Commist Cae

Debra Powell
CAMBRIDGE
COMMON MISTAKES at CAE
and how to avoid them

01 Perfect tenses: simple or continuous?
02 Perfect tenses: active or passive?
03 Give or have?
Test 1
04 How many objects does the verb need?
05 Do I use the gerund or infinitive with the verb + object?
06 Give, provide or offer?
Test 2
07 How do I use must and have to?
08 Do I put the adverb before or after a modal verb?
09 How do I use be supposed to, be expected to and be meant to?
Test 3
10 This or these?
11 How do I use amount of, number of, kinds of, etc.?
12 Which article do I use?
Test 4
13 You, your, yours, or you're?
14 Opportunity, possibility or chance?
15 Commonly confused nouns
Test 5
16 Commonly confused adjectives
17 Big, great or large?
18 When do I use a hyphen in compound words?
Test 6
19 Noun or verb?
20 How do I use negative prefixes?
21 When do I use regarding?
Test 7
22 How do I punctuate sentences with because and however?
23 How do I use because of?
24 If or whether! 42
Test 8
25 How do I use put?
26 Pay or spend
?

27 Which preposition do I use?
Test 9
28 What are some common spelling mistakes?
29 Is the spelling British or American?
30 Kids or children?
Test 10

ANSWER KEY
Perfect tenses: simple or continuous?
1 Tick t he correct s ent ence i n each pair.
1 a Gl obal weat her pat t er ns have changed fop many year s.
b G-lobal weat her pat t er ns have been changing f or many years.
2 a I'd st ayed at a hotel f or six months when I bought my house.
b I'd been staying at a hotel f or six months when I bought my hodse.
We us e t he s i mpl e as pect of t ens es for act i ons whi c h we t hi nk are:
fi ni shed: I've done my homework, (t he home wor k is fi ni shed)
pe r ma ne nt : I've lived in England for 10 years. I've worked for this company for most
of that time. (I t hi nk I will r e ma i n i n Engl and a nd cont i nue t o wor k for t he s a me
company)
We us e t he c ont i nuous as pect of t ens es for act i ons whi c h we t hi nk are:
unf i ni s hed or i n pr ogr ess: I've been doing my homework, (it isn't finished yet)
t empor ar y: I've been living in England for six months. I've been working as an au
pair. (I t hi nk I will l eave Engl and one day - my j ob is t empor ar y)
We us e pas t per f ect t ens es t o c onne c t t wo pas t act i ons, a nd pas t per f ect cont i nuous
wh e n one event i nt er r upt s anot her :
I'd been waiting for twenty minutes when the bus arrived.
T*r The si mpl e or c ont i nuous as pect appl i es acr oss t he ent i r e t ens e syst em.
3 Compl et e t he s ent ences wi t h t he correct f orm of t he verb i n brackets.
1 I (live) her e all my life a n d never wa n t t o l eave.
2 I (attend) a begi nner ' s cl ass i n Spani s h for six weeks.
3 We (drive) for hour s wh e n we s pot t ed t he hot el .
4 I (take) t he t r ai n for a l ong t i me. 1 prefer t o dri ve.
5 Mr Geor gi ou (work) for t he c o mp a n y for t went y year s wh e n
h e r et i r ed.
6 The ci t y I gr ew u p i n (changed) so muc h, I har dl y r ecogni se it
a ny mor e .
7 I (work) i n a n office for t he pas t mont h, b u t my pr of essi on is
act i ng.
8 She (always I take) good car e of her f i nances.
5
Perfect tenses: active or passive?
1 a Eating habits have changed dramatically in the last decade.
b Eating habits have been changed dramatically in the last decade.
2 a Smoking has shown t o be a cause of cancer.
b Smoking has been shown t o be a cause of cancer.
We us e act i ve f or ms of per f ect t ens es {had I has + pas t part i ci pl e} t o descr i be a
si t uat i on whi ch ha s changed:
It's really stormy - the roof has blown off!
We us e passi ve f or ms of per f ect t ens es [has I had been + pas t part i ci pl e) t o descr i be
s omet hi ng whi ch h a p p e n e d i n t he pa s t a nd ha s a cl ear effect on t he pr es ent :
The effect of diet on health has been proved.
We us e act i ve f or ms of per f ect t ens es t o descr i be a s i t uat i on whi c h ha s changed by
itself. We us e passi ve f or ms wh e n t he s i t uat i on ha s b e e n c ha nge d by s o me o n e or
s omet hi ng i n par t i cul ar . Compa r e :
Attitudes to religion have changed.
His attitude to life has been changed by the accident.
We us e t he pr es ent per f ect for act i vi t i es whi c h have a cl ear effect on t he pr es ent . For
fi ni shed act i vi t i es wi t h no c onne c t i on t o t he pr esent , us e t he pas t si mpl e. Compa r e :
Last week's football match was cancelled, (we ar e t hi nki ng of t he past )
Today's football match has been cancelled, (we ar e t hi nki ng of t he pr e s e nt - me r e is no
ma t c h t oday)
3 Underl i ne t he mos t sui t abl e t ense.
1 The e c onomi c si t uat i on has improved I has been improved consi der abl y.
2 The l i ght bul b was invented I had been invented by Th o ma s Edi son.
3 I had applied I applied for t he j ob last week a nd now I have be e n i nvi t ed for interview.
4 The hous e i n whi ch he l i ved had left I had been left t o h i m by hi s mot her .
5 Si nce l osi ng hi s j ob hi s lifestyle has changed I has been changed consi der abl y.
6 It has proved I has been proved t ha t caffeine affects he a r t r at e a n d bl ood pr es s ur e.
7 We have organised I have been organised a l eavi ng par t y for Alex.
8 He had handed in I handed in I has handed in hi s not i ce l ast week.
6
Give or have?
1 a Madonna gave an excellent performance,
b Madonna had an excellent performance.
2 a Television can give a gr eat ef f ect on the family,
b Television can have a gr eat ef f ect on the family.
We us e give t o f or m col l ocat i ons wi t h cer t ai n n o u n s wi t h a n act i ve me a ni ng, i.e. ' to
del i ver' :
give a performance I speech I talk: The band gave a great performance,
give information I advice I an example I an explanation:
He gave no explanation for his poor performance.
I n mor e f or mal s pe e c h or wr i t i ng, we oft en r epl ace give wi t h ot her ver bs:
give I deliver a speech; give I express an opinion; give I hold a lecture:
The lecture will be held in Room 336.
We us e have wi t h cer t ai n n o u n s t o f or m col l ocat i ons wi t h t he s ens e of owner s hi p:
have a(n) problem I chance I opportunity I experience I career I baby.
If I have a chance, I'll travel.
have an idea I impression I opinion: Do you have an opinion on hunting?
have an advantage I effect I impact.
You have the advantage, I'm afraid. My comments had no effect on him.
have a meal I break I appointment I trip: I like to have a light breakfast.
We us e have, not spend, i n cer t ai n phr a s e s t o do wi t h t i me:
have a great time I a pleasant evening. She had a great time in Ibiza.
3 Correct t he s ent ences wi t h a f orm of give or have as appropri at e.
1 Have you t aken br eakf ast yet?
2 We s pe nt a gr eat t i me at t he part y.
3 Mar i a hol ds a great part y, don' t you t hi nk?
4 The l ect ur es wer e ma d e by a seri es of exper t s
5 The book ha s ma d e a gr eat i mpa c t on publ i c opi ni on
6 I ' m t i red. Are we ma ki ng a br eak?
7 Not ever yone c a n ma ke a good career.
8 If y o u don' t unde r s t a nd, I' ll s how you a not he r exampl e
7
TEST 1
1 Compl et e each s ent ence wi t h a f orm of give or have and one of t he words i n t he box.
Use each word onl y once.
advi ce appoi nt me nt experi ence expl anat i on j
i dea probl ems s peech j
1 Traditionally, t he bes t ma n a(n) at t he
we ddi ng r ecept i on.
2 A: Wher e are you going?
B: I a(n) wi t h t he b a n k manager .
3 A: How was your hol i day?
B: Not great . We a l ot of (s) wi t h t he
hot el .
4 The ma na ge r coul dn' t us a ny for t he l ack
of facilities adver t i sed i n t he br ochur e.
5 It's i mpor t a nt for you t o a(n) of h o w t he
fi rm is or gani sed bef or e you st ar t wor ki ng her e.
6 Havi ng no of r ai si ng chi l dr en, I woul dn' t
like t o you on how t o deal wi t h your
son' s pr obl em.
2 Compl et e t he di al ogue. Put t he verbs i n bracket s i n ei t her t he present perfect
si mpl e or present perfect cont i nuous t ense.
Mark: Anna, I haven' t s e e n you si nce College! Wha t (1) (do)!
Anna: Mark! Wha t a sur pr i se! (2) (work) i n Fr ance. And you?
Mark: Well, (3) (have) a few j obs abr oad, b u t I ' m i n London
n o w a nd (4) (teach) at a s chool i n Ha mps t e a d for t he
pas t few mo n t h s .
Anna: That ' s great ! Do you t hi nk you' l l st ay t her e?
Mark: Har d t o say. (5) (always I want) t o live i n t he Far East,
a nd l at el y (6) (think) a bout appl yi ng for wor k i n Hong
Kong.
Anna: (7) Qxear) it' s a gr eat pl ace t o live. Li st en, t here' s a n e w
pl ay s howi ng at t he Art Cent r e. (8) (see) it?
Mark: Not yet . (9) (not I he) out mu c h si nce I st ar t ed t hi s n e w
j ob. Hey, you a nd Sar ah wer e good ma t e s . (10) (ring) he r
yet? Maybe t he t hr ee of us coul d go t oget her .
Anna: Good i dea. Give me your n u mb e r ...
8
3 Read Mark's emai l to a col l eague, Al ex. Use t he i nf ormat i on i n it to compl et e t he
mi nut es . Us e an appropri at e passi ve verb for each gap.
Hi Alex
Sorry you weren't able to make the staff meeting.
Some good news! We got our exam results this
week and they were much better than last year's
- 10% more of our students got a pass. By the
way, there've been a lot of complaints from
students about other students arriving late, so
we've decided that teachers should send late
arrivals to the library. What do you think? Finally,
you know the party that we' d scheduled for
15 Oct - we've postponed it to the 22nd.
See you soon.
Mark
Mi nut es
1 The Cambridge examination results, which
(1) this week, show
a pass result (2) by
10% more students this year than lasl.
2 Complaints (3) by a
number of students that their classes are
being disturbed by other students who arrive
late. It (4) that
students who arrive more than 10 minutes
late should be sent to the library J o work.
3 The date for die mid-term party, Which
(5) for 15 October,
(6) to 22 October.
4 In each l i ne of t he text put t he verb i n bracket s i n an appropri at e perfect t ense.
THE NEWS TODAY
Fresh outbreaks of violence (report) today in the country of
Mornavia, where rebel forces (surround) the capital city.
Continued fighting (take) place throughout the day and night.
The President (announce) that his government may step down
in response to the popular support which (give) to the rebel
forces, though previously he (deny) any possibility of surrender.
Tensions in the country (build), but violence erupted during
the elections last year. To date, the cost of the conflict (be)
high. Countless lives (be) lost in the fighting and industry
in the country (virtually/ come) to a halt.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
5 Are t hes e s ent ences ri ght or wrong? Correct t hos e whi c h are wrong.
1 This year's t r ade fi gures had been announced yest er day
2 We spent a wonder f ul time at the beach yest er day
3 Look at t he weat her l It's rai ned all day!
4 I complained about the service and they agr eed t o have my money back
5 Goi ng t o wa r had an impact on the government's popul ari ty
6 David Buckingham has announced his retirement f rom professional spor t
7 The announcement has been made a shor t time ago
9
How many objects does the verb need?
1 a I'm wri ti ng t o give information and advi ce.
b I'm wri ti ng t o give y ou information and advi ce.
2 a I r egr et t o inform t hat there have been complaints about the service.
b I r egr et t o inform y ou t hat there have been complaints about the service.
