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Structural Design of High-Rise

Reinforced Concrete Structure



A project report submitted as a partial fulfilment of B.SC.
Degree in civil engineering


By :
Emad Ibrahim Thabet 17810
Mohamed Hamed El-Orfi 17848
Milad Adel Hawiwo 17935


Supervised By :
Mr. Moneer Bhih
Benghazi University | Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

I

Acknowledgement

This project could only be planned and written
with the support, encouragement, and tangible
contributions of many people; therefore, it is a
privilege to acknowledge the assistance of others in
its preparation.
First and foremost, we thank Allah for endowing
us with health, patience, and motivation to complete
this work.
We would like to thank our parents who have
made this work possible; we extend our heartfelt
thanks to all who played a role in helping us bring this
project to a successful conclusion.
In particular, we gratefully acknowledge our
supervisor Mr. Moneer Bhih whom we truly appreciate
his willingness to provide valuable assistance and
superb guidance throughout this project.




II

Abstract

In this project we have the enthusiasm for designing a multi-story
building for (Project work CE452) to get the bachelor's degree in Civil
Engineering, this project represents the result of a long process of
academic education on multiple related courses during our study period
in civil engineering department.

A 23 story Hotel located in Benghazi city is structurally designed in
accordance to ACI 318-11, one floor system is chosen to be adopted by a
comparison between a number of probable floor systems.

STAAD PRO software is used to perform analysis, while design and
detailing procedures are implemented manually.

Floor system and lateral load resisting system are designed in addition to
substructure system; both cross section dimensions and rebar details are
prepared.









III

Table of Contents

List of Tables ..................................................................................... VI
List of Figures ................................................................................... VII
Abbreviations & Notations .............................................................. IX
Part 1 | General Approach ............................................................................. 1
Chapter 1 | Introduction ..................................................................... 2
1.1 Introduction ......................................................................... 2
1.2 Scope of Work ..................................................................... 3
1.3 Building Description ........................................................... 4
Chapter 2 | Design Approach ............................................................. 6
2.1 Introcution ........................................................................... 6
2.2 Consulted Codes .................................................................. 6
2.3 Design Method .................................................................... 6
2.4 Software ............................................................................... 8
Part 2 | Analysis .............................................................................................. 9
Chapter 3 : Loads ............................................................................. 10
3.1 Introduction ...................................................................... 10
3.2 Gravity Loads .................................................................... 10
3.2.1 Dead load : ........................................................................... 10
3.2.2 Live load : .............................................................................. 13
3.3 Lateral Loads .................................................................... 14
3.3.1 Wind Load : ......................................................................... 14
3.3.2 Seismic Load : ..................................................................... 21
Chapter 4 | Modeling ....................................................................... 27
4.1 Introduction ...................................................................... 27
4.2 Modeling Procedure ........................................................ 27
4.2.1Generation of Seismic and Wind Loads ...................... 29
4.3 Syntax Sample for STAAD Pro Model (STAAD EDITOR) 31
Part 3 | Structural Design ........................................................................... 37

IV

Chapter 5 | Design of Floor System and Stairs .............................. 38
5.1 Introduction ...................................................................... 38
5.2 Floor System Design ........................................................ 38
5.2.1 Considerations During Analysis and Design: ........... 38
5.2.2 Design Procedures for typical floor systems
members: ........................................................................................ 39
5.2.3 Options for Floor Systems : ............................................ 43
5.2.4 Selected System ................................................................. 52
5.3 Design of All Floors .......................................................... 53
5.3.1 Calculation Sample for Beams and Ribs : .................. 54
5.3.2 Beams and Ribs Design Results .................................... 63
5.3.3 Control of Deflection ........................................................ 68
5.3.4 Design of Slabs : ................................................................. 70
5.3.5 Typical Detailing : .............................................................. 74
5.4 Design of Stairs ................................................................. 79
5.4.1 Stairs Specification : .......................................................... 79
5.4.2 Stairs Design : ...................................................................... 80
Chapter 6 | Design of Lateral Loads Resisting System ................. 85
6.1 Introduction ...................................................................... 85
6.2 Design of Columns ........................................................... 85
6.2.1 Design Strategy : ................................................................ 85
6.2.2 Preliminary Dimensions : ................................................ 87
6.2.3 Secondary Dimensions : ................................................. 89
6.2.4 Column Design Sample : ................................................. 90
6.2.5 Columns Final Design and Detailing: ......................... 99
6.3 Design of Shear Wall ...................................................... 103
6.3.1 General Specifications: ................................................. 104
6.3.2 Shear Wall Internal Forces: .......................................... 105
6.3.3 Calculation for (SW1) Sample : .................................. 108
6.3.4 Shear Wall Final Design ................................................ 111

V

6.3.5 Walls Subjected to Axial Tension : ........................... 112
6.2.6 Design of Stairs Walls and Elevator Walls ............. 113
6.4 Design of Coupling Beams ............................................ 116
6.4.1 Preliminary Sections : .................................................... 116
6.4.2 Coupling Beam Design : ............................................... 116
6.4.3 Structural Drawings for Coupling Beams: .............. 119
6.5 Design of Retaining Walls .............................................. 120
6.5.1 Loads on Retaining Walls : ........................................... 121
6.5.2 Design of Retaining Walls : .......................................... 123
6.5.3 Structural Detailing for Retaining Wall : ................. 126
Chapter 7 | Design of Substructure .............................................. 127
7.1 Introduction .................................................................... 127
7.2 Strategy .......................................................................... 127
7.3 Pile Distribution ............................................................. 128
7.4 Cap Thickness Computation ......................................... 128
7.5 Modeling ........................................................................ 130
7.5.1 Loads : ................................................................................. 131
7.6 Pile Design ...................................................................... 132
7.6.1 Soil Parameters : .............................................................. 132
7.6.2 Design Theory : ................................................................ 133
7.6.3 Design Procedure : ......................................................... 133
7.6.4 Differential Settlement Check : .................................. 137
7.6.5 Pile Cap Design : .............................................................. 138
Apendixes ...................................................................................................... a
Appendix 1 | Architectural Drawings ...................................... a
Appendix 2 | Interaction Diagrams .......................................... r
Appendix 3 | Tolerable Differential Settlement ..................... t
Appendix 4 | Excel Sheets Calculations .................................. u
Appendix 5 | Ss , S1 Seismic Parameters ............................... ee
References ....................................................................................................... i

VI




List of Tables
List of Tables
Table No. Description
Table 3.1 Toppings Data
Table 3 2 C
w
Parameters
Table 3 3 Pressure Coefficient
Tables 3 4( a & b ) Pressure Distribution
Table 3 5 Vertical Distribution
Table 5 1(a) Beam Design Results ( Flat Plate )
Table 5 1(b) Slab Design Results ( flat Plate )
Table 5 1(c) Shear Check
Table 5 2(a) Beam Design Results ( Solid Slab With Beams )
Table 5 2(b) Slab Design Results ( Solid Slab With Beams )
Table 5 3 Ribs Design ( Waffle Slab )
Table 5 4 Comparison Between Floor Systems
Table 5 5 Beams & Ribs Design Results ( at support )
Table 5 6 Beams & Ribs Design Results ( at midspan )
Table 5 7(a) Transverse Reinforcement ( Zone 1 )
Table 5 7(b) Transverse Reinforcement ( Zone 2 )
Table 5 8 Core Slab Design Result
Table 5 - 9 Stairs Toppings
Table 5- 10 Stairs Reinforcement Details
Table 6 - 1 Column Secondary Dimensions
Table 62 ( a & b ) Internal forces Column(a & b) Sample
Table 6 3 Columns Final Design
Tables 6 4 Shear-Wall Critical Sections
Table 6-5 ( a through c ) Shear-Wall Internal forces
Table 6-6 ( a & b ) Shear Wall Final design
Table 6-7 Shear-Walls In Tension
Table 7-1 Columns Loads upon Pile cap
Table 7-2 Frictional Pile Resisting System
Table 7-3 Foundation Design Results



VII



List of Figures

Figure No. Description
Figure 1-1 Front View of the Towers
Figure 1-2 Front and Views of Project
Figure 3-1 Wall details
Figure 3-2 Gravity Loads distribution
Figure 3-3 5th Floor Horizontal Distribution
Figure 4-1 Geometric and Rendered Models
Figure 4-2 Input Dialogs for wind parameters
Figure 4-3 Input Dialogs for wind parameters
Figure 4-4 Seismic parameters output
Figure 5-1 Typical Floor 6th floor to 10th floor
Figure 5-2 Arrangement of stirrup reinforcement ACI Fig. R11.11.3(d)
Figure 5-3 Flat slab with perimeter beams
Figure 5-4 Flat Slab Model
Figure 5-5 Solid slab with beams
Figure 5-6 Solid slab with beams Model
Figure 5-7 Middle Strip and Column strip dimensions
Figure 5-8 Waffle Pans dimensions
Figure 5-9 Waffle Pans Distribution
Figure 5-10 Waffle
Figure 5-11 Waffle slab model
Figure 5-12 5th Floor Horizontal Distribution
Figure 5-13 Beams and Ribs section details
Figure 5-14 Slab dimensions for deflection control calculation
Figure 5-15 Global moment in X for Inside core slab direction
Figure 5-16 Global moment in Y for Inside core slab direction
Figure 5-17 Beams and Ribs typical detailing
Figure 5-18 Beams and Ribs typical detailing
Figure 5-19 Stairs parameters
Figure 5-20 Stairs section detailing
Figure 6-1 Columns Preliminary dimensions
Figure 6-2 Columns calculated samples
Figure 6-3 Interaction Diagrams Properties
Figure 6-4 Column dimensions distribution for all elevations (a)
Figure 6-4 Column dimensions distribution for all elevations (b)
Figure 6-5 Columns cross section details

VIII

Figure 6-6 Columns Splice Details
Figure 6-7 Shear wall numbering
Figure 6-8 Shear wall typical detailing
Figure 6-9 Coupling beam rebar
Figure 6-10 Coupling beam cross section details
Figure 6-11 Retaining walls plan
Figure 6-12 Retaining wall
Figure 6-13 Loads acting over the retaining wall
Figure 6-14 Loads acting over the retaining wall
Figure 6-15 Bending moment diagrams
Figure 6-16 Retaining wall cross section detailing
Figure 7-1 Foundation system
Figure 7-2 Piles distribution
Figure 7-3 Cap thickness variation
Figure 7-4 Foundation Model
Figure 7-5 Soil Profile with soil parameters
Figure 7-6 Pile resisting mechanism
Figure 7-7 Pile resisting mechanism
Figure 7-8 Group Pile efficiency determination
Figure 7-9 Differential settlement
Figure 7-10 X-X Direction Moment Results
Figure 7-11 Y-Y Direction Moment Results














IX

Abbreviations & Notations
Symbol Definition
A
b
Crosssectionalareaofpilebase
A
c
Areaofconcretesectionresistingsheartransfer
A
cp
Areaenclosedbyoutsideperimeterofconcretecrosssection
A
g
Grossareaofconcretesection
Al
(mn)
Minimumareaoflongitudinalreinforcementtoresisttorsion
A
0h

Areaenclosedbycenterlineoftheoutermostclosedtransverse
torsionalreinforcement
A
s
Areaofsteelreinforcement
A
sh

Totalcrosssectionalareaoftransversereinforcement(including
crossties)withinspacingsandperpendiculartodimensionbc
A
t
Areaofonelegofaclosedstirrupresistingtorsionwithinspacing
A

Areaofshearreinforcementwithinspacings
A
d

Totalareaofreinforcementineachgroupofdiagonalbarsina
diagonallyreinforcedcouplingbeam
b
1

Dimensionofthecriticalsectionb
0
measuredinthedirectionof
thespanforwhichmomentsaredetermined
b
2

Dimensionofthecriticalsectionb
0
measuredinthedirection
perpendiculartob1
b Widthofcompressionfaceofmember
b
c

Crosssectionaldimensionofmembercoremeasuredtothe
outsideedgesofthetransversereinforcementcomposingarea
A
sh

b
w
Webwidth,wallthickness,ordiameterofcircularsection
B
(wnd)

Horizontaldimensionofbuildingmeasurednormaltowind
direction
b Meanhourlywindspeedfactor
b
o
Perimeterofcriticalsectionforshearinslabsandfootings
c Turbulenceintensityfactor
c. c Concretecover
C
d
DeflectionAmplificationFactor
C
p

Externalpressurecoefficienttobeusedindeterminationofwind
loadsforbuildings
C
s
Seismicresponsecoefficient
C
u
Undrainedshearstrengthatbaseofpile
C
u
AverageUndrainedshearstrengthoverpile length
C
x
Verticaldistributionfactor
C
w
Afactortocalculate I
u
Spacingbetweenpiles

X

J
Distancefromextremecompressionfibertocentroidof
longitudinaltension/reinforcement,orPilediameter
J
t

Distancefromextremecompressionfibertocentroidofextreme
layeroflongitudinaltensionsteel
F
u
Shortperiodsitecoefficient
F
c
i
Specifiedcompressivestrengthofconcrete
F. S. Factorofsafety
F

, F
n
, F
x

Portionoftheseismicbaseshear,V,inducedatLeveli,n,orx,
respectively

Specifiedyieldstrengthofreinforcement

t
Specifiedyieldstrengthfyoftransversereinforcement
F

Longperiodsitecoefficient(at1.0speriod)
0 Gusteffectfactor
g

Peakfactorforbackgroundresponse
g
R
Peakfactorforresonantresponse
g

Peakfactorforwindresponse
0
cp

Productofinternalpressurecoefficientandgusteffectfactorto
beusedindeterminationofwindloadsforbuildings
b

, b
x

Theheightabovethe basetoLeveliorx,respectivelyTheheight
abovethebasetoLeveliorx,respectively
b
n
Structuralheight
I ImportanceFactor
I
b
Momentofinertiaofgrosssectionofbeamaboutcentroidalaxis
I
s

Momentofinertiaofgrosssectionofslababoutcentroidalaxis
definedforcalculatingforo
]
and[
t

I
c
Theimportancefactor
K
d
Winddirectionalityfactor
k
s
tono Installationfactorfromgraph
K
zt
Topographicfactor
l Integrallengthscalefactor
l
w
Weblengthofwall
I
z
Integrallengthscaleofturbulence
H
n
Nominalflexuralstrengthatsection
H
u
Factoredmomentatsection
n
1
Fundamentalnaturalfrequency
N
1
Reducedfrequency
n
u
Approximatenaturalfrequency
N
u

Factoredaxialforcenormaltocrosssectionoccurring
simultaneouslywithV
u
orI
u
;tobetakenaspositivefor
compressionandnegativefortension
N
c
Bearingcapacityfactor
p Designpressuretobeusedindeterminationofwindloadsfor

XI

buildings
P
h

Perimeterofcenterlineofoutermostclosedtransversetorsional
reinforcement
P
n
Nominalaxialstrengthofcrosssection
Backgroundresponsefactor
q Velocitypressure
q
h
Velocitypressureevaluatedatheightz=h
q
z
Velocitypressureevaluatedatheightzaboveground

uII
Allowablepilecapacity

b
Pilebaseresistance

]
Pileshaftresistance
q

Velocitypressureforinternalpressuredetermination
R ResponseModificationCoefficient
S Centertocenterspacingofitems
S
1

MappedMCER,5percentdamped,spectralresponseacceleration
parameterataperiodof1s
S
1

Design,5percentdamped,spectralresponseacceleration
parameterataperiodof1s
S
S

Design,5percentdamped,spectralresponseacceleration
parameteratshortperiods
S
M1

TheMCER,5percentdamped,spectralresponseacceleration
parameterataperiodof1
S
MS

TheMCER,5percentdamped,spectralresponseacceleration
parameteratshortperiodsadjustedforsiteclasseffects
s
o

Centertocenterspacingoftransversereinforcementwithinthe
lengthl
o

S
s

MappedMCER,5percentdamped,spectralresponseacceleration
parameteratshortperiods
I Thefundamentalperiodofthebuilding
I
u
Factoredtorsional momentatsection
I
u
Approximatefundamentalperiodofthebuilding
I
L
Longperiodtransition
I
wnd
Basicwindspeed
I Totaldesignlateralforceorshearatthebase
I
n
Nominalshearstrength
I
u
Factoredshearforce
I
z
Meanhourlywindspeedatheightz
I
c
Nominalshearstrengthprovidedbyconcrete
I
s
Nominalshearstrengthprovidedbyshearreinforcement
w Effectiveseismicweightofthebuilding
w

, w
n
, w
x

PortionofWthatislocatedatorassignedtoLeveli,n,orx,
respectively

XII

Z Equivalentheightofstructure
Z
mn
Exposureconstant
o Meanhourlywindspeedpowerlawexponent
o
]m
Averagevalueofo
]
forallbeamsonedgesofapanel
o
s

Ratioofflexuralstiffnessofshearheadarmtothatofthe
surroundingcompositeslabsection
[
1

Factorrelatingdepthofequivalentrectangularcompressivestress
blocktoneutralaxisdepth
y
]

Factorusedtodeterminetheunbalancedmomenttransferredby
flexureatslabcolumnconnections
y


Factorusedtodeterminetheunbalancedmomenttransferredby
eccentricityofshearatslabcolumnconnections
p Efficiencyofgrouppile
0 45
o
fornonprestressedmembers
z
Modificationfactorreflectingthereducedmechanicalproperties
oflightweightconcrete
p RatioofA
s
to(bd)
p
I

Ratioofareaofdistributedlongitudinalreinforcementtogross
concreteareaperpendiculartothatreinforcement
p
t

Ratioofareaofdistributedtransversereinforcementtogross
concreteareaperpendiculartothatreinforcement
o

Verticaleffectivestressatthebaseofthepile
V
c

Factorusedtomodifydevelopmentlengthbasedon
reinforcementcoatingServiceabilityrequirement
V
t

Factorusedtomodifydevelopmentlengthbasedon
reinforcementsize
Tensionreinforcementindex
0
o
SystemOverstrengthFactor
Strengthreductionfactor
DifferentialSettlement
Integrallengthscalepowerlawexponent






General Approach | 1 Introduction
Page 1 of 139
Ch.1










Part 1 | General Approach
















General Approach | 1 Introduction
Page 2 of 139
Ch.1

Chapter 1 | Introduction



1.1 Introduction

This project aims to design a 23-story high-rise hotel tower in northwest of
Benghazi city - Libya.
The hotel tower is one of three towers with its supplements in Tatweer Multi-
Use Complex Project, the other two high-rise towers are an office tower of 30-
story and an 18-story residential tower.
Figure 1.1 shows an overview of the Tatweer Project.
It covers an area of 80,000 square meters, with a layout on the side of
Benghazi harbor and a spectacular view of the 23 July Lake.












Figure 1-1 Front View of the Towers

General Approach | 1 Introduction
Page 3 of 139
Ch.1
1.2 Scope of Work

The building is designed to withstand all excreted loads (Gravity and Lateral
Loads) to insure the safety of the structure during its life, also other
requirements like appropriateness, economy and structural adequacy are
considered.
Since the adopted concrete structure essentially consists of the most available
structural material in this region, therefore it is economic.
The following procedures present the process of a structural system design, in
these procedures an acceptable system for both strength and serviceability
requirements are developed.
1) Specifying the Structure to be designed.
2) Analyzing Architectural Drawings.
3) Design Approach.
4) Selecting appropriate Structural System and Geometry.
5) Determining the serviceability requirements.
6) Determining the structural loads (Gravity and Lateral Loads).
7) Performing Preliminary Design.
8) Analyze the Super-Structure.
9) Analyze the Sub-Structure.
10) Design Structural Elements (Ultimate Limit State).
11) Check for compliance with Serviceability requirements.



General Approach | 1 Introduction
Page 4 of 139
Ch.1

1.3 Building Description

Building Hotel Tower - Tatweer Multi-Use Complex Project Benghazi.
Classification High -Rise Building
Description Hotel tower is a five stars hotel with 273 guest rooms,
occasion room, signature restaurants, SPA and retail area, figure (1.2) shows a
front and top views of the project.
Hotel tower has a base elevation of +0.70 m and extends to a height of
+91.70 m.
It has also steel cage system at the top having a total height of 28.10 m.
The structure consisted of 23 stories; the areas vary in different levels.
The maximum floor dimensions of the floors are 63 m x 54 m.
Total Area 26,285 m
2
Ground Area 4,008 m
2

Rooms Area 11,541 m
2
Levels The project elevations related to the following levels :
00.00 Sea surface level
+00.70 Foundation top level
+05.00 Ground level





General Approach | 1 Introduction
Page 5 of 139
Ch.1























Figure 1-2 Front and Views of Project
General Approach | 2 Design Approach

Page 6 of 139
Ch.2

Chapter 2 | Design Approach

2.1 Introcution

This chapter presents the methods and the criteria of design and analysis in
addition to the principles in which to satisfy the requirements of the consulted
codes.


