn
m\mbn Hcp {]tXyI _yqtdm m
]npXnepw em{KmMvjv {][m\
]phlnp.
em{KmMvjv ]mcokn {]hn
ptmgmWv Atlns am
]okmb Analytical Mechanics {]kn
oIcnXv(1788). _eX{n
\v B[p\nIcq]w \Inb alm{]
Xn`bmbncpp em{KmMvjv.
tPymXnmkv {Xw
_eX{nse apt
kzm`mhnIambpw tPymXnmkv {X
nepw A\pcW\fpmn. A
]obdn emmkv
[39] CXn\nv hfsc hyXykv Xamb Zpc\p`hamWv {^mkns kzw km\amb emthmbv tkyv DmbXv Fv
\mw ]noSv ImWpw. AXn\v AXntXmb {]tIm]\hpapmbncpp! {^mknse amdnamdnsmncp cm{obImem
hIsf AXnPohnm em{KmMv jns\ klmbnXv , Hcp]t, \mw Hcp cmPyv Pohnptm, AhnSs
\nbasf, Ah F{Xta bpnclnXambmepw,A\pkcnv PohnpXmWv _pn, F Atlns PohnX
knmw Bbncnmw.
[40] icnv ]dm, sska kv shn 1586 Xs Afhp Xqv ZiKpWnX k{Zmbw \ntZinncpp.
AXns taI hfsc {]ISamsWv Ctm \apv tXmntbmsanepw, AXn\v hfsc FXnpmbncpp.
{][m\ambXv , ]ns\ aqv sIm v lcnm ]n FXv Xs. ]ccmKX GIIsfmwXs aqv sImv
lcnmhpXpw, Ac, Im Fns\bp hn`P\v hgpXpamWv FXv bmZrOnIa.
[41] CXn\v Fm cmPyfpsSbpw AwKoImcw t\Sm\p {ians `mKambn {^mkn Cu bXv\n\v apIsSp
SmendmUv (Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Pri gord,1754 1838) F {^v \bX{s Dmln Cwnse
tPm dnKv kv ansdbpw Atacnbnse(]noSv {]knUmb) tXmakv sPs^gv ksWbpw Cu ]cn]mSnbn
DsSpm\pw {iaapmbn. ]t, ]ehn[ ImcWfmepw AXv \Sn. HSphn, CsXmcp {^ v t{]mPmbn
amdn. s\tmfnbs Imev AXv an bqtdm]y cmPyfntepw hym]np. Ctm temIamsI
(AtacnbnsemgnsI) sa{SnIv knhpw AXns ]cnjv IrXcq]amb SIbpw AwKoIcnsp Ignncnpp.
]obdn emmkv
s\tmfnb
48
Xn\v ImcWmcmbhcn {][m\n
em{KmMv jns kaImenI {]Xn`bm
bncp (Pierre-Simon, Marquis de
Laplace 17491827) Bbncpp. "{^
v \yq' FmWv ]ecpw At
ls hnfnpXv. t\manbn
se Hcp ]mhs IjI IpSpw_
n P\n ]obdnbpsS hnZym`ym
kns NpaXe hlnXv A`ypZ
bImwnIfmb Nne Abm
cmbncpp. t\manbnse {]apJ
\Kcamb tIsb\n (Caen) D]cn
hnZym`ymkw sNbvXv A[ym]Ihr
nbn {]thin emmkv 20
hbmbtmtgpw Xs Sqdn\n
se em{KmMv jpambn Bibhn\n
abw sNm ss[cysS
hw Bhnizmkw BPnncp
p. Zv'Bews_ (D'Alembert)
[42]
Bbncpp bphmhmb emmkv _
s asmcp {]apJ KWnX
. tIsb\n \nv kzw
s{]m^dpsS Fgppam bn Xs
hpI emmknt\mSv Zv'Bsew
s_ BZyw henb Xm]cyw Im
Wnnspw Fm Hcp ]co
Wsa \nebn Xm hmbnm
sImSp ISp KWnX{Kw Hcm
gv Nbv Iw AcpIenpSnv
hopw Xs apnsenb emm
kns {]Xn`bn Atlw ApX
kvX\mbn Fp amWv IY.
[43]
]ns ]Xnt\gv (177187) h
jfnemWv tPymXnmkv {Xnse
bpw ùXnInsebpw KWnXn
sebpw emmkns auenI kw`m
h\IfpmIpXv. Un^sdjy
CtIzj\pIfnepw ss^ss\v Un^
dkknepw Bbncpp Atln
s BZyImebXv\. Xmakn
bmsX Atlw kw`mhyXm imkv {X
nepw kmwJynInepw Nne au
enI Bib AhXcnnp. Xp
Sv Atlns {i, Ne\
ns _eX{ntev Xncn
p. kucbqYns Ne\ n
cXsbnbp Hcp auenI knm
amWv Atlw"Mecanique Celeste'
F Xs hcnjvTIrXnbn Ah
XcnnXv. (1796 {]knoIcn
Exposition dus ystme du monde BWv
Atlns a smcp {][m\s
IrXn.) hmkvXhn kucbqY
nse {KlNe\fn Nne Zpcq
l XIfpv. DZmlcWambn hymg
ns {àW]Yw Ime{Ian
sNdpXmbn Npcppp, i\nbptS
XmIs hnIkn pIbpw sNpp.
Cu hyXnbm\ hfsc kqva
amsWnepw ZoLImemSnm\
n Cuw IqSnhcptm AXv
Hpw AhKWnmhpXsv em
mkv sXfnbnp. \yq AhXcn
n hypXv{IahK \nban\pw
kucbqYns eLqIrX amXrI
bvpw CXn\v hniZoIcWsampw
\Im\n. (Ccw "XIcmdpI'
icnbmm\mbn CSbvnsS "ssZhn
I' CSs]S thnhcpw Fmbn
cpp \yqs Dd A`n{]mbw!) am
{Xhpa, Ie\hnZybpw hyXnbm\
Ie\hpsamw(Calculus of variations)
\yq hnIknnsSpncps
nepw Xs {Kn BhpnS
tmfw PymanXob ktXfmWv
Atlw sXfnhpImbn D]tbm
KnXv. AXn\v AXntXmb ]cnan
XnIfpw Dmbncpp; kqvaXe
fntev ISptm {]tXyIn
pw. emmkns t\w, Atlw
]qWambpw _oPKWnX ktX
fp]tbmKnp FpXmWv. A
Xn\m, cne[nIw qehkvXp
Hnv {]hnptmgpm
Ip CXpt]mep kqva hyXn
bm\ Atln\v IrXyXtbm
sS ssIImcyw sNm\mbn. hymghpw
i\nbpw Xnep {]Xn {]h
\w aqeamWv Cu ]niIv kw`hnp
sXpw, AXv 929 h jw sImv
Bhnp, kzbw ncXbp
, Hcp {]Xn`mkamsWpw At
lw sXfnbnp. Cu ktXw D]
tbmKnv Atlw N{s {àW
n ImWsSp t\cnb XzcW
hpw hniZoIcnp. Cu coXnbn em
mkv kucbqY Ne\fpsS k
qWamb Hcp hniZoIcWw Xbm
dmn.