Transi t i ve ver bs r equi r e a n obj ect . Some ver bs ne e d t wo obj ect s t o compl et e t hei r
meani ng, a n i ndi r ect obj ect , whi c h gener al l y c ome s first, a nd a di r ect obj ect :
send I give (someone something):
I gave him the money I owed. I I've sent you an email.
fr We can oft en p u t t he di r ect obj ect [t he t hi ng) first, fol l owed by a pr eposi t i on:
I gave the money to him. II sent an email to her. (not J gave to him the money 11
sent to her an email)
Ot her ver bs t aki ng t wo obj ect s are:
assure (someone) that+ cl ause / assure (someone) of (something):
I assure you that we'll do everything we can to help. 11 assure you of our best
intentions.
inform (someone) that + cl ause / inform (someone) of I about (something):
This letter is to inform you that I am not satisfied I inform you of my dissatisfaction.
tell (someone) (something) I tell (someone) that + cl ause / tell (someone) how I why,
et c. :
He told me a lie. I He told me that he wasn't married. I He told me where he lived.
3 Are t he s ent ences ri ght or wrong? Correct t hos e whi ch are wrong.
1 I give t o y ou my wo r d t hat y our secr et is safe
2 The firm assur ed Nadia of their complete t r ust in her ability
3 I sent t o her a message last week
4 1st me give some advi ce
5 Thank y ou f or telling about y our stay in Japan
6 James tol d t o the police the t r ut h
7 He tol d wher e he spent Fri day night
8 The police informed him t hat he wasn't a suspect
I ' dl i ke
2 Correct t he mi st ake bel ow.
10
Do I use the gerund or infinitive with the verb + object?
1 a Let them know when you're arriving.
b Let them t o know when you're arriving.
2 a I can't st op y ou t o leave if y ou want t o go.
b I can't st op y ou leaving if y ou want t o go.
Some ver bs ne e d an obj ect fol l owed by a n infinitive wi t h to:
allow I authorise (someone) to do (something):
The ticket authorises Iallows you to travel for one month.
get I force I help (someone) to do (something):
I got the doctor to make a house call. Poor health forced him to give up smoking.
ask I tell (someone) to do (something): Can I ask you to do something for me?
Some ver bs t ake an infinitive wi t hout to:
let I make (someone) do (something):
We can't let you leave. You can't make me go.
Ot her ver bs ne e d an obj ect fol l owed by a ger und:
stop I prevent someone (from) doing something i n t he fut ure:
The police put up barriers to prevent people entering the house.
see I hear I watch I feel (someone) doing (something):
I watched the children playing in the park.
I ' m afraid
3 Underl i ne t he correct f orm.
1 Ho w c a n we get t h e m change I to change I changing t hei r mi nds ?
2 Chi l dr en ar e not al l owed travel I to travel I travelling una c c ompa ni e d.
3 There' s not hi ng pr event i ng you take I to take I taking a hol i day.
4 I won' t l et you make I to make I making s uc h a s t upi d mi st ake.
5 I' m aski ng you consider I to consider I considering t he cons equences .
6 It' s i mpos s i bl e t o ma k e s o me o n e do I to do I doing s ome t hi ng t he y don' t wa n t t o do.
7 I c a n hear mus i c play I to play I playing i n t he backgr ound.
8 I wi sh I coul d s t op her f r om feel I to feel I feeling sor r y for herself!
11
Give, provide or offer?
1 a We wi sh t o complain about the servi ce given by y our company.
b We wi sh t o complain abodt the servi ce pr ov i ded by y our company.
2 a The servi ce y ou pr ov i ded did not match y our promises,
b The servi ce y ou of f er ed did not match y our promises.
We us e provide:
as a gener al rul e, t o t al k a bout servi ces whi c h have al r eady ha ppe ne d:
The information you requested is provided in the brochure we sent you.
i ns t ead of give i n mor e f or mal cont ext s:
They have promised to provide us with a friendly service, (not to give us a friendly
service)
We us e offer:
t o t al k a bout possi bl e servi ces whi c h s o me o n e mi ght choos e i n t he fut ure:
We can offer (you) an excellent discount (if you choose our service).
We use offer a nd provide wi t h t wo obj ect s:
offer (someone something) I offer (something) to (someone):
They offer people with financial problems free legal advice.
They offer free legal advice to people with financial problems.
provide (someone) with (something) I provide (something) for (someone):
The hotel does not provide guests with an evening meal.
The hotel does not provide an evening meal (for its guests).
2 Correct t he mi s t ake bel ow. _ .
3 Compl et e t he s ent ences bel ow wi t h t he correct f orm of give, offer or provide.
3
4
5
6
2
8
1
7
We can t he fooc
If you si gn t he cont r act t oday, we can
Mor ni ng a nd eveni ng meal s ar e
We' re you a bet t
It's our pol i cy t o
For a smal l surcharge, we
I' ve you all t he i
Woul d you me 1
you all t he i nf or mat i on I ha ve avai l abl e.
... t he f ood if you can s uppl y t he e nt e r t a i nme nt .
ly, we can a 10% di s count .
3 ar e as pa r t of t he servi ce.
you a bet t er deal t h a n you' l l fi nd anywher e else.
me t he n a me of your manager , pl ease.
cl i ent s wi t h t he be s t servi ce possi bl e.
cl i ent s t he opt i on of br i ngi ng a guest .
12
TEST 2
1 Underl i ne t he mos t appropri at e word.
1 The hot el gives I provides I offers eveni ng e nt e r t a i nme nt for its guest s.
2 The c o mp a n y pr omi s es t o give I provide I offer meal s ma d e f r om fresh i ngr edi ent s.
3 Have t hey given I provided I offered you a di s count if you si gn t oday?
4 Woul d you give I provide I offer me your t e l e phone numbe r ?
5 Cat er i ng servi ces ai m t o give I provide I offer good f ood at l ow cost .
6 They' r e offering I providing cas h pr i zes t o wi nne r s of t he bes t compet i t i on.
7 There' s no poi nt i n f ur t her negot i at i on. Thes e ar e t he bes t t e r ms I can give I
provide I offer.
8 We ar e offering I providing you t he c ha nc e t o b u y t he compl et e set at hal f pr i ce.
2 Compl et e Suzanne' s emai l by filling i n t he gaps wi t h an appropri at e word where
necessary.
1
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; The I nt er nat i onal Language School i s hol di ng an end- of - t er m par t y on t he
eveni ng of 22 Oc t ober and 1 am wonder i ng if you wo u l d pr ovi de us
! (1) i nf or mat i on on t he cat er i ng ser vi ces your f i r m of f er s
(2) Ther e wi l l be 20 t o 30 peopl e at t endi ng, but I wi l l be
Woul d y ou be abl e t o pr ovi de meal s (4) peopl e wi t h
\ speci al di et ar y r equi r ement s? ( One per son wh o may at t end i s a veget ar i an and
anot her i s di abet i c. ) Coul d y ou pl ease s end (5) sampl e
menus f or hot and c ol d meal s and a pr i ce l i st ? Fi nal l y, a f r i end wh o
r e c o mme n d e d your f i r m t el l s (6) t hat y ou of f er
(7) di scount s t o l arger gr oups and I a m wonder i ng if y ou
wo u l d be abl e t o of f er (8) a r educt i on on your set r at es?
13
3 Is each l i ne i n t he l etter bel ow ri ght or wrong? Correct t hos e whi ch are wrong.
Somet i mes t here i s a word mi ssi ng, a wrong word or a word whi c h i s not needed.
\Thank;you for your letter;inquiring:about our- catering, service.. -v | 1
Notonly can we provide you a fall^ 2
offer to you a 10% discount on numbers over 20 if you : 3
send to us confirmation of your booking within 30 days. We can t 4
also provide, dishes tomeet.speGialfdieta^requirementS' if you 5
inform in advance. I endos e at ul l price list..We"will be happy : F 6
to provide'with nartherdnformatioffionrequest.:In closing, I'd: - : 7
like to assure to you of our best intentions. ; '. 8
4 Rewri te t he s econd s ent ence, us i ng a f orm of t he word i n bracket s, so t hat it me a ns
t he s ame as t he first.
1 Hi s doct or ma d e h i m go on a st ri ct di et , (force)
Hi s doct or
2 Hi s c o mp a n y gave h i m per mi s s i on t o t ake u n p a i d l eave f r om work, (authorise)
Hi s c o mp a n y
3 Woul d you do s ome t hi ng for me pl ease? (ask)
Coul d I
4 The school deci ded not t o l et h i m t ake t he exam, (allow)
The s chool deci ded
5 The pol i ce di dn' t al l ow wi t nes s es t o l eave t he s cene of t he cr i me, (prevent)
The pol i ce
6 They forced me t o si gn t he doc ume nt , (make)
They
7 No ma t t e r wha t I do, my c omput e r won' t wor k, (get)
I can' t
8 They pr omi s e d t o hel p me i n any wa y t he y coul d, (assure)
They
5 Are t he s ent ences ri ght or wrong? Correct t hos e whi ch are wrong.
1 I could hear music playing in the backgr ound
2 My parents refused t o al l ow me going out on a school night
3 I coul d smell f o o d cook when I wal ked t hr ough the door.
4 They don't al l ow their children staying up past nine o'clock
5 You haven't tol d why you've come t o see me
6 I'd like t o inform y ou t hat I've deci ded not t o at t end the cour se
7 The tour bus st opped f or an hour t o al l ow passengers going t o the shops.
8 His health prevents him t o wor k full time.
14
How do I use must and have to?
1 a You mustn't take lessons t o learn t o cook.
b You don't have t o take lessons t o learn t o cook.
2 a I must have wear a suit and tie in my last j ob.
b I had t o wear a suit and tie in my last j ob.
All mo d a l ver bs us e d t o express cer t ai nt y i n t he pas t t ake have + pas t par t i ci pl e:
You must be Ellen's sister-you look just like her. (present )
You must have had a good time last night-you look terrible! (past)
The negat i ve f or m of t hi s us e of must is can't do or can't have done:
You can't be certain she's guilty - what proof do you have? (present )
The party can't have been any good - they were home early, (past)
Wh e n must is us e d t o expr ess obl i gat i on, t he pa s t f or m is had to + infinitive:
You must see a doctor - you're obviously not well, (present )
I had to leave work early yesterday -1 was ill. (past)
The negat i ve f or ms of t hi s us e of must are:
mustn't do, for negat i ve obl i gat i on, a nd don't have to do, for abs ence of obl i gat i on:
You mustn't play with matches - it's dangerous! (present )
You don't have to go to school today - it's a holiday, (present )
didn't have to do for abs ence of obl i gat i on:
I didn't have to wear a suit last night - it was an informal dinner, (past)
7
Jamie's in bed, Doctor, and 3 ^ _ J H ^
3 Compl et e t he s ent ences . Use a f orm of must, have to or can't. It ma y be neces s ary to
change t he f orm of t he word i n bracket s.
2 Correct t he mi s t ake bel ow.
1 Tha t wa s a n awful acci dent - you nt - you (be) ver y f r i ght ened.
(argue) a nymor e - it' s affecting t he chi l dr en.
3
2 We (argue)
The fridge is e mpt y - t he y (eat) all t he food!
4
5
6
7
8
I (go) out
You (be) s
The weddi ng' s t omor r ow - y o u .
You (buy)
She (tell) 1
(go) out l ast ni ght , t hough I'd r at her have st ayed at h o me .
(be) ser i ous! I don' t bel i eve you' r e sayi ng mat !
w - you (be) feel i ng ner vous .
(buy) me a pr esent , b u t h o w ki nd!
(tell) h i m t he t r ut h or t he y woul dn' t still be t oget her .
15
Do I put the adverb before or after a modal verb?
1 a I'm so ti red, I can hardl y keep my eyes open,
b I'm so ti red. I hardl y can keep my eyes open.
2 a They won't pr obabl y ar r i ve on time - they never do.
b They pr obabl y won't ar r i ve on time - they never do.
We usual l y put t hes e adver bs i mmedi at el y after t he mo d a l auxi l i ary ver b:
adver bs of t i me a nd frequency, e.g. ever, sometimes, never, still, already, soon:
You will never learn to speak English if you don't practise.
I can still see the mess you left in the kitchen.
focusi ng adver bs, e.g. also, only, even, just.