2.2 Consulted Codes
- ACI 318 M-11 | American Concrete Institute - Building Code
requirements for structural concrete and commentary.
- ACI Detailing Manual-2004 , Details of Concrete
Reinforcement
- ASCE 7-10 | American Society of Civil Engineers - Minimum
Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures.

2.3 Design Method
Strength Design Method will be used in according to ACI 318-11 section
(8.1.1) which implies that members shall be proportioned for adequate strength
using load factors and strength reduction factors , which can be represented
as follows :
Design Strength Required Strength
(Nominal Strength) U

General Approach | 2 Design Approach

Page 7 of 139
Ch.2
2.3.1 ACI 318-11 Design Requirements:

The Code defines minimum acceptable standards for materials, design, and
construction practice; it also covers the strength evaluation of existing concrete
structures.

a) General Requirements (Sec 1.1.1) :
1) For structural concrete, fc' shall not be less than 17 MPa.
2) No maximum value of fc

shall apply unless restricted by a specific


Code provision.

b) Durability Requirements (Sec 4.1.1)
The value of
c
i
shall be the greatest of the values required by:
(a) Sec 1.1.1
(b) for durability in Chapter 4, and
(c) for structural strength requirements

And shall apply for mixture proportioning in Sec 5.3 and for
evaluation and acceptance of concrete in Sec 5.6.

c) Required strength (Sec 9.2)
Required strength U shall be at least equals to the effects of factored
loads in Eq. (9-1) through (9-7)
The effect of one or more loads not acting simultaneously shall be
investigated.

U = 1.4D (9-1)
U = 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) (9-2)
U = 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (1.0L or 0.5W) (9-3)
U = 1.2D + 1.0W + 1.0L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) (9-4)
U = 1.2D + 1.0E + 1.0L + 0.2S (9-5)
U = 0.9D + 1.0W (9-6)
U = 0.9D + 1.0E (9-7)

General Approach | 2 Design Approach

Page 8 of 139
Ch.2
d) Design strength (Sec 9.3)
In terms of flexure, axial load, shear, and torsion, shall be taken as the
nominal strength calculated in accordance with requirements and
assumptions of this Code, multiplied by the strength reduction factors
Tension-controlled sections (0.90)
Compression-controlled sections:
(a) Members with spiral reinforcement (0.75)
(b) Other reinforced members (0.65)
Shear and torsion (0.75)

e) Design strength for reinforcement (Sec 9.4)
The values of

and
t
used in design calculations shall not exceed 55
MPa, except for prestressing steel and for transverse reinforcement in Sec.
10.9.3 and Sec. 21.1.5.4.
f) Control of deflections (Sec 9.5.1)
Reinforced concrete members subjected to flexure shall be designed to
have adequate stiffness to limit deflections or any deformations that
adversely affect strength or serviceability of a structure.

2.4 Software
- Structural Analysis & Design | Bentley Staad Pro V8i
This program will be used for structural analysis of the
structure.

- Computer Aided Design | Autodesk AutoCAD
This program will be used for drawing Structural Detailing of
the structural members.

- Microsoft Office Excel :
This program will be used to make design spreadsheets.
Analysis | 3 Loads

Page 9 of 139
Ch.3












Part 2 | Analysis














Analysis | 3 Loads

Page 10 of 139
Ch.3

Chapter 3 : Loads


3.1 Introduction

In this chapter, a list of loads is presented and classified as gravity loads and
lateral loads, all loads are calculated either using the data given in the architectural
drawings or with using the provisions of ASCE 7-10 Minimum Design Loads for
Buildings and Other Structures, the resulted loads shall be established in
accordance with the definitions given below and combined with load combination
as specified in ACI 318M-11 section 9.2 .



3.2 Gravity Loads


The gravity loads acting on the structure are:
1) Dead loads (Self weight, Wall loads , Finishing materials).
2) Live load (In accordance to ASCE).


3.2.1 Dead load :
The super imposed dead loads are essentially constant during the life of the
structure and normally consist of the weight of the components considered
such as the slabs , beams , columns and walls .

a) Self weight :
The weight of the slabs , beams , columns and other structural members
will be considered by the analysis program after specifying the cross sections
of elements and identifying materials properties .

b) Toppings
Topping for the whole structure can be calculated using appendix 1.D and
the calculation is shown in the next table :
Analysis | 3 Loads

Page 11 of 139
Ch.3


Table 3 - 1 Toppings Data
Location
Tile
Type
Tile
description
Tile
weight
Mortar
thickness
Cast
stone
weight
(kN/m
2
)
Mortar
weight
(kN/m
2
)
Total
weight
(kN/m
2
)
Mechanical
room
F02
surface
hardener &
anti-dust
concrete
coating
Neglected
(solvent)
0.07 - 1.48 1.48
Corridor F09
ceramic tile
type-2
0.215 0.07 - 1.48 1.7
Car park F01
polyurethane
based car
park signage
paint
0.003 0.07 - 1.48 1.49
Storage F09
ceramic tile
type-2
0.215 0.07 - 1.48 1.7
Masjid F12 roll carpet Neglected 0.07 - 1.48 1.48
Electric
room
F02
(surface
hardener &
anti-dust
concrete
coating )
Neglected
(solvent)
0.07 - 1.48 1.48
Fire Lobby F11B stone precast - 0.04 0.66 0.848 1.51
Fire stair F11C stone precast - 0.04 0.66 0.848 1.51


All toppings are slightly less than 2kPa , so it is to be uniformed as 2kPa ,
nonetheless out of core topping has to be increased due to the existence of
partitions made of plaster board ( 0.5 kPa ) .
In-Core topping = 2 kPa
Out-Core topping = 2.5 kPa







Analysis | 3 Loads

Page 12 of 139
Ch.3
c) Wall load :
Fixed walls in the structure appears only inside the core.
It consists of 20 cm of Brick and a ceramic tile wall cladding as shown in
Figure 3.1 .
Biick loau m
2
= (thickness) ( Equ. 3-1 )
= ( 12.S 2u 9.81)
= 2.4S2
kN
m
2

Ceiamic loau = u.21S
kN
m
2

Wall height = S.S m
Wall loau = ( u.24S +u.21S ) S.S = 9.SS
kN
m

















Figure 3.1 | Wall details
Analysis | 3 Loads

Page 13 of 139
Ch.3
d) Faade load :
Referring to Appendix 1B , Faade consists of two components of
significant weight , a stone and a glaze.
Stone weight metei = (thickness) ( height ) ( Equ. 3-2 )
22 u.174S S.7S = 14.S96
kN
m

ulaze weight = u.S2 (S.7S -1.S) +u.174S 22 1.S = 6.928
kN
m

Aveiage weight pei 9 metei span
= (u.4 7)(14.S96) +(1.SS 4)(6.928) = 8S.26
kN
m

Faaue loau pei metei =
8S.26
9
= 9.2S
kN
m


3.2.2 Live load :
The superimposed life load was determined in accordance to ASCE 7-10.
Table 4-1 Minimum Uniformly Distributed Live Loads :
Hotels : L.L. = 1.92 KPa
Stairs and exit ways L.L. = 4.79 KPa













Figure 3.2 | Gravity Loads distribution
Analysis | 3 Loads

Page 14 of 139
Ch.3
3.3 Lateral Loads

The lateral loads acting on the structure are:
1) Lateral load induced by wind force.
2) Lateral load induced by seismic force.

3.3.1 Wind Load :

This part applies the determination of MWFRS wind loads on buildings of all
heights using the Directional Procedure.

The effect of wind on a structure depends upon the density and velocity of the
air, the angle of incidence of the wind, the shape and stiffness of the structure,
and the roughness of its surface .

Wind load parameters :

a. Risk Category :
Type III ; Buildings and other structures, the failure of which could pose a
substantial risk to human life .
b. Basic Wind Speed :
The basic wind speed for Benghazi I = SS ms ( Ref 10 ) .
c. Wind directionality factor :
K
d
= u.8S ; for Buildings - Main Wind Force Resisting System)
1





1 ASCE Table 26.6-1
Analysis | 3 Loads

Page 15 of 139
Ch.3
d. Exposure Categories:
Surface Roughness C ; Open terrain with scattered obstructions
having heights generally less than (9.1 m). This category includes flat
open country and grasslands
2

e. Topographic factor
3
:
k
zt
= 1
f. Gust Effect Factor
4

To determine the gust effect factor , the structure must be identified as
a rigid or flexible building .
n
u
= S8S
C
w
h
( Equ. 3-3 )

Where :

C
w
=
100
A
B
j
h
n
h
i
[
2
A
i
1+0.83 _
h
i
D
i
_
2
x
=1
(ASCE Equ. 12.8-10 )
Table 3 2 C
w
Parameters
X Y
A
B
S6 S6 = 1296 m
2
S6 S6 = 1296 m
2

A

u.4 11.2S 2 =9 u.4 12 2 = 9.6

12 12.9
b

91 91
b
n
119.8 119.8
x 1 1
Resulted C
w
0.0247 0.0305

I
A-x
=
u.uu19
C
w-x
b
n
= 4.849 s

2 ASCE 26.7.3
3 ASCE 26.8
4 ASCE 26.9
Analysis | 3 Loads

Page 16 of 139
Ch.3
I
A-
=
u.uu19

C
w-
b
n
= 4.SS1 s

b = 119.8 m = S9S.u4 t

Hence :
n
u-x
= S8S
u.u247
S9S.u4
= u.1S4 Ez
Or

n
u-
= S8S
u.uSuS
S9S.u4
= u.171 Ez

Since fundamental natural frequency in both directions are less than 1 Hz ,
the structure is flexible
5





Thus the gust-effect factor for flexible buildings is calculated as follows
6
:

0
]
= u.92S _
1+1.7 I
Z
|_g
Q
2

2
+ g
R
2
R
2
1+1.7 g

I
Z
|
_
7
( Equ. 3-4 )


Where :
g

= g

= S.4




g
R
= 2ln (S6uu n
1
) +
0.577
2In (3600 n
1
)
8
( Equ. 3-5 )


g
R
= 2ln (S6uu u.171) +
u.S77
2ln (S6uu u.171)
= S.7S

5 ASCE 26.2
6 ASCE 26.9.5
7 ASCE Equ. 26.9-10
8 ASCE Equ. 26.9-11
Analysis | 3 Loads

Page 17 of 139
Ch.3

R = _
1
[
R
n
R
h
R
B
( u.SS + u.47 R
L
)
9
( Equ. 3-3 )

Where :
[ = u.u2
R
n
=
7.47 N
1
(1+10.3 N
1
)
S
3
,

10
( Equ. 3-6 )

N
1
=
n
1
L
Z
|
v
Z
|

11
( Equ. 3-7 )
I
z
| = l(
z
|
10
)

|

12
( Equ. 3-8 )

Z
mn
= 4.S7, = 1S2.4 ,
i
= u.2
13

Z
i
= u.6 b = u.6 91 = S4.6 > Z
mn

14

I
z
| = 1S2.4(
0.691
10
)
0.2
= 214
I
z
i
= b
i
(
z
|
10
)
u
|
I
15
( Equ. 3-9 )
b
i
= u.6S , o
i
= u.1S4
I
z
i
= u.6S(
u.6 91
1u
)
0.154
SS = 29.SS
N
1
=
u.171 214
29.SS
= 1.2S8

R
n
=
7.47 1.2S8
( 1 +1u.S 1.2S8)
5
3
,
= u.117
R
I
=
1
q
-
1
2 q
2
(1 -c
-2q
)
16
( Equ. 3-10 )


9 ASCE Equ. 26.9-12
10 ASCE Equ. 26.9-13
11 ASCE Equ. 26.9-14
12 (ASCE Equ. 26.9-9)
13 ASCE Table 26.9-1
14 ASCE 26.9.4
15 ASCE Equ. 26.9-16
Analysis | 3 Loads

Page 18 of 139
Ch.3
By Setting

p =
4.6 n
1
h
v
Z
|
=
4.60.17191
29.55
= 2.42 ( Equ. 3-11 )
Hence ;
R
h
= R
I
=
1
2.42
-
1
2 (2.42)
2
(1 -c
-22.42
) = u.S29
By Setting
p =
4.6 n
1
B
v
Z
|
=
4.60.17136
29.55
= u.9S8
Thus ;
R
B
= R
I
=
1
u.9S8
-
1
2 (u.9S8)
2
(1 -c
-20.958
) = u.S79
By Setting
p =
1S.4 n
1
I
I
z
i
=
1S.4 u.171 S6
29.SS
= S.21
Thus
R
L
= R
I
=
1
S.21
-
1
2 (S.21)
2
(1 -c
-23.21
) = u.26S
R = _
1
0.02
u.117 u.S29 u.S79 (u.SS +(u.47 u.26S)) = u.8SS
=
_
1
1+0.63_
B+h
L
Z
|
_
0.63

17
( Equ. 3-12 )
=
_
1
1 +u.6S[
S6 +91
214

0.63
= u.829
I
z
| = C (
10
z
|
)
1
6
,

18
( Equ. 3-13 )
C = u.2
I
z
| = u.2 (
1u
u.6 91
)
1
6
,
= u.1S1

16 ASCE Equ. 26.9-15a
17 ASCE Equ.26.9-8
18 ASCE Equ.26.9-7
Analysis | 3 Loads

Page 19 of 139
Ch.3
Therefore
u = u.92S _
1 +(1.7 u.1S1((S.4)
2
(u.829)
2
+(S.S)
2
(u.u8SS)
2
) )
1 +(1.7 S.4 u.1S1)
_
= u.8SS

g. Enclosure classification :
The building is considered to act as enclosed building

h. Internal pressure coefficient
(0C
p
) = _u.18
19


Wind Load Pressure Computations :

Design wind pressures for the MWFRS of flexible buildings shall be
determined as (ASCE 27.4.2) from the following equation

P = q. 0. Cp. -q

(0Cp

)
20
( Equ. 3-14 )

- External Pressure Coefficient
21


Table 3 - 3 Pressure Coefficient
Surface C
p
Use with
Windward Wall 0.8 q
z
Leeward Wall -0.5 q
h
Side Wall -0.17 q
h



Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficients Determination :

q
z
= u.61S k
z
k
zt
k
d
I
2

22
( Equ. 3-15 )
q
z
= u.61S k
Z
1 u.8S (SS)
2
= 6S8.29 k
Z

For q
z
; k
z
is determined by a linear interpolation for h=Z from values
listed in ASCE Table 17.3-1
1.S9 -1.SS
91.4 -76.2
=
1.S9 -k
z
91.4 - 91
k
z
= 1.S9

19 ASCE Table 26.11-1
20 ASCE Equ. 27.4-1
21 ASCE Table 27.4-1
22 ASCE Equ. 27.3-1
Analysis | 3 Loads

Page 20 of 139
Ch.3
So q
h
= 6S8.29 1.S9 = 1u14.88
N
m
2

By Substituting in Equ. 3-14 :
P = q u.8SS C
p
-1u14.88 (_u.18)
P = u.8SS q C
p
182.69
The pressure distribution on the building
Table 3 4 (a) Pressure Distribution
Surface q (N/m
2
) Cp Pressure (N/m
2
)
Leeward Wall
1014.88
- 0.5 - 250.17 - 615.52
Side wall - 0.17 35.51 - 329.84

For the windward Wall pressure at height Z above the ground :
Table 3 4 (b) Pressure Distribution
Z Kz Cp qz(N/m
2
) P+ (N/m
2
) P- (N/m
2
)
0.0 0.85 0.8 542.55 552.91 187.56
4.6 0.85 0.8 542.55 552.91 187.56
6.1 0.9 0.8 574.46 574.69 209.33
7.6 0.94 0.8 599.99 592.11 226.76
9.1 0.98 0.8 625.52 609.54 244.18
12.2 1.04 0.8 663.82 635.67 270.31
15.2 1.09 0.8 695.74 657.45 292.09
18.0 1.13 0.8 721.27 674.87 309.51
21.3 1.17 0.8 746.80 692.29 326.94
24.4 1.21 0.8 772.33 709.72 344.36
27.4 1.24 0.8 791.48 722.78 357.43
30.5 1.26 0.8 804.25 731.50 366.14
36.6 1.31 0.8 836.16 753.27 387.92
42.7 1.36 0.8 868.07 775.05 409.70
48.8 1.39 0.8 887.22 788.12 422.76
54.9 1.43 0.8 912.75 805.54 440.19
61.0 1.46 0.8 931.90 818.61 453.25
76.2 1.53 0.8 976.58 849.10 483.74
91.4 1.59 0.8 1014.88 875.23 509.88
106.7 1.64 0.8 1046.80 897.01 531.65
121.9 1.69 0.8 1078.71 918.79 553.43
137.2 1.73 0.8 1104.24 936.21 570.86
152.4 1.77 0.8 1129.77 953.64 588.28


Analysis | 3 Loads

Page 21 of 139
Ch.3
3.3.2 Seismic Load :

Earthquakes loadings on the structure are produced through its interaction with
the ground and its response characteristics .

These loadings result from the structures distortion caused by the grounds
motion and the lateral resistance of the structure, Their magnitude depends on the
amount and type of ground accelerations , mass and the stiffness of the structure.

The method used to calculate seismic loads is equivalent lateral force procedure
As specified in ASCE 7-10 section 12.8 .

Seismic Parameters :

a) Spectral Response Acceleration Parameters :

S
s
= 0.514 ( accordance USGS of Ref. 11 ) Appendix 5
S
1
= 0.206 ( accordance USGS of Ref. 11 ) Appendix 5

Site class D (accordance geotechnical report of complex area )

F
u
= 1.388 from ASCE07-10 Table 11.4-1
F

= 1.988 from ASCE07-10 Table 11.4-1



S
MS
= F
u
. S
s
= u.71S4g ( Equ. 3-16 )
S
M1
= F

. S
1
= u.4u9Sg ( Equ. 3-17 )


b) Design Spectral Acceleration Parameters:

S
S
= 2. S
MS
/3 = 0.476g ( Equ. 3-18 )
S
1
= 2. S
M1
/3 = 0.273g ( Equ. 3-19 )



Analysis | 3 Loads

Page 22 of 139
Ch.3
c) Importance factor :

Occupancy Category Risk Category I
c
: Buildings and other structures, the
failure of which could pose a substantial risk to human life : I
c
= III
23


Importance Factor (I) based on Occupancy Category = 1.25
24


d) Seismic Design Category :

Seismic Design Category : C ( 0.33 SDS 0.50) ASCE07-05 Table 11.6-1
Seismic Design Category : D ( 0.2 SD1) ASCE07-05 Table 11.6-1
Most severe Category : Seismic Design Category D .

e) Design coefficients and Factors :

ASCE07-05 Table 12.2-1

B. Building Frame Systems

4. Special reinforced concrete shear walls

Response Modification Coefficient, R = 6.00
System Over strength Factor, o = 2.50
Deflection Amplification Factor, Cd = 5.00

Seismic load Calculation :

I = C
s
w
25
( Equ. 3-20 )
C
s
=
S
Ds
j
R
I
c
[

26
( Equ. 3-21 )
C
s
=
u.476
j
6
1.2S
[
= u.u992


23 ASCE07-10 Table 1.5-1
24 ASCE07-10 Table 1.5-2
25 ASCE Equ. 12.8-1
26 ASCE Equ. 12.8-2
Analysis | 3 Loads

Page 23 of 139
Ch.3
Need not to exceed the following :
C
s
=
S
D1
1 j
R
I
c
[
or I I
L

27
( Equ. 3-22 )
According to ( ASCE12.8.2.1) an approximate value of the fundamental
period for concrete shear wall structures should be calculated as follows:
I
u
= C
t
b
n
x

28
( Equ. 3-23 )
From ASCE 7-10 Table 12.8-2
For All other structural systems C
t
= u.u488 , x = u.7S
Knowing that b
n
= 91.7 m and Sub. in Equ 3-23
I
u
= u.u488(91.7)
0.75
= 1.446
Maximum allowable I
u
= I
u
C
u

29

For S
1
= u.27S , C
u
= 1.427 From ASCE Ioblc 12.8 -1
I
u
= 1.446 1.427 = 2.u6S
Sub. in Equ. 3-22
C
s
=
u.27S
2.u6S j
6
1.2S
[
= u.u27S < u.u992 , tokc C
s
= u.u27S

C
s
sboll not bc lcss tbon tbc ollowing
C
s
= u.u44 S
S
I
c
u.u1
30
( Equ. 3-24 )
C
s
= u.u262 < u.u27S

Take C
s
= u.u27S




27 ASCE Equ. 12.8-3
28 ASCE Equ. 12.8-7
29 ASCE 12.8.2
30 ASCE equ. 12.8-5
Analysis | 3 Loads

Page 24 of 139
Ch.3
Story Drift Calculation :

Maximum story drift calculated by the program = 12 mm
Amplified story drift ;
x
= (story Jrit) C
d
I
c

31
( Equ. 3-25 )
C
d
= S from ASCE Table 12.2-1

x
= (u.u12) (S) 1.2S = u.u48 m
Allowable Story drift ( ASCE Table 12.12-1 )
All other structures with Risk Category III ,
mux
= u.u1S b
sx

mux
= u.u1S ( S.7S ) = u.uS6S < u.u48 , 0K



Vertical distribution :

Seismic load vertical distribution is calculated using ASCE07-10 equations,
each floor weight is calculated as an effective seismic weight as defined in
ASCE 12.7.2, the same provision states that the effective seismic weight shall
include only the dead load (note that there is no storage area is used in the
tower, an extra 25% percent of the live load is not required in weight
calculation ).