[44]
kucbqYns Dh
s kw_n s\_pem knm
hpw Cu {KnemWv {]Xy
sSpXv. \{X BZnbn
hmXI]SeambnmWv DhnsX
pw AXv Idnsmncpspw,
AXv L\o`hntm Idn\v
thKw IqSnsbpw, AXns in
sImv sXdnpt]mb taL iIe
fmWv {KlfmbsXpamWv B
knmns ImX. kucbqY
nse Fm {Klfpw Htc Zni
bn Xs Idpp FXv Cu
knmn\v sXfnhmbn hymJym
\nsp. {]YaZrym hnizmk
tbmKyamb Cu knmw hfsc h
enb ]npW t\Sn. ]s, ]no
Sv hymgw, i\n apXemb ]e {Kl
pw hn]coX Znibn Idp
D]{Klfpv Fv Is
sp. AXv Cu knmn\v C
Snhmbn. am{Xhpa, IqSpX IrXy
amb KWnX amXrII emmkns
knmnse ]e ]niIpIfpw
]pdv sImphp. GXmbmepw,
emmkv aptmv h coXnbnep
Hcp s\_pem sslt]mXoknkv
Ctmgmcpw AwKoIcnpn.
Aqn XtamKfp
sS km[yXsbnbpw emmkv kq
Nnnppv. Nne \{XfpsS
henw ImcWw AhbpsS BIj
W_es AXnPohnm {]Im
in\v t]mepw Ignbn Fmbn
cpp Atlns hmZw. Atl
ns asmcp teJ\n imkv
[42] (J ean-Baptiste le Rond dAlem bert, 17171783) BImes {]apJ imkv {X\pw XXzNnI\pw imkv {X {]NmcI
\pambncpp. ZnsZtdmtbmsSmw Atlw {^v F ssktm]oUnbbpsS FUndmbpw {]hnp.
em{KmMv jns\bpw emmkns\bpw t]mse bph{]XnÌsf t{]mmlnnpXnepw Atlw henb ]v hlnp.
sjh ensb eqbn Imap sZkv Xqjv sbpw AdnbsSp FgppImcnbpw kmwkv ImcnI \mbnIbpamb aZmw
sZsdknsbpw hnhml_mly _nemWv tgm se sdmv P\n Xv . Hcp ]n\Sbnept]ns Ipv
Hcp A\mYmebnemWv hfXv . ]noSv A Ipns\ At\zjnp Ip]nSnpIbpw hnZym`ymkn\v
thXv sNbv Ibpw Dmsbnepw, Hu]NmcnIambn Hcnepw kzIpSpw_ntev kzoIcnn. Zv 'Bews_
Ft] Atlw kzbw kzoIcnXmsWv tXmpp. ((www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Biographies/DAlembert.html )
[43] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace
[44] emmkv Xs {]mamWnI {Kns Hcp {]Xn s\tmfnb\v kanpht{X. AtXn ]dptI s\tmfnb
tNmZnp t]m: {]] LS\sbnbp Cu {Kn ssZhsn ]cmaisampw CsmWtm tI
Xv ? AXn\p emmkv sImSp adp]Sn {]knamWv . k, F\nv B k]\ns (hypothesis) Bhiyw
thnhn![ibid] IY Xocpn. s\tmfnb CXv em{KmMv jnt\mSv ]dtm Atlns {]XnIcWw
Cs\bmbncpp: ]t, B k]\w hfsc {]tbmP\IcamWv . AXpsImv ]eXpw hniZoIcnmw!
49
Hcp IqsmebpsS
Hmbv v ....
AgnaXnbpw, A{Iafpw,
sNdp Xv hep Xn s\ hn gp p
Itmf \oXn bp w, ]n sbp w
]nsbpw Zcn{Zh evcnsSp
alm`qcn]n\v ta tXmcmsX
s]p Ahjambn \np
CybpsS ham\Ime kmaq
lycm{ ob ]cn n Xn bn
t`mm Iqsme Hcp Hmt]m
epw A! Hcp ]t tIc f n
Bcnepw (tIcf imkv{X kmlnXy
]cnjn 1980Ifn kPoham
bncp {]hIcnsemgnsI) B
IqsmebpsS Zpc kv arXnI
Pohn n cn p mhn . Itmf
[\imkv {Xns {]mY anIhpw,
BXynIhpamb "em`w' F
eyhpw, aqe[\in IfpsS
cm{o b _eX{fpw, `cWIqS
Zmkyhpw tNv hn esI Hcp
otjam{Xamn Npcpnsnb
B alm_env 29 hbv Ignp.
Atcbp w, AwKsshIeyw
hhtcbpw, aossX sF tkmk
bt\v _m[bpsS A\c ê
fmbn ]ndphogp A`ni]vX P
tfbpw t]dn CybpsS lrZb\
Kcw ]nsbpw ]pephcpp.
AhnsS \npw Cpw Dbcp Ai
cW hnem] shdpw BNmcc
nembn Ahtlfn spsImn
cnpp. Imss_Uns em`sm
Xnb\mb As apXemfn B
tUgv k BIs A\mbmk
acWw {]m]np. AImense
nb hcbnIcnpWnb
Huj[nI IWs, {]Xntcm[
{ItaW Zpeambn. Fsm
cp emIcamb, lo\amb adhn
bmWv Rm\ S ap \ptSXv
Fv Rm\p w Fs temIhp w
Xncndnbpntm....
tIcfnepw, CybnepS\of
hpw, t`mm Iqsme {]tabam
nb sXcphpaqe \mSIhpambn k
cn HmI, Zpcapmbn
Gsd \mfpIv tijw \Snb
Hcp t`mm ki\nsbpw
(1987) B iv aim \ `qan X \Sp
ntbpw HmI, Htcm\m
fn Xriqcn 200e[nIw {]h
Isc ]sSpnv t`mm Iqsm
e CXn hr amn \S nb BI
kvanI(Happening Theatre) \mSImh
XcWns HmI..; sUman
\nIvem]nbdpw, tPmhnb apsdbpw
tNsgpXnb It was Five Past Mid-
night in Bhopal F IrXnbpsS ae
bmf samgnamamb "t`mmen
Av kw`hnXv ' F ]pkv XI
n s hmb\ Cs\ XpS
n Xs DWn bXv Akzm
yIcamb At\Iw HmaIfmbn
{Xob \nWbXm hmZns (Scien
tific determinism) kqN\ hmbnsSp
mw. {]]ns Bcw`w apX
ep kIeNe\fpsSbpw hniZ
hnhcw ssIhiap Hcp alm {]Xn
`bv v (super intelligence)B hnhc
A]{KYnm\p tijnbpw
IqSnbpsn, Cu {]]n
se Hmtcm AWphnsbpw `qXhpw
`mhnbpw {]hNnm Ignbpw; F
sm Ahsbmw AewL\ob
amb ùXnI \nbaf\pkcnmW
tm {]hnpI. Cu kmev]n
I alm{]Xn`sb Nne emmkn
s sNIpm(Laplace's Demon)
Fv ]dbmdpv. ùXnI \nba
fpsS AewL\obXbn hnizkn
ncp emmkv Aywhscbpw H
cp Ahnizmkntbm AtbXm
hmZntbm Bbncpp.