I can just reach it if I stretch.
adver bs of degr ee, e.g. barely, hardly:
We could barely manage it in the time we had.
We could hardly have managed it in less time.
adver bs of cert ai nt y, e.g. definitely, probably, possibly:
I will probably see you tonight.
Thes e adver bs c ome bef or e a cont r act ed negat i ve moda l :
J probably won't see you at the party. 11 definitely can't meet you.
Adver bs of ma n n e r e ndi ng i n -ly, e.g. angrily, easily, happily, can go after t he moda l
ver b or after all auxi l i ary ver bs i n a phr as e:
You could have easily phoned and told me where you were.
You could easily have phoned and told me where you were.
2 Correct t he mi s t ake bel ow. ^ Z T - V ^ ^ V v V \ ^ _ _
3 Add t he adverb i n bracket s t o t he s ent ence.
1 You can live wel l wi t h ver y l i t de money, (still)
2 If you' d t r i ed a little har der , you mi ght have c ome first, (even)
3 I'd have agr eed t o hel p if you' d asked me . (liappily)
4 It's tiny. You can see it cl ose up. (only)
5 Travel l i ng is fun, but it can be ver y expensi ve, (also)
6 I can' t go out t oni ght . I' ve t oo mu c h work, (definitely)
7 How coul d you go a he a d wi t h t he par t y after what ' s ha ppe ne d? (possibly)
8 You shoul dn' t dr i nk a nd dri ve, (ever)
You
16
How do I use be supposed to, be expected to and be meant to?
1 a You expected t o dress smartly f or a weddi ng.
b You ar e expected t o dress smartly f or a weddi ng.
2 a Car s meant t o make our lives easier.
b Car s ar e meant t o make our lives easier.
Suppose is si mi l ar i n me a ni ng t o ' t hi nk' :
I suppose we should be leaving. It's getting late.
We us e expect to t o say we wa n t or h o p e t o do s omet hi ng, a nd mean to t o say we
i nt e nd t o do s omet hi ng:
We expected to arrive before 9.00, but we were late.
I meant to meet you as we agreed, but I was delayed.
We us e be supposed to, be expected to a nd be meant to t o descr i be s ome t hi ng s ome one
el se t hi nks we s houl d / shoul dn' t do:
You're not supposed to park here.
You're expected to arrive by 9.00 for the interview.
Wh e n t al ki ng a bout t he pas t we us e was I were supposed to I expected to I meant to i n
pl ace of should have done t o cri t i ci se s omeone' s behavi our :
You're late! You were supposed to be here an hour ago.
You were expected to wear a suit for the meeting.
We us e was I were supposed to t o say t ha t event s di dn' t h a p p e n t he wa y we expect ed:
We were supposed to stop somewhere nice for lunch, ( but we didn' t)
3 Underl i ne t he correct words.
1 Vi si t ors suppose I are supposed to see t he f amous London si ght s.
2 Lunch should I was supposed to be i n a t ypi cal Engl i sh r est aur ant , b u t it wasn' t .
3 I was meant/ meant t o s e nd you a car d for your bi r t hday, but I forgot ,
4 Accor di ng t o t he i nvi t at i on, wha t t i me do we expect I are we expected-to arrive?
5 A f amous act or meant I was meant t o ope n t hi s r es t aur ant .
6 You' re not suppose to I supposed to wal k o n t he grass.
7 The r esul t wasn' t wha t it was expected I expected t o be.
8 We supposed I were supposed t o have a meet i ng.
17
TEST 3
1 Where necessary, add am, is or are t o t he s ent ence.
1 All reeds meant t o be inclusive in the pri ce
2 I expected t o be home earlier, but the t r af f i c was terrible
3 I meant t o bring my wallet but I f o r g o t
4 Black cat s supposed t o be unlucky
5 I suppose y ou think I'm mad. but I really want t o leave my j o b
6 Technol ogy meant t o make our lives easier.
7 You expected t o dr ess smartly f or the dinner toni ght
8 You supposed t o exerci se three times a week
2 Compl et e t he s econd s ent ence so it me ans t he s ame as t he first, us i ng t he words i n
bracket s. Use be t we e n t hree and si x words .
1 Doct or s r e c o mme n d a bal anced di et , (suppose)
You eat a ba l a nc e d di et .
2 It's illegal t o wal k on t he grass, (suppose)
You on t he grass.
3 My par ent s t hought I woul d b e c o me a doct or, b u t I di dn' t , (expect)
My par ent s , b u t I di dn' t .
4 Why ar e t hey her e? They wer en' t i nvi t ed, (mean)
They her e.
5 Peopl e say t ha t t he n u mb e r t hi r t een br i ngs ba d l uck, (suppose)
The n u mb e r unl ucky.
6 I al ways i nt e nde d t o go ba c k t o s chool a nd fi ni sh my educat i on, (mean)
I al ways a nd fi ni sh my educat i on.
7 Accor di ng t o t he i t i nerary, we s houl d have vi si t ed t he cast l e yest erday, (suppose)
We t he cas de yest erday.
8 They ant i ci pat e a lot of peopl e will t ake pa r t i n t he event , (expect)
A l ot of i n t he event .
1 You can't I mustn't be cer t ai n t hey' r e coi ni ng t o t he part y.
2 You mustn't I don't have to lie t o t h e t ax office a bout your i nc ome - you coul d go t o
pr i son.
3 I must have gone I had to go out - 1 h a d a n i mpor t a nt meet i ng.
4 You mustn't have I can't have me t my mo t h e r - s he lives i n Canada.
5 You mustn't I don't have to go t o wor k on a publ i c hol i day.
6 You can't be I can't have been ser i ous - sur el y you di dn' t me a n wh a t you sai d l ast
ni ght .
7 You must be I must have been t i r ed wh e n you ar r i ved at t he part y.
8 They must have gone out I had to go out - t hei r car' s gone a nd t he l i ght s are out .
IS
4 Reorder t he words i n bracket s t o compl et e Alan's l etter t o a fri end.
l>ear Alex
Uust +o l et you know we' re back from Barcelona.. What a disappointment
t h a t was!
First of all, because t he air conditioning in t he hotel was broken, we had
t o leave oar windows open. The hotel was very near t he cent r e and t he
room was so noisy we ( l ) (sleep / hardly / could).
Not t h a t we want ed t o look out of t he window either - when we did we
( 2 j (only / could / see) building si t es!
I have t o say t h a t t he itinerary was n' t b a d , except t h a t on our l as t
aft ernoon it poured with rai n. I know 5un Travel (3)
(could / anticipated / hardly / have) ba d weat her , but t hey
(H) (easily / had / have / could) a contingency plan.
VJe (5) (had / should / have / also) more, time a t
t he Picasso Museum, a s t her e was so much t o see t her e. Oh, a nd t he
bus t hey provided was so cramped 1 LG) (move /
could / barely) my le_gs, but by t hen I was t i r ed of complaining.
Of course, I ' ve as ked for compensation, but t he f a c t is nothing
(7) (up / make / can / ever) for t he disappointment
of a ruined holiday. Tr ut h i s, we (8) (should /
booked / never / have) a package holiday in t he f i r st place - Barcelona
is such an easy place t o _get ar ound next time we'll j u s t _get on a plane
a nd find our own way round.
ttope you' re well,
Best wishes
Alan
5 Are t he s ent ences ri ght or wrong? Correct t hos e whi c h are wrong.
1 She can't have left y et - her coat's still there
2 She must have al ready ar r i ved
3 I won't see y ou a t t he meeting toni ght pr obabl y
4 She will admit never she was wr o ng
5 She pr obabl y will wi n the competi ti on
6 We hardl y coul d see t he per f or mance because we wer e sitting in the back r ow.
7 We can pr ovi de samples al so of the menus f or y ou t o study
8 I woul d have happily helped y ou if you'd asked me
19
This or these?
1 a People do t o o little exerci se this days,
b People do t o o little exerci se these days.
2 a After all this advi ce. I hope you'll come t o the ri ght decision.
b After all these advi ces. I hope you'll come t o the ri ght decision.
We us e these i n front of pl ur al nouns , e.g. children, mice, people, police:
Wliere did all these people come from?
We us e this i n front of:
si ngul ar count abl e nouns :
Wliy choose this place and time?
unc ount a bl e nouns :
/ hope this information will be helpful.
An unc ount a bl e n o u n ha s no pl ur al f or m. Co mmo n unc ount a bl e n o u n s are: chaos,
evidence, ice, information, knowledge, lightning, literature, money, permission,
pressure, success, thunder, traffic, work
We us e this a nd these wi t h n o u n s t ha t we t hi nk ar e cl ose i n s pace or t i me, a nd that
a nd those wi t h n o u n s t hat we see as mor e di st ant :
Can you help me? There's a problem with this softtvare.
I wish you'd stop playing with that computer!
3 Are t he sent ences right or wrong? Where necessary correct t he underl i ned expressi ons.
1 For all these reasons, I hope y ou will consi der ray pr oposal
2 Don't y ou think these money should go in the bank?
3 In this changing times, we have t o be pr epar ed t o adapt t o new circumstances.
4 Can someone tell me why this children aren't in school?
5 We couldn't have achieved this success wi t hout y our ef f or t s
6 People ar e doing ver y little exerci se this day s
7 We hope t o continue these wo r k f or many y ear s
8 How did y ou come by these knowl edges?
20
How do I use amount of, number of, kinds of, etc.?
1 a The amount of people suffering f rom this di sease is increasing,
b The number of people suffering f r om this di sease is increasing.
2 a Ther e ar e hundreds of di fferent s or t of butterflies,
b Ther e ar e hundreds of di fferent sor t s of butterflies.
We us e number o/ bef or e a pl ur al count abl e n o u n :
There are a number of problems to address.
We us e amount of or quantity o/ bef or e a n unc ount a bl e noun:
We have a limited amount of office equipment to sell.
We us e pl ur al f or ms like kinds of, sorts of, types of.
after pl ur al expr essi ons like all, different, many, these a nd various:
I've taken all kinds of courses, but this was the best.
bef or e pl ur al nouns :
These sorts of opportunities don't come that often.
We us e t he si ngul ar f or m kind of, sort of, type of.
wh e n we ar e t al ki ng a bout one sort , t ype or ki nd of t hi ng:
There is a demand for this kind of job.
bef or e unc ount a bl e nouns :
This sort of information can be dangerous in the wrong hands.
2 Correct t he mi s t ake bel ow. . M
1 Don' t forget t o t ake a smal l amount I number of coi ns wi t h you.
2 It' s not safe t o car r y a l arge amount I number of cas h wi t h you.
3 Thi s kind I kinds of hi gh- payi ng j ob is difficult t o find.
4 Ther e wer e all sort I sorts of art i cl es a nd books for sal e.
5 A l arge amount I number of s t udent s t ook pa r t i n t he demons t r at i on.
6 Ther e ar e pl ans t o i ncr ease t he amount I number of l ow- cost a c c ommoda t i on
avai l abl e.
7 Our cl ub ne e ds mo r e of t hi s type I types of event .
8 Thanks , b u t I don' t n e e d t ha t sort I sorts of advi ce.
1 fiijcn
21
Which article do I use?
1 a The r oom they booked was at f i ve- st ar hotel,
b The r oom they booked was at a f i ve- st ar hotel.
2 a The r oom was on a f our t h f l oor and there was no lift
b The r oom was on the f our t h f l oor and there was no lift
We use the:
wh e n t he i dent i t y of t he pe r s on or t hi ng is known t o bot h t he s peaker a nd l i st ener:
The college canteen serves reasonably priced food.
t her e can be onl y one of t he pe r s on or t hi ng referred t o:
We're studying Japan in the sixth century.
i n front of super l at i ve adj ect i ves:
Giving money isn't always the best way to help people.
wi t h count abl e or unc ount a bl e n o u n s :
The report explains the current situation. It provided us with the correct information.
We use a I an:
in front of si ngul ar count abl e nouns :
We're looking for someone with an outgoing personality.
& In front of unc ount a bl e nouns , we us e some:
He gave me some good advice, (not a good advice)
wi t h expr essi ons like a bit I few I little, a great time, a high standard, a certain way:
Wlien she looks at me in a certain way, I know she's upset.