31 ASCE equ. 12.8-15
Analysis | 3 Loads

Page 25 of 139
Ch.3

a) Seismic load in x direction
F
x
= C
vx
v
32
( Equ. 3-26 )
C
vx
=
w
x
h
x
k
w
i
h
i
k n
i=1

33
( Equ. 3-27 )
K = 1 , for structures having a period of less than 2.5s or more
Base Shear :
I = u.u27S S46SS9 = 9SSu.S7S kN

Table 3 5 Vertical Distribution
Floor
Weight
(kN)
Height
(m)
w
x
b
x
k
C
vx

(F
x
)
(kN)
23 4944.958 90.3 446529.71 0.0321 130.00
22 8000 86.55 692400 0.0497 201.58
21 8881.725 82.8 735406.83 0.0528 214.10
20 8881.725 79.05 702100.36 0.0504 204.40
19 11088 75.3 834926.4 0.0599 243.07
18 11988.77 71.55 857796.21 0.0616 249.73
17 13358.83 67.8 905728.4 0.0650 263.68
16 13358.83 64.05 855632.81 0.0614 249.10
15 14373.2 60.3 866704.14 0.0622 252.32
14 14373.2 56.55 812804.63 0.0584 236.63
13 14373.2 52.8 758905.12 0.0545 220.94
12 14373.2 49.05 705005.61 0.0506 205.25
11 14373.2 45.3 651106.1 0.0467 189.56
10 16055.55 41.55 667108.1 0.0479 194.21
9 16055.55 37.8 606899.79 0.0436 176.69
8 16055.55 34.05 546691.48 0.0393 159.16
7 16055.55 30.3 486483.17 0.0349 141.63
6 16055.55 26.55 426274.85 0.0306 124.10
5 16681.33 22.8 380334.32 0.0273 110.73
4 16681.33 19.05 317779.34 0.0228 92.51
3 20294.84 15.3 310511.05 0.0223 90.40
2 20294.84 9.3 188742.01 0.0136 54.95
1 39960.04 4.3 171828.17 0.0123 50.02
Sum 346559 13927699 1

32 ASCE equ. 12.8-11
33 ASCE equ. 12.8-12
Analysis | 3 Loads

Page 26 of 139
Ch.3


Horizontal distribution :

Horizontal distribution shall be distributed to the various vertical elements of the
seismic force-resisting system in the story under consideration based on the
relative lateral stiffness of the vertical resisting elements and the diaphragm (ASCE
12.8.4).
Relative lateral stiffness for the structure has been calculated using STAAD PRO V8i
software.






Figure 3-3 5
th
Floor Horizontal Distribution
Analysis | 4 Modeling

Page 27 of 139
Ch.4

Chapter 4 | Modeling

4.1 Introduction

This chapter presents a brief account on the program modeling process
with its precedents including the geometric input and the generation of
loads.


4.2 Modeling Procedure

Modeling procedure started with a geometric drawing using the program of
Autodesk AutoCAD, which is next exported to STAAD PRO program changing
the Z up to Y up which is the program requirement for proper lateral load
generation.

Slabs were modeled as plates with a convenient mesh generation,
preliminary dimensions were assigned to each member and support condition
was established.

The software of STAAD requires the shear wall to be modeled as a surface
element with automatic meshes in order to get the results of in-plane internal
stresses of both shear and moment, while other walls which designed as a
compression member can be modeled as a regular plate element with manual
meshing using the parametric model which is a new meshing option to provide
a finite element mesh which both allow to connect the mesh to any attached
node and to have the availability to control the element size.
Analysis | 4 Modeling

Page 28 of 139
Ch.4
STAAD houses a PDELTA ANALYSIS facility, a special analysis for the
accounting of slenderness effects , this analysis was performed in order to allow
the effects of the second order moments to be considered in the analysis .
A new substantially faster analysis engine has been performed with the use
of Advanced Solver analysis , a new feature engine which reduced analysis
time
34
for the total structure .


The following figure shows an overview of the Model.













Finally , Results and internal forces of each structural member have been
carried out to excel sheets to design them properly.





34 : The executed model had spent 70 hrs. analyzing,
while the advanced engine spent 6 hrs
Figure 4-1 Geometric and Rendered Models
Analysis | 4 Modeling

Page 29 of 139
Ch.4

4.2.1Generation of Seismic and Wind Loads

The following figures shows input dialogs for wind and seismic parameters.

























Figure 4-2 Input Dialogs for wind parameters
Figure 4-3 Input Dialogs for wind parameters
Analysis | 4 Modeling

Page 30 of 139
Ch.4
The result of the generated seismic load located in STAAD PRO output file is shown
in the next figure ( 4-4 )



















It can be noticed that the implemented manual seismic parameters
calculation including base shear matches the generated by the program,
also manual weight calculation is nearly the same.






Figure 4-4 Seismic parameters output
Analysis | 4 Modeling

Page 31 of 139
Ch.4



4.3 Syntax Sample for STAAD Pro Model (STAAD EDITOR)

The following syntax shows the program code and the sequence of processing the
input data by the program :

STAAD SPACE DXF IMPORT OF HOTEL MODEL.DXF
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE 22-Oct-13
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79 < lines width >
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
2535 79.88 4.125 6.62; < Joint number , x , y , z >
Member incidences
3440 2658 2669; < Member number ,Start node , End node >
Element incidences shell
6979 4823 4824 4687 < Plate number , first node, second node , third node >
Element Property
152 TO 451 Thickness 0.5 < Plate number , thickness >
Supports
5431 To 54651 FIXED < Supported nodes , type of support >
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
E 2.17185e+007
Analysis | 4 Modeling

Page 32 of 139
Ch.4
POISSON 0.17
DENSITY 23.5616
ALPHA 1e-005
DAMP 0.05
END DEFINE MATERIAL
MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
165 To 545 PRIS YD 0.4 ZD 0.35 < members , YD = member height , ZD =
member width >
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL CONCRETE ALL
DEFINE REFERENCE LOADS
LOAD R1 LOADTYPE Live TITLE LIVE LOAD
FLOOR LOAD
YRANGE 4.07 4.1 FLOAD -1.92 XRANGE 69.1 99.3 ZRANGE -38.3
15.2 GY
< x ,y & z Ranges , Distributed live load value and direction >
ELEMENT LOAD
105 TO 351 PR GY -1.92 < plates numbers , Distributed load
value >
LOAD R2 LOADTYPE Dead TITLE TOPPING
FLOOR LOAD
YRANGE 4.07 4.1 FLOAD -1.92 XRANGE 69.1 99.3 ZRANGE -38.3
15.2 GY
< x ,y & z Ranges , Distributed dead load value and direction >
ELEMENT LOAD
100112 TO 101445 PR GY -2 < plates numbers, Distributed load
value >
LOAD R3 LOADTYPE Dead TITLE SLAB WEIGHT
Analysis | 4 Modeling

Page 33 of 139
Ch.4
FLOOR LOAD
YRANGE 4.0 4.1 FLOAD -1.428 XRANGE 69.1 99.3 ZRANGE -38.3
15.6 GY
< x ,y & z Ranges , Distributed slab load value and direction >
LOAD R4 LOADTYPE Dead TITLE WALL LOAD
MEMBER LOAD
165 To 171 UNI GY -9.3 < Members numbers, Uniform wall load
value >
LOAD R5 LOADTYPE Dead TITLE SELF
SELFWEIGHT Y -1 LIST 153 to 554 < Weight direction , members list >
END DEFINE REFERENCE LOADS
DEFINE IBC 2006 <Seismic Load Generation>
SS 0.514 S1 0.206 I 1.25 RX 5.5 RZ 5.5 SCLASS 4 TL 7 FA 1.4616 FV 2.32 K 0.9 <
Seismic Parameters >
SELFWEIGHT 1
REFERENCE LOAD Y
R2 1.0 R3 1.0 R4 1.0
DEFINE WIND LOAD
TYPE 1 <Wind Generation , Windward Direction>
<! STAAD PRO GENERATED DATA DO NOT MODIFY !!!
ASCE-7-2002:PARAMS 35.000 M/SEC 0 2 1 0 0.000 FT 0.000 FT 0.000 FT 1 - 2
90.375 M 36.000 M 36.000 M 0.300 0.010 0 - 0 0 1 0 1.591 1.000 1.150 0.850
0 - 0 0 0 0.845 0.800 0.180
!> END GENERATED DATA BLOCK
INT 0.631733 0.631733 0.718945 0.771161 0.809717 0.840733 0.866899
0.889654 -
0.909864 0.928096 0.94474 0.960079 0.974324 0.987638 1.00015 0.916257
HEIG 0 -
Analysis | 4 Modeling

Page 34 of 139
Ch.4
4.572 11.1722 17.7725 24.3727 30.9729 37.5732 44.1734 50.7736
57.3739 -
63.9741 70.5743 77.1745 83.7748 90.375 90.375
TYPE 2 <Wind Generation , Leeward Direction>
<! STAAD PRO GENERATED DATA DO NOT MODIFY !!!
ASCE-7-2002:PARAMS 35.000 M/SEC 0 2 1 0 0.000 FT 0.000 FT 0.000 FT 1 -
2 90.375 M 36.000 M 36.000 M 0.300 0.010 1 -
0 0 1 0 1.591 1.000 1.150 0.850 0 -
0 0 0 0.845 -0.500 -0.180
!> END GENERATED DATA BLOCK
INT -0.478803 -0.478803 -0.612145 HEIG 0 90.375 90.375
TYPE 3 <Wind Generation , Sideward Direction>
<! STAAD PRO GENERATED DATA DO NOT MODIFY !!!
ASCE-7-2002:PARAMS 35.000 M/SEC 0 2 1 0 0.000 FT 0.000 FT 0.000 FT
1 -
2 90.375 M 36.000 M 36.000 M 0.300 0.010 2 -
0 0 1 0 1.591 1.000 1.150 0.850 0 -
0 0 0 0.845 -0.700 -0.180
!> END GENERATED DATA BLOCK
INT -0.478803 -0.478803 -0.783844 HEIG 0 90.375 90.375

LOAD 1 LOADTYPE Seismic TITLE SEISMIC X DIRECTION
IBC LOAD X 1
LOAD 2 LOADTYPE Seismic TITLE SEISMIC Z DIRECTION
IBC LOAD Z 1
LOAD 3 LOADTYPE Live REDUCIBLE TITLE LIVE LOAD
REFERENCE LOAD
Analysis | 4 Modeling

Page 35 of 139
Ch.4
R1 1.0
LOAD 4 LOADTYPE Dead TITLE DEAD LOADS
REFERENCE LOAD
R2 1.0 R3 1.0 R4 1.0
REFERENCE LOAD
R5 1.0
LOAD 5 LOADTYPE Wind TITLE WIND X DIRECTION
WIND LOAD X 1 TYPE 1
WIND LOAD -X 1 TYPE 2
WIND LOAD -Z -1 TYPE 3
WIND LOAD -Z 1 TYPE 3
LOAD 6 LOADTYPE Wind TITLE WIND Z DIRECTION
WIND LOAD Z 1 TYPE 1
WIND LOAD -Z 1 TYPE 2
WIND LOAD -X -1 TYPE 3
WIND LOAD -X 1 TYPE 3
LOAD COMB 7 1.4D
4 1.4
LOAD COMB 8 1.2D+1.6L
4 1.2 3 1.6
LOAD COMB 9 1.2D+1L+1W(X)
3 1.0 4 1.2 5 1.0
LOAD COMB 10 1.2D+1L+1W(Z)
3 1.0 4 1.2 6 1.0
LOAD COMB 11 1.2D+1L+1E(X)
3 1.0 4 1.2 1 1.0
LOAD COMB 12 1.2D+1L+1E(Z)
Analysis | 4 Modeling

Page 36 of 139
Ch.4
3 1.0 4 1.2 2 1.0
LOAD COMB 13 0.9D+1W(X)
4 0.9 5 1.0
LOAD COMB 14 0.9D+1W(Z)
4 0.9 6 1.0
LOAD COMB 15 0.9D+1E(X)
4 0.9 1 1.0
LOAD COMB 16 0.9D+1E(Z)
2 1.0 4 0.9
PERFORM ANALYSIS
FINISH

















Analysis | 4 Modeling

Page 37 of 139
Ch.4



















Part 3 | Structural Design




Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 38 of 139
Ch.5

Chapter 5 | Design of Floor System and Stairs

5.1 Introduction

In this chapter a gravity load resisting system is managed to be
designed including the stairs, three floor systems are discussed and
one of them is adopted , the elements to be designed for the chosen
floor system are :
1) Design of Beams.
2) Design of Slabs.
3) Design of Stairs.

5.2 Floor System Design

Three types of floor systems are considered and a choice between
them is made upon structural design, also ease of construction is
taken into account.
These floor systems are:
1) Flat Plate Floor System with Perimeter Beams (Option 1).
2) Solid Slab with Beams (Option 2).
3) Two-Way Joist Floor System (Waffle slab) (Option 3).
5.2.1 Considerations During Analysis and Design:

a) Gravity loads only :
Members load , Toppings , Faade load , Live Load and Wall Load.
b) Load Combination :
1.2 D + 1.6 L.
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 39 of 139
Ch.5
c) Columns:
Square tied column with (h=1000 mm , b=1000m).
d) Floor :
Typical floor has been chosen as the most repetitive floor, which is
floors from 6
th
floor to 10
th
floor.





5.2.2 Design Procedures for typical floor systems members:

Beams, Ribs, Slabs:
Dimensions :
For Beams In accordance to ACI Table 9.5(a).
For Slabs: In accordance to ACI Table 9.5(c).
Flexure:
As
mn
=
0.25 P
c
]
j
b
w
J >
1.4
]
j
b
w
J
35
( Equ. 5-1 )
As
mux
= u.428
0.85 ]
c
|
]
j
[
1
b
w
J ( Equ. 5-2 )
As
cqucd
= pbJ ( Equ. 5-3 )


35 ACI 10.5.1 (equ.10-3)
Figure 5-1 Typical Floor 6
th
floor to 10
th

Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 40 of 139
Ch.5
Where:
p =
1
m
_1 -
1-(2mR
n
)

]
j
] ( Equ. 5-4 )
m =
]
j
0.85]
c
|
( Equ. 5-5 )
R
n
=
M
n
b
]
d`
( Equ. 5-6 )

Checking if the section is in the tension controlled zone:
o =
As ]
j
0.85]
c
|
b
( Equ. 5-7 )
x =
u
[
1
( Equ. 5-8 )

x
d
< u.S7S tension controlled zone checked
36


Shear :
Design of the shear reinforcement has been based on the
following equation:

I
n
= I
s
+ I
c


37
( Equ. 5-9 )

Where :
I
c
= u.17z
c
i
b
w
J
38
( Equ. 5-10 )

I
s
=
v
u
- v
c

( Equ. 5-11 )


36 ACI Fig. R 9.3.2
37 ACI 11.1 (equ.11-1)
38 ACI 11.4.7.9
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 41 of 139
Ch.5
Checking for V
s
max:
I
s-mux
= u.66
c
b
w
J
39
( Equ. 5-12 )

Checking for maximum spacing:
S=
A
v
f
y
d
V
s
<
A

]
j
0.062]
c
b
w

40

41
( Equ. 5-13 )
And not more than
S =
d
2
( if I
c
< u.SS
c
b
w
J )
42
( Equ. 5-14 )

For Slab only:
As
provided
A
S-T


As
provided
0.018 b h ( Equ. 5-15 )


Shear in slab (Two way Shear) :
Vc shall be the smallest of :
I
c
= u.17[1 +
2
[
z
c
b
o
J
43
( Equ. 5-16 )
I
c
= u.u8S[
u
s
d
b
c
+2 z
c
b
o
J
44
( Equ. 5-17 )
I
c
= u.SSz
c
b
o
J
45
( Equ. 5-18 )

check for shear moment transfer:
:
n
=

u
Ac
+
y

M
n
x
]
c

46
( Equ. 5-19 )

Where :
:
u
= :
1
(from punshing) + :
1
(from column strip moment)


39 (5.5) ACI 11.4.7.2
40 ACI 11.9.9.1 (equ. 11-29)
41 ACI 11.4.6.3 (equ. 11-3)
42 ACI 11.4.5.3
43 ACI 11.11.2.1 (equ. 11-31)
44 ACI 11.11.2.1 (equ. 11-32)
45 ACI 11.11.2.1 (equ. 11-33)
46 ACI R11.11.7.2
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 42 of 139
Ch.5
y

= 1 -
1
1+
2
3
_
b1
b2

47
( Equ. 5-20 )

b1 direction of frame

X

= (Homcnt o orco) = b/2 (corner and interior)



[c(intcrior) = 2 [
b1d
3
12
+
b1
3
d
12
+2 (b2Jx
2
) ( Equ. 5-21 )
[c(cJgc) = 2 _
b1d
3
12
+
b1
3
d
12
+b1J [
b1
2
-x
2
] +(b2Jx
2
) ( Equ. 5-22 )
[c(corncr) = _
b1d
3
12
+
b1
3
d
12
+b1J [
b1
2
-x
2
] +(b2Jx
2
) ( Equ. 5-23 )

Mn (edge and corner) =
Mu(column strip moment)

+
v
u

[x-
d
2
( Equ. 5-24 )

Hn(Intcrior) = u.u7(u.Sw
L.L
l
2
l
n
2
) ( Equ. 5-25 )

y
]
= 1 -y

( Equ. 5-26 )

If :
n
> u.SSc (Ok)
If :
n
< u.SSc

Arrangement of stirrup shear reinforcement for interior column as
shown in the following figure :















47 ACI 11.11.7.1 (equ. 11-37)

Figure 5-2 Arrangement of stirrup reinforcement ACI Fig. R11.11.3(d)
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 43 of 139
Ch.5
5.2.3 Options for Floor Systems :

Option 1 | Flat Slab Floor with Perimeter Beams
Flat slab floor has been found to be economical where the spans are
moderate and loads relatively light also minimum construction time
and low labor costs result from the very simple formwork.
The smooth underside of the slab can be painted directly and left
exposed for ceiling, or it could be plastered.