1799 Bbtmtgpw emmkn\v
cm{ob "alXzmImw' Dmbn.
anendn kvIqfn emmkns hn
Zymnbmbncp s\tmfnb
{^mkns N{Ihnbmbn F
XmWv AXn\p {][m\ImcWw.
Atlw B`yca{nbmbn \nb
ansp. ]t, Atlns a
{n]Zhnv BdmgvN am{Xta Bbp
pmbpq. AtXn s\tmfn
b ]nosSgpXn, Hmcw KWnX
s\v t]cptI emmkv `c
Wm[nImcnsb \nebn XnI
]cmPbambncpp..! Atlw Fm
nepw ZpcqlXbpw kakyIfpw I
p; AXnkqvaXbpsS Bthiw
Atlw `cWntepw sImp
hp.(]bmbn]dm, "tIma
skkv ' Cmbncpp Fw!)
]t, cmPmhns Kpcphns\ A
s\ ]ncnphnSm ]ntm. AXp
sImv Atln\v s\tmfnb
sk\ntev "s{]mtamj' sImSp
p. ]t, 1814t\mSpIqSn s\tm
fnbs XI Ddmbtm, IrX
Lv\\mb emmkv, Dbphcp
Xmcamb _q_ cmPmhnt\mSv X
s Iqdv {]Jym]np. AXn\v {]Xn
êambn 1817 Atln\v {]`p
]Zhn km\nsp. XpSpw
Atlw ]e HutZymKnIkanXnI
fnepw ]sSpv kvXpXylamb
tkh\w \Insbnepw, Atl
ns AhkchmZnw Hcp Xocm
fambns \ne\npp.
rvgmenon@gmail.com
]pkvXI ]cnNbw
Sn.hn. thWptKm]me
50
cpp; sshImcnIXen am{X
a NnmXenepw B Akzm
yw {ItaW ]ScpIbmbncpp.
Hdobnse tKm{Xh taJe
bn \nv , (t_m[]qw krns
Sp kzm`mhnIsav tXmmhp
ImcWfm) IpSnsbmgnp t]m
hpIbpw, h\Kcnse tNcnbn
tev HgpInsbpIbpw sNp
AKWy IpSpw_fnsemns
Hcp kqvaNn{Xw hcp ImnbmWv
]pkvXIamcw`npXv. B[p\nI
D]mZ\/hyhkmb hfbpsS
Ln temIshn tSbp w
kw`hnp IpSnbndepIfp
sSbp w Ip Sn tbdep Ifp sSbp w
kzm`mhnIXbv pdw, AXns\
]pkv XInse tI{ {]tabn
s kqNIambpw cq]sSpp
in] sshZKv [yw A\\yamWv .
Hdobnse BZnhmkn {Kmaamb
apZnebn \nv cXv \\mSmcpw
IpSpw_hpw IpSnsbmgnbm CSh
X,v IoS_m[apew ImjnI hnf
hpIv kw` hn \miw F
Ahkm\ ImcWmemWv. X
A\[nIrX IpSntbmcmbn IqSp
Iqnb t`mmense tNcnv kao]w
m]nsSp bq\nb Im
ss_Uns skhn D]mZ\ime
bn cXv \\mSm Hcp sXmgnemfnbm
hpp. hnfIsf _m[np IoS
sXn scbp cmkmbp [
{]tbmKsa A\nhmcyXbv v
B[mcamIp Hcp]mZ\ {]{Inb
bns As\ `mK`mmhp
IbmWv IpSntbdn h B IpSpw_
\mY! t`mmense B IoS\m
in\n D]mZ\imebv v \nba]cam
btXm, I\nbpsS Atacn
tImtdv Hmôkv \njv Ijn
tXm Bb bmsXmcp kpcm {Iao
IcWhp w Dmbn cp n sv
BZyw IspXv {]mtZinI
]{X{]hI\mb cmPv Ipam
tIkv hm\nbmWv . Abm Is
p hnhc Hpt]mepw B
^mdnbnse {][m\ DtZymK
v Adnbpambncpns Ac
np kXyw Cu ]pkvXIn
hnhcnppv . CXn ]cmar
amb hkvXpXI FXmsmw X
s hnhn[ Lfnembn ]cnjXv
(imkv{XKXnbpw) {]knoIcnnp
Xpw, hniZambn N sNbvXnp
XpamWv. aqe[\ inIv hn
t[bamb Cy `cWIqSns
hnIrXapJw At tIcfnse
{Kmamcfn t]mepw ]cnNnXam
bncpp.
hnjhmXIw ^mdn Smn \n
pw ]pdpNmSnb 1984 Unkw_
2 Acm{Xnbnse Zpc]qam
b \mSIob cwK Hpw AXni
tbmn IecmsX Cu ]pkv XI
n \apv hmbnmw. kw`hmhn
jv ImccoXnbn tlmfnhpUv Ne
n{Xns Zriyhn\ymk{Iaw
hmpIfnemhmlnv hcnSp B
Zpc]w Akm[mcWamb hn[
n \s m\Nncmpw. hnb
v\man Atacn hjn GPdv
Hmdns/\mmw t_mw_ns Aw
Kmc aen\amb BenwK\n s]
a\pjycpsStbm, Asn \mkn
tImskt{Sj Iymn hnj
hmXIw izknv ]nSpacn Zi
eWn\v PqXcpsStbm Zmcp
Wmyw HmsSpp {]kvXp
X hnhcWw lrZbt`ZIamWv . ip
PeamWv hnjhmXIns\Xnsc
{]tbmKnmhp Ghpw ê{]Z
amb Hcp {]Xyuj[w FXpt]m
epw ^mdnbpsS NpaXemv
Adnhpmbncpns òIcmh
ANnyamWv. XWpXpw, I
\tadnbXpamb, A\nb{nXambn
HgpIncp, aosXbn sFtkm
sskt\ns KmVmenwK\n
Aa t`mmens B ]mXnc hy
y\p`hambn \apo ]pkv XI
n \n v Gphmm\mhpw.