3 Insert an appropri at e arti cl e i n each s ent ence.
1 Take the lift Our apartment is on f our t h floor.
2 We have automati c washi ng machine a t home
3 Our company has achieved best results ever this year.
4 I'll give y ou exact dat e when I know wh a t it is
5 Only bride's cl ose fri ends wer e invited
6 Confirm arri val time and gat e bef or e y ou l eave home
7 I called this meeting because I have f ew suggesti ons t o make.
8 We've come t o expect high st andar d of servi ce
I t hi nk
22
TEST 4
1 I h o p e you can follow this I these i nst r uct i ons.
2 Wi t hout your work, we coul dn' t achi eve this I these success.
3 Woul d you p u t this I that cat down? It's filthy.
4 We all wa n t t o sol ve this I these pr obl ems .
5 Char i t i es are des i gned t o hel p these I those peopl e t ha t are suffering.
6 We' ll cont i nue this I these wor k unt i l it's fi ni shed.
7 Look at t hat ! Have you s e e n these I those st ai ns on t he car pet ?
8 Wh o left this I these stuff here?
1 A l arge amount of peopl e in the wor l d still suffer f r om hunger.
2 Our firm ar r anges di fferent t ype of sporti ng events
3 We have a l arge number of of f i ce equipments f or sale
4 What s or t of j obs have y ou done?
5 I've done many di fferent t ypes of wo r k
6 Perhaps y ou should consi der ot her kind of accommodati on?
7 What kinds of information ar e y ou looking for?
8 He spends a l arge amount of money on entertainment
3 Is each l i ne i n t he extract bel ow ri ght or wrong? Correct t hos e whi c h are wrong.
Some t i me s t here i s a word mi ssi ng, a wrong word, or a word whi c h i s not needed.
l ast week I went shopping for the electronic j adj et s and it's ; 1
amazing whatyon can. spend _ycM.r money 6h.td.is days, There J 2
were all kind of electronic equipment for sale, everything from I 3
an electronic cube which will forecast the weather to a solar 4
powered briefcase which will charge electronic etju.ipm.eht inside ' 5
the case. However, aâdget I liked the best was the walking desk,
(
- 6
which has the treadmill and exercise bikeinstalled-underneath. I 7
They sag an office workeriike me could walk four to five miles i 8
in an average work dajj. Imagine that!
23
Compl et e t he extract by wri t i ng a, an
word is needed.
or the i n t he space provi ded. Some t i me s
What ' s ( 1) weat her doi ng? We don' t have to wat ch
( 2) weat her r epor t t o find out- all we need t o do Is
l ook at our weat her cubes. Cur r ent l y ( 3 ) mo s t popul ar
gadget In Japan, ( 4) bat t er y- power ed devi ce Is
( 5) f our-I nch cube whi ch can pr edi ct ( 6)
weat her up t o ei ght hour s In advance. ( 7) cube gi ves
( 8) 12- to 2 4 - hour f or ecast vi a easy- t o- r ead s y mbol s
- cl ouds, rai n, sun - di spl ayed on ( 9) LCD scr een.
( 1 0 ) devi ce can pr edi ct ( 1 1 ) rai n, f eat ur es
( 1 2 ) snow possi bi l i t y al ar m, and will even di spl ay
sunr i se and sunset t i mes i n ci t i es ar ound ( 1 3 ) wor l d.
Woul d you go on ( 1 4 ) pi cni c wi t hout one?
( 1 5 ) weat her cube Is ( 1 6 ) essent i al
t r avel accessor y.
2 4
You, your, yours, or you're?
1 a I'm sure y our going t o be pleased,
b I'm sure you're goi ng t o be pleased.
2 a Our monthly repayment plan can save y ou money.
b Our monthly repayment plan can save you're money.
We us e you i n pl ace of a noun. You refers t o t he p e r s o n or peopl e bei ng addr essed:
I wish you all the best.
We us e your i n front of a n o u n :
I've read your brochure.
We us e yours:
i ns t ead of your + n o u n t o s how t hat s ome t hi ng bel ongs t o t he pe r s on or peopl e
bei ng addr essed:
This coat is mine and that one is yours.
at t he e nd of l et t er s:
Yours faithfidly I Yours sincerely I Yours
You're is a cont r act ed f or m a nd me a n s ' you are' :
You're always the last to leave a party!
2 Correct t he mi s t ake bel ow. ^ , ^ ^ v - v \ _
Tha nk
3 Compl et e t he s ent ences wi t h you, you're, your or yours.
1 For mal l et t er s ar e s i gne d' faithfully' .
2 It doesn' t bel ong t o me . It's
3 Tha nk for letter.
4 The i nf or mat i on i n art i cl e wa s wr ong.
5 I n adver t i s ement , pr or
6 I h o p e goi ng t o fi ni sh t hat before you l eave.
7 Havi ng r ead c omme nt s , I agr ee wi t h
8 I ' m wr i t i ng t o t o compl ai n.
pr omi s e d ma n y t hi ngs.
25
Opportunity, possibility or chance?
1 a The j o b gave me the possibility t o t r avel t o Scotland,
b The j o b gave me the opportuni ty t o t r avel t o Scotland.
2 a When y ou have the opportuni ty, ask y our f at her f or his advi ce,
b When y ou have the occasi on, ask y our f at her f or his advi ce.
We use opportunity for a si t uat i on i n whi ch it's possi bl e t o do s omet hi ng you wa nt t o do:
J have the opportunity to study abroad I of going to College.
Col l ocat i ons are the earliest (first) opportunity, equal opportunity, a unique opportunity,
ii An occasion is a par t i cul ar r i me wh e n s omet hi ng ha ppe ns :
A birthday is a special occasion.
We us e a possibility for s ome t hi ng t ha t mi ght or mi ght n o t ha ppe n:
There's a possibility of rain tonight I that it will rain tonight.
The me a ni ng of chance can over l ap wi t h t he me a ni ngs of possibility a n d opportunity,
b u t chance ma y b e us e d l ess formal l y:
/ know we're late, but is there any chance (possibility) of catching the train?
This is your chance (opportunity) to do what you've always wanted.
Col l ocat i ons ar e a slim I slight I faint chance, a second chance:
I know I disappointed you, but please give me a second chance.
fr We us e have a chance b u t not have a possibility, a nd grab or seize an opportunity,
but not grab a chance.
1 We wa n t t o i mpr ove our chances I opportunities of wi nni ng f ut ur e cont r act s .
2 Ever yone her e ha s t he chance I possibility t o l ear n a s e c ond l anguage.
3 Ever yone s houl d have equal opportunities I possibilities i n educat i on.
4 Ther e was no opportunity I possibility for h i m t o be ent er ed for t he exam.
5 Ther e is a(n) opportunity I possibility it will s now t oni ght .
6 Thank you for t hi s occasion I opportunity t o br oa de n my knowl edge.
7 Nur si ng gives one t he chance I possibility t o hel p ot her s.
8 Goi ng t o a par t y is a great occasion I opportunity t o me e t n e w peopl e.
Thanks for giving me a second
opportunity. I won't disappoint you.
26
Commonly confused nouns
1 a We'd like t o invite y ou t o our next event whi ch will be held in May.
b We'd like t o invite y ou t o our next activity, whi ch will be held in May.
2 a Keeping fi t is an i mportant acti vi ty in the local ar ea,
b Keeping fi t is an i mportant event in the local area.
Activity or event!
An activity is s ome t hi ng or gani s ed for peopl e t o t ake pa r t i n, e.g. a spor t :
The centre offers special activities for children, including games and sports.
An event is s ome t hi ng or gani s ed whi c h peopl e at t end, usual l y a soci al gat her i ng:
The social event was a disaster - nobody came!
Thes e wor ds are s ome t i me s conf used wi t h activity or event
a n action is t he pr oces s of doi ng s ome t hi ng or a physi cal move me nt :
He mimed the actions without saying a word.
a happening is an i nci dent whi ch ma y be difficult t o explain, e.g. a strange happening
a meetingis an event wh e n peopl e c ome t oget her , oft en t o di scuss bus i nes s
a n organisation is a gr oup of peopl e wh o wor k t oget her for a c o mmo n pur pos e:
The organisation holds monthly meetings.
a programme is a pl a nne d seri es of act i vi t i es or event s:
The school offers a programme of social events, including concerts and parties.
1 I n my opi ni on, t he happening! eventwas a bi g success.
2 Gymnast i cs is a popul a r s por t s activity I event at my school .
3 Ever yone is i nvi t ed t o t he next activity I event.
4 A meeting! event was hel d t o di scuss t he cl ub' s finances.
5 The s por t s organisation I event wa s wel l at t ended.
6 The organisation I event is p r o u d of t he r esul t s.
7 The cent r e ar r anged a day of activities I programmes for ol der peopl e.
8 We' ve or gani s ed a(n) event I activity I programme of event s wi t h activities t o appeal
t o di fferent peopl e.
27
TEST 5
1 Thank y od f or this occasi on t o speak t o y od toni ght
2 Do men and women in y odr codntpy have eqdal possibilities?
3 He was given a second possibility t o pr ov e he codl d do the j o b
4 I wodl d like a j o b wher e there ar e chances f or pr omot i on
5 Training possibilities ar e available f or all members of staff.
6 Ml parti ci pants have the same possibility of winning
7 He has a slim possibility of sdcceeding if he applies himself.
8 Don't miss this dniqpe opportuni ty t o see Picasso's later wor k
2 Fill i n t he gaps wi t h an appropri at e word. Us e you, your, yours or you're.
1 I' m sur e goi ng t o be pl eased.
2 I'd like t o he a r si de of t he story.
3 Tha nk you for concer n.
4 I'll be wai t i ng for at t he st at i on.
5 I' ve h u n g my j acket next t o
6 I t hi nk t hi s is bi ggest mi s t ake.
7 Wher e do you t hi nk goi ng?
8 Here' s my bus - is n u mb e r 30.
3 Compl et e t he extract wi t h a f orm of activity, event, programme, or meeting.
This season's coming (1) include the Winter Street Festival,
promising a packed (2) of street theatre, music and dance.
Another not-to-be-missed annual winter (3) is the Historic
includes races, road rallies and Motor Sports Show. The (4).
speed events. A reminder for those 18-80s whose spare-time
(5) range from bowling to ballroom dancing - the Social
Club meets monthly on the first Tuesday of the month, 8.30 at the
Rose and Crown. The December (6) was very festive. The
Club offers sport and social (7) suitable for people of all
ages. Finally, if you have a forthcoming (8) _ _ which you
would like to advertise, contact me on 01832-358217.
28
Circle t he correct word for each s pace and compl et e t he text.
CV
T i ps f o r i mpr ov i ng (1) car eer
Here ar e seven ways t o ensur e (2)
ready t o make t he most of car eer (3)
1 Find a car eer ment or - someone t o di scuss
(4) hopes and dr eams with.
2 Under st and what mot i vat es (5) and
be t r ue t o yourself. Make car eer deci si ons f or your sel f -
t he only car eer (6) can really
i nfl uence is (7)
3 Be positive. If t he boss not i ces, t hi s will i mprove your
(8) of promot i on.
4 Grab any (9) t o net work, no mat t er
how t i red (10) feeling. Social
(11) can be a gr eat pl ace t o get
your sel f not i ced.
5 Updat e (12) CV - and if
(13) don' t have an el ect roni c
versi on, get one.
6 Get not i ced, loin a public or char i t abl e
(14); and at t end meet i ngs regularly.
7 Remember heal t h and family. Take par t in an
(15) like t enni s or swi mmi ng t ha t
will keep you fit. (16) expand
when you are happy and healthy.
1 you
2 you
3 possi bi l i t i es
4 you
5 you
6 you
7 you
.0 you
.1 event s
.2 you
.3 you
.4 h a p p e n i n g
.5 event
.6 Possi bi l i t i es
your
your
oppor t uni t i es
your
your
your
your
oppor t uni t i es
oppor t uni t i es
your
act i vi t i es
your
your
act i vi t y
act i vi t y
Oppor t uni t i es
your s
your s
c ha nc e s
your s
your s
your s
your s
chances
chances
your s
meet i ngs
your s
your s
or gani s at i on
me e t i ng
Chances
29
you re
you' r e
you' r e
you' r e
you' r e
you' r e
you re
pr ogr a mme s
you' r e
you' r e
p r o g r a mme
p r o g r a mme
Commonly confused adjectives
1 a Ther e ar e Free s por t activities available t o members,
b Ther e ar e free spor t s activities available t o members.