Figure 5-3 Flat slab with perimeter beams
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 44 of 139
Ch.5

The following graph shows Staad pro model for flat slab (Figure 5-4) :



Floor members dimensions (All in mm) :
Beam 1 : h=600 , b=400
Beam 2 : h=500 , b=300
Outer Plate : h=260
Inner Plate : h=150

Analysis results & Design:

1) Beams Design :

Table 5 1(a) Beam Design Results ( Flat Plate )
Beams
B1 B2
(+) Midspan (-) Support (+) Midspan (-) Support
b (mm) 400 300
b (mm) 600 500
-Hz
mux
(kN.m) - 260.4 - 137.7
+Hz
mux
(kN.m) 185.1 - 115.0 -
Iu
mux
(kN) 239.4 118.7
Flexure Strength
As
cq
931.7 1328.5 715.6 863.9
As
mux
5586.8 5586.8 3417.0 3417.0
Figure 5-4 Flat Slab Model
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 45 of 139
Ch.5
As
mn
722.7 722.7 442.0 442.0
Rein. 516 mm 716 mm 416 mm 516 mm
x/dt check 0.077 (Ok) 0.107 (Ok) 0.100 (Ok) 0.126 (Ok)
Shear Strength
Vc 218.0 133.4
Vs 101.1 24.9
Av/s min 0.35 0.26
S-max 4 shear 271 221
S for 4 leg 900 1200
S used (legs, bar) 250 (4 leg 10 mm) 200 (4 leg 10 mm)

Note :-Hz
mux
(At face of support) , Iu
mux
(At d distance from face of
support)

2) Slap Design :

Table 5 1(b) Slab Design Results ( flat Plate )
Plates
X Direction Z Direction
Column
Strip (+)
Column
Strip (-)
Middle
Strip
(+)
Middle
Strip (-)
Column
Strip (+)
Column
Strip (-)
Middle
Strip
(+)
Middle
Strip (-)
b (mm) 1000 1000
b (mm) 260 260
-Hz
mux

(kN.m)
- 141.37 - 55.8 - 152.57 - 56.2
+Hz
mux

(kN.m)
71.0 - 73.6 - 70.5 - 71.8 -
Iu
mux

(kN)

Flexure Strength
As
cq
874.3 1795.2 907.3 682.9 868.0 1947.5 884.5 687.9
As
mux
5695.0 5695.0 5695.0 5695.0 5695.0 5695.0 5695.0 5695.0
As
mn
736.7 736.7 736.7 736.7 736.7 736.7 736.7 736.7
Rein.
418
mm/m
818
mm/m
418
mm/m
318
mm/m
418
mm/m
818
mm/m
418
mm/m
318
mm/m
x/dt
check
0.08(Ok) 0.15(Ok) 0.08(Ok) 0.06(Ok) 0.08(Ok) 0.15(Ok) 0.08(Ok) 0.06(Ok)


Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 46 of 139
Ch.5
Table 5 1(C) Shear Check
Iu
mux
(cccti:c) (kN) 1u64.2
Column type Interior
Ic
mn
(kN) 1623.8 >Iu
mux
(Ok)
Punching Shear Check
Vn (N/mm
2
) 2.96
Vc (N/mm
2
) 1.95 < 2.96 (Not Ok) , Provide Shear
stirrups
Vs (kN) 1.01 N/mm
2
1300 kN
S for stirrups 100 (4 leg 10 mm)

Option 2 | Solid Slab with Beams





Figure 5-5 Solid slab with beams
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 47 of 139
Ch.5
Analysis Results:
The following graph shows Staad pro model for solid slab with
beams (Figure 5-5) :



Floor members dimensions (All in mm) :
Beam 1 : h=500 , b=400
Beam 2 : h=500 , b=300
Outer Slab : h=250
Inner Slab : h=150

1) Beams Design :
Table 5 2(a) Beam Design Results ( Solid Slab With Beams )
Beams
B1 (Outer) B2 (Inner)
Mid span Support Mid span Support
b (mm) 400 300
b (mm) 500 500
-Hz
mux
(kN.m) - 180.9 - 214.7
+Hz
mux
(kN.m) 121.7 - 122.0 -
Iu
mux
(kN) 143.04 150.9
Flexure Strength
As
cq
754.6 1139.8 764.8 1394.9
As
mux
4535.4 4535.4 3401.5 3401.5
As
mn
586.7 586.7 440.0 440.0
Rein. 320 mm 420 mm 320 mm 520 mm
x/dt check 0.09 (Ok) 0.12 (Ok) 0.12 (Ok) 0.20 (Ok)
Figure 5-6 Solid slab with beams Model
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 48 of 139
Ch.5
Shear Strength
Vc 177.8 133.4
Vs 12.9 67.8
Av/s min 0.35 0.26
S-max 4 shear 221 221
S for 4 leg 900 1200
S used (legs, bar) 250 (4 leg 10 mm) 200 (4 leg 10 mm)


2) Slab Design :
Table 5 2(b) Slab Design Results ( Solid Slab With Beams )
Slab
X Direction Y Direction
Column
Strip (+)
Column
Strip (-)
Middle
Strip
(+)
Middle
Strip (-)
Column
Strip (+)
Column
Strip (-)
Middle
Strip
(+)
Middle
Strip (-)
b (mm) 1000 1000
b (mm) 250 250
-Hz
mux

(kN.m)
- 91.7 - 32.9 - 81.4 - 32.0
+Hz
mux

(kN.m)
45.9 - 47.1 - 45.8 - 44.2 -
Iu
mux

(kN)
61.1
Flexure Strength
As
cq
581.3 1191.6 596.8 414.3 580.0 1052.7 559.3 402.8
As
mux
5488.8 5463.1 5488.8 5488.8 5488.8 5463.1 5488.8 5488.8
As
mn
710.0 706.7 710.0 710.0 710.0 706.7 710.0 710.0
Rein. 514
mm/m
616
mm/m
514
mm/m
514
mm/m
514
mm/m
616
mm/m
514
mm/m
514
mm/m
x/dt
check
0.06(Ok) 0.09(Ok) 0.06(Ok) 0.06(Ok) 0.06(Ok) 0.09(Ok) 0.06(Ok) 0.04(Ok)
Shear Strength
I
c
(kN) 188.6 > 61.1 kN
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 49 of 139
Ch.5








Option 3 | Two-Way Joist Floor System (Waffle slab)

Waffle mould dimension was chosen between multiple available standard
pans as presented in (Ref. 12) , the following graph shows a view for the waffle
slab pans with a (9 m x 9 m) span :







Figure 5-7 Middle Strip and Column strip dimensions
Figure 5-8 Waffle Pans dimensions Figure 5-9 Waffle Pans Distribution
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 50 of 139
Ch.5

Analysis Results:
The following graph shows Staad pro model for waffle slab (Figure
5-11) :












Figure 5-11 Waffle slab model
Figure 5-10 Waffle
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 51 of 139
Ch.5
Floor members dimensions (All in mm) :
Beam 1 : h=400 , b=350 , Concrete cover = 40 mm
Beam 2 : h=400 , b=450 , Concrete cover = 40 mm
Beam 3 : h=400 , b=450 , Concrete cover = 40 mm
Rib : h=400 , b=200, Concrete cover = 30 mm

Table 5 3 Ribs Design ( Waffle Slab )
Beams
B1 B2 B3 Rib
Mid
span
Support Mid
span
Support Mid
span
Suppor
t
Mid span Suppo
rt
b (mm) 350 450 450 200
b (mm) 400 400 400 400
-Hz
mux

(kN.m)
- 158.783 - 270.8 - 150.8 - 109.1
+Hz
mux

(kN.m)
106.0 - 152.0 - 218.0 - 83.8 -
Iu
mux

(kN)
164.8 318.1 218.0 99.2
Flexure Strength
As
cq
866.8 1337.7 1251.2 2356.3 1848.4 1240.7 866.8 1337.7
As
mux
3075.6 3075.6 3954.3 3954.3 3954.3 3954.3 3075.6 3075.6
As
mn
397.8 397.8 511.5 511.5 511.5 511.5 397.8 397.8
Rein.
418
mm
618
mm
518
mm
1018
mm
(2
Layers)
518
mm
518
mm
418
mm
(Bundle
d)
318
mm
x/dt
check
0.18(O
k)
0.21(Ok)
0.14(O
k)
0.14(Ok)
0.14(O
k)
0.14(O
k)
0.24(Ok)
0.05(O
k)
Shear Strength
Vc 120.4 133.4 154.7 70.8
Vs 125.3 290.7 159.7 61.5
Av/s min 0.305 0.262 0.392 0.174
S-max for
shear
171 221 171 176
S for 4 leg 1026 1200 800 1800
S used
(legs,
bar)
200 (4 leg 10
mm)
250 (4 leg 10
mm)
200 (4 leg 10
mm)
200 (2 leg 10
mm)


Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 52 of 139
Ch.5
Comparison between floor systems :

Table 5 4 Comparison between Floor Systems
Options
Floor
Weight
(kN)
Estimated
Reinforcement
(ton)
Estimated
Formwork
(m
2
)
Pans
(Number)
Flat Slab
System
17741.64 46.6 1225.8 -
Solid Slab
with beams
System
15990.69 35.9 1245.6 -
Waffle Slab
System
14885.96 36.5 1110.6 1250


5.2.4 Selected System

Two-Way Joist Floor System (Waffle Slab) has been chosen as the selected
floor system , and the following points shows the advantages of using this
system :
1) Waffle system is the lightest solution with a significant concrete
saving compared to other systems .
2) It is easy to erect specially with the advantage of embedded beams
(Flat shuttering is used).
3) Moulds are reusable with up to 120 times (Ref12) making it cost
effective , also it provides an excellent feature finishing.
4) Moulds are lightweight (polypropylene moulds), durable and easy to
handle.





Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 53 of 139
Ch.5
5.3 Design of All Floors
According to 5.1.4 , Waffle slab system is the system used for all floors , the
following shows the detailed design for this floor elements.
The following figure shows beams (B1 to B4) distribution :





Figure 5-12 5
th
Floor Horizontal Distribution
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 54 of 139
Ch.5
5.3.1 Calculation Sample for Beams and Ribs :

torsion effect acting simultaneously in the same combination with critical
moment or critical shear will be considered

Calculation Sample of (B3) :

= 42u Hpo
c
i
= 35 Mpa = 1
c. c = 4u mm J
s
= 1u mm
Assume :

]Icxuc
= u.9

shcu
= u.7S
b = 450 mm
h = 400 mm
a) Longitudinal Reinforcement ( at Support ) :
Naximum Negative N
u-appIIcd
= 218.7S kN. m , with I
u
= S4 kN. m
Assume: J
bu
= 2u mm
J = b - C
c
- J
s
-J
bu
-
S
2

J = 4uu - 4u - 1u -
2u
2
= S4u mm
R
n
=
M
u
bd
2
=
218.73 10
6
0.9450340
2
= 4.67 ( Equ. 5-27 )
m =
f
y
0.85f
c
'
=
420
0.8535
= 14.12 ( Equ. 5-28 )
p =
1
m
_ 1 - _1 -
2mR
n
]
] ( Equ. 5-29 )
=
1
14.12
( 1 -
_
1 -
2 14.12 4.67
42u
) = u.u1217
A
s-req
= b d = u.u1217 4Su S4u = 1816.8 mm
2

Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 55 of 139
Ch.5
A
s-max
= u.428
0.85 fc'
fy

1
bd (
1
= u.8 )
48
( Equ. 5-29 )
= 0.428
0.85 35
420
0.8 4Su S4u = 3710.8 mm
2
( Equ. 5-30 )
A
s-mn
=
0.25 ]ci
]
b J
1.4
]
b J
49

A
s-mn
=
u.2S SS
42u
4Su S4u
1.4
42u
4Su S4u
SS8.8 ( goveins ) S1u
A
s-min
= SS8.8mm
2


bcncc A
s-req for flexure
= 1816.8 mm
2

A

mn
=
0.42_]
c
|
A
cp
]
j
-[
A
t
s
P
h
]
tj
]
j

50
( Equ. 5-31 )
(
A
t
s
= u.496 , P
h
= 1Suu,
botb colculotcJ in trons:crsc rcinormcnt scction Equ. S
-4S onJ Equ S -42)
u.17S
b
w
]
jt
= u.17S
450
420
= u.187S
A
t
s
( go:crns )
A

mn
=
u.42SS(4Su 4uu)
42u
-(u.496)(1Suu)(
42u
42u
)
= 419.68 mm
2


A

=
A
t
s
P
h
_
]
jt
]
j
] cot
2
0
51
( Equ. 5-32 )
A

= (u.496)(1Suu) _
42u
42u
] cot
2
4S = 644.8 mm
2
> A

mIn


48 ACI 10.2.7.3
49 [ ACI (10.5.1) equation (10.3) ) ]
50 ACI 11.5.5.2 equ. 11-24 (a)
51 ACI 11.5.3.7 equ. 11-22 (a)
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 56 of 139
Ch.5
Total longitudinal reinforcement shall be distributed around perimeter of
the beam
52

A
s
= A
IIcxurc
+ A

= 1816.8 +
644.8
4
= 1978 mm
2

Use 7 2u in 1 loycr
a=
A
s
f
y
0.85 fc
'
b
( Equ. 5-33 )
a =
2199420
0.85 35 350
= 69 mm
x
d
t
=
69
u.8 S4u
= u.2SS < 0.375
hence =0.9 (tension control checked )
S =
b-2 concrctc covcr-2d
stu
-7d
ba
6
( Equ. 5-34 )
S =
450-2 (40)-2(10)-7(20)
6
= SS mm( > 2S mm & > u
bar
, 0K )
53

b) Longitudinal Reinforcement ( at Mid span ) :
Maximum Positive N
u-appIIcd
= 1uS.1 kN. m
Assume: J
bu
= 16 mm
J = b - C
c
- J
s
-
J
bu
2

J = 4uu - 4u - 1u -
16
2
= S42 mm
R
n
=
M
u
bd
2
=
105.1 10
6
0.9450342
2
= 2.22 ( Equ. 5-35 )
m =
f
y
0.85f
c
'
=
420
0.8535
= 14.12( Equ. 5-36 )
p =
1
m
_ 1 - _1 -
2mR
n
]
] ( Equ. 5-37 )

52 ACI 11.5.6.2
53 ACI (7.6.1)
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 57 of 139
Ch.5
=
1
14.12
( 1 -
_
1 -
2 14.12 2.22
42u
) = u.uuSS
A
s-req
= b d = u.uuSS 4Su S42 = 846.S mm
2

A
s-max
= u.428
0.85 fc'
fy

1
bd (
1
= u.8 )
54
( Equ. 5-38 )
= 0.428
0.85 35
420
0.8 4Su S42 = 3732.6 mm
2

A
s-mn
=
0.25 ]ci
]
b J
1.4
]
b J
55

A
s-mn
=
u.2S SS
42u
4Su S42
1.4
42u
4Su S42
S42 ( goveins ) S1S
A
s-min
= 542 mm
2


bcncc A
s-req for flexure
= 846.S mm
2

Use S 16 on 1 loycr
a=
A
s
f
y
0.85 fc
'
b

a =
1005420
0.85 35 450
= 31.54 mm
x
d
t
=
31.54
u.8 S4u
= u.116 < 0.375
hence =0.9 (tension control checked )

S =
b-2 concrctc covcr-2d
stu
-7d
ba
6
( Equ. 5-39 )
S =
450-2 (40)-2(10)-5(16)
4
= 67.S mm( > 2S mm & > u
bar
, 0K )
56



54 ACI 10.2.7.3
55 ACI 10.5.1 equation (10.3)
56 ACI 7.6.1
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 58 of 139
Ch.5

c) Transverse reinforcement ( Zone 1 ) :
v
u-max
= 2S8.7 kN , with T
u
= S4 kN. m ,
t
= 42u kN. m

T
u-thrcshoId
= 0.083 fc _
A
c
2
P
c
_
57
( Equ. 5-40 )
T
u-thrcshoId
= 0.75 0.083 1 SS_
(4Su 4uu)
2
2(4Su +4uu)
_ = 7.u19 kN. m
T
u-max
= 0.33 fc _
A
c
2
P
c
_
58
( Equ. 5-41 )
T
u-max
= 0.75 0.33 1 SS_
(4Su 4uu)
2
2(4Su +4uu)
_ = 27.91 kN. m (
> S4 kN. m, I
u-cduccd
= 27.91 kN. m )
Check section adequacy :
_
(
vu
b
w
d
)
2
+(
1u P
h
1.7A
0h
2
)
2
(
v
c
b
w
d
+u.66
c
i
)
59
( Equ. 5-42 )
P
h
= 2 |( h -2 c. c -2 u
s
) +( b -2 c. c -2 u
s
)]
= 2
|( 4uu -2 (4u) -2(1u)) +( 4Su -2 (4u) -2(1u)]
= 1Suu mm
A
0h
= ( h -2 c. c -2 u
s
) ( b -2 c. c -2 u
s
)
= ( 4uu -2 (4u) -2(1u)) ( 4Su -2 (4u) -2(1u))
= 1uSuuu mm
2

I
c
= u.17
c
i
b
w
J ( Equ. 5-43 )
= u.17 SS 4Su S4u 1uuu = 1SS.87 kN
_
(
2S8.7 1uuu
4Su S4u
)
2
+(
27.91 1uuuuuu 1Suu
1.7 1uSuuu
2
)
2
u.7S (
1SS.87 1uuu
4Su S4u
+u.66SS )

57 ACI 11.5.1 (a)
58 ACI 11.5.2.2 (a)

Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 59 of 139
Ch.5
2.S7 S.68 (Hence, section is adequate)
I
s
=
I
u
-(Ic)

=
2S8.7 -(u.7S 1SS.87)
u.7S
= 191.u6 kN
I
s-mux
= u.66
c
i
b
w
J
60
( Equ. 5-43 )
I
s-mux
= u.66SS(4Su)(S4u) = S97.4 kN < I
s
( 0K )

A
0
= u.8S A
0h
= u.8S 1uSuuu = 892Su mm
2
( Equ. 5-44 )
0 = 4S
0
( for non-prestressed members )
I
n
=
2 A
t
A
0
]
jt
S
cot 0
61
( Equ. 5-45 )
27.91 1uuuuuu
u.7S
= 2
A
t
S
892Su 42u cot 4S
A
t
S
= u.496 mm
I
s
=
A

]
jt
d
s

62
( Equ. 5-46 )
A

s
=
191.u6 1uuu
42u S4u
= 1.SS8
Total transverse reinforcement =
A
S
=
A

+2A
t
S
= 1.SS8 +( u.496 2 )
= 2.SS mm
Assume 4 leg 1u( A = 314.16 mm
2
)
s =
A
2.SS
=
S14.16
2.SS
= 1S4.8 mm , ( usc S = 1uu mm )
Minimum transverse reinforcement :
A
mn
= A

+2A
t
= u.u62
c
i
b
w
s
]
jt

63
( Equ. 5-47 )
A

+2A
t
S
= u.u62 SS
4Su
42u
= u.S9S mm < 2.16 mm ( 0K )

60 ACI 11.4.7.9
61 ACI 11.5.3.6 equ. 11-21 (a)
62 ACI 11.4.7.2 equ. 11-15 (a)
63 ACI 11.5.5.2 equ. 11-23
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 60 of 139
Ch.5
Maximum spacing of transverse reinforcement for torsion :
P
h
8
=
1300
8
= 162.S mm , onJ Suu mm
64

Maximum spacing of transverse reinforcement for Shear :
u.SS
c
i
b
w
J = u.SSSS
(450)(340)
1000
= 298.7 kN > I
s

65

S
max-shcar
=
u
2
=
S4u
2
= 17u mm ( < 1uu mm , 0K )
Assume 4 leg 1u 1uu mm .

d) Transverse reinforcement ( Zone 2 ) :
v
u-max
= S4.12 kN , with T
u
= 11.6 kN. m ,
t
= 42u kN. m
T
u-thrcshoId
= 0.083 fc _
A
c
2
P
c
_
66
( Equ. 5-48 )
T
u-thrcshoId
= 0.75 0.083 1 SS_
(4Su 4uu)
2
2(4Su +4uu)
_ = 7.u19 kN. m
T
u-max
= 0.33 fc _
A
c
2
P
c
_
67
( Equ. 5-49 )
T
u-max
= 0.75 0.33 1 SS_
(4Su 4uu)
2
2(4Su +4uu)
_ = 27.91 kN. m(
< 11.6 kN. m, I
u
= 11.6 kN. m )

Check section adequacy :
_
(
vu
b
w
d
)
2
+(
1u P
h
1.7A
0h
2
)
2
(
v
c
b
w
d
+u.66
c
i
)
68
( Equ. 5-50 )
P
h
= 2 |( h -2 c. c -2 u
s
) +( b -2 c. c -2 u
s
)] = 2
|( 4uu -2 (4u) -2(1u)) +( 4Su -2 (4u) -2(1u)] = 1Suu mm

64 ACI 11.5.6.1
65 ACI 11.4.5.3
66 ACI 11.5.1 (a)
67 ACI 11.5.2.2 (a)
68 ACI 11.5.3.1 , Equ. (11-18)
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 61 of 139
Ch.5
A
0h
= ( h -2 c. c -2 u
s
) ( b -2 c. c -2 u
s
)
= ( 4uu -2 (4u) -2(1u)) ( 4Su -2 (4u) -2(1u))
= 1uSuuu mm
2

I
c
= u.17
c
i
b
w
J ( Equ. 5-51 )
= u.17 SS 4Su S4u 1uuu = 1SS.87 kN
_
(
S4.12 1uuu
4Su S4u
)
2
+(
11.6 1uuuuuu 1Suu
1.7 1uSuuu
2
)
2
u.7S (
1SS.87 1uuu
4Su S4u
+u.66SS )
u.4 S.68 ( Hence section is adequate )
I
s
=
I
u
-(Ic)

=
S4.12 -(u.7S 1SS.87)
u.7S
< u , No nccJ or A


A
0
= u.8S A
0h
= u.8S 1uSuuu = 892Su mm
2

0 = 4S
0
( for non-prestressed members )
I
n
=
2 A
t
A
0
]
jt
S
cot 0
69
( Equ. 5-52 )
11.6 1uuuuuu
u.7S
= 2
A
t
S
892Su 42u cot 4S
A
t
S
= u.2u6 mm
Total transverse reinforcement =
A
S
=
A

+2A
t
S
= u +( u.2u6 2 ) =
u.412 mm
Assume 4 leg 1u( A = 314.16 mm
2
)
s =
A
u.412
=
S14.16
u.412
= 762.S mm
Minimum transverse reinforcement:
A
mn
= A

+2A
t
= u.u62
c
i
b
w
s
]
jt

70
( Equ. 5-53 )

69 ACI 11.5.3.6 equ. 11-21 (a)

70 ACI 11.5.5.2 equ. 11-23
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 62 of 139
Ch.5
A

+2A
t
S
= u.u62 SS
4Su
42u
= u.S9S mm < u.412 mm ( 0K )

Use 4 leg 1u 1Su mm .
Calculation Sample of (B2) :
a) Longitudinal Reinforcement ( at Support ) :