Nne Ncn{X kw`hv ssIh
cp {]m[m\yn\v ImcWambn Nn
e BIkvanIXI Itmw. A
Xv apNnetm AXns {]m[m
\yw tNmnfbpXpamhmw.
t`mmense, As (1984 Unkw
_ 2)]mXncmmns hn\miIc
amb {]bmWw, P\kwJym IWp
Ifn s]Sm A\ytZimcmb
Bbnc Xnnmp tNcn
bntembncpp FXv Ac
samcp BIkv anIXbmhmw. Imn
s KXnv hn]coXXzw kw`hnncp
sn FmIpambncpp Fv
NnnpXv {IqcXbmhpw. Imc
Ww t\sc FXnZnibntembncp
p AXv hoin bn cp sXn
B[p\nI t`mmense k ay
hmcpsSp P\ ap
qSpw Av sImsSpambncpp!
Fn B IqsmebpsS kmaq
ly cm{ob am\w CXnepsa{Xtbm
hepXmhpambncpp! IWn s]
SmsX acnpt]mb Bbncv
]Icw IWpIfn s]SphcpsS
acWw F{Xtbm hnetbdnbXmhpam
bncpp! B acW krnp
{]XymLmX CXn ep a {Xtbm
aSmIpambncpp!! Iqsmebp
sS HSphn \S, aen\hpw Ao
ehpamb cm{ob \mSIns hnh
cWw hmbnp GsXm cm fnepw
Cs\sbmcp {IqcNn hpt]m
bm IpsSpm\mhn Xs.
Adv sNspshnepw B
tUgvk, F{X kpcnXambmWv
kztZitv Xncnp t]mIpsX
v , Cy `cWIqSw F{Xam{Xw
Atacn aqe[\ns Zmkm
cmWv 1984 t]mepsav , Cu ]p
kv XIn \apv hmbnmw. aqv
ZiIv apv kw`hn òIc
amb Iqsme Cy\hsb H
pw amnbnns ZpckXyhpw
HmsSppw Cu ]pkvXIw. A
tXnepw IpsdqSn inYneamb
{]Xntcm[ kacfpw, IqSpX hn
t[bXzap `cWIqShpw tNv
Cybp sS Zcn{Z P\tImSnIfpsS
PohnX `mKt[bsf cpKv Wam
pp.ApXfnepw, BssZ
51
h fnepw tamN\amamcmbp
Byntev kaqlsammsI
IqpIppp.
t`mm A\p ` h fn \nv
]Tn ]mTfpsS ASnm\n
_lpcm{ IpIIfpsS A[man
I {]h \ sf Bthmfw Xpd
pImnsmpw, AhcpsS D
_lnjvcnpI F k
ac cq]s Hmtcm cp cp cp tS
bpw PohnXntev kzmwioIcnp
hm\pw kzm{i bXzw ssIh cn pI
FXv Hcp ey ambn Gs Sp p
hm\pw Blzm\w sNbvXpsImpw,
Hcp D]t`mrkaqlsa B{inX
Xzn \nv DZv]mZIkaqln
tev hntamNnXcmIp \msfsb
]nbp kz]v\ ]phpsIm
pw, tIcf imkv{XkmlnXy ]cn
jXv Cu sImptIcfns Npph
n Bthmfw t_m[ h c
Ww XfpsS ]cnanX kml
D]tbmKnv \Sn; kzbw DmZn
nmhp D P\
v ]cnNbsSpn; Ah \nanp
Xn \p sNe hp Ip d, {Kmao
W kmt Xn I hn Zy I hnI kn n
sSpv Ahv ]cnioe\w \
In; bq\nb Imss_Uv D
fpsS Imcy n B Itmf
\ncmkw tIcfn `mKnIamsbn
epw êw Ip. ChnSps Ahcp
sS Itmf kqNnII Xmgvv t]m
bXmbn shfnsSpp kmn
ItcJI e`yamWv . Fm B
tKmf X e n Xs Itmf \o
XnbpsS {]NmcW X{ Imem
\pkmcnbmbn \nccw ]cnjv cn
sp sIm n cp p. Cs C
y\h, ItmfpIItfm
Spw, aqe[\inItfmSpw F{Xam
{Xw kuayambn(arZphmbn) Hp
XonsemsaXn acnp
Ccp]fpsS hoXwhbvmbn
amdntmbncnpp. _unIambn
joIcnsSp, Acm{obX
sb t{]mkmlnnp hnZym`ym
kcoXnbpsS Dfmbn amdn
tmb ]pXpXeapd, \nmbI ]Z
hnI Imfm XpSnbncnpp.
{]iv \fpsS sshImcnIXbn
s]mnhcp {]tm` s]m
Xp[mcbn B[nImcnIX t\Spp.
Acw {]tm` ZoLho
WtmsSbp ImgvNmSpIfpsS
tbm Zi\fpsStbm A`mhn
apqhnhw t]mep Hma\t
cn, BcXnbn HSppp. t\
cnpImWp Hc\oXnsXnscbp
t]mcmwt]mepw IpII I
hsSppp.AZriycmb i{Xp
tfmSp t]mcmfmIs F kn
apdnIfnepw, shv sskpIfnepw
am{Xw ]pjvIeamhpp. ]mizh
IrXamb {]Xntcm[kacsf G
tIm]nnv Ahsb Itmfp
IIpw km{amPyXzn\pw FXn
scbp t]mcmfmn amno
pXn\v apJy CSXp]n\m
hppan.
Cwojn It was Five Past Mid-
night in Bhopal Fv ioj I ap
Cu ]pkv XIns aebmfoIcWw
\nlnXv tkm\ XnbmWv. X
a sNs ]pkv XIamWnsXv
hmb\bn tXmpw! AXv X
abpsS \yq\XbmsW hnh.
hnh\w, hnh\w Xsbm
bncnWw F ]mc\mWv
Cu teJI. B An aqe
IrXntbmSv \oXn ]pep hnh
\amWv tkm\m XnbptSXv . aqe
IrXnbpsS hkv XpXm]chpw,ssh
ImcnIhpamb Awi Hpw tNm
pt]mbnn. Fm Xesv
A{X DNnXambn Fv ]dbpI h.
Acm{Xnbn HgpInc hnj
ans tlamenwK\s Du
p Cwojv Xesv , aebmf
nembtm, tIheamb Hcp ]{X
hmbpsS Xesv t]mse hn
Imciq\yambntmbn.