2 a They have a var i ed range of healthy f oods on offer,
b They have a vari ety r ange of healthy f oods on offer.
Sports, sporting or sport?
We can us e sports a n d sporting as adj ect i ves. Sport is a noun:
Welcome to the school sports day. There are a number of sporting events.
Wliat's your favourite sport? Do you play any sports?
Co mmo n col l ocat i ons wi t h sports ar e sports centre, sports club, sports day, sports
competition, sports equipment, sports programme, sports teacher
Open or opened?
We can us e open as an adj ect i ve. Opened is a ver b:
We're open for business around the clock. The shop opened an hour ago.
Varied or variety?
We can use -ing or -erf par t i ci pl es as adj ect i ves:
We offer a varied choice dishes, (adj) A variety of dishes is available, (n)
People are concerned about the environment, (adj) The environment is a concern, (n)
Wlien are you taking your driving test? (adj) Wouldyou like to go for a drive? (n)
Ot her f or ms whi ch are conf used are:
cultural (adj) / culture (n), dramatic (adj) / dramatically (adv), true (adj)/ truth (n)
3 Are t he underl i ned words ri ght or wrong? Correct t hos e whi ch are wrong.
1 I'm concern about the t r anspor t strike
2 Have y ou g o t a driving licence?
3 Everything we adver t i se is t r ut h
4 I have been opened about ho w I feel
5 We organi se spor t events every month
6 Life can take dramaticallu turns when y ou least expect it
7 You should eat a var i ed of f oods daily
8 Hol l ywood has i ncreased the culture influence of America ...
We' re
30
Big, great or iarge?
1 a We think our wo r k here is of big importance.
b We think our wor k here is of gr eat importance.
2 a The choi ce of hot meals is t o o little,
b T he choi ce of hot meals is t o o limited.
Adj ect i ves me a ni ng big ar e us e d i n t hes e expr essi ons:
great fun, of great importance, a great pleasure, a great success, a great variety
a high level of something, high prices, a high standard (of living), high wages
a large amount I number I quantity of something
a wide choice I range I variety of something
Adj ect i ves me a n i n g little are us e d i n t hes e expr essi ons:
a limited choice of something, a limited I narrow range of something
a small amount I number I quantity of something, a small business I firm
a short break, a short holiday, a short time
a low level of something, low pay I prices, a low standard (of living), low wages
Al so: a minor problem, a light rain I shower
Adj ect i ves me a n i n g good, bad or wrong are us e d i n t hes e expr essi ons:
poor pay I wages, poor quality
inadequate I insufficient leg room or space
false I inaccurate information I figures I statement
Al so: a bad habit, a positive response, a severe I serious illness
2 Correct t he mi s t ake bel ow. ^ ^ ^ ^ V ^ V v - * - ^ v W e ' r e a little
3 Compl et e t he s ent ences wi t h an adjecti ve me ani ng big, little, good, or wrong.
We' re
4
5
6
7
8
3
2
1 It's a pl eas ur e t o me e t you.
We wer e pai d a a mo u n t of mo n e y as a bonus .
Ther e is a r ange of f oods avai l abl e.
We' ve wor ked har d. It's t i me for a br eak.
Tha nks t o a st r ong economy, we have a st and;
We don' t ne e d a n umbr el l a - t he forecast is for
We have onl y a n u mb e r of i t ems left t o sell.
It's a cr i me t o give i nf or mat i on t o t he pol i ce.
s t andar d of living.
rai n.
31
When do I use a hyphen in compound words?
1 a The vi ew f rom here is breathtaki ng,
b The vi ew f rom here is breathtaki ng.
2 a The newspaper is well known f or its bal anced cover age,
b The newspaper is wel l - known f or its bal anced cover age.
We usual l y wr i t e c o mp o u n d adj ect i ves wi t h a hyphe n:
above-mentioned, air-conditioned, all-inclusive, brand-new, English-speaking, easy-
going, (five)-year-old, fidl-time, grown-up, living-room, middle-aged, middle-class,
never-ending, self-centred, so-called, three-storey, top-class, well-known, well-paid
Some c o mp o u n d adj ect i ves can be wr i t t en as t wo wor ds wh e n us e d after the n o u n :
It's a top-class restaurant. The restaurant is top class.
Anthony's a well-known actor. Anthony's well known as an actor.
These c o mp o u n d wor ds are usual l y wr i t t en as one wor d:
breathtaking, hairdresser, lifestyle, lunchtime, worldwide:
Football is a worldwide sport. Can you have this finished by lunchtime'?
These c o mp o u n d n o u n s are wr i t t en as t wo wor ds : air conditioning, free time. Wh e n
tiiey are us ed as adj ect i ves t hey ar e hyphe na t e d:
Wliat do you do in your free time?
She had to reduce her free-time activities when she started her new job.
~& If you are i n doubt a bout whe t he r a c o mp o u n d s houl d be one wor d, t wo wor ds or
hyphenat ed, it is a good i dea t o cons ul t a di ct i onary.
1 The English language is spoken wor l d wi de
2 The ai r-condi ti oni ng is t o o cold. Would y ou turn it down?
3 She goes t o the hair dr esser once a week
4 Moving t o the count r y was a big life style change
5 Could y ou make a note of the above- ment i oned point?
6 Where ar e my so called fri ends when I need them?
7 In my free-time. I wat ch television t o relax
8 The air-conditioning unit has br oken d o wn
32
TEST 6
1 His wor k as a medical r esear cher is of big importance
2 In ray count r y we eat a big quanti ty of past a and br ead
3 The choi ce of dishes is little and the pri ces ar e high
4 The pay f or teachers and nurses in Britain is quite little
5 The event was a g o o d success and will doubtl ess take place agai n next yean
6 It's difficult t o change wr ong habits once they ar e f ormed
7 I've deci ded t o take a shor t holiday wi t h my family
8 The article wasn't carefully r esear ched and contai ned wr ong information.
2 Fill i n t he gaps wi t h a sui t abl e f orm of t he words i n t he box. Us e one word twi ce,
j cul ture concern dramat i c ope n t rut h sport vary |
1 Hi s wor k i mpr oved wh e n he he a r d a bout hi s pay ri se.
2 We' re for bus i nes s vi rt ual l y r o u n d t he clock.
3 Have you b e e n t o t he n e w cent r e yet? They have a n Ol ympi c
si zed pool .
4 Amer i ca ha s h a d a huge commer ci al a n d i nf l uence on t he
wor l d.
5 Peopl e ar e i ncr easi ngl y a bout adopt i ng a heal t hy lifestyle.
6 The n e w r es t aur ant ha s heal t hy food, a me n u a n d fri endl y
staff.
7 Your adver t i s ement s ounds t oo good t o b e
8 Foot bal l is a popul a r wi t h pe opl e of all ages.
1 Her l at est CD i ncl udes brand new I brand-new s ongs a n d r ecent hi t s.
2 She ha s t hr ee chi l dr en but t hey' r e all grown up I grown-up.
3 I' m ver y easy going I easy-going a nd I love peopl e.
4 He' s well known I well-known for hi s l ove of fine art .
5 The vi ew of t he val l ey f r om our hot el r o o m wa s breathtaking I breath-taking.
6 The cl ub is popul a r wi t h middle aged I middle-aged a nd ol der peopl e.
7 Have you ever l i ved i n a n English speaking I English-speaking count r y?
8 I don' t have a l ot of free time /free-time, b u t I enj oy wha t I have.
33
Sports is an important part of the cultural tradition in Britain. Two
especially well liked national sports are football and tennis. For
football fans,, nothing- can compare with the excitement generated
every four-years by. the World Cup, an event, which is watched
virtually world-wide. The event.is not only an opportunity to
watch top class football, it's also a chance to see some of the most
well known players in the world, celebrities in their own right. For
tennis lovers, Wimbledon, which takes place every jurie, is the event
to watch. This championship tennis competition is not only a sporting
event - it is a culture event. It is not uncommon for tennis lovers to
take a small holiday so that they can watch the matches undisturbed.
While some fans, watch the games in the, comfort of their living-rooms,
others are happy to brave the unpredictable June weather to watch
the games played live.'There is some debate about whether the big
wages paid to professional sportspeople are excessive, but for many
fans, the big pleasure derived from watching a true professional in
action is worth any price.
1 9
2 10
3 11
4 12
5 13
6 14
7 15
8 16
34
Noun or verb?
1 a Thei r main complain is rel ated t o the quality of the f ood,
b Thei r main complaint is rel ated t o the quality of the f ood.
2 a Technol ogy has gr eat l y af f ect ed our lives,
b Technol ogy has gr eat l y af f ect ed our lifes.
The ver b complain a nd t he n o u n complaint ar e oft en conf used:
Some people are always complaining.
We didn't hear any complaints.
Ot her c o mmo n l y conf used f or ms are:
advise (verb) a nd advice ( noun) :
It's better not to give advice to people who don't ask for it.
live (verb) a nd life I lives ( noun) :
This diet has changed my life.
sit I sat (verb) a nd seat ( noun) :
Could we have seats at the front of the cinema, please? (not could wc have sits)
pay I paid (verb) a nd payment ( noun) :
Wliich method of payment do you prefer - cash or credit card? (not method of paying)
stay (verb) a nd stay ( noun) :
/ hope you enjoy your stay in Britain, (not your staying)
3 Underl i ne t he correct word.
1 What ' s t he mo s t f r equent complain I complaint you r ecei ve f r om st udent s?
2 Mainly, t he y complain I complaint t ha t t her e are t oo ma n y s t udent s i n t he cl ass.
3 Change is i nevi t abl e - you' ve c ome t o a t ur ni ng poi nt i n your life I live.
4 How woul d you like t o be pay I paid for your wor k - cas h or cheque?
5 Wh e n we go t o t he t heat r e, we b u y t he bes t sits I seats we can afford.
6 A good pi ece of advice I advise is, ' Don' t worry!'
7 Unf or t unat el y, ever y bus i nes s will recei ve its s har e of complains I complaints.
8 Jenny enj oyed her stay I staying i n Amer i ca, b u t wa s gl ad t o get h o me .
35
How do I use negative prefixes?
1 a The coach dri ver wa s ver y unpolite and unfriendly,
b The coach dri ver was ver y impolite and unfriendly.
2 a In f act the whol e t our wa s quite di ssati sfactory,
b In f act the whol e t our was quite unsati sfactory.
Thes e prefixes give wor ds a negat i ve me a ni ng: un-, in-, im-, dis-, mis- a nd non-.
The mos t c o mmo n negat i ve prefi x is un-. Some wor ds t aki ng un- are:
unavailable, uncomfortable, unconditional, unconscious, unconvincing,
undemanding, undoubtedly, unforgettable, unforgivable, unlimited, unnecessary,
unoccupied, unpolluted, unprejudiced, unsatisfactory, unscheduled
in- is al so a c ommonl y- us e d prefix. Wor ds t aki ng in- are:
inadequate, inadvisable, inappropriate, incapable, incompetent, incomplete, inconvenient,
ineffective, inexcusable, inexpensive, inexperienced, insecure, insufficient, intolerable
We us e im- before wor ds begi nni ng wi t h p a nd m:
impolite, impossible, impractical, improper, immature
Wor ds t aki ng non- are: non-existent, non-native
Wor ds t aki ng mis- are: mislead, misunderstand
Wor ds t aki ng dis- are: discourage, disobedient, disorganised, dissatisfied
it We say unsatisfactory (adj), but dissatisfaction (noun) a nd dissatisfied (adj).
3 Compl et e each s ent ence wi t h a negat i ve f orm of t he word i n bracket s.
1 The College c a nt e e n is a nd ne e ds t o be i mpr oved, (adequate)
2 You my me a n i n g or you woul dn' t have t aken offence.
(understand)
3 I don' t accept t ha t my behavi our wa s i n any wa y (proper)
4 I' m wr i t i ng t o express my wi t h your firm, (satisfy)
5 We' re mos t u n h a p p y wi t h t he ser vi ce you pr ovi ded, (satisfy)
6 I' m afraid your r epor t is (complete)
7 For a speaker , your pr onunc i a t i on is excel l ent , (native)
8 Tha nk you for a(n) hol i day, (forget)
36
Mien do I use regarding?