Naximum Negative N
u-appIIcd
= 4u1.4S kN. m , with
I
u
= S.2S kN. m
Same procedure as in sample calculation of (B3) except No need to
add up A
-toson
to longitudinal reinforcement, because threshold
torsion has been exceeded as calculated in transverse reinforcement
of Zone 1 .
b) Longitudinal Reinforcement ( at Mid span ) :
Same procedure as in sample calculation of (B3) .

c) Transverse reinforcement ( Zone 1 ) :
v
u-max
= 44u.SS kN , with T
u
= S.2S kN. m ,
t
= 42u kN. m
T
u-thrcshoId
= 0.083 fc _
A
c
2
P
c
_
71
( Equ. 5-54 )
T
u-thrcshoId
= 0.75 0.083 1 SS_
(4Su 4uu)
2
2(4Su +4uu)
_ = 7.u19 kN. m
> S.2S kN. m ( thiesholu exceeueu , uesign only on sheai)
I
c
= u.17
c
i
b
w
J = u.17 SS 4Su S4u 1uuu = 1SS.87 kN
I
s-cqucd
=
I
u
-(Ic)

=
44u.SS -(u.7S 1SS.87)
u.7S
= 4SS.SS kN
I
s-mux
= u.66
c
i
b
w
J ( Equ. 5-55 )
I
s-mux
= u.66SS(4Su)(S4u) = S97.4 kN < I
s
( 0K )

71 ACI 11.5.1 (a)
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 63 of 139
Ch.5
I
s
=
A

]
jt
d
s

72
( Equ. 5-56 )
A

s
=
433.53 1000
420 340
= S.uS6 mm
Assume 4 leg 1u( A = 314.16 mm
2
)
s =
A
S.uS6
=
S14.16
S.uS6
= 1uS.48 mm , ( usc S = 1uu mm )

Maximum spacing of transverse reinforcement for Shear :
u.SS
c
i
b
w
J = u.SSSS
(450)(340)
1000
= 298.7 kN > I
s

73

S
max-shcar
=
u
2
=
S4u
2
= 17u mm ( < 1uu mm , 0K )
Assume 4 leg 1u 1uu mm .
d) Transverse reinforcement ( Zone 2 ) :
Same procedure as calculation of transverse reinforcement of Zone 1.
5.3.2 Beams and Ribs Design Results

a) Longitudinal reinforcement at support :
Table 5 5 Beams & Ribs Design Results ( at support )
Member B1 B2 B3 B4 R1
Dimensions
(mm
mm )
SSu 4uu 4Su 4uu 4Su 4uu
2uu
4uu
2uu 4uu
c.c. used
(mm)
40 40 40 40 30
H
z-mux

(kN.m)
290.58 401.43 218.73 41.9 102
I
u

(kN.m)
97.65 3.25 54 2.6 4.5
A
s-mn

(mm
2
)
419.1 538.8 538.8 241.6 207.8
A
s-mux

(mm
2
)
3066.5 3931.1 3942.7 1767.8 1520.8

72 ACI 11.4.7.2 equ. 11-15 (a)
73 ACI 11.4.5.3
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 64 of 139
Ch.5
A
cq-]Icxuc

(mm
2
)
2690.3 3759 2025.1 334.7 851.8
A
-mn-toson

(mm
2
)
304.23
Not required
" less than
Threshold
torsion"
419.7 343.8 263.59
A
-toson

(mm
2
)
524
Not required
" less than
Threshold
torsion"
645.2 129.5 209.7
A
-toson-
]o cuch ]ucc

(mm
2
)
131
Not required
"less than
Threshold
torsion"
161.3 86 65.9
A
cq-combncd
]Icxuc
toson

(mm
2
)
2821.3 3759 2186.4 420.7 917.8
A
x
-pruu|ded
(mm
2
)
9 2
un 2 |ayerx
122
un 2 |ayerx
72
un 1 |ayer
3 14
On 1
layer
5 1
( Bund|ed
harx
uxed )


b) Longitudinal reinforcement at Mid-span :

Table 5 6 Beams & Ribs Design Results ( Midspan )
B1 B2 B3 B4 R1
Dimensions
(mm mm )
SSu
4uu
4Su
4uu
4Su
4uu
2uu
4uu
2uu
4uu
c.c. used
(mm)
40 40 40 40 30
H
z-mux

(kN.m)
131 166.13 105.1 46.73 69.7
A
s-mn

( mm
2
)
420.3 538.8 542 207.8 247.9
A
s-mux

( mm
2
)
3075.6 3942.7 3732.6 1520.4 1814.1
A
cq-]Icxuc

( mm
2
)
1086.1 1380.6 846.5 394.4 554.7
A
s-podcd

( mm
2
)
6 16
On 1 layer
6 18
On 1 layer
S 16
On 1 layer
S14
On 1 layer
S 16
On 1 layer
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 65 of 139
Ch.5


c) Transverse reinforcement (at zone 1) :
Table 5 7(a) Transverse Reinforcement ( Zone 1 )
B1 B2 B3 B4 R1
Dimensions
(mm mm )
SSu 4uu 4Su 4uu 4Su 4uu 2uu 4uu 2uu 4uu
c.c. used
(mm)
40 40 40 40 30
I
u-mux

(kN)
219.5 440.55 258.7 75 116.78
I
u

(kN.m)
97.65 3.25 54 0.271 5.14
Check section
(ACI 11.5.3.1)
2.87 < 3.68
(OK)
2.9 < 3.68
(OK)
2.57 < 3.68
(OK)
1.11 < 3.68
(OK)
2.26 < 3.68
(OK)
I
u-mn

(kN.m)
4.81 7.02 7.02 1.96 1.96
I
u-mux

(kN.m)
19.13 27.91 27.91 7.81 7.81
I
c

(kN)
120.03 153.42 153.87 68.8 70.8
I
s

(kN)
172.63 433.42 191.1 31.2 66.13
I
s-mux

(kN)
466 595.65 597.4 267.07 274.88
A
t
s
,

(
mm
2
mm
,
)
0.476 - 0.496 - 0.238
A

s
,

(
mm
2
mm
,
)
1.21 3.03 1.334 0.218 0.462
A
s
,

(
mm
2
mm
,
)
2.16 3.03 2.326 0.218 0.938
A
s
,
min
(
mm
2
mm
,
)
0.306
A

s
,
min
ACI 11.4.6.3
= 0.393
0.393
A

s
,
min
ACI 11.4.6.3
= 0.175
0.175
S
mux-shcu

( mm )
170.5 169.5 170 171 176
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 66 of 139
Ch.5
S
mux-toson

( mm )
137.5 - 162.5 - 160
A
x
-pruu|ded
( mm
2
)
4 leg 1
1 mm
4 leg 1
1 mm
4 leg 1
1 mm
2 leg 1
15 mm
2 leg 1
15 mm




d) Transverse reinforcement (at zone 2) :
Table 5 7(b) Transverse Reinforcement ( Zone 2 )
B1 B2 B3 B4 R1
Dimensions
(mm mm )
SSu 4uu 4Su 4uu 4Su 4uu - 2uu 4uu
c.c used
(mm)
40 40 40 - 30
I
u-mux

(kN)
61.13 91 34.12 - 21
I
u

(kN.m)
4 7 11.6 - 4.8
Check section
(ACI 11.5.3.1)
1.67 < 3.68
(OK)
0.77 < 3.68
(OK)
0.83 < 3.68
(OK)
-
1.71 < 3.68
(OK)
I
u-mn

(kN.m)
4.81 7.02 7.02 - 1.96
I
u-mux

(kN.m)
19.13 27.91 27.91 - 7.81
I
c

(kN)
120.03 153.42 153.87 - 70.8
I
s

(kN)
0 0 0 - 0
I
s-mux

(kN)
466 595.65 597.4 - 274.88
A
t
s
,

(
mm
2
mm
,
)
0.344 - 0.21 - 0.233
A

s
,

(
mm
2
mm
,
)
- - - - -
A
s
,

(
mm
2
mm
,
)
0.687 0 0.42 - 0.467
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 67 of 139
Ch.5
A
s
,
min
(
mm
2
mm
,
)
0.306
A

s
,
min
ACI 11.4.6.3
= 0.393
0.393 - 0.175
A
x
-pruu|ded
( mm
2
)
4 leg 1
3 mm
4 leg 1
3 mm
4 leg 1
3 mm
2 leg 1
15 mm
2 leg 1
3 mm

Note : no need for another zone of transverse reinforcement for B4 due to its
low lengths.


Beam Detailing :

The following graphs shows all beams sections detailing :

Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 68 of 139
Ch.5










5.3.3 Control of Deflection

a) Beam deflection control :

For one End continuous ( the most severe case of available cases ) :
b
mn
=
l
18.S
=
9uuu
18.S
= 486.S mm

By Using ACI Table 9.5(b) for h = 400 mm

Type of member: Roof or floor construction supporting or attached to
nonstructural elements not likely to be damaged by large deflections
(the part of total deflection occurring after attachment of
nonstructural elements).

a) Maximum deflection due to sustained loads ( dead loads +
partitions ) = 20 mm ( Analysis Output ) .
b) Maximum deflection due to live load = 6 mm ( Analysis Output ).

z
A
=
{
1+50p
|

74
( Equ. 5-57 )


74 ACI 9.5.2.5
Figure 5-13 Beams and Ribs section details
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 69 of 139
Ch.5
p
i
=
orco (42u)
4Su 4uu
=
12S6.6
18uuuu
= u.uu698

= 2 ( or morc tbon S ycors )

z
A
=
2
1 +Su(u.uu698)
= 1.48S

Iong tcrm Jclcction o sustoincJ looJs = 2u z
A
= 2u 1.48S = 29.66 mm

Iotol clcction = 29.66 + 6 = SS.66 mm <
l
24u
=
9uuu
24u
= S7.S mm ( 0K )

b) Joist slab deflection control :
I beam calculation :
y
i
=
(Suu 4Su) [
Suu
2
+1uu 1uSu (
1uu
2
+Suu)
4Su Suu +1uSu 1uu
= 2S7.S mm
I
B
= I
1
+ I
2

I
1
=
4Su Suu
3
12
+Suu 4Su _
Suu
2
-2S7.S]
2
= 2.uS 1u
9
mm
4

I
2
=
1uSu 1uu
3
12
+1uSu 1uu _
1uu
2
+Suu -2S7.S]
2
= 1.42 1u
9
mm
4

I
B
= S.47 1u
9
mm
4

I slab calculation :
y
i
=
(2uu Suu 9) [
Suu
2
+1uu 9uuu (
1uu
2
+Suu)
2uu Suu 9 +9uuu 1uu
= 27S mm
I
1
= 9 _
2uu Suu
3
12
+Suu 2uu _
Suu
2
-27S]
2
_
= 1.2S 1u
10
mm
4

I
2
=
9uuu 1uu
3
12
+1uu 9uuu (SSu -27S)
2
= S.812S 1u
9
mm
4

Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 70 of 139
Ch.5
I
s
= 1.8S 1u
10
mm
4

o =
I
B
I
s
=
S.47 1u
9
1.8S 1u
10
= u.1896 < 2
o
]m
=
4 0.1896
4
= u.1896 < u.2 ( ACI 9.5.3.2 shall apply )
Slabs without drop panel : minimum thickness = 125 mm ( < 4uu mm ) OK
5.3.4 Design of Slabs :
a) Slab Inside core :
Global moment in X direction :

















Global
moment
in Y direction :


Figure 5-14 Slab dimensions for deflection control calculation
Figure 5-15 Global moment in X for Inside core slab
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 71 of 139
Ch.5









(-) M
x-x
= 28.S kN. m
Assume: J
bu
= 14 mm
J = b - C
c
-
J
bu
2

J = 1Su - 2u -
14
2
= 12S mm
R
n
=
M
u
bd
2
=
28.5 10
6
0.91000123
2
= 2.u9S ( Equ. 5-59 )
m =
f
y
0.85f
c
'
=
420
0.8535
= 14.12 ( Equ. 5-60 )
p =
1
m
_ 1 - _1 -
2mR
n
]
] ( Equ. 5-61 )
=
1
14.12
( 1 -
_
1 -
2 14.12 2.u9S
42u
) = u.uuS17
A
s-req
= b d = u.uuS17 1uuu 12S = 6SS.91 mm
2

A
s-max
= u.428
0.85 fc'
fy

1
bd (
1
= u.8 )
75
( Equ. 5-62 )
= 0.428
0.85 fc'
fy
0.8 1uuu 12S = 2983.2 mm
2


75 ACI 10.2.7.3
Figure 5-16 Global moment in Y for Inside core slab
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 72 of 139
Ch.5
A
s-mn
=
0.25 ]c
|
]
b J
1.4
]
b J
76

A
s-mn
=
u.2S SS
42u
1uuu 12S
1.4
42u
1uuu 12S
4SS.1 ( goveins ) 41u
A
s-min
= 433.1 mm
2



A
shrinkage & temperatre
= 0.0018 b h = 0.0018 1000 123 = 221.4 mm
2


bcncc A
s-req
= 6SS.91 mm
2

Use S 14mm 1 mctcr
a=
A
s
f
y
0.85 fc
'
b
( Equ. 5-63 )
a =
769.7420
0.85 35 1000
= 10.866 mm
x
d
t
=
10.866
u.8 12S
= u.11 < 0.375
hence =0.9 (tension control checked )

Table 5 8 Core Slab Design Result
Direction X Direction Y Direction
Depth (mm) 150
C.C (mm) 20
Moment
(kN.m/m)
(-) H
x-x

(+)
H
x-x

(-)
H
-

(+)
H
-

28.5 11.2 27.9 8.44
A
s-mn

(mm
2
)
443.1
A
shnkugc

(mm
2
)
221.4
A
s-mux

(mm
2
)
2983.2

76 ACI 10.5.1 equ. (10.3)
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 73 of 139
Ch.5
A
s-cq.

(mm
2
)
635.91 251 6383.2 2162
A
s-podcd
/1m
(mm
2
)
514
mm
314
mm
(min)
514
mm
314
mm
(min)

b) Slab above joist construction:
Slab above joist construction has a thickness of 100 mm, it shall be
considered to use shrinkage and temperature reinforcement to be distribution
in both sides.
A Strip of 1000 mm width ( b = 1uuu mm )
( h = 1uu mm )
A
shrinkage& tempeiatie
= u.uu18 b h
77
( Equ. 5-64 )
= u.uu18 1uuu 1uu = 18u mm
2

0se S 1u 1m
S
provIdcd
=
1uuu
S
= SSS mm
S
max
= Sh oi 4Su mm whichevei is biggei
78

= S ( 1uu ) = Suu mm , 4Su mm goveins (S
provIdcd
= SSSmm
< 4Su mm , 0K )








77 ACI 7.12.2.1 (b)
78 ACI 7.12.2.2 (b)
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 74 of 139
Ch.5










5.3.5 Typical Detailing :

Typical detailing drawings for all structural members meet the requirements
of (Details and Detailing of Concrete Reinforcement ACI 315-99 ) .

Beam Typical Detailing :
Longitudinal bars typical detailing :
In typical detailing, structural integrity requirements has been considered,
these requirements are as follows :
1) For joist construction ( R1 ) , more than one bottom bar is continuous ( 2
bars is used )
79

2) For Perimeter beams ( B1) , not less than two bars of more than one-sixth
of tension reinforcement at support is continuous ( four bars represent of
4/9 of the total reinforcing at support)
80




79 ACI 7.13.2.1
80 ACI 7.13.2.2 (a)
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 75 of 139
Ch.5
3) For Perimeter beams ( B1) , not less than two bars of more than one-
quarter of tension reinforcement at midspan is continuous ( two bars
represent of 1/3 of the total reinforcing at midspan )
81

4) For Perimeter beams ( B1) , Reinforcement is anchored with standard
hook.
82


Hook typical detailing
Standard ACI hooks is used which meet the requirement of ACI 7.1.2 , with
12 J
b
hook length, and with l
dh
of the following :
l
dh
=
0.24
c
]
j
x_]
c
|
J
b

83
( Equ. 5-65 )
=
u.24 ( 1 )( 42u )
1 ( SS
J
b
= 17 J
b

ACI 12.S.S (a), l
dh
should be multiplied by 0.7 , hence l
dh
= 12 J
b


Bend diameters typical detailing
Bend of longitudinal bars measured from the inside of the bar meet the
requirement of ACI Table 7.2, all bends are used as 6 J
b
( as all bar sizes are in
the range from No.10 through No.25 ) .
Bend of stirrups is used as 4J
b
, which meets the requirement of ACI 7.2.2 .

Typical lab splices
Typical splices in tension :
Class B splice is used as required in ACI 12.15.1 , with 1.Sl
d
calculated as
follows :

81 ACI 7.13.2.2 (b)
82 ACI 7.13.2.1
83 ACI 12.5.2
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 76 of 139
Ch.5
l
d
=
]
j

c
2.1 x _]
c
|
J
b

84
( Equ. 5-66 )
1.S l
d
= (1.S)
(42u)(1)(1)
2.1 (1)SS
J
b
= 44 J
b

Typical splices in compression :
l
d
= u.u71

J
b
( Equ. 5-67 )
l
d
= u.u71(42u)J
b
= Su J
b


Typical Detailing :
The following graph shows the typical beams reinforcement :


84 ACI 12.2.2
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 77 of 139
Ch.5
























Figure 5-17 Beams and Ribs typical detailing
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 78 of 139
Ch.5





















Figure 5-18 Beams and Ribs typical detailing
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 79 of 139
Ch.5
5.4 Design of Stairs
The staircase provided by the architecture drawings consists of a single
landing with varies number of steps through the floors , it will be designed
as a cantilever stairs supported on the surrounding shear-wall due to the
short width of the stair which will provide economic sections and
reinforcement but special requirements shall be considered during
construction .

5.4.1 Stairs Specification :











Cantilever Stair
F

= 420 MPa ,
c
i
= 35 MPa. Live Load = 4.79 kPa.
Toppings :
Table 5 - 9 Stairs Toppings
Material Screed Mortar Natural Stone Steel
Thickness (cm) 8 4 3 -
Unit-Weight (kN/m
3
) 22 18 24 78

b
mn
=
1175
10
= 117.S
85
usc b = 12u mm

85 ACI Table 9.5(a)
Figure 5-19 Stairs parameters
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 80 of 139
Ch.5
5.4.2 Stairs Design :

a. Design of Land :

Load of Toppings = ( u.u8 22 ) +( u.u4 18 ) +( u.uS 24 ) = S.2 kPo
Load of Land = Ibickncss o stoir slob y
c
= u.12 24 = 2.88 kPo
Total Dead Load = S.2 +2.88 = 6.u8 kPo.
w
u
= 1.2 . I. +1.6 I. I. = 1.2 6.u8 +1.6 4.79 = 14.96 kPo.
wu on lonJ = 14.96 1.SuS = 19.S2 kNmlonJ
H
u
=
w
u
w
3
2
2
=
19.S2 1.17S
2
2
= 1S.48 kN. m
J = 12u -2u -
14
2
= 9S mm
A
s
min
=
1.4
]
j
J b =
1.4
420
9S 1SuS = 4u4.SS mm
2
( Equ. 5-68 )
A
s
=
M
u
]
j
0.9d
=
13.4810
6
0.94200.993
= 42S.96 mm
2
( Equ. 5-69 )
As > A
s-mn
usc 4 12
Check Spacing :
Smox Sb Suu mm
S =
1SuS
4
= S26.2S mm S6u Suu
Use S = S2S mm
Check Shear Adequacy :
I
c
= u.17
c
i
w
3
J
86
( Equ. 5-70 )
I
c
= u.7S u.17 SS 117S
9S
1uuu
= 82.4S kN
v
u
=
wI
2
=
6.231.175
2
= S.66 kN ( Equ. 5-71 )
I
c
> v
u
0k

86 ACI 11.2.1.1
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 81 of 139
Ch.5
b. Design of Step :

InclincJ lcngtb = ((No. o stcps Risc)
2
(I
md
)
2
)
= ((8 u.16)
2
(2)
2
) = 2.S8 m
cos0 =
I
md
InclincJ lcngtb

=
2
2.S8
= u.84
b
i
=
b
mn
cos 0

=
12u
u.84
= 142.47 mm
Wt. of step =
h
|
+(h
|
+ sc )
2
gonc y
c
( Equ. 5-72 )
=
u.142 +( u.142 +u.16)
2
u.2S 24 = 1.SS kNm
Load of Topp. = ( u.2S +u.16) S.2 = 1.S1 kNm
Load of Steel handrail =
vsy
s
L
mid
w
3
( Equ. 5-73 )
=
u.u1419 78
1.17S
= u.94 kNm
Total Dead Load = 1.SS +1.S1 +u.94 = S.S9 kNm
Live Load = 4.79 u.2S = 1.2u kNm
w
u
= 1.2 . I. +1.6 I. I. ( Equ. 5-74 )
= 1.2 S.S9 +1.6 1.2u = 6.2S kNm
H
u
=
w
u
w
3
2
2

=
6.2S 1.17S
2
2
= 4.S kPo.
b
uc
=
h
|
+( h
|
+ sc )
2
( Equ. 5-75 )
=
u.142 +(u.142 +u.16)
2
= u.222 m
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 82 of 139
Ch.5
J = 222 -2u -
14
2
= 19S mm
A
s
=
M
u
]
j
(0.9)d
( Equ. 5-76 )
=
4.S 1u
6
u.9(42u)(u.9)(19S)
= 64.82 mm
2

A
s
min
=
1.4
]
j
b J ( Equ. 5-77 )
=
1.4
42u
19S 2Su = 162.S mm
2

A
s
< A
s-mn
Use A
s-mn
= 2 12 / Step
Check Shear Adequacy :
I
c
= u.17
c
i
(gonc)J
87
( Equ. 5-78 )
I
c
= u.7S u.17 SS 2Su
19S
1uuu
= S6.77 kN
v
u
=
w l
2
=
6.2S 1.17S
2
= S.66 kN
I
c
> v
u
0k
Transverse reinforcement :
use S =
d
2

=
19S
2
= 97.S mm
Use 1u mm 1uu mm

c. Reinforcement of the other direction :
A
S-1
= u.uu18 1.17S 12u = 2SS.8 mm
2

88
( Equ. 5-79 )

Use 3 12


87 ACI 11.2.1.1
88 ACI 7.12.2.1
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 83 of 139
Ch.5

d. Reinforcement details for the each floor :

Rise = 16 cm , Gone = 25 cm , Width = 1.175 m

(*) Rounded steps instead of the lands through floor height

Use 2 12 mm each step.
In case of ease of implementing during construction, 7 12 mm / m can bu
used for all landsUse 3 12 mm for the other direction.