At\zjWmI ]{X{]h
\n s hn ]peoIrXcq]amWv
sUman\nIv em]nbdpw tPmhnb
samtdbpw ]npScp cN\mX{w.
em]nbdpw, tImfnkpw tNs
gpXnb "kzmX{yw Acm{Xn
bn' F ]pkvXIns aebm
f ]cn `mjbv v \nch[n ]XnpI
fndnbXv AXns cN\m khn
tijXbm XsbmWv. hmb\m
\p`hwFXv , DSns hy
XncnX sImtm, \ho\X sIm
tm, \mSIobX sImtm am{Xw
]Iv \Im\mhpXsv Cu
{KIm \apv Imn
cppv. \mSIobXbvsmw hkv
XpXm_XbmWv AhcpsS BJym
\coXnbpsS tI{_ew. Acsam
cp coXn Ahew_nptm AXn
\mbn \Stnhcp At\zj
W kmcfmIs Htsd ti
]qamWv. Fgpv Chsc kw_
nnStmfw s{]m^j BWv.
cN\bpsS ]qX ]q\nnX
amWv . Hcp kmI cN\bpsS
BIkvanIkmIeya, AYhm Hcp
shfn]mSpt]mse DZvKanp kz
Imcym\p`ha em]nbdpsSbpw tam
sdbpsSbpw ]pkv XIcN\ F
w. XncndnhpIpw, Hms
SpepIpw {]tNmZIamhp
hmb\bmWv Cu ]pkvXIhpw \
IpXv. Un.kn. _pIvkv BWv Cu
]pkvXIns {]km[I.
(te J Is t^m \: 9446560984)
52
temInse Ghpw hen
b ]coW imebmWv Cv _ln
cmImiw. \nXyhpw ]pXnb ]pXnb
IsepIfmWv AhnsS \npw
DmbnsmncnpXv. _lncm
Imi KthjWn A`qX]qham
b hfbpmb hjamWv 2013.
kmtXnI hnZy kucbpYns
AXncpIfpw ISv ]nsbpw IpXn
pXn\v kmyw hln 2013
XsbmWv kqcy\ntepw N{\n
tepw sNm bn tepw a\p jy
\nanX hml\ bm{X XncnXv.
`qan F Pohs K`Krln
\npw ]pdpNmSm sh sIm
p a\pjy N{\nepw sNm
bnepsamw ]mnSfpmm
HcppIbmWv. Amcmjv {S _ln
cmImi \nebn \Sp ]co
Wfpw ZqcZin\nIfpsS klm
btm sSbp KthjWfpw
CXn\v ]pdsabmWv.
Nne kp{][m\ \mgnIIpI
]cntim[nmw.
1. sFdnkv kqcy\ntev!
2013 sabv 28\v sFdnkv bm{Xbm
cw`np. bm{Xtbm, kqcy\ntepw!
kuc {]Xn`mkfpsS ZpcqlXI
A\mhcWw sNpIbmWv bm{Xbp
sS eyw. kucmcosp
dnv IqSpXednbpXn\pw kuc B
fepIfpw kuc hmXfpsS Znibpw
apIqn a\knempXn\pw kq
cy\n \np mkv am {]hmln
s Xo{hXbpw km{Xbpw Is
pXn\pw thn \mk hnt]n
Xpw Ghpw \ho\amb kmtXn
IhnZybn {]hnpXpamb
_lncmImi t]SIamWv sFdnkv
(Interface Region Imaging Spec-
trograph-IRIS). temIsamSpap 20
KthjW m]\fpw khI
emimeIfpw sFdnkns Fn\o
bdnMv hn`mKn\v Icpv ]Icp
pv. ssl sdkeyqj Nn{X
fpw Iw]yq tamUenMpw D]tbm
Knv sFdnkv kqcys Aco
amb sImtdmWbnse Xm] kw{I
aWw hniZoIcnpw. \mk 2010
hnt]n tkmfm ssU\anIvkv
H_vkthdnbpsS ]nKmanbmWv
sFdnkv. Cu kv t]kv {Im^v v {]h
\aamIptXmsS kuchmX
fpsS kmcZni apIqn Is
m Ignbpw. CXphgn hmm
hn\nab D]{Klsf kuchmX
fp sS B{IaWn \n pw
cnpXn\pw As\ tImSn
Wn\v tUmfdpI hjwtXmdpw
2013 : AXyp-Xfn-
_ln-cm-Im-i KthjWw-
imkv{Xw
km_ptPmkv
53
em`npXn\pw km[npw.12 tIm
Sn tUmfdmWv Cu kvt]kv {Im^v
ns \namW sNehv.
2. sF.B.F.Fkv
.Fkv 1F: Cy Pn.
]n.Fk.v
Atacn Pn.]n.Fkv \v C
y adp]Sn, ]qWambpw `mcX
n s \n b{Wn ep KXn
\nWtbm]{Kl t{iWnbn ep
BZy t]SIw, Cy doPnbW
\mhntKjW kmssev knkvw
(IRNSS-1A) 2013 Pqsse 1\v hnt
]nsp. Ggv D]{Kl Ds
Sp t{iWnbnse BZy hnt]
Wambncpp CXv. Bdv amks
CSthfIfn av D]{Klfpw hn
t]n sSpw. Cu KXn \n W
tbm]{KlfpsS tkh\w Cy
D]`qJn am{Xambn ]cnan
XsSpnbncnpIbmWv. 1600 tIm
Sn cq]bmWv ]XnbpsS sNehv.
samss_ t^m DssSbp
hmm hn\nab kwhn[m\
IqSpX ImcyaampXn\pw
ASnbnc Lfn cm{]h
\w \Sp Xn \pw ssk\n I
Bhiypw Cu D]{Kl irw
Je henb tkh\ambncnpw \
IpXv. KXn\nWb taJebn
C\n `mcXns kzbw]cym]vX
XbpsS \mfpIfmWv hcm t]mIp
Xv .
3. thmtbP
AXncpISpp !
a\pjycmin BPn kmtXn
I hnZybpsS Ghpw t{ijvTamb
aplqw: kucbqYsa henb
IpSpw_ns AXnn ISv
\{Xmc kvt]kntev BZy
ambn Hcp a\pjy\nanX hml\
ns {]thi\w. 1977 \mk
hnt]n Cc D]{Klfnsem
mb thmtbP1, \o 35 hjam
bn bm{X XpScpIbmWv. AXpw sk
n 17 Intemao F AXn
thKXbn. thmtbP 1 Ctm
`qanbn \npw 19 _ney (1900
tImSn) Intemao AIsebmWv.