Tick t he correct s ent ence i n each pair.
1 a That's all I have t o say as f or myself.
b That's all I have t o say regardi ng myself.
2 a Accordi ng t o the Financial Times, t hat company is facing bankruptcy,
b Regardi ng the Financial Times, t hat company is facing bankruptcy.
In a mo r e f or mal cont ext , we us e regarding + n o u n t o i nt r oduce a n e w i dea or t opi c.
Regarding your visit on Thursday, I wonder if you could arrive after 10.00.
Ot her expr essi ons us e d i n t hi s wa y ar e as regards a n d as for. As regards oft en i ndi cat es
a change of t opi c:
The food for the event has been organised. However, as regards the entertainment...
As for ma y i ndi cat e a negat i ve at t i t ude o n t h e par t of t he speaker :
As for the schedule, it could be difficult to manage.
? We us e according to + noun, not regarding, t o me a n ' as st at ed by' :
According to the Prime Minister, the economy continues to improve.
-fr We us e in my opinio?!, b u t not according to me t o st at e our own opi ni on.
Wh e n regarding occur s mi d- s ent ence, it oft en r epl aces t he pr epos i t i on about:
lam writing to you regarding/about your choice of accommodation.
Regarding can al so pa r t ne r wor ds i n pl ace of in, of and on:
We've made remarkable progress regarding I in customer relations.
Wliat are your expectations regarding I of the team?
Ten years ago, these regidations regarding/on working conditions did not exist.
\ Are t he s ent ences ri ght or wrong? Correct t hos e whi c h are wrong.
1 About the hotel, it was mdch t o o f ar f rom the trai n stati on
2 As regardi ng the entertainment I f ound it t o be excellent
3 Accordi ng t o the vari ety of f ood, there will be dishes f or vegetari ans....
4 For these complaints, we need t o deci de what acti on t o take
5 The government is quite concerned about this matter.
6 I'll gi ve y ou my advi ce as f or passing y our driving test.
7 In the new clubroom, we coul d pai nt it yellow.
8 We've made remarkable pr ogr ess in medical science
2 Correct t he mi s t ake bel ow;
Sir,
37
TEST 7
1 Compl et e t he s ent ences wi t h an appropri at e f orm of t he word i n bracket s.
1 The chi l d wa s puni s he d for her (obey)
2 We wer e pr omi s e d a(n) hol i day a nd we di d have a wonder f ul
t i me, (forget)
3 Empl oyme nt oppor t uni t i es i n t hi s par t of t he count r y ar e pr act i cal l y
(exist)
4 Your des k l ooks so - can' t you t i dy it up? (organise)
5 l ove for a not he r pe r s on is pe r ha ps s ome t hi ng onl y par ent s
feel, (condition)
6 The barri st er' s a r gume nt s wer e t oo t o s way t he opi ni on of t he
jury, (convince)
7 I'd love t o own a s por t s car, b u t it woul d be wi t h a l arge
family, (practical)
8 Ma ny peopl e i n t he wor l d are forced t o live i n condi t i ons ot her s woul d find
(tolerate)
1 I'd advice I advise you t o be careful a bout wh o you conf i de i n.
2 Mi l l i ons of peopl e l ost t hei r lives I lifes i n t he Second Wor l d War.
3 I' m c onc e r ne d a bout t he cur r ent s i t uat i on of I regarding our wor k efficiency.
4 We wer e pr e s e nt e d wi t h a list of complains I complaints a bout t he pr oduct .
5 Our t hr ee day stay I staying i n Pari s wa s j us t t he br eak we ne e de d.
6 We' d have enj oyed t he pe r f or ma nc e mo r e if we' d h a d bet t er sits I seats.
7 About I Regarding di et a nd a c c ommoda t i on, do you have any speci al r equi r ement s ?
8 I t hi nk t he paying I payment for my wor k s houl d b e i ncr eased.
3 Are t he s ent ences ri ght or wrong? Where necessary, change t he s ent ence us i ng
regarding.
1 I'd like t o speak t o y ou about y our pr oposal f or a training programme.
2 I'd be pleased t o give y ou my advi ce f or improvements t o the College
3 I am wri ti ng t o expr ess my di ssati sfacti on f or the tour.
4 About public t r anspor t , future developments have been planned
5 I'm a little concer ned about some poi nts of the or gani sat i on of the tour.
6 Accordi ng t o the Pr oduct i on Manager, producti vi ty has i ncreased this month.
7 For y our request f or more of f i ce equipment I'm af r ai d it has been refused.
8 About the danger of a t r ans por t strike, negoti ati ons ar e underway.
38
1 Read t he not es and, us i ng t he
i nf ormat i on gi ven, compl et e
t he l etter of compl ai nt . Write
t he mi s s i ng words i n t he space
provi ded. Us e onl y one word i n
each space.
f
3hs too sna.ll ~ noy/htn to sit
Bus masts stops not on ctele
TLooms cliily and not wmf M-UMe
Waiter not: j>olitt ot ot^mised
Wouldn't a.mft ^. mwi t f>^
Location not c-onv&nient ~ 4 mites from town centre ^
I a m wr i t i n g o n be ha l f of my f i r m t o . ma k e a (1)
r e g a r d i n g t h e s e r v i c e y o u r h o t e l p r o v i d e d at o u r a n n u a l c o n v e n t i o n . Fi rst l y,
t h e b u s wh i c h t r a n s p o r t e d u s f r om t h e t r a i n s t a t i on t o t h e h o t e l d i d n o t
h a v e e n o u g h (2) '. a n d a s a r e s ul t ma n y d e l e g a t e s we r e
f or c e d t o s t a n d . Mo r e o v e r , t h e dr i ve r m a d e t wo (3)
s t ops . Wh e n w e f i nal l y a r r i v e d at t h e hot e l , w e f o u n d o u r r o o ms di r t y
a n d (4) Lat er , w e h a d d i n n e r i n y o u r r e s t a u r a n t .
T h e f ood wa s t a s t y b u t t h e wa i t e r wa s (5) a n d
(6) I n f act , w h e n t h e b i l l ' wa s p r e s e n t e d h e wo u l d n ' t
a c c e p t a c h e q u e a n d i n s i s t e d w e s h o u l d (7) , b y c a s h or
c r e di t c a r d. Fi nal l y, y o u d e s c r i b e d t h e l oc a t i on of y o u r h o t e l a s ' c e nt r a l '
wh e n , i n f act , it wa s l o c a t e d f our mi l e s f r om t h e c e n t r e , wh i c h wa s mo s t
(8) I l o o k f o r wa r d t o r e c e i v i n g a l e t t e r of a p o l o g y a n d
a n offer of c o mp e n s a t i o n .
5 Fill i n t he gaps wi t h a f orm
of t he words i n t he box.
comf ort
pat i ent
cons ci ous
s ucces s
de pe nd
unders t and
l ead
verbal
Body Language
Understanding body language can teach us a great deal about human behaviour.
Much research has been done into whether (1) signals are inborn or
learnt, and experiments have shown that the smiling expressions of children born deaf and
blind occur (2) or learning. Do you cross your arms left over right or
right over left? Most people will find that where one way feels good, the other feels very
(3) It seems that basic communication gestures are the same
worldwide. However, cultural differences in body language, gesture in particular, can cause
(4) and these can be highly embarrassing.
Much of what we communicate through body language is done (5)
That is to say, we are unaware of the message we are conveying. Is It possible, then, to fake
body language so as to deliberately (6) others? Skilled communicators,
like actors or politicians may do so for short periods of time, but your average person would be
(7) even at this. If you want to learn to read body language, go to an
airport - here you can observe a spectrum of gestures as people openly express anger, sorrow,
(8) and many other emotions.
39
How do I punctuate sentences with because and however?
1 a Because she was driving t o o quickly she skidded and nearly had an acci dent
b Because she was driving t o o quickly, she skidded and nearly had an acci dent
2 a I want t o learn English, however lots of people in ray class don't feel t hat way .
b I want t o learn English. However, lots of people in ray class don't feel t hat way .
However is an adver b. We us e however.
t o hi ghl i ght a cont r as t wi t h t he i dea i n t he pr evi ous s ent ence
t o st ar t a n e w s ent ence. However is fol l owed by a c omma :
The cost was advertised as all-inclusive. However, we had to pay for meals.
Nevertheless is us e d i n a si mi l ar wa y t o however, b u t is mor e f or mal .
Because is a conj unct i on. We us e because:
t o give a r eas on for t he si t uat i on or event i n t he ma i n cl ause.
t o l i nk t wo cl auses. The cl ause wi t h because usual l y c ome s after t he ma i n cl ause.
Wh e n it c ome s first, it is fol l owed by a c o mma .
We were unhappy with the service because we had to pay for meals.
Because we had to pay for meals, we were unhappy with the service.
As a nd since ar e al so conj unct i ons whi c h can be us e d t o i nt r oduce a r eas on. Cl auses
wi t h as or since oft en c ome at t he begi nni ng of t he s ent ence:
As it was nearly one o'clock, we decided to break for lunch.
3 Join t he s ent ences us i ng however or because. Use capi tal l etters and / or c o mma s
where necessary.
1 I'd like a refund. I' m di ssat i sfi ed wi t h t he servi ce you pr ovi ded
2 We pr ovi de veget ar i an food. Ther e is a n ext ra char ge for this^
3 I'd like t o accept t he j ob. Ther e are s ome poi nt s I ne e d t o clarify.
4 Ther e wa s a t hunde r s t or m. I ar r i ved at Col l ege we t a nd col d
5 We vi si t ed a beaut i ful cat hedr al . Tha t wa s t he onl y enj oyabl e par t of t he hol i day.
6 Thi s is one sol ut i on t o t he pr obl em. Ther e are ot her sol ut i ons
7 We t hi nk t he c a nt e e n is unhygi eni c. We ar e refusi ng t o eat t her e
8 Suzanne' s feel i ng ver y i rri t abl e. She' s t i r ed
40
How do I use because of?
1 a Our lives have changed a l ot because of new technology,
b Our lives have changed a l ot by new technology.
2 a I woul d like t o thank y ou f or y our invitation.
b I woul d like t o thank y ou because of y our invitation.
Because of ox because!
Because of is a t wo- wor d pr epos i t i on. We us e because of+ a n o u n or a pr onoun:
I can't live in a house with pets because of an allergy.
Because is a conj unct i on. We us e because + a cl ause:
I can't live in a house with pets because I have an allergy.
Because of, for, or by
7
.
We us e because of+ n o u n t o s how t he caus e of a s i t uat i on or event . Owing to a nd due
to c a n be us e d i n t he s a me way:
They were delayed because of I owing to I due to bad weather.
T~r We can us e due to, b u t n o t because of or owing to, after t he ver b to be:
His wealth is due to his lottery win.
We us e for + n o u n t o i nt r oduce a n expl anat i on for our behavi our :
I'd like to thank you for the time you gave me.
We use by + n o u n i n a passi ve cons t r uct i on t o s how t he agent or caus e of a n act i on:
We were misled by your advertisement.
1 The fi rm cl osed down l ast mo n t h for I because o/ f i nanci al pr obl ems .
2 Because / Because of t he mo n e y I ear n, I ' m abl e t o hel p ot her s.
3 J ohn is feel i ng st r essed/ 07' / because of a hect i c j ob.
4 I' m not ha ppy wi t h t he t our for I because of two r eas ons .
5 The gar den f ur ni t ur e wa s dest r oyed by I because o/ pour i ng r ai n.
6 Sales ar e suf f er i ng/ or / because of a l ack of a c ommi t t e d sal es t e a m.
7 You wer e r e c o mme n d e d because I because of ' you offer t op- qual i t y servi ce.
8 The s t or m da ma ge was owing to I due to t he except i onal l y hi gh wi nds .
J ames
41
If or whethert
1 a I think it woul d be bet t er whet her the t our went ahead as planned,
b I think it woul d be bet t er if the t our went ahead as planned.