Table 5 - 10 Stair Reinforcement Details
Land details Step Details
Bottom Elv.
To Top Elv.
W
(m)
L
mid
(m)
No.
of
Steps
M
u
(kN.m)
A
s-req.

Bars
12
Mu
(kN.m)
As
(mm)
Bars
12
1.03 to 3.22 -(*) 4.950 15 -(*) -(*) -(*) 4.25 155.30
2
3.22 to 5 -(*) 4.950 11 -(*) -(*) -(*) 4.22 150.30
5 to 6.4 1.305 2.000 8 13.48 425.96 4 4.30 162.89
6.4 to 6.89 1.895 2.000 8 19.57 618.54 6 4.30 162.89
6.89 to 8.87 1.305 1.75 8 13.48 425.96 4 4.33 168.06
8.87 to 10 2.145 1.75 7 22.15 700.14 7 4.30 162.89
10 to 11.52 1.305 2.245 7 13.48 425.96 4 4.25 155.92
11.52 to 13 1.65 2.245 9 17.04 538.57 5 4.30 162.97
13 to 14.5 1.305 2.245 9 13.48 425.96 4 4.30 162.97
14.5 to 16 1.65 2.245 9 17.04 538.57 5 4.30 162.97
16 to 18.57 1.305 3.645 9 13.48 425.96 4 4.23 151.69
18.57 to 20.45 -(*) 3.895 15 -(*) -(*) -(*) 4.29 161.63
20.45 to 22.32 1.305 2.75 11 13.48 425.96 4 4.30 162.89
22.32 to 24.2 1.145 2.75 11 11.82 373.74 4 4.30 162.89
24.2 to 26.075 1.305 2.75 11 13.48 425.96 4 4.30 162.89
26.075 to 84.2 1.145 2.75 11 11.82 373.74 4 4.30 162.89
84.2 to 86.07 1.305 2.75 11 13.48 425.96 4 4.30 162.89
86.07 to 87.95 1.145 2.765 11 11.82 373.74 4 4.29 162.71
Structural Design | 5 Design of Floor System and Stairs


Page 84 of 139
Ch.5
The following figure shows the detailed stairs section:












Figure 5-20 Stairs section detailing
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 85 of 139
Ch.6
Chapter 6 | Design of Lateral Loads Resisting System


6.1 Introduction

The following Lateral load systems will be considered:
1) Beams - Columns Frame System.
2) Shear Wall System with coupling beam.

A Shear Wall-Frame Dual System is adopted, considering also
additional lateral resisting member which is retaining wall to resist soil load
and surcharge load.

6.2 Design of Columns
6.2.1 Design Strategy :

a. Preliminary design :
According to typical floor adopted (Waffle slab system); axial loads
are resulted for each column in accordance to gravity loads only and
preliminary design is performed using Design axial strength P
n
as
follows :

P
n,mux
= u.8u|u.8S
c
i
(A
g
-A
st
) +

A
st
]
89
( Equ. 6-1 )

b. Slenderness effects :
Since Structural analysis software is used, P-delta Analysis is
performed to consider slenderness effects (Second-order effects).


89 ACI 10.3.6.1

Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 86 of 139
Ch.6
c. Required Strength Determination (after analyzing the model) :

Using structural analysis results for the whole structure under the
effects of gravity and lateral loads, internal forces are determined for
each column.



Load Cases Considered according to ACI 9.2 :

1 1.4D
2 1.2D+1.6L
3 1.2D+1L+1W(X)
4 1.2D+1L+1W(Z)
5 1.2D+1L+1E(X)
6 1.2D+1L+1E(Z)
7 0.9D+1W(X)
8 0.9D+1W(Z)
9 0.9D+1E(X)
10 0.9D+1E(Z)

d. Design as axially loaded column :

Equation (5-1) is used to design columns for axial loads using = u.u1
, for each column all load cases are checked.

e. Check as biaxial column and modify the design :

Its required to check its adequacy using biaxial column analysis
methods.
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 87 of 139
Ch.6
Bresler reciprocal load method is used in accordance to ACI
Commentary Sections 10.3.6 and 10.3.7 for calculation of capacity
under biaxial bending.
The following equation is used to determine column capacity (P
n
):

1
P
n
=
1
P
nx
+
1
P
nj
-
1
P
nc

90
( Equ. 6-2 )

The validity of Bresler equation is confirmed by checking that P
n
is
equal to or greater than 0.1 P
n0
.
When P
n
is less than 0.1 P
n0
, the axial force may be neglected and
the section can be designed as a member subjected to pure biaxial
bending according to the following equation :
M
ux
M
x
+
M
uj
M
j
1.u ( Equ. 6-3 )
Where H
ux
, H
u
are the design moments about x,y- axes and H
x
,
H

are the moment strength about x,y- axes.



Note that biaxial analysis is done in imperial units.
f. Selection of lateral reinforcement :

Lateral reinforcement is selected in accordance to ACI 7.10.

6.2.2 Preliminary Dimensions :

Considering the following for the preliminary design :



a) Reinforced concrete tied columns are used.
b) Gravity Loads Considered only.



90 ACI R10.3.6
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 88 of 139
Ch.6
Equation (5-1) is used to determine axial strength for columns as
follows for (1000 x 1000 mm) column with 28 22 mm reinforcement:
P
n,mux
= u.8S|u.8Sc
i
(A
g
-A
st
) +

A
st
] ( Equ. 6-4 )
P
n,mux
= u.8S(u.6S)|u.8S(SS)(1uuu
2
-1u64S.4) +(42u)(1u64S.4)]
= 176Su kN


The following graph shows the preliminary dimensions for columns :








Figure 6-1 Columns Preliminary dimensions
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 89 of 139
Ch.6

6.2.3 Secondary Dimensions :

The following table shows structural analysis results for axial loads on
columns for each floor and the corresponding modified sections
according to equation (5-1), after these sections applied; another Analysis
is performed to check values.
Note that same design is done for every floor, but it would vary after the
detailed design.

Table 6 - 1 Column Secondary Dimensions
Floor No. Maximum Axial (kN) Secondary Dimensions (mm) Capacity (kN)
1 17058.2
1000 x 1000 17,630
2 15788.4
3 14513.5
4 13211.2
5 12471.8
6 11732.4
7 10969.3
800 x 800 11,444
8 10247.3
9 9527.7
10 8810.6
11 8095.2
12 7376.9
13 6658.1
14 5939.5
600 x 600 6,395
15 5253.9
16 4572.4
17 3871.0
18 3173.0
19 2477.1
20 1783.2
21 1090.4
22 574.0
23 98.10

Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 90 of 139
Ch.6

6.2.4 Column Design Sample :

The following two examples show the detailed procedures for
designing columns, the same procedures are applied to all columns with
all load cases using Excel spreadsheets ( Appendix 2 ).

Columns Considered:
Column (A) (Location: 1
st
floor) | Column (B) (Location: 21
nd
floor) as shown
in the following figure :









Note : In this samples not all load cases are checked , as an example only
two load cases are calculated.




Figure 6-2 Columns calculated samples
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 91 of 139
Ch.6

a. Calculation of Column (A) Sample :

Internal Forces:
Table 6 2 (a) Internal forces Column(a) Sample
Design Case
Load Case Fx (kN) Mx (kN.m) My (kN.m)
1.2D + 1.6L 14839.4 10.64 0.724

Dimensions:
b = 1uuu mm , b = 1uuu mm
Reinforcement:
24 2S mm
p = u.u1178

a) Axial Design :

P
n
= u.8u|u.8S
i
c(A
g
-A
st
) +

A
st
] ( Equ. 6-5 )

P
n
= u.8u
(u.6S)|u.8S(SS)(1uuu
2
-1178u.97) +(42u)(1178u.97)]
1uuu


= 1786u.71 kN > 148S9.4 kN (0k)

b) Biaxial Check :

y =
1000-2(C.C)-2(ds)-db
800
( Equ. 6-6 )

=
1uuu -2(4u) -2(1u) -2S
1uuu
= u.87S

Two Interaction diagrams are used y = u.7S and = u.9 ,
Interaction diagrams used are A-9b , A-9c in (Wight MacGregor
Reinforced Concrete).


Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 92 of 139
Ch.6










x Direction :

c
x
h
=
M
uj
P
u

x
( Equ. 6-7 )
=
26.S7
1S16S.7 1
= u.uu174

From Interaction Diagrams (Appendix 2)
qPnx
bh
= 2.S6 ksi

Pnx = 2.S6 [1 m S9.S7u1
n
m

2
= S968.u1 kips


y Direction :
c
j
h
=
M
ux
P
u

j
( Equ. 6-8 )

=
SSS.7
1S16S.7 1
= u.u221S

From Interaction Diagrams
qPn
bh
= 2.S6 ksi

Pny = 2.S6 [1 m S9.S7u1
n
m

2
= S968.u1 kips

P
no
= |u.8S
i
c(A
g
-A
st
) +

A
st
] ( Equ. 6-9 )
Figure 6-3 Interaction Diagrams Properties
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 93 of 139
Ch.6
=
(u.6S)|u.8S(SS)(1uuu
2
-1178u.97) +(42u)(1178u.97)]
1uuu

= 22S2S.8 kN = Suu1 kips

Substitute in Bresler equation :

1
P
n
=
1
P
nx
+
1
P
nj
-
1
P
nc
( Equ. 6-10 )

1
P
n
=
1
S968.u1
+
1
S968.u1
-
1
Suu1


P
n
= S288.7 kips

P
n
> P
u


S288.7 kips < SS24.u2 kips (Not Ok)

Increase reinforcement to 28 2S mm

Pnx = Pny = 2.6S [1 m S9.S7u1
n
m

2
= 4u67.S kips

P
no
= S112.6 kips

1
P
n
=
1
4u67.S
+
1
4u67.S
-
1
S112.6


P
n
= SS77.2 kips
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 94 of 139
Ch.6
P
n
> P
u

SS77.2 kips > SS24.u2 kips (Ok)

Check the validity of Bresler equation:
P
n
u.1P
n0
( Equ. 6-11 )


SS77.2 S11.26 (Ok)

Bresler equation is valid.

c) Lateral reinforcement selection :
According to ACI 7.10 :
J
s
= 1u mm
Spacing of ties :
S = 16 J
b
= 400 mm
S = 48 J
s
= 480 mm
S = Least Dimension = 1000 mm

S = 400 mm governs , Use S=200 mm for practical consideration

Spacing between tied bars and untied bars = 120.8 mm < 150 mm
(Ok)
91


d) Section Details :
See columns sections (Column 2)










91 ACI 7.10.5.3
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 95 of 139
Ch.6


b. Calculation of Column (B) Sample :

Internal Forces:
Table 6 2 (b) Internal forces Column(b) Sample
Design Case
Load Case Fx (kN) Mx (kN.m) My (kN.m)
1.2D+1L+1E(X) 435.509 529.5 15.1

a) Preliminary Design :
Secondary Dimensions:
b = 6uu mm , b = 6uu mm
Reinforcement:
12 2u mm
p = u.u1u47

b) Axial Design :

Pn = u.8u
(u.6S)|u.8S(SS)(6uu
2
-S77u) +(42u)(S77u)]
1uuu


= 6SS4.2 kN > 4SS.S kN (0k)
Note that no reduction to area has been done due to the high
value of moment , hence in this case checking the moment before
reducing the dimensions is essential.


c) Biaxial Check :

y =
600-2(C.C)-2(ds)-db
600
( Equ. 6-12 )

=
6uu -2(4u) -2(1u) -2u
6uu
= u.8

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Page 96 of 139
Ch.6


x Direction :
c
x
h
=
M
uj
P
u

x
( Equ. 6-13 )

=
1S.1
4SS.S u.6
= u.uS78

From Interaction Diagrams ( Appendix 2 )
qPnx
bh
= 2.S1 ksi

Pnx = 2.S1 [u.6 m S9.S7u1
n
m

2
= 14uu.6 kips

y Direction :
c
j
h
=
M
ux
P
u

j

c
x
h
=
M
uj
P
u

x
( Equ. 6-14 )

=
S29.S
4SS.S u.6
= 2.u264

From Interaction Diagrams
qPn
bh
= u.12S ksi

Pny = u.12S [u.6 m S9.S7u1
n
m

2
= 68.6 kips

P
no
= |u.8S
i
c(A
g
-A
st
) +

A
st
] ( Equ. 6-15 )

=
(u.6S)|u.8S(SS)(6uu
2
-S769.9) +(42u)(S769.9)]
1uuu

= 7917.8 kN = 177S.S8 kips
Substitute in Bresler equation:
1
P
n
=
1
P
nx
+
1
P
nj
-
1
P
nc
( Equ. 6-16 )
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 97 of 139
Ch.6
1
P
n
=
1
14uu.6
+
1
68.6
-
1
177S.S8

P
n
= 67.9S kips
P
n
> P
u

67.9S kips < 97.SS kips (Not Ok!)

Increase reinforcement from 12 2u mm to 16 2u mm and from
previous procedures:
P
nx
= 1468.67 kips
P
n
= 126.7 kips
P
no
= 184S kN

1
P
n
=
1
1468.67
+
1
126.66
-
1
184S


P
n
= 124.4 kips

P
n
> P
u

124.4 kips > 97.SS kips (Ok)

Check the validity of Bresler equation:
P
n
u.1P
n0
( Equ. 6-17 )

124.4 < 184.S (Not Ok!)


Bresler equation is not valid, and since P
n
is less than 0.1 P
n0
,
the axial force would neglected and the section can be designed
as a member subjected to pure biaxial bending according to the
following equation :

Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 98 of 139
Ch.6
M
ux
M
x
+
M
uj
M
j
1.u ( Equ. 6-18 )

Mx and My are the moment strength for the section in both
direction.

For 6uu 6uu mm witb 162u mm cquolly ploccJ on oll occs

Hx = Hy = (u.9)(SS8.4) = 484.S6 kN. m

.
H
ux
H
x
+
H
u
H

1.u

S29.S
484.S
+
1S.1
484.S
1.u

1.124 > 1.u (Not Ok !)
Increase reinforcement from 16 2u mm to 2u 2u mm and from
previous procedures:

For 6uu 6uu mm witb 2u2u mm

Hx = Hy = (u.9)(68u.S) = 612.4S kN. m

H
ux
H
x
+
H
u
H

1.u

S29.S
612.4S
+
1S.1
612.4S
1.u

u.889 1.u (Ok)

d) Lateral reinforcement selection :
According to ACI 7.10 :
J
bu
= 1u mm
Spacing of ties :
S = 16 J
b
= 320 mm
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 99 of 139
Ch.6
S = 48 J
s
= 480 mm
S = Least Dimension = 600 mm
S = 350 mm governs

Spacing between tied bars and untied bars = 76 mm < 150 mm
(Ok)

e) Section :
See columns sections (Column 6)

6.2.5 Columns Final Design and Detailing:

Table 6 - 3 Columns Final Design
Type
Dimensions
Number
of bars
Bar
Diameter
p
No. of
Columns
b h
1 1000 1000 28 32 0.0225 12
2 1000 1000 28 25 0.0137 85
3 800 800 20 22 0.0118 60
4 800 800 28 28 0.0269 51
5 600 600 16 20 0.0139 131
6 600 600 24 20 0.0218 114












Figure 6-4 Column dimensions distribution for all elevations (a)
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 100 of 139
Ch.6


Figure 6-4 Column dimensions distribution for all elevations (b)
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 101 of 139
Ch.6

Columns Detailing:
The following graph shows the sections detailing for all columns types :






Figure 6-5 Columns cross section details
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 102 of 139
Ch.6

Column-Column Connection Typical Detail :
The following graph shows the typical detailing for the connection
between columns with different dimensions.























Figure 6-6 Columns Splice Details
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Page 103 of 139
Ch.6


6.3 Design of Shear Wall

Shear walls shall resist lateral loads due to wind or earthquakes acting on
the building.

They should provide lateral bracing for the rest of the structure , and they
will be designed to resist gravity loads transferred to the wall by the parts of
the structure tributary to the wall, plus lateral-loads and moments about the
strong axis of the wall.