\{Xm c kv t]kn eq sSbp
thmtbPdns bm{X 2025 hsc Xp
Scpw. Cu bm{XbvnSbn hymgw,
i\n, bqdm\kv, s\]vSyq Fo
òa {Kltfbpw AhbpsS 48
D]{Kltfbpw thmtbP k
innpv. `qanv shfnbn, kuc
bqYn\pdv, Pohs \mp
iq\ym- Im- ipw
amen\y -Iq-mcw
"Cuk'(European Space Agency) \mev hjw ap]v 2009 hnt
]n D]{KlamWv Pntbmkn (Gravity field and Ocean Circulation Explorer -
GOCE). kap{Znse Pe[mcI, `qanbpsS KpcpXzmIjWthZn, kap
{ZPe\ncv, apcpI, `qanbpsS DImv Fns\bp hnjb
sf hnZqc tKmNcamp kwhn[m\amWv Pntbmknbn Dmbncp
Xv. tNmaqew Ign hjw HIvtSm_ 21 apX CXn th{X
C\w Cm nXnhp. XpSv \nb{Ww \s D]{Klw
`qanbpsS BIjW henhn s]v Xmtgv t]mcm XpSn. HSpw
ssk_ocnbbvv apIfnse Acon hv AXv NnnnXdpIbpw
InPzenpIbpw sNbvXp. Ahtijn 275In.{Kmw `mcap "BImi
hdv' ]Snmd imkap{Zn\pw Ing Cy almkap{Zn
\p an S bn AmSn kap {Z n C gn \hw _ 10\v
hosWmSpn. GXm\pw iXIntem aodpIIse am{XamWv ^mIv
emv Zzo]pI nXnsNpXv. hensbmcp Zpcsamgnhmbn.
1979 \mkbpsS kvssI em_v F kvt]kvjn `qanbntev
BIjnstm DtZzKP\Iamb Htsd aWnqdpIfneq sS temIw
ISpt]mbtXmpI. Ahkm\w \mi\sfmpapmmsX
Bkvt{Senbbnepw Cyalmkap{Znepambn AXv hoWSn.
2001 djybpsS an kvt]kv tjs 135S Xqap Ah
inw `qanbntev IpXntmgpw temIamsI AtX DXv IWv TbpsS apap
\bnembncpp. AXns\ imkap{Zntebvv XnhnSpXn Av
hnPbnp.
2011 \mkbpsS UARS im kap{Znepw P\nbpsS RO SAT
_wKm DSenepw ]cnpIfpmmsX ]Xnp.
`qanbntev hogm\p Dughpw ImpIgnbp A\h[n a\pjy
\nantXm]{Kl {àW]Yfnepv. _lncmImitbvv CXp
hsc GItZiw 6600 kmssepI hnt]nsnpv. AXn 3600
Fw AhnSs nXnsNppsnepw 1000 Fw am{Xta {]
tbmP\Icambn {]hnppp.
C\anmsX D]tbmKiq\yamb D]{Klfpw, Ino tdm
v IhNfpw D]tbmKiq\yambhbn \nv NnXdntmb 23000 IjvW
fpw av BImihdpIfpw `qanv apIfn 120 Intemaodn\v aosX
bp `mKv AXnthKn Npnncnbppv . Hmtcm hjhpw 100150
sa{SnIv S hkvXp ù amcontev ISppsmWv
IWv. Cgn 56 hjn\nSv 15000 S a\pjy \nanX hkvXp
ùamcon ISnpt{X. Acontev {]thin
ptm thKX Nnetm aWnqdn 28000 In.ao Bbncnpw. A
coneqsSbp AXnthKmnen kzm`mhnIambpw Ah Nq Sp]n
SnpIbpw InmemIpIbpw sNpw. Fm hfsc henb km
ssepIfmsWn apgph InocpXn\v ap]v `qanbn hogmw.
AXv FhnsSbpamImw. AsXmcp \nXmòjWnXsbmWv.
D]tbmKw Ignm D]{Klmhninsf kap{Zntev Xn
bnSmt\m Asn BImins AKm[ iq\yXbntev XnhnSm
t\m D kwhn[m\ B[p\nI kmssepIfnepv. BImin
I AhnsS\nv Xqvamp kzo kmssepIfpw Cv \nehnep
v. sNmbntev \mw sXmSpncnp awKbm {]h\ clnX
amIptm sNmbn hoWpt]mIpIbn. AXns\ AKm[ iq\yXbn
tev XnhnSm Bhiyap C\hpw D]mbhpw apIqn {]tXyIw
koIcnnpv . BImi amen\ykwkv cWn\p ]XnI `mhn
bn IqSpX Imcyaambn kwhn[m\w sNsSpsav \ymbambpw
{]Xonmw. (cmaN{ Nmemd)
54
I XncbpIbmWv thmtbPdns
eyw. Cu kvt]kv {Im^vn sd
tmUv sNbvXncnp tdUntbm
ktifpw Nn{Xfpw, kucbq
Yn\v shfnbn atsXnepw
{Kln kmtXnIhnZy hnImkw
{]m]n GsXnepsamcp \mKcnIX
bpsn Ah Ispsapw
Cu kti Xncndnbm Ign
m Ahv `qanbpambn _
sSm Ignbpsapap hnizmkam
Wv thmtbPdns bm{Xp Du
w ]IcpXv.
4. sI]vfdpw
A\y{Kl thbpw
2013 Htm _dn {]h \w
Ahkm\nn \mkbpsS sI]v f
kvt]kv {Im^vv CXphsc 1000
]cw A\y{Klsf Isngn
p. sI]v f 2013 amv hsc tiJ
cn hnhc A]{KYnmWv Cu
dntmv. 2014 ]pXnb A\y{Kl
sfpdnp hmIfpw ]pd
phcpw. CXphsc Isnbh
bn 262 Fw ùakam\amWv.
sI]vf kvt]kv {Im^vv \nan
nXnhnhcWv {]Imcw o
c]Yn am{Xw 1700 tImSn ùa
kam \ {Klfp m Ip sam Wv
tPymXnimkv{XcpsS \nKa\w.
{KlkwXcW hnZy (transit method)
D]tbmKnmWv sI]vf A\y{Kl
th \SpXv. {Smknv ssSanMv
thcntbj Fsmcp ktXhpw
sI]vfdn D]tbmKnppv. `q
anv shfnbn, kucbqYn\pw
shfnbn, Pew {ZmhImhbn
\ne\nm km[yXbp {Kl
sf hsc sI]vf Isngn
ncnpp.
5. `qanv shfnbnepw
mkvnIv !
i\nbpsS Ghpw henb D]{K
lamb ssS\n mkvnIv Is
n F XmWv 2013 se asmcp
_lncmImihm. Isbv\dpI
fpw hml\fpsS _dpIfpw Kr
tlm]IcW kma{KnIfpw \nanp
, mkv nns Akwkv IrX hkv
Xphmb, "s{]mss]eo' BWv ssS
\n IsnbncnpXv. \mk
bpsS Iko\n kvt]kv {Im^vv, ssS
\n \npw ]pdsSp Xm]hn
IncWfn \Snb ]T\amWv
Cu Isen\v hgnsbmcpnbXv .
aqv Im_ B tNp
mIp efnXLS\bp HmKm
\nIv kwbpamWv s{]mss]eo.