2 a The question was about whet her I agr eed wi t h the pr oposal ,
b The question was about if I agr eed wi t h the pr oposal .
We can us e t he conj unct i ons i f a n d whether.
i n r epor t ed yes I no ques t i ons :
She asked me if / whether I would take the job she offered me.
after expr essi ons like I'm not sure, I don't know, a n d I wonder.
I'm not sure if / whether I should answer your question.
i n expr essi ons wi t h or not
I want to know if/ whether you're coming to the event or not.
Onl y whether is possi bl e:
i n t he expr essi on whether or not.
I want to know whether or not you're coming to the event.
after pr epos i t i ons :
J was worried about whether something had happened to her.
Onl y if is possi bl e i n condi t i onal s ent ences :
If you're not interested in the idea, you should say so.
ftEven i f i nt r oduces a condi t i on, whi l e even though is si mi l ar i n me a n i n g t o although.
Wh e n t he cl auses wi t h i f a n d even i f c ome first, t he y ar e fol l owed by a c o mma .
Even if I win the lottery, I won't give up work.
Go on. Talk t o her L - l _ ^ - C ^ - ^ - t -
1
3 Compl et e t he s ent ences wi t h i f or whether. In s o me s ent ences bot h are possi bl e.
4
2
3
5
6
7
8
1 We s houl d ask t h e m
Jani ce was wor r i ed a bout
Even I ki
I get ver y i rri t abl e
We ma y be l at e. It de pe nds o n
I wa n t t o know
We' d like t o know
I ' m not sur e
t he a c c o mmo d a t i o n is all ri ght .
s he h a d pa s s e d t he e xa m or not .
I k n e w I' d get away wi t h it, I woul dn' t cheat i n a n exam.
I don' t get e nough sl eep.
o n t he t r ai n is del ayed.
t her e is any c ha nc e of get t i ng my mo n e y back.
or not you ar e pl eas ed wi t h our servi ce.
accept i ng t he j ob woul d b e a good i dea.
42
TEST 8
1 I'd like a refund of f or t y pounds because my di ssati sfacti on wi t h the pr oduct
2 Owi ng t o the late arri val of the train, we wer e late f or our appoi ntment
3 I chose the driving school by the pass r at es of the people wh o went there.
4 The car is in poor condi ti on because of it hasn't been well-maintained.
5 She wa s fri ghtened because of t he dogs
6 I woul d like t o thank y ou because of y our invitation t o take par t in this event
7 I hesitated t o tell y ou wh a t had happened because of many r easons
8 Our meetings will be more successful because of y our help
2 Correct any mi s t akes i n punct uat i on. Add capi tal l etters where necessary.
1 In some countri es a bri de can't see the gr oom the night bef or e the weddi ng because it's
consi dered bad luck
2 The Party Conference ended successfully however a l ot of issues wer e not discussed.
3 Because he was feeling unwell he deci ded not t o at t end the meeting
4 I used t o keep fi t however I've been t o o busy of late t o do so
5 We ar r i ved late because of the heavy t r af f i c
6 Due t o the difficulties the firm experi enced they had t o cl ose do wn
7 If y ou want t o see the beginning of the film you'll have t o hurry
8 Don't make a decision now j ust because I sai d y ou should
1 Even if I though we coul dn' t ma n a g e wi t hout t hei r hel p, I woul dn' t ask t he m.
2 I t hi nk it woul d b e bet t er if I whether t he si ght seei ng t our wer e canceEed.
3 I ' m still not sur e a bout if I whether t o accept t he j ob or not .
4 I' d like t o know if I whether or n o t you agr ee wi t h my suggest i ons.
5 They di dn' t t ake car e of me even if I though I wa s ill.
6 If I Wfiether you hadn' t l i ed a bout your age, we woul dn' t b e i n t hi s si t uat i on.
7 If/Although t he cl as s r ooms ar e excel l ent , t he f ood i n t he c a nt e e n is t erri bl e.
8 I' d like t o ar r ange a me e t i ng if I whether you t hi nk t hat ' s conveni ent .
43
4 Compl et e t he extract by wri t i ng an appropri at e l i nki ng expressi on i n t he space
provi ded. Use one or t wo words for each space.
How to make decisions
Making decisions is a practical matter, (1) there is enough
information to make the decision for us, then we, as humans, are unnecessary. It is only
necessary, then, to make decisions when we have to speculate or guess
(2) the analysis of the information is insufficient. Some decisions
are simple to make (3) the correctness of the decision can be
checked immediately. (4) , the difficulty is usually that the
correctness of the decision can only be checked in the future - after we've made the decision.
Before making a decision we must think about the situation in which it is to be made. For
example, we need to decide (5) there is a need to make a decision at
all and (6) or not it's necessary to make the decision now. What will
happen (7) the decision is put off? When questions like these are
answered, one acceptable method of making a decision is simply to throw a die.
(8) this seems irrational, there is quite a lot of sense to it. This is
(9) psychologists have discovered that people tend to get to like
decisions after they have been made. So (10) you're uncertain about
(11) to choose one alternative or another, let 'someone else' decide
and then see (12) you would be happy with that decision.
(13) , decisions not only have to be made but they also have to be
acted upon. The 'easy way out' method suggests we choose the easiest alternative to carry
out. Of course, (14) differences in personality, the 'easiest' method
will differ from person to person. Once the choice has been made, make the effort to justify
the decision. (15) , at the end of this effort, the choice still seems
acceptable, then the decision can be made. (16) not, then some
other decision method is needed.
How do I use put?
1 a Thi ngs g o missing when y ou don't put them in the ri ght place,
b Thi ngs go missing when y ou don't put them on the ri ght place.
2 a The wor k we put in this event was wo r t h it
b The wo r k we put into this event was wo r t h it
We put on (something) we wear :
She has to put on a wig I put a wig on for her part in the play.
We put up (something) we ar e hangi ng, e.g. on a wal l :
I put up the curtains I put the curtains up in the bedroom.
We put (something) in the right place.
We put in work or effort
I put in a lot of effort I put a lot of effort in when I decide to do something.
We put work I effort I enthusiasm into (something):
He put a lot of work into preparing for his exams.
We put (something) into practice:
You need to put what you've learnt in class into practice I put into practice what
you've learnt.
Wh e n we put forward something we offer or suggest it, e.g. put forward an idea I put
an idea forward.
Put on (something) can me a n ' to pr ovi de it', e.g. put on a performance.
3 Insert an appropri at e preposi t i on.
1 I t r y t o put enthusiasm everythi ng I do.
2 We put a lot of wo r k when prepari ng f or the par t y
3 The amount of wor k we put this event should be appr eci at ed
4 It's time y ou put y our ideas pr act i ce
5 The s how was so popul ar the t r odpe deci ded t o put an ex t r a performance.
6 Would y ou put these pictures f or me, please?
7 Why ar e y ou putting y our coat ? Are y ou r eady t o leave?
8 Coul d y ou put t hat the ri ght place - wher e it belongs?
45
Pay or spend?
1 a I'd appreci ate it if the firm pai d f or my expenses as soon as possible,
b I'd appreci ate it if the firm pai d my expenses as soon as possible.
2 a The government has spent a lot of money in the constructi on of r oads,
b The government has spent a l ot of money on the constructi on of r oads.
Pay (for) (something)
Wh e n we pur c ha s e s ome t hi ng whi c h t h e n b e c o me s our s, we pay for t he i t em:
Breakfast was included, but we paid for our other meals.
Wh e n we pay (something) be c a us e t he mo n e y is owed, we omi t for, e.g. pay a bill:
We paid the bill with cash. Don't forget to pay the rent.
Spend money a nd time
We spend money on (something):
Young people spend a lot of money on entertainment.
We spend time (doing something):
We spent the afternoon sitting in the garden.
We spend time + pr epos i t i on + pl ace:
spend time at a bui l di ng or l ocat i on, e.g. at a theatre I castle, at the beach
spend time in a ci t y or count r y, e.g. in London I Canada
spend time in a n encl os ed ar ea, e.g. in the garden I bath I swimming pool
spend time with (someone), e.g. with a friend
We spent an afternoon at the beach. We spent eight days in London with my parents.
We s pe nt I - " VJ f F* Z%
3 Are t hes e s ent ences ri ght or wrong? Correct t hos e whi c h are wrong.
1 Ml our expenses wer e pai d by t he company
2 They pai d all our meals and our accommodati on
3 How much time do y ou spend doi ng y our homework?
4 How long did y ou spend at Madrid?
5 How did y ou pay the tickets - cash o r credi t card?
6 The evening we spent in the t heat r e was terrible
7 How much money did y ou spend f or the holiday?
8 I spent the weekend in my family
46
Which preposition do I use?
1 a He j ust needs someone t o pay attenti on on him.
b He j ust needs someone t o pay attenti on t o him.
2 a The arti cl e of y our magazine is quite interesting,
b The article in y our magazine is quite interesting.
Ther e ar e ma n y exampl es of d e p e n d e n t pr epos i t i ons i n Engl i sh:
Verb + pr eposi t i on:
care for (something) or (someone), e.g. care for a child I an animal
draw I pay attention to (something), e.g. draw attention to a problem, pay
attention to a teacher
Pr epos i t i on + n o u n :
in a publ i cat i on, e.g. to publish something in a newspaper
in my opinion, in conclusion
No u n + pr eposi t i on:
an expert in (something), e.g. an expert in tropical diseases
the purpose of (something), e.g. the purpose of the research
(a) reason(s)for (something), e.g. a reason for a political change
(dis)satisfaction with (something), e.g. dissatisfaction with service
Adj ect i ve + pr eposi t i on:
responsible for (something), e.g. responsible for a mistake
interested in (something), e.g. interested in learning a language
3 Underl i ne t he correct word.
1 Tha nk you for payi ng at t ent i on about I to my letter.
2 The adver t i s ement was pr i nt ed in I on magazi nes t hr oughout Bri t ai n.
3 I wr i t e t o dr a w your at t ent i on on I to t he art i cl e i n your news paper .
4 A nur se' s j ob is t o car e about I for pat i ent s , even wh e n she dislikes t he m.
5 I wonde r if you coul d you tell me t he r eas ons about I for your deci si on?
6 It t akes year s t o b e c o me a n exper t at I in a subj ect .
7 I a m wr i t i ng i n r es pons e t o t he art i cl e whi c h a ppe a r e d at I in t he Times.
8 I can' t hel p feel i ng r es pons i bl e about I for what ' s gone wr ong.
47
TEST 9
1 The vi si tor cent r e is the place t o pay for y our entrance fee
2 I'd like t o express ray di ssati sfacti on about the servi ce we recei ved
3 Could I d r a w y our attenti on t o the i nformati on in Figure 3?
4 When you're driving, y ou roust pay attenti on on the t r af f i c
5 I'm sor r y, but I feel responsible about wh a t has gone wr ong
6 How much ef f or t did y ou really put in prepari ng f or y our exams?
7 I'm interested about knowi ng more about wh a t y our firm can offer.
8 People generally spend a l arge pr opor t i on of their income f or rent
2 Compl et e t he s ent ence wi t h a preposi t i on.
1 I t r ai ned for t wo year s t o l ear n h o w t o car e young chi l dr en.
2 If I'd pai d mo r e at t ent i on my t eacher s , I' d have got bet t er mar ks .
3 I mi n k you' d bet t er p u t a heavi er coat - it's col d out si de.
4 The ma i n pur pos e l ear ni ng a l anguage is c ommuni c a t i on.
5 What an af t er noon! I s pe nt mo s t of it t he dent i st ' s!
6 I was di sgust ed by t he art i cl e whi c h a ppe a r e d l ast mont h' s publ i cat i on.
7 Pl ease l et me pay l unch. It's my t ur n.
8 Edwar d is a n exper t earl y chi l dhood devel opment .
3 Is each l i ne i n t he emai l bel ow ri ght or wrong? Correct t hos e whi c h are wrong.
There ma y be a word mi s s i ng or a wr ong word.