Walls numbering:
















Figure 6-7 Shear wall numbering
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 104 of 139
Ch.6

6.3.1 General Specifications:

Preliminary Sections:
All shear walls of stories (1 to 12) have a thickness of 400 mm
All shear walls of stories (13 to 23) have a thickness of 300 mm

Load combinations :

1 1.4D
2 1.2D+1.6L
3 1.2D+1L+1W(X)
4 1.2D+1L+1W(Z)
5 1.2D+1L+1E(X)
6 1.2D+1L+1E(Z)
7 0.9D+1W(X)
8 0.9D+1W(Z)
9 0.9D+1E(X)
10 0.9D+1E(Z)


Critical sections [ ACI (11.9.5) ] :




Table 6 - 4 Shear-Wall Critical Sections
Shear
Wall
|w
(mm)
|w2
(mm)
hw2
(mm)
Story
height
(mm)
Critical
Section
1 , 2 12500 6250
45500 4125
4125
3 , 5 2800 1400 1400
4 , 6 6600 3300 3300
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Page 105 of 139
Ch.6

6.3.2 Shear Wall Internal Forces:

Internal forces of all shear walls were carried out at each floor with their
critical load combination for each shear, axial and Moment.

a) Internal forces for SW1,SW2 :


Table 6 5 (a) Shear-Wall Internal forces
Floor
S W 1 S W 2
Vu
(kN)
[L.C]
Pu
(kN)
[L.C]
Mu
(kN.m)
[L.C]
Vu
(kN)
[L.C]
Pu
(kN)
[L.C]
Mu
(kN.m)
[L.C]
1 6503 [6] 24278 [2] 85058 [6] 3976 [6] 36875 [5] 90549 [6]
2 5726 [6] 23950 [2] 76276 [6] 4036 [10] 35306 [5] 66990 [6]
3 5420 [6] 23179 [2] 63260 [6] 4226 [10] 34975 [5] 49966 [6]
4 5173 [6] 22437 [2] 53755 [6] 4129 [6] 32861 [5] 42536 [6]
5 5016 [6] 21640 [2] 47814 [6] 3987 [10] 30735 [5] 37931 [6]
6 4921 [6] 20782 [2] 42641 [6] 3836 [10] 28519 [5] 33910 [6]
7 4865 [6] 19920 [2] 37568 [6] 3725 [10] 26281 [5] 30167 [6]
8 4738 [6] 19005 [2] 32500 [6] 3603 [10] 24026 [5] 26607 [6]
9 4575 [6] 18010 [2] 27837 [6] 3468 [10] 21801 [5] 23365 [6]
10 4390 [6] 16958 [2] 23401 [6] 3326 [10] 19622 [5] 20303 [6]
11 4185 [6] 15833 [2] 19282 [6] 3207 [10] 17483 [5] 17406 [6]
12 3944 [6] 14616 [2] 15562 [6] 3060 [10] 15402 [5] 14639 [6]
13 3647 [6] 13205 [2] 11727 [6] 2808 [10] 13385 [5] 11759 [6]
14 3389 [6] 12042 [2] 8761 [6] 2605 [10] 11527 [5] 9325 [6]
15 3073 [6] 10946 [2] 5808 [6] 2361 [10] 9708 [5] 6979 [6]
16 2723 [6] 9825 [2] 3269 [6] 2083 [10] 7984 [5] 4882 [6]
17 2361 [10] 8659 [2] 1251 [6] 1777 [10] 6931 [2] 3117 [6]
18 1979 [10] 7455 [2] 1421 [10] 1452 [10] 5917 [2] 1586 [10]
19 1560 [6] 6255 [2] 1936 [10] 1213 [6] 4925 [2] 505 [5]
20 1092 [10] 5041 [2] 2327 [10] 940 [10] 3911 [2] 746 [10]
21 685 [6] 3873 [2] 2218 [10] 692 [10] 2947 [2] 1174 [10]
22 233 [10] 2823 [5] 1631 [10] 454 [6] 1974 [2] 1254 [10]
23 122 [6] 1699 [5] 1115 [10] 203 [6] 1068 [2] 1056 [10]
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Page 106 of 139
Ch.6


b) Internal forces for SW3,SW5 :





Table 6 5(b) Shear-Wall Internal forces
Floor
S W 3 S W 5
Vu
(kN)
[L.C]
Pu
(kN)
[L.C]
Mu
(kN.m)
[L.C]
Vu
(kN)
[L.C]
Pu
(kN)
[L.C]
Mu
(kN.m)
[L.C]
1 643 [9] 7092 [2] 3604 [5] 821 [6] 17875 [6] 3478 [5]
2 1503 [5] 6126 [2] 1665 [5] 1417 [5] 15210 [6] 1642 [5]
3 1587 [5] 5476 [2] 954 [9] 1498 [5] 12350 [6] 955 [9]
4 1421 [5] 5339 [2] 1019 [9] 1317 [5] 11314 [6] 1017 [9]
5 1147 [5] 5155 [2] 936 [9] 1078 [5] 10453 [6] 918 [9]
6 963 [5] 4942 [2] 790 [9] 910 [5] 9605 [6] 763 [9]
7 816 [9] 4674 [2] 658 [9] 772 [9] 8830 [6] 634 [9]
8 915 [9] 4452 [2] 530 [9] 859 [9] 8019 [6] 513 [9]
9 709 [9] 4221 [2] 451 [9] 650 [9] 7223 [6] 438 [9]
10 687 [9] 3966 [2] 368 [9] 630 [9] 6465 [6] 363 [9]
11 650 [9] 3694 [2] 295 [9] 605 [9] 5714 [6] 292 [9]
12 594 [9] 3429 [2] 301 [9] 572 [5] 5019 [6] 278 [9]
13 648 [5] 3149 [2] 129 [6] 664 [5] 4338 [6] 119 [9]
14 623 [9] 2896 [2] 237 [6] 557 [9] 3626 [6] 173 [5]
15 531 [9] 2572 [2] 272 [5] 502 [9] 3052 [6] 254 [9]
16 520 [9] 2298 [2] 306 [5] 516 [9] 2487 [6] 284 [9]
17 643 [9] 7092 [2] 3604 [5] 821 [6] 17875 [6] 3478 [5]
18 1503 [5] 6126 [2] 1665 [5] 1417 [5] 15210 [6] 1642 [5]
19 1587 [5] 5476 [2] 954 [9] 1498 [5] 12350 [6] 955 [9]
20 1421 [5] 5339 [2] 1019 [9] 1317 [5] 11314 [6] 1017 [9]
21 1147 [5] 5155 [2] 936 [9] 1078 [5] 10453 [6] 918 [9]
22 963 [5] 4942 [2] 790 [9] 910 [5] 9605 [6] 763 [9]
23 816 [9] 4674 [2] 658 [9] 772 [9] 8830 [6] 634 [9]
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 107 of 139
Ch.6



c) Internal forces for SW4,SW6 :




Table 6 5 (c) Shear-Wall Internal forces
Floor
S W 4 S W 6
Vu
(kN)
[L.C]
Pu
(kN)
[L.C]
Mu
(kN.m)
[L.C]
Vu
(kN)
[L.C]
Pu
(kN)
[L.C]
Mu
(kN.m)
[L.C]
1 3021 [5] 16583 [5] 35516 [5] 3023 [5] 27098 [6] 34990 [5]
2 3433 [5] 13739 [5] 20834 [5] 3196 [5] 23341 [6] 22097 [5]
3 3059 [9] 11102 [5] 10653 [9] 3010 [9] 22077 [6] 10982 [9]
4 2798 [9] 10525 [5] 8896 [9] 2708 [9] 20189 [6] 8919 [9]
5 2518 [9] 10161 [5] 7922 [9] 2451 [9] 18910 [6] 7652 [9]
6 2381 [9] 9942 [5] 6975 [9] 2302 [9] 17683 [6] 6245 [9]
7 2349 [5] 9812 [5] 5865 [9] 2172 [9] 16530 [6] 5096 [9]
8 2255 [5] 9683 [5] 4566 [9] 2108 [9] 15353 [6] 4068 [9]
9 2088 [5] 9336 [5] 3846 [9] 1907 [9] 14171 [6] 3175 [9]
10 2062 [5] 8987 [5] 3008 [9] 1853 [9] 12970 [6] 2410 [9]
11 2030 [5] 8572 [5] 2289 [9] 1840 [5] 11758 [6] 1733 [9]
12 2003 [5] 8124 [5] 1751 [9] 1809 [5] 10563 [6] -1165 [9]
13 1863 [5] 7593 [5] 1028 [6] 1646 [5] 9329 [6] 1111 [3]
14 1719 [5] 7115 [5] 1679 [5] 1557 [9] 8306 [6] 1933 [5]
15 1605 [5] 6589 [5] 2004 [5] 1445 [9] 7192 [6] 2308 [5]
16 1448 [5] 6046 [5] 2454 [5] 1284 [9] 6163 [6] 2715 [5]
17 1252 [9] 5495 [5] 3005 [5] 1081 [9] 5582 [5] 3138 [5]
18 1100 [9] 4835 [5] 2964 [5] 916 [9] 4775 [5] 3025 [5]
19 822 [9] 4192 [5] 3153 [5] 739 [9] 4221 [5] 3186 [5]
20 627 [9] 3450 [5] 2744 [5] 552 [9] 3383 [5] 2741 [5]
21 379 [9] 2657 [5] 2612 [5] 320 [9] 2745 [5] 2544 [9]
22 217 [5] 1792 [5] 1729 [9] -229 [5] 1815 [5] 1831 [9]
23 304 [5] 988 [5] 1070 [9] -264 [5] 1037 [5] 1224 [9]
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 108 of 139
Ch.6


6.3.3 Calculation for (SW1) Sample :

b = 4uu mm , lw = 12Suu mm
I
u-mux
= 6SuS kN ( combination 6 )
P
u-mux
= 24278 kN ( combination 2 )
H
u-mux
= 8SuS8 kN. m ( combination 6 )

Shcu
= u.7S
Concrete Cover = 50 mm ( minimum required in ACI 14.3.4 )
a. Horizontal reinforcement :
Maximum Spacing : S =
Iw
5
=
12500
5
= 2Suu mm
92

S = Sb = (S)(4uu) = 12uu mm
S = 4Su mm ( governs )
p
t
= u.uu2S
93

A
s
m
= u.uu2S b 1uuu
= u.uu2S 4uu 1uuu = 1uuu mm
2
/m
Use 10 12 mm
2
(5 bars at each side)
S =
1uuu
S
= 2uu mm






92ACI (11.9.9.3)
93 ACI (11.9.9)
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 109 of 139
Ch.6
b. Vertical reinforcement :
Ic = (u.17)zc
i
bJ
94
( Equ. 6-19 )
J = u.8 lw
95
( Equ. 6-20 )
= u.8 (12Suu) = 1uuuu mm

Ic = (u.7S)(u.17)zc
i
bJ
= (u.7S)(u.17)(1)(SS)(4uu)(1uuuu)1uuu = Su17.2 kN
Ic < Iu
I
s-cqucd
=
Iu -Ic

=
6SuS -Su17.2
u.7S
= 4647.7S kN

Is =
A

]
j
d
S

96
( Equ. 6-21 )
I
s-podcd
=
2 (12
2
n4)(42u)(1uuuu)
2uu
1uuu = 47Su kN
> 4647.7S kN

p
I
= u.uu2S +u.S[2.S -
h
w
I
w
(p
t
-u.uu2S)
97
( Equ. 6-22 )
p
t
=
1u (12
2
n4)
(1uuu)(4uu)
= u.uu28S
p
I
= u.uu2S +u.S_2.S -
91
12.S
] (u.uu28S -u.uu2S) = u.uu172 < u.uu2S
p
I
= u.uu2S
As
ctcuI
= u.uu2S(lw)(b) = u.uu2S(12Suu)(4uu)
= 12Suu mm
2
12.S mctcr
As
ctcuI
= 1uuu mm
2
mctcr
Use 10 12 mm / meter

94 ACI (11.9.5)
95 ACI (11.9.4)
96 ACI (11.9.9)
97 ACI (11.9.9.4)
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 110 of 139
Ch.6
S =
1uuu
S
= 2uu mm

Maximum Spacing :
S =
Iw
3
=
12500
3
= 4166.7 mm > 2uu mm (0K)
98

S = Sb = (S)(4uu) = 12uu mm > 2uu mm (0K)
S = 4Su mm > 2uu mm (0K)
S = 2uu mm 0K


Moment capacity :
= p
I
]
j
]
|
c
= u.uu28S
420
35
= u.uSS9 ( Equ. 6-23 )
o =
P
u
hI
w
]ic
=
(24278)(1000)
(400)(12500)(35)
= u.1S9 ( Equ. 6-24 )
x = [
u+o
0.85[
1
+2o
l
w
= [
0.0339+0.139
0.850.81+20.0339
(12Suu) = 28SS.4 ( Equ. 6-25 )
x
J
=
28SS.4
1uuuu
= u.28S < u.S7S (Icnsion ControllcJ)
bcncc = u.9
I = A
st

[
I
w
-x
I
w
( Equ. 6-26 )
= _1u
12
2
n
4
12.S_(42u) _
12Suu -28SS.4
12Suu
] 1uuu = 4S82.18 kN
H
n
= I [
I
w
2
+P
u
[
I
w
-x
2
( Equ. 6-27 )
= (4S82.18 1uuu) _
12Suu
2
] +(24278)(1uuu) _
12Suu -28SS.4
2
]
= 14S7S8.7 kN. m
H
n
= 1S1164.8S kN. m > 8SuS8 kN. m ( 0K )


98 ACI (11.9.9.5)
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 111 of 139
Ch.6
Compression Check :
Ag = (lw bw) = Suuuuuu mm
2

A
s-podcd
= (1u 12 mmmctcr) 12S 12 lw
Pn = u.8u|u.8S
i
c(A
g
-A
st
) +

A
st
]
99
( Equ. 6-28 )
Pn = u.8u(u.6S)|u.8S(SS)(Suuuuuu -141S7.2) +(42u)(141S7.2)]
= 8u219 kN
8u219 kN > 24278 kN (0k)

6.3.4 Shear Wall Final Design

Shear Walls Design for floors (1 to 12) :










99 ACI (10.3.6.1) Equ. 10-2
Table 6 6(a) Shear-Wall Final Design
No.
A
s-hozontuI
1m occ
A
s-ctcuI

1m
occ
Check Shear
(kN)
Check Moment
(kN.m)
Check Axial
(kN)
I
c
Is In Iu H
n
H
u
P
n
P
u
S W 1 S 12 S 12 3017 3563 6580 5726 124774 85058 80219 24278
S W 2 S 12 S 12 3017 3563 6580 4226 107039 90549 80219 36875
S W 3 S 14 S 12 676 1086 1762 1587 6924 3604 17969 7092
S W 4 S 12 S 12 1593 1881 3474 3433 36468 35516 42356 16583
S W 5 S 14 S 12 676 1086 1762 1498 6784 3478 17969 17875
S W 6 S 12 S 12 1593 1881 3474 3196 37998 34990 42356 27098
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 112 of 139
Ch.6




Shear walls Design for floors (13 to 23) :


6.3.5 Walls Subjected to Axial Tension :

Table 6 7 Shear-Walls In Tension
NO. Vu (kN) [L.C]
S W 1 No tension
S W 2 No tension
S W 3 No tension
S W 4 15.594 [15]
S W 5 No tension
S W 6 No tension

Check for SW4:
I
c
= u.17_1 +
0.29N
u
A
g
] z
c
i
b
w
J
100
( Equ. 6-29 )
I
c
= u.7S u.17_1 +
u.29(- 1S.S94 1uuu)
(68uu)
_(1)SS (4uu)(u.8
68uu) = S49.79 kN > Iu ( 14.S94 kN)( 0K )

100 ACI (11.2.2.3) Equ. 11-8
Table 6 6 (b) Shear-Wall Final Design
No.
A
s-hozontuI

1m occ
A
s-ctcuI

1m
occ
Check Shear
( kN )
Check Moment
(kN.m)
Check Axial
(kN)
I
c
Is In Iu H
n
H
u
P
n
P
u
S W 1 4 12 4 12 2263 1384 3647 3647 79187 11727 60308 13205
S W 2 4 12 4 12 2263 545 2808 2808 71800 11759 60308 13385
S W 3 4 12 4 12 507 141 648 648 3070.4 341 13509 3149
S W 4 4 12 4 12 1195 668 1863 1863 15008 4192 31842 7593
S W 5 4 12 4 12 507 157 664 664 1844 308 13509 4338
S W 6 4 12 4 12 1195 451 1646 1646 15085 3186 31842 9329
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 113 of 139
Ch.6

6.2.6 Design of Stairs Walls and Elevator Walls
Stairs walls and elevator walls ( W1,W2,W3,W4,W5,W6, W7,W8 ) are
designed as a uni-axial compression members which forces subjected from
the stairs and the elevators.
a) Horizontal reinforcement :
Maximum Spacing :
S =
Iw
5
=
3800
5
= 76u mm
101

S = Sb = (S)(2uu) = 6uu mm
S = 4Su mm ( governs )

p
t
= u.uu2S
102

A
smctc
= u.uu2S b 1uuu = u.uu2S 2uu 1uuu = Suu mm
2
/m
Use 6 12 mm
2
(4 bars at each side)
S =
1uuu
S
= SSS.S mm
Use S = Suu mm

p
I
= u.uu2S +u.S[2.S -
h
w
I
w
(p
t
-u.uu2S)
103
( Equ. 6-30 )
p
t
=
6 (12
2
n4)
(1uuu)(2uu)
= u.uuSS9
p
I
= u.uu2S +u.S_2.S -
91
S.8
] (u.uuSS9 -u.uu2S) = -u.uu9S < u.uu2S
p
I
= u.uu2S
As
ctcuI
= u.uu2S(lw)(b) = u.uu2S(S8uu)(2uu)
= 19uu mm
2
S.8 mctcr
As
ctcuI
= Suu mm
2
mctcr

101 ACI (11.9.9.3)
102 ACI (11.9.9)
103 ACI (11.9.9)
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 114 of 139
Ch.6
Use 8 12 / meter
S =
1uuu
4
= 2Su mm
Use S = 2Su mm

Maximum Spacing :
S =
Iw
3
=
3800
3
= 1266.6 mm > 2Su mm (0K)
104

S = Sb = (S)(4uu) = 12uu mm > 2Su mm (0K)
S = 4Su mm > 2Su mm (0K)
S = 2Su mm (0K)

Compression Check :
Ag = (lw b ) = 76uuuu mm
2

A
s-podcd
= (8 12 mmmctcr) Su.4 12 lw
From ACI 10.3.6.1 Equ.10-2
Pn = u.8u|u.8S
i
c(A
g
-A
st
) +

A
st
]
105
( Equ. 6-31 )
Pn = u.8u(u.6S)|u.8S(SS)(76uuuu -4297.7) +(42u)(4297.7)]1uuu
= 12629 kN
12629 kN > 126uu kN (0k)








104 ACI (11.9.9.5)
105 ACI (10.3.6.1) Equ. 10-2
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 115 of 139
Ch.6

The following graph shows typical detailing for the Shear Wall:
























Figure 6-8 Shear wall typical detailing
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 116 of 139
Ch.6

6.4 Design of Coupling Beams

The two shear walls which was revealed in section 6.2 would be coupled by
beams spanning across a doorway

The coupling beams will be designed to have enough stiffness to resist the
force of the two independent shear walls acts as one solid cantilever part by
transmitting the shear forces from one wall to the other .

6.4.1 Preliminary Sections :
All coupling beams of stories (1 to 12) have a thickness of 400 mm
(Coupling Beam 1)
All coupling beams of stories (13 to 23) have a thickness of 300 mm
(Coupling Beam 2)

6.4.2 Coupling Beam Design :

a) Coupling beam 1 (4uu 1uuu)
I
u-mux
= 212 kN
b = 400 mm , h = 1000 mm ,
n
= 2200 mm

n
b
=
22uu
1uuu
= 2.2
(hence Use intersecting groups of diagonal bars as ACI 21.9.7.3 )

shcu
= u.8S ( Seismic Design Category D )
106

I
n
= 2 A
d

sino u.8S
c
i
A
cw

107
( Equ. 6-32 )
Assume A
d
= 12 12 = 1SS7.19 mm
2
, use o = 18
I
n
= 2 (1SS7.19)(42u) sin18 u.8S SS ( 4uu 1uuu)
= SS2.S kN 1964.14 kN
I
n
= SS2.S kN

106 ACI 9.3.4 (C)
107ACI 21.9.7.4 Equ. 21-9
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 117 of 139
Ch.6
v
u

=
212
0.85
= 249.41 kN < I
n
( OK )
Jiogonol bors borizontol Jimcnsion
b
w
2
=
4uu
2
= 2uu mm
Jiogonol bors :crticol Jimcnsion
b
w
S
=
4uu
S
= 8u mm
Use a section of 2uu 2uu diagonal bars out-to-out dimension.

Spacing of transverse reinforcement [ ACI 21.6.4.3 ] :
a) 4uu = 100mm
b) 6 12 = 72 mm
c) s
0
= 1uu +[
350- h
x
3
= 1uu +
350 - 66
3
= 194.6 mm , take
S
0-mux
= 1Su mm

Use spacing ( s ) = 70 mm
A
sh
= u.S
s b
c
]
c
|
]
jt
(
A
g
A
ch
-1 )
108
( Equ. 6-33)
A
sh
= u.S
(7u)(2uu)(SS)
42u
_
24u 24u
2uu 2uu
-1 ] = 272.22 mm
2

A
sh
= u.u9
s b
c
]
c
|
]
jt

109
( Equ. 6-34)
A
sh
= u.u9
(7u)(2uu)(SS)
42u
= 1uS mm
2

Use 4 leg 1u at each direction = S14.16 mm
2
> 272.22 mm
2
( OK )

Development length of diagonal bars :
Diagonal bars should be developed into the wall not less than 1.25
d

d
=
]
j
+
t
+
c
2.1 x _]
c
|
J
b

110
( Equ. 6-35)

t
= 1.S ,
c
= 1 as specfied in ACI 12.2.4 (a) ] (more than 300 mm of
concrete casted below and uncoated reinforcement is used)

108 ACI 21.6.4.4 (b) Equ. 21-4
109 ACI 21.6.4.4 (b) Equ. 21-5
110 ACI 12.2.2
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 118 of 139
Ch.6

d
=
(42u)(1.S)(1)
2.1(1)SS
(12) = S27.S8 mm
Developed length = 1.2S S27.S8 = 6S9.2S mm
Extend diagonal bars a distance of 700 mm into the wall.


Additional longitudinal bars in beam parameter:
Use 1u 12 as shown.
Serviceability requirement :
Vertical face :
u.uu2 b
w
s = u.uu2 (4uu)(Suu) = 24u mm
2
< 4 12 ( 0K)
Horizontal face :
u.uu2 b
w
s = u.uu2 (4uu)(1Su) = 12u mm
2
< S 12 (0K)
Use transverse reinforcement 1u @ 200 mm







Figure 6-9 Coupling beam rebar
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 119 of 139
Ch.6



6.4.3 Structural Drawings for Coupling Beams:























Figure 6-10 Coupling beam cross section details
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 120 of 139
Ch.6

6.5 Design of Retaining Walls
Retaining walls are used to provide stability for soil , it will be used in the
basement and it be would be designed to withstand the exerted loads
against failure .

The following plan shows the retaining walls for ground elevation of the
Tower :




















Figure 6-11 Retaining walls plan
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 121 of 139
Ch.6

The following figure shows a view for the retaining wall.










