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Lorenz Cipher
From http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk/lorenz/fish.htm
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Modern Symmetric Ciphers Modern Ciphers
A billion billion is a large number, but
it's not that large a number.
Whitfield Diffie • AES (Rijndael) successor to DES
selected 2001
• Same idea but: • 128-bit keys, encrypt 128-bit blocks
–Use digital logic instead of • Brute force attack (around 1030 times
mechanical rotors harder than Lorenz)
–Larger keys (random bits, not rotor – Try 1 Trillion keys per second
– Would take 10790283070806000000 years
alignments) to try all keys!
• Lorenz ≈ 512 < 109 – If that’s not enough, can use 256-bit key
• Modern ≥ 128 bits > 1037 • No known techniques that do better
–Encrypt blocks of letters at a time than brute force search
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Eve
User Server
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The Internet
Ciphertext
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Asymmetric Cryptosystems One-Way Functions
• Easy to compute, hard to invert
• Need a hard problem (like symmetric
• Trap-door one way function:
cryptosystems)
– D (E (M)) = M
• With a trap door: if you know a
– E and D are easy to compute.
secret, the hard problem becomes
– Revealing E doesn’t reveal an easy way
easy to compute D.
– Hence, anyone who knows E can encrypt,
but only someone who knows D can
decrypt
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Signatures
Bob The Internet
Alice Signed
Message
Plaintext Encrypt Decrypt Plaintext Ciphertext
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Approach 2:
Public Announcement Approach 3: Public Directory
• Trusted authority maintains directory
• Publish public keys in a public mapping names to public keys
forum • Entities register public keys with
– Append to email messages authority in some secure way
– Post on web site • Authority publishes directory
– New York Time classifieds – Print using watermarked paper, special
• Easy for rogue to pretend to be fonts, etc.
someone else – Allow secure electronic access
• Depends on secure distribution of directory’s
– Forge email, alter web site, lie to New key
York Times
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Approach 4: Certificates SSL (Secure Sockets
Layer)
Browser Server
VeriSign Hello
KUS $$$$ KRCA[Server Identity, KUS]
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SSL Recap
Browser Server
Hello
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Padlocked Boxes
Animated version of
Asymmetric Cryptography Hi!
Demo
Alice
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Padlocked Boxes Padlocked Boxes
Bob’s Padlock
Hi!
Alice Alice
Hi!
Alice’s Padlock Key Bob Alice’s Padlock Key Bob
Bob’s Padlock Key Bob’s Padlock Key
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Alice Alice
Hi!
Alice’s Padlock Key Bob Bob
Bob’s Padlock Key Bob’s Padlock Key
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Padlocked Boxes
Hi!
Alice
Hi!
Bob
Bob’s Padlock Key