From I Maria Si mpson "1 ^
9 To I Drama Cl ub
- - 9 c c j
J:;Su!iJkI: | Tnank y ou I
> t - * 1
V
1
-
The purpose for this message is to thank the members of the
Drama Club for all the hard work you' ve put on. Last night's
performance was one of the best this College has ever put in
and has already received great reviews by the local papers. It
1
2
3
4
was clear to me, as your director, that you both understood and
put in practice the material we' ve covered in class. Lastly, coul d
I draw your attention on the change to next week's timetable and
remind you to put the posters for next month' s performance.
5
6
7
8
Maria
48
4 Compl et e t he extract by wri t i ng t he mi s s i ng words i n t he space provi ded. Use onl y
one word i n each space. Some t i me s no word i s needed.
P e r s o n a l d e b t o n t h e r i s e
Th e r e p o r t p u b l i s h e d (1) l as t we e k ' s e d i t i o n of t he
Standard l ooks a t t r e n d s i n s p e n d i n g . Fi r st l y, t h e r e p o r t d r a ws a t t e n t i o n
(2) t h e s h a r p i nc r e a s e i n p e r s o n a l de bt . Th e a v e r a g e
p e r s o n t o d a y i s 5, 330 i n d e b t c o mp a r e d wi t h 3, 540 i n 1997 a c c o r d i n g
t o t h e Offi ce of Na t i o n a l St at i s t i cs , a r i s e of o v e r 5 0 %. Th e a v e r a g e
i n c o me , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , h a s r i s e n b y o n l y 2 3 . 5 % i n t h e s a me p e r i o d ,
f r o m 12, 400 t o 15, 310. Th e r e p o r t p u t s (3) t h e
s u g g e s t i o n t h a t a n i nc r e a s e i n c o n s u me r s p e n d i n g i s r e s p o n s i b l e
(4) t h e i nc r e a s e i n de bt . Th e r e p o r t s u g g e s t s t h a t
wh i l e t h e a v e r a g e p e r s o n wi l l s p e n d t he i r mo n e y (5)
c o n s u me r p r o d u c t s , t h e y a r e n o t i n t e r e s t e d (6)
p a y i n g (7) f i nanci al s e r vi c e s wh i c h c o n t r i b u t e t o
s a v i n g s . On e r e a s o n g i v e n (8) t hi s l a c k of i nt e r e s t i n
s a v i n g f or a r a i n y d a y i s l o w i nt e r e s t r a t e s , wh i c h al s o ma k e s b o r r o wi n g
easi er . Ad v i c e f or c o n s u me r s i s t o k e e p t r a c k of h o w m u c h t h e y s p e n d
(9) bi l l s , a t t h e s u p e r ma r k e t , et c. , a n d t o p a y
(10) c r e di t c a r d bi l l s p r o mp t l y .
5 Compl et e t he s econd s ent ence so t hat i t me ans t he s ame as t he first s ent ence, us i ng
t he words i n bracket s. Use bet ween t wo and five words.
1 Have you pai d for t he me a l yet? (bill)
Have you yet?
2 Young pe opl e s houl d t ake not i ce of wha t t hei r par ent s suggest , (attention)
Young pe opl e t hei r par ent s .
3 Woul d a nybody like t o ma ke a suggest i on? (forward)
Woul d a nybody a suggest i on?
4 I' d like you n o w t o cons i der Sect i on 2 of t he r epor t , (attention)
I' d like t o Sect i on 2 of t he r epor t .
5 The t i me for you t o act o n your i deas is now. (practice)
The t i me for you t o is now.
6 Food cost s our fami l y a l ot of money, (spend)
Our fami l y food.
49
What are some common spelling mistakes?
1 a Thi s is an opportuni ty we can't af f or d t o miss,
b Thi s is an oportuni ty we can't af f or d t o miss.
2 a I'm wri ti ng wi t h reference t o the holiday accomodat i on y ou pr ovi ded,
b I'm wri ti ng wi t h reference t o the holiday accommodati on y ou pr ovi ded.
Ma ny Engl i sh wor ds ar e spel t di fferendy t h a n t hey s ound. Wor ds ma y be mi s s pel t
be c a us e t hey have:
doubl e l et t ers:
accommodation, business, recommend, opportunity, disappointment I-ed I-ing,
committee, necessary, different, professional
si l ent l et t ers:
colleagues, environment, know, night
l et t ers whi ch ar e difficult t o pr edi ct f r om t he s ound:
choice, comfortable, grammar, negotiate
Be careful not t o a dd or l eave out l et t er s. Thes e wor ds ar e al so c o mmo n l y mi sspel t :
according, addition, afraid, apartment, attractive, career, exaggerated, intelligent,
millennium, until
3 Underl i ne t he correct spel l i ng of t he word.
1 Whi ch woul d you reccommend I recommend - t he fish or t he st eak?
2 The environment! enviroment is a maj or c onc e r n for ma n y peopl e.
3 Do what ever you t hi nk is necessary I nessecary t o sol ve t he pr obl e m.
4 The committee I commitee is me e t i ng next Monday. Will you be t her e?
5 I' ve gone back t o Col l ege. It's t i me for a carreer I career change.
6 Your exam resul t s are disappointing I dissappointing. Wha t ha ppe ne d?
7 I really enj oy wor ki ng wi t h my collegues I colleagues.
8 The news r epor t s of t he confl i ct exaggerated I exagerated t he casual t i es.
50
Is the spelling British or American?
1 Tick t he Bri ti sh Engl i sh spel l i ng i n each pair.
1 a How of t en d o y ou practi se playing the piano?
b How of ten do y ou practi ce playing the piano?
2 a We'd planned t o go t o the theater, but the perf ormance was cancelled,
b We'd planned t o g o t o the t heat r e, but the perf ormance was cancelled.
The Bri t i sh a n d Amer i can spel l i ngs of ma n y Engl i sh wor ds are different. Whi l e bot h
spel l i ngs ar e equal l y correct , Bri t i sh Engl i sh a nd Bri t i sh spel l i ngs ar e pr ef er r ed i n t he
Cambr i dge exami nat i ons . Some ar eas of di fference are:
wor ds e ndi ng i n -re or -er
Bri t i sh Engl i sh prefers: centre, theatre, metre (but gas or parking meter)
Amer i can Engl i sh prefers: center, theater, meter.
wor ds e ndi ng i n -se or -ce
Bri t i sh spel l i ng prefers: practice (n) I practise (v), licence (n) I license (v)
Amer i can spel l i ng prefers: practice, licence (n a nd v)
wor ds e ndi ng i n -our or -or
Bri t i sh spel l i ng prefers: behaviour, colour, humour, labour, neighbour, rumour
Amer i can spel l i ng prefers: behavior, color, humor, labor, neighbor, rumor
Not e t hes e di fferences:
cheque (UK), check (USA) programme (UK), program (USA)
fr We say computer program i n Bri t i sh Engl i sh.
3 Change t he underl i ned word to Bri ti sh spel l i ng where necessary.
1 What col or is y our new car?
2 I s it all ri ght if I wr i t e y ou a check, o r woul d y ou like cash?
3 The t r af f i c in the center of t o wn is terrible this time of day
4 I haven't met our new nei ghbor yet Have you?
5 I missed f ootbal l practi ce this morning. I wasn't well
6 1 hate quiz programs. Coul d we change the channel?
7 Come and have a look. I've installed a new pr ogr am in my computer.
8 Do y ou think British humor is ver y di fferent f r om American humor?
51
Kids or children!
1 a Many women don't stay at home wi t h their kids, bat seek wor k instead.
b Many women don't stay at home wi t h their children, bat seek wor k instead.
2 a Many peopl e ar e gonna change their lifestyle as a result of recent research.
b Many people ar e going t o change their lifestyle as a result of recent research.
The regi st er of wr i t t en l anguage is gener al l y mo r e f or mal t h a n t he regi st er of s poke n
l anguage. Some f eat ur es of s poke n Engl i sh are:
t he us e of sl ang i n pl ace of mor e neut r al or f or mal equi val ent s: children - kids,
money - dosh or bread, police officer - copCper), fool - prat or wally, toilet - loo,
friend - mate, pound(s) - quid, bacteria or virus - bug, thick - stupid
ft It is hel pful t o unde r s t a nd sl ang expr essi ons, but it can be difficult t o i dent i fy a n
appr opr i at e cont ext for us i ng s uc h expr essi ons. Also, be wa r ne d t ha t sl ang
expr essi ons dat e a nd can easi l y s o u n d ol d- f ashi oned.
can for could i n r equest s for per mi s s i on
Do you want to...? for Would you like to... ? i n i nvi t at i ons
t he us e of ' s hor t ened' expr essi ons like gonna for ' goi ng t o' a nd wanna for ' want t o'
t he use of cont r act i ons : I'm, he's, hasn't
the use of phr as al ver bs: put up with for tolerate, find out for discover
The l anguage we us e for publ i c pur pos es , e.g. i n wor k or st udy, is usual l y mo r e f or mal .
Language we us e for per s onal pur pos es , i.e. wi t h fami l y a nd fri ends, is usual l y l ess
formal . For t hi s r eason, s poke n l anguage whi c h we us e i n a publ i c cont ext , e.g. a
s peech or a n exami nat i on, cont ai ns t he f eat ur es of mor e f or mal wr i t t en l anguage.
3 Change t he underl i ned word to a more f ormal equi val ent .
1 I have had a lot of experi ence looking af t er kids of all ages
2 I beg y our par don. Coul d you tell me wher e the too is, please?
3 We wer e advi sed t o invest our dosh in a high interest savings account
4 Your illness has been caused by a highly infectious bug
5 We must consi der how we're gonna meet t he demands of the coming year.
6 I wonder if y ou coul d lend roe ten quid until t omor r ow, please?
7 Shall we ask t hat cop_ f or directions?
8 He's a r espect ed politician and al so a cl ose mate o f t he family
52
TEST 10
1 Fi nd and correct t he mi st akes i n spel l i ng.
1 Accomodat i on in any major city is prohibitively expensive
2 Can y ou recomend a r easonabl y- pr i ced r est aur ant nearby?
3 I'm af r ai d I don't feel conf or t abl e wi t h t hat decision
4 The members of this commitee all wor k voluntarily
5 Running y our o wn bussiness takes a gr eat deal of commitment...
6 I have been of f er ed an at r act i ve opportuni ty t o wor k abr oad. .
7 Do y ou think prof f esi onal athletes make t oo much money? ,
8 Although they're twi ns, their personalities ar e quite di ferent
2 Underl i ne t he Bri ti sh spel l i ng of t he words i n i tal i cs.
1 Woul d you give me t he me a s ur e me nt s i n meters I metres, pl ease?
2 He wa s ar r est ed for t hr eat eni ng behaviour I behavior.
3 How can you expect t o i mpr ove at anyt hi ng if you don' t practice I practise
1
.
4 My favouri t e t el evi si on programs I programmes ar e all soaps.
5 Wh o ar e t he favourites I favorites t o wi n t he mat ch?
6 Wh o s houl d t hi s cheque I check b e payabl e to?
7 As a n act r ess s he prefers theater I theatre wor k t o films.
8 He wor ked for ma n y year s as a f ar m labourer I laborer.
The two wai n politicalpartiesin Britain'-are .Laborâhd .Conservative,
sometimes known as the.Tories. While the former usually shows more
concern f or issues like education, healtiicare and the enviroment, many *
people who votedf or the presentgovermenthave not beenjhappy with their
policies to date. Many tPaditional'suppprters have been dissapointed that so
little appears to have been done
J
to improye'pUblic services7Choises have to
be made, yet many voters still feel that precious ripqrtunities to make
nessecary changes to the infrastructure of the country have been lost.
1 5
2 6
3 7
4 8
53
4 Read t he extract f rom a compos i t i on and repl ace t he words i n i tal i cs wi t h more
formal or neut ral equi val ent s.
A career choice is one of the most important decisions made in life. My sister is a
teacher, and she insists that it is a career you should choose only if you genuinely
enjoy the company of (1) (kids). Someti mes she thinks she
was (2) (thick) to choose a job where she works very long
hours for so little (3) (dosh), but on the whol e I think
she's happy with her choice. My brother, on the other hand, is a
(4) (copper). He risks his life for twenty thousand
(5) (quid) a year and has to (6) (put
up with) people who behave like (7) (prats