Nne kkykv ]ojokpI s{]mss]
eo Xm{XI DmZnnpp
v. ImpXo DmIptmgpw Hmbn
dnss^\dnIfn Hcp Dt]m
sa \nebnepw s{]mss]eo D
mZnnsSppv. Fm `qan
v shfnbnep GsXnepsamcp
JtKmf ]nn Cu Akwkv
IrX mkv nIv IspXv CXm
ZyamWv. `qanv shfnbn Poh
\ne\nm Ghpw km[yXbp
kzm`mhnI D]{KlamWv ssS
. ASpnsS Iko\n kv t]kv {Im
^vv ssS\n "Btlm' \Zn
I Isnbncpp. C{Xb[nIw
km{amb Acoap asmcp
D]{Klhpw kucIpSpw_nen.
6. mv kvt]kv {Im^vpw
kamc {]]fpw
"tImkv anIv ssSw sajo' Fv
hnfnsSp bqtdm]y kvt]kv
GPknbpsS mv kvt]kv{Im^v
v ]c`mKhnIncWfn \Snb
]T\ kamc {]]fp
sS km[yXbntev hnc Nqp
p. 2013 Pq amkn kvt]kv
{Im^v v \nan kv ssI amn ]c
`mK hnIncWfnepmb A]{ip
Xnv ImcWw kamc {]]
krjvSnp iamb KpcpXz _
eamsWmWv im{X hnebn
cppXv. 2013 Htm_ 24\v m
55
v kvt]kv {Im^vv \mw A[nhkn
p {]]ns {]mbhpw {Zhy
Du A\p]mXhpw ]p\\n
WbnpIbpmbn. CX\pkcnv
{]]ns {]mbw apv IcpXn
b amXncn 1370tImSn hja, adn
v 1382tImSn hjamWv Fv Xncp
n hmbnWw. \{Xfpw {K
lfp sam aSp km [m cW
{Zhyw {]]ns 4.9 iXam\am
Wv; 26.8% iyma{Zhyhpw 68.3% iyma
DuhpamWv FXmWv ]pXnb
Is. {]] hnImk \ncv
IpdbpXmbpw mv Isnbn
cpp.
7. sFtkm kqcy
XI kz]v\w !
2012 sk]vXw_ 21\v djy hm
\ \ncoIcmb hnmens\mhvkvIn
bpw B Syw s\m hn sNm t\m pw
tNv Isnb ZoLIme [q
atIXphmWv sFtkm (Internatio
nal Scientific Optical Network-ISON).
kqcy\n \npw GItZiw 15000
tImSn In.ao. AIsebp Duv
taLfn \nmWv sFtkm
bm{X Bcw`nXv. \qmns hm
\{Xw Fv hnfntcp sF
tkm 2013 Htm_ apX 2014
P\phcn a[yw hsc at\mlcamb
BImimgvNbmbncnpsamWv
{]XonncpXv. Unkw_ 26\v
Cu [qatIXp `qanbpsS GhpaSp
v Fpsapw Xabw AXn
s tim` ]qWN{s 15 aSm
bncnpsapw ]hNnsncpp.
Fm temIsamSpap hm\
\ncoIscbpw tPymXnimkv {X
scbpw \ncmicmnsmv kqcy
Cu [qatIXphns\ XIpIfbp
IbmWpmbXv. 2013 \hw_ 28\v
kqcy\v kao]sanbtmkuc
hn In cWfp sS B{IaWn
AXv s]mnIpt]mbn.
8. awKbm `mcXw
Nph antev
`mcXns {]Ya sNmm ]cy
thjW t]SIw awKbm1 (Mars
Orbitor Mission) 2013 \hw_ 5\v
hnt]nsp. 454 tImSn cq] ap
X apSp awKbm ]Xn
`mcXns `mhn {Klmcbm{X
Ip kmtXnIhnZybpsS ]co
WamWv. 10 amks bm{Xbv
smSphn 2014 sk]vXw_dn aw
Kbm sNmbnsepw. sNmbp
sS Aconep aotYbv
kmnyw IspXpw AXp
hgn ssPh Xm{XIfpsS km[yX
XncbpXpw ]XnbpsS eyam
Wv . Av imkv {Xob D]IcW
t]SIn ep v . sNm bp sS h
WNn{X FSppXn\p Iym
adIfpw t]ISnepv . Cu ZuXyw
hnPbnm {Klmc bm{XIv
tijnbp cmjv{SfpsS {Kqn
Cybpw AwKamIpw. Atacn,
djy, bqtdm]y bqWnb, ssN\,
Pm Fo cmPyfmWv \nehn
Cu {KqnepXv.
9. ash \mkbpsS
awKbm
\mkbpsS sNmm ]cytjW
t]SIamb ash (Mars Atmosphere
and Volatile Evolution-MAVEN)- 2013
\hw_ 18\mWv hnt]ns
Xv. 2014 sk]vXw_dn ash sNm
bp sS {àW]Yn {]thin
pw. sNmbpsS Acon
\nv \jv Sambnsmncnp _m
jv ]ioeap kwbpfpsS tXm
Xpw A\p ]m Xhpw Isp I,
{Klmcon kuchmXfp
sS {]Xn{]h\ \nconp
I. {Klm co w \jv SsSp
{]{InbbpsS tXmXpw AXn\v Im
cWamIp LSIfpw Ip]nSn
p I, {Klm co n se sF
tkm tSm p Ifp sS A\p ]m Xw
IspI FnhbmWv ]Xnbp
sS {][m\ ey. 672 aney
bp.Fk.v tUmfdmWv ]XnbpsS
BsI sNehv. sNmbpsS Aco
ns LjWw kaYambn
D]tbm KsSp p "Fbv tdm
t{_nMv' F \qX\ ktXw
]conpXn\pw Cu ZuXyn
eqsS \mkbvv Ignbpw. sNmbp
sS Acospdnv Bgn
ep ]T\am Wv a sh hn t
]WneqsS \mk eyanSpXv.
56
10 ssN\ N{\n
ssN\bp sS _ln cm Im i
t]SIw NmMv3 N{\n endn. 2013
Unkw_ 14\mWv ssk\kv Cdn
Uw (em n `m jbn aghn n s
IS) Fv hnfnp Dm K
n NmMv t]SIw "tkm^vv
emUnMv' \SnbXv. `qanv shfn
bnep GsXnepsamcp JtKmf ]n
n BZyambmWv ssN\bp
sS Hcp _lncmImi t]SIw tkm
^vv emUnMv \SpXv. t]SI
nep "bqp' tdmh Nt{m]cn
Xew 30 ao Bgn Ipgnv an
s (Regolith) LS\ ]cntim[npw.
ssN\ 2018 hnt]nms\mcp
p tdm t_mSn Iv km \n ] dn
t Zu Xy am b Nm Mv 5sbpw
2025 \Sm\ptinp a\pjy
s\ hlnpsImp Nm{ ZuXy
nsbpw km[yXI At\zjn
pXpw NmMv 3 ZuXyns e
yfn s]Spp. Cu t]SIw
aqv amkmew N{\n hnhn[
]coWfn GsSpw.