6.5.1 Loads on Retaining Walls :

The following figure shows the loads acting over the retaining wall :


Figure 6-12 Retaining wall
Figure 6-13 Loads acting over the retaining wall
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 122 of 139
Ch.6

a) Soil loads:
Soil coefficients : Referring to the attached Geotechnical report :
( = 2u
0
, c = 12.6 kNm
2
, y
d
= 18.S9 kNm
3
)
Ko =
1-sn
1+sn
=
1-sn20
1+sn20
= u.49 ( Equ. 6-40)
Po = Ko y b -2 c Ko = u.49 18.S9 S.S -2 12.6 u.49 =
12.4S kNm
2
( Equ. 6-41)

b) Surcharge loads :
( ASCE 07-2010 ) Table 4.1 :
For Sidewalks , vehicle drive ways I. I = 11.97 kNm
2

For 300 mm layer of Asphalt road , ( u.S 21 kNm
3
= 6.S kNm
2
)
1.2 6.S +1.6 11.97 = 26.712 kNm
2

SurcborgcJ looJ = Ko looJ = u.49 26.712 = kNm
2


Figure (6-14) shows loads over the retaining wall .











Figure 6-14 Loads acting over the retaining wall
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 123 of 139
Ch.6
Load cases :
a) 1.2 D + 1.6 L + 1.6 H ( if soil load combined with other loads are
critical ) ( ACI 9.2.5.a)
b) 1.6 H ( if soil counter acts other loads ) ( ACI 9.2.5.b)

6.5.2 Design of Retaining Walls :

a) As a compression member :
Retaining walls designed for axial load as well as flexure ( ACI 14.4 )
Assume width = 200 mm , length of strip = 9000 mm
Staad Pro output for axial stress : Sy = 0.45575 ( N / mm
2
)
Pu = 0.45575 9000 2uu = 82u.SS kN

Pn = u.8 ( )( u.8S
c
i
(Ag -As) +

A
s
)
111
( Equ. 6-42)
820.35=0.8 (0.65 )( 0.85 f
c
'
(9000 200-As)+ 420 A
s
)
As = -1S7216 mm
2

No need for compression steel reinforcement, except if its required
by flexure.

b) As a flexure member :
StooJ pro output Hoximum uppcr ncgoti:c Homcnt = -H =
72.2 kN. m
(Rc. 1. stcps o colculoting lcxurc rcinorcmcnt):
-H = 72.2 kN. m , CC = 40 mm , ds = 12 mm , b = 1000 mm , h = 200
mm
As
cq
= 1449 mm
2
Use 8 16
StooJ pro output Hoximum Positi:c momcnt Homcnt
+H = 17.2 kN. m

111 ACI 10.3.6.2
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 124 of 139
Ch.6
-H = 17.2 kN. m , CC = 40 mm , ds = 12 mm ,
b = 1000 mm , h = 200 mm
As
cq-mn
= 46u mm
2
Use 3 16
StooJ pro output Hoximum lowcr ncgoti:c Homcnt -H
= 27.S kN. m
-H = 17.2 kN. m , CC = 40 mm , ds = 12 mm ,
b = 1000 mm , h = 200 mm
As
cq-mn
= SS8.2 mm
2
Use 4 16










c) Shear design:
ACI(11.9) : Design for shear forces perpendicular to face of wall shall
be in accordance with provisions for slabs in 11.11 .
Wall is considered as a one-way slab construction supported by the
foundation and the horizontal slab.
For 1 m length strip :
J = 2uu -4u -12 -_
16
2
] = 14u mm
Ic = u.17
c
i
b
w
J ( Equ. 6-44)
Ic = u.7S u.17 SS (1uuu) ( 14u) = 1uS.6 kN
Figure 6-15 Bending moment diagrams
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 125 of 139
Ch.6

Staad pro output for shear stress :

Case : 1.2D + 1.6 L + 1.6 H
SQy (top ) = 0.2479 N/mm
2
, Vu (top) = u.2479 1uuu 2uu =
49.S8 kN
SQy (bottom ) = 0.28245 N/mm
2
, Vu (bottom) = u.2824S
1uuu 2uu = S6.49 kN

Case : 1.6 H
SQy (top ) = 0.0838 N/mm
2
, Vu (top) = u.u8S8 1uuu 2uu =
16.78 kN
SQy (bottom ) = 0.2478 N/mm
2
, Vu (bottom) = u.2478 1uuu
2uu = 49.S6 kN
Max Vu> Vc
No shear reinforcement required.

d) Vertical and horizontal reinforcement :
Minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement p
I
= 0.0012
112

p
I
(pro:iJcJ) =
4 n 14
14
4
1uuu 2uu
= u.uuS > u.uu12 (0K )
Minimum Horizontal reinforcement p
t
= 0.002
113

A
s-hozontuI
= u.uu2 1uuu 2uu = 4uu mm
2

0se 4 12 / m




112 ( ACI 14.3.2 )
113 ( ACI 14.3.3 )
Structural Design | 6 Design of Lateral Loads Resisting Systems

Page 126 of 139
Ch.6

6.5.3 Structural Detailing for Retaining Wall :

The following graph shows the typical detailing for the retaining wall :











Figure 6-16 Retaining wall cross section detailing
Structural Design | 7 Design of Substructure



Page 127 of 139
Ch.7
Ch.7

Chapter 7 | Design of Substructure

7.1 Introduction
A Geotechnical Investigation Report has been prepared on April 2010
for the soil and the following recommendation has been reported :
Based on the in-situ and lab tests it is evident that upper layers up to
6 meters of soil is loose, and since high concentrated loads expected from
the superstructure, therefore, deep foundation using bored and cast in
place reinforced concrete Piles is recommended
The deeper layers are of cohesive nature, hence, the bearing capacity
calculations will relay on the cohesion parameter calculated from the
unconfined compressive strength method .


7.2 Strategy


A piled/cap system generally consists of
two structural elements, piles and
concrete cap ; the function of the cap is
to distribute the loads from the
superstructure to the piles , which will
transfer the load to the soil.

Figure (7-1) shows how the column is
connected to the piles.




Figure 7-1 Foundation system
Structural Design | 7 Design of Substructure



Page 128 of 139
Ch.7
Ch.7

7.3 Pile Distribution

A preliminary distribution of piles under cap has been illustrated as follows:


7.4 Cap Thickness Computation
Minimum mat thickness based on punching shear at critical columns
based on column load and shear perimeter.
It is common practice not to use shear reinforcement so that the
mat depth is a maximum.
The pile cap is divided into two parts with different thicknesses
(A1,A2) as shown:
Figure 7-2 Piles distribution
Structural Design | 7 Design of Substructure



Page 129 of 139
Ch.7
Ch.7














Punching Shear Check (Two way shear) :
For area 1:
From model, Pu
max
= 17618 kN (Interior column 1m1m )
Try h = 1500 mm J = 1Suu -7S -282 = 1411
Iu
ctcuI
= 17618 -w
u-upoxmutc
(b
1
b
2
)
= 17618 -(1S.S6)(1.416 +1)(1.416 +1) = 17SS9.2 kN
Computation of I
c
:
Vc shall be the smallest of :

I
c
= u.17[1 +
2
[
z
c
b
o
J
114
( Equ. 7-1)
I
c
= u.u8S[
u
s
d
b
c
+2 z
c
b
o
J
115
( Equ. 7-2)

114 (5.8) ACI 11.11.2.1 (equ. 11-31)
115 (5.9) ACI 11.11.2.1 (equ. 11-32)
Figure 7-3 Cap thickness variation
Structural Design | 7 Design of Substructure



Page 130 of 139
Ch.7
Ch.7
I
c
= u.SSz
c
b
o
J
116
( Equ. 7-3)
Ic
mn
=19925 > 17618 kN (Ok)

Hence ( h1 = 1500 mm )

For area 2:
Model Result : , Pu
max
= 2u41 kN (Edge column 0.6m0.6m)
Try h = 500 mm J = Suu -7S -282 = 411 mm
Iu
ctcuI
= 2u27.u kN
Ic
mn
=2300 > 2041 kN (Ok)
Hence( h2=500 mm )

7.5 Modeling

The foundation system has been modeled using STAAD Pro , the figure (7-
4) shows the rendered model .

The piles was modeled to have a
preliminary dimensions of 1m
diameter and 25m and to be
supported by Vertical springs with
kv= 2000000 kN/m (From
geotechnical report) , Modeled in
STAAD Pro as Fixed But support with
(KFY=2000000 kN/m).




116 (5.10) ACI 11.11.2.1 (equ. 11-33)

Figure 7-4 Foundation Model
Structural Design | 7 Design of Substructure



Page 131 of 139
Ch.7
Ch.7
7.5.1 Loads :

Imposed loads on the piles :
1. Columns loads :
Forces applied to the foundation listed as shown:

































Note that the piles are designed with (1L+1D) combination and a factor of
safety from conventional design method, and for cap design (1.2D+1.6L)
combination is considered.
Table 7-1 Columns Loads upon Pile cap
Column No.
For pile Design For Cap Design
1L+1D 1.2D+1.6L
1 279 344.8
2 486 606
3 466 580.8
4 462 575.2
5 459 570.8
6 465 579.2
7 483 602
8 259 318
9 1190 1484
10 6147 7678.4
11 10391 13027.2
12 12009 15044.8
13 8824 10988.8
14 2202 2761.2
15 979 1242.8
16 483 602
17 1637 2052.4
18 11716 14720.8
19 12560 15836.4
20 8370 10502
21 10972 13750.8
22 8175 10206.4
23 930 1180.8
24 783 1089.2
25 1601 2006.8
26 13575 17056
27 9225 11595.6
28 8496 10670.8
29 10974 13755.2
30 938 1190.8
31 465 579.2
32 1632 2046
33 10073 12613.6
34 11660 14640.4
35 8271 10384.4
36 11045 13880
37 8607 10777.2
38 930 1180.8
39 464 578.8
40 1182.8 1475.68
41 2718 3416.8
42 9201 11490
43 11925 14934
44 8706 10874.8
45 3987 4974.8
46 982 1246.8
47 483.4 602.64
48 307 383.2
49 537 673.6
50 516 647.2
51 510 638.8
52 502 628.4
53 515 646
54 535 671.2
55 277.8 343.28
Structural Design | 7 Design of Substructure


Page 132 of 139
Ch.7
Ch.7
2. Self-weight of Cap :

The self-weight for the cap and piles is considered.

From analysis :
The maximum axial force exerted on piles :
Pu = 42Su kN

7.6 Pile Design

7.6.1 Soil Parameters :

The following graph shows soil profile:





Figure 7-5 Soil Profile with soil parameters
Structural Design | 7 Design of Substructure


Page 133 of 139
Ch.7
Ch.7

7.6.2 Design Theory :

Piles were designed to resist service loads, conventional method was
adopted, both pile shaft resistance and end bearing resistance are
considered to withstand applying loads ( Qu = Qf + Qb ) .
.


















7.6.3 Design Procedure :


Pile Dimensions : Take L = 27 m , B = 1 m

u = + b ( Equ. 7-4)
Where : Qb = Base resistance (kN) , Qf = Shaft resistance (kN)
Base Resistance calculation :
For cohesive soil :
b = cu Nc Ab ( Equ. 7-5)
Nc = 9 or intoct cloys
b = 42S (9)(u.78S) = Suu4.1S kN



Figure 7-6 Pile resisting mechanism
Structural Design | 7 Design of Substructure


Page 134 of 139
Ch.7
Ch.7
Shaft resistance :

The pile is bored through 4 layers ; three of them are non-cohesive
soils and one is cohesive soil.
For non-cohesive soil :

]
= Kstono o: A
s
( Equ. 7-6)

Kstono rom tbc ollowing gropb





o:
i
is tbc cccti:c strcss ot tbc miJ loycr



Table 7-2 Frictional pile resisting
L Kstono o:
i

]
5 32 0.09 20.5 14.5
3 37 0.35 57.7 95.2
7 30 0 99.7 0

For cohesive soil :

]
= C
u
A
s
( Equ. 7-7 )
= u.4S
C
u
= 42S kPo

]
= (u.4S)(42S)(S7.7) = 721u kN


Figure 7-7 Pile resisting mechanism
Structural Design | 7 Design of Substructure


Page 135 of 139
Ch.7
Ch.7
Total resistance :

uII
=

b
P.S
b
+
Q
]
P.S
]
( Equ. 7-8 )

uII
=
Suu4.1S
S.S
+
14.S +9S.2 +721u
1.S
= S7S8.1S kN

Efficiency for group piles :

u goup
=
u SngIc
p ( Equ. 7-9 )


= 1 -
n
1
(n
2
-1)+n
2
(n
1
-1)
90 n
1
n
2
( Equ. 7-10 )

Where 0 (Deg) = tan
-1

d


= tan
-1
_
1
S
] = 18.4S


= _1 -
2(2 -1) +2(2 -1)
9u (2)(2)
_(1uu%) = 79.S%

u goup
= S7S8.1S (u.79S) = 4S62.8 kN> 4230 kN (Ok)


Hence D=1m, L=27 m

Structural Design for piles :
For reinforcement , use :
As
mn
= p
mn
A
g
= u.u1 n
(1uuu)
2
4
= 78SS.98 mm
2

Use 16 2S mm
Check Pile capacity:
ApplicJ IooJ P
u
= 42Su kN
Figure 7-8 Group Pile
efficiency determination
Structural Design | 7 Design of Substructure


Page 136 of 139
Ch.7
Ch.7
P
n
= u.8S(u.8SF
c
i
(A
g
-A
st
) +

A
s
) ( Equ. 7-11 )
P
n
= u.7S
u.8S(u.8S SS (78SS98.2 -78SS.98) +42u 78SS.98)
1uuu

= 16849 kN
P
n
> P
u
(ok)
Use 16 2S mm
Spacing =
(1000-275-212-25)n
12
= 1S7.S > 1.SJb mm onJ > 4u mm (0k)

Design of spiral:

Spiral 12 mm will bc uscJ

A
sp
= n _
12
2
4
_ = 11S.1 mm
2

Ch
= 1uuu -(2 7S) = 8Su mm

A
ch
= n
(8Su)
2
4
= S674Su.2 mm
2


p
sp-mux
= u.42S[
A
g
A
ch
-1
]
c
]
j
( Equ. 7-12 )

p
sp-mux
= u.42S_
78SS98.2
S674Su.2
-1]
SS
42u
= u.u1S6

p
sp
=
voIumc o] spuI
voIumc o] concctc
=
n
ch
A
sp
A
ccrc
S
( Equ. 7-13 )

Structural Design | 7 Design of Substructure


Page 137 of 139
Ch.7
Ch.7
u.u1S6 =
n 8Su 11S.1
S674Su.2 S
S = S9.1 mm

S
mn
= 2S mm
S
mux
= 7S mm

Use S=40 mm

7.6.4 Differential Settlement Check :

mux
= 2.11S mm

mn
= u.462 mm
I = 61.u8 m



Differential settlement ( ) =
mux
-
mn
= 1.6SS mm < 2S(0k)
APPENDIX 3.A
Differential building slope=

mcx
-
min
L
= u.uuuu27 < u.uu1 (Ok)
APPENDIX 3.B

Hence, ,this movement will not cause any structural or architectural distress.




Figure 7-9 Differential settlement
Structural Design | 7 Design of Substructure


Page 138 of 139
Ch.7
Ch.7
7.6.5 Pile Cap Design :
1. Analysis Results
X-X Direction Moment Results :












Y-Y Direction Moment Results :
Figure 7-11 Y-Y Direction Moment Results
Figure 7-10 X-X Direction Moment Results
Structural Design | 7 Design of Substructure


Page 139 of 139
Ch.7
Ch.7

2. Design sample for Area1 X X Direction (-) M x - x :

(-) M
x-x
= 2274 kN. m
Assume: J
bu
= S2 mm
J = b - C

-
J
bu
2

J = 1Suu - 7S -
S2
2
= 14u9 mm
R
n
=
M
u
bd
2
=
2274 10
6
0.910001409
2
= 1.27 ( Equ. 7-14 )
m =
f
y
0.85f
c
'
=
420
0.8535
= 14.12 ( Equ. 7-15 )
p =
1
m
_ 1 - _1 -
2mR
n
]
] ( Equ. 7-16 )
=
1
14.12
( 1 -
_
1 -
2 14.12 1.27
42u
) = u.uuS1
A
s-req
= b d = u.uS1 1uuu 14u9 = 4S68 mm
2

A
s-max
= u.428
0.85 fc'
fy

1
bd (
1
= u.8 )
117
( Equ. 7-17 )
= 0.428
0.85 35
420
0.8 1uuu 14u9 = 34172.9 mm
2

A
s-mn
=
0.25 ]ci
]
b J
1.4
]
b J
118
( Equ. 7-18 )
A
s-mn
=
u.2S SS
42u
1uuu 14u9
1.4
42u
1uuu 14u9
4961.8 ( goveins ) 4696.6
A
s-min
= 4961.8 mm
2


A
shrinkage & temperatre
= 0.0018 b h
119
( Equ. 7-19 )

117 ACI 10.2.7.3
118 ACI 10.5.1 equ. (10.3)
Structural Design | 7 Design of Substructure


Page 140 of 139
Ch.7
Ch.7
= 0.0018 1000 1500 = 2700 mm
2


tbcrcorc A
s-req
= 4961.8 mm
2

Use 7 S2 mm
a=
A
s
f
y
0.85 fc
'
b
( Equ. 7-20)
a =
5629.7420
0.85 35 1000
= 79.47 mm
x
d
t
=
79.47
u.8 14u9
= u.u7uS < 0.375

(hence =0.9 (tension control checked )

3. Foundation Design results :

Table 7-3 Foundation Design Results
Area Area 1 Area 2
Direction X Direction Y Direction X Direction Y Direction
Depth
(mm)
1500 500
C.C (mm) 75
Moment
(kN.m/m)
(-)
H
x-x

(+)
H
x-x

(-)
H
-

(+)
H
-

(-)
H
x-x

(+)
H
x-x

(-)
H
-

(+)
H
-

2274 1092 3291 1139 380.6 250 188 125
A
s-mn

(mm
2
)
4961.8 1461.4
A
shnkugc

(mm
2
)
2700 900
A
s-mux

(mm
2
)
34172.9 10065.1
A
s-cq.

(mm
2
)
4365.1 2071.8 6383.2 2162 2535.6 1639.4 1231.7 813
A
s-podcd

(mm
2
)
732
mm
732
mm
832
mm
732
mm
520
mm
520
mm
520
mm
520
mm


119 ACI 7.12.2.1 (b)

a



Apendixes

Appendix 1 | Architectural Drawings
1A Hotel Tower Plans and Sections.
Note:
Levels (+16.00 ,+20.45 , +24.20) are identical.
Levels (27.95 , 31.70 , 35.45 , 39.20 , 42.95) are identical.
Levels (46.70 , 50.45 , 54.20 , 57.95 , 61.70) are identical.
A single plan for each is printed.
1B Faade
1C Stairs
1D Toppings






b
LEVEL HF0 (+5)

c
LEVEL HF1 (+10)

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

m


n

Side View

o


Faade Details

p




Stairs Details

q

Toppings

r

Appendix 2 | Interaction Diagrams


















s




















t


Appendix 3 | Tolerable Differential Settlement

















u

Appendix 4 | Excel Sheets Calculations


Most design calculations in this project are carried out using spreadsheets prepared by us using Microsoft excel , the following are the
main excel spreadsheets :
4A) Rectangular Section - Flexure Design .
4B) Rectangular Section - Torsion and Shear Design.
4C) Biaxial Column Design
4D) Column Moment Capacity
4E) Shear wall Design
4F) Stairs Design








v

4A) Rectangular Section - Flexure Design .


















w
4B) Rectangular Section - Torsion and Shear Design
















x

4C) Biaxial Column Design


















y
4C) Biaxial Column Design (Continued)



















z
4D) Column Moment Capacity



















aa

4E) Shear wall Design


















bb

4E) Shear wall Design (Continued)


















cc

4F) Stairs Design


















dd

4F) Stairs Design (Continuous)


















ee
Appendix 5 | Ss , S1 Seismic Parameters
Values of S
S
and S
1
has been used based on USGS email

















References

1. ACI Committee 318 of American Concrete Institute, Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete ( ACI 318-11 ) .

2. ACI Committee 315 of American Concrete Institute, ACI Detailing
Manual-2004 , Details of Concrete Reinforcement.

3. American Society of Civil Engineers, Minimum Design Loads for
Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE 7-10) .

4. Braja M. Das , Principles of Foundation Engineering 6th Edition .

5. David Anthony Fanella, Portland Cement Association PCA Time-
saving Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete .

6. Edward G. Nawy, Reinforced Concrete (A Fundamental Approach)
5th Edition.

7. Joseph E. Bowles Foundation Analysis and Design 6th Edition.

8. James K. Wight & James G. MacGregor Reinforced Concrete
Mechanics and Design.

9. M. Nadim Hassoun & Akthem Al-Manaseer Structural Concrete
Theory and Design 4th Edition .

10. Mohammed B. Abohedma, and Milad M. Alshebani Wind Load
Characteristics in Libya

11. Website United States Geological Survey www.USGS.org

12. Website Polypropylene Waffle Mould Sizes www.kasetkalip.com

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