11 Kb Poh Xncbpp,
\qdptImSn \{Xfn
2013 Unkw_ 19\v bqtdm]y
kv t]kv GPknbpsS Unkv hdn
sajo "Kb' (Global Astrometric
Interferameter for Astrophysics-GAIA)
bm{Xbmcw`np. oc]Ynse 100
tIm Sn \{X v Np p ap
{KlIpSpw_fn Poh tXSnbm
Wv Kb bm{X XncnXv. CXv oc
]Ynep BsI \{Xfp
sS HcpiX am\w hcpw. AXpIqSm
sX Av encw Izmkm
dpIfpw KbbpsS \ncoW ]cn[n
bn hcpw. \q dv tIm Sn ]n Iv k
sdkeyqj\p Kbbnse Iymad
Cphsc _lncmImiv m]n
npXn Ghpw henb UnPn
Iymadbmbncnpw. \{Xfp
sSbpw {KlfpsSbpw Xm]\nebpw
]nhpw Afp Kb Ahbp
sS {]mbhpw aqeIhnXcWhpw Ir
Xyambn Ispw. sFkv sss
kmam\y Bt]nIXm {]amWw
D]IcWfpsS klmbtmsS
]conp "Kb', kucbpYn
\v shfnbn Poh \ne\npp
tm Fpw At\zjnpw. `qanbn
\npw 15 ew In.ao. AIsebp
cmas semKmPnb t]m
bnn \ne\np Kb kv t]kv
{Im^vv XpSbmbn Bdv hjw
BImi skkkv \Spw.
12 {Inkvakv cmhpIfn
"ehv tPmbv' am\v
sFtkmWns Zpcn \n
cmicmbncp hm\ \ncoIv
Bizmkambn {Inkvakv km\hp
ambn "ehv tPmbv' [qatIXp. 2013
Unkw_ 22\v "ehv tPmbv' kqcy
s Ghpw ASpsn. \hw_
1 ap X, Hcp ss_t\m p etdm,
sNdnsbmcp ZqcZin\ntbm D]tbm
Knv t\mnbm hSpIng
N{Ihmf n tNmXn \{Xn
\v kao]w ]pes 5 apX 5.30
hsc Cu hm\{Xs ImWm
Ign ncp p. 2013 sk]v Xw _
Ggn\v Hmkvt{Senbmc\mb Aa
Nz Bkvt{SmWa sSdn ehvtPmbv
BWv Cu hm\{Xs Is
nbXv.
(te J Is t^m \:9656363145 Csa bn : sabu9656@gmail.com)

57
lcWêw sI. kXojv
sitakrishnaa@gmail.com
imkv{Xhm
XmdmnbXv : tUm. Fw. B. kpZi\ Ipam
Xncph\]pcw almmKmn tImtfPnse ckX{hn`mKw Aym]I\mWv teJI. Email: sudarsanmr@gmail.com
Printed & Published by V.V. Sreenivasan on behalf of Kerala Sasthrasahithya Parishad & Printed at A-One Offset Printers, Ramanattukara, Calicut-1
and published at Parishad Bhavan, Chalappuram, Calicut - 673 002. Editor-Prof M.K. Prasad. Approved by CSIR for financial support
Volume 49 No.8, Sasthragathy 2014 Februavary, 60 Pages
KmeIvknIfpsS {Zhyam\ns apJyImcWw In
t\ct IssSmXncp hmXIfpsS h
tiJcamWv KmeIvknIfpsS {Zhyam\n\v apJyImc
Wsav P\phcn 7 \v Atacn Akv{StWman
skmssknbpsS tbmKn AhXcnn Hcp Kth
jW {]_w Nqnmpp. knm{]Imcw {]h
NXnt\m Ipd {Zhyam\amWv t\ct \S
nb ]T\fn e`nXv . CXns ImcWanXmImsav
{]_ AhXmcI IcpXpp.
Cu Ipdhns ImcWsas At\zjWnembn
cpp Hcp ]Xnmmbn imkv{X. KmeIvknIfpsS
]Xnt\gc iXam\w {Zhyhpw t{]mtm, \yqt{Sm
Fo _mcntbmWpIfm \nnXamWv . _mnbpXv
Xtam{ZhyamWv. \{Xfntebpw henb {]`maefnse Ziew Un{Kn skjyknep hmXIfp
tSbpw {Zhyam\w Iqnbtm KthjIv e`nXv {]Xon {Zhyam\ns aqnsemv am{XamWv. ]Xn\m
bncw Un{Kn skjyknep XWphmXIfpw Cu {]`maenepsv ]pXnb ]T\ Is
n. Cu XWp hmXIfpsS {Zhyam\w \nWbnpIbpw, Cu hmXIfpsS {Zhyam\w IqSn IWnse
Spm KmeIvknIfpsS {Zhyam\nse Ipdhv hniZoIcnm\mhpsav AhImisSpIbpw sNpp, Imen
t^mWnb kIemimebn \np KthjIkwLw. (www.sciencenews.org)
hnkvacns cmPhwis
Ipdnv ]pXnb AdnhpI
ZnW CuPn]vXnse Abydos DXvJ\\w \Snb ]pcm
hkvXp imkv{X CXphsc AdnbsSm Hcp ^dthm
bpsS ihd Isn. _n.kn. 16501600 ImeLnep
mbncp Abydos cmPhwis kw_n BZy sXfnhpI
fmWv CXv . Cu taJebn \Sp XpSKthjW Abydos
cmPhwins cmjv{Sob Ncn{Xs Ipdnv ]pXnb Adnhp
I ]Icpsav \apv {]Xonmw. (www.sciencedaily.com)
{Kôs {Xnam\ {]Xncq]w Isn
Im_ BfpsS Zznam\ ]mfnbmWv {Kô. knenWnt\m
hfsc thKnemWv {Kô\n CeIvt{SmWpI kcnpXv. `mhn
bpsS {]XobmWv {Kô. {Kôs {Xnam\ {]Xncq]amWv tkmUnbw
_nkvatv Fv InbXmbn science F B\pImenIn
{]kn sSp nb Kth j W {]_ n eqsS shfn s Sp pp,
Lawrence Berkeley National laboratory se Yalin chen Dw kwLhpw. D`m
Kpw CeIvt{SmWpIv kcnm\mIpw F khntijXbpv
tkmUnbw _nkvatn\v. CeIvt{Sm kmcnepw thKXbnepw
{Kô t\ m sa s ]Zm amWv tkmUnbw _nkv a t v .
(www.esciencenews.com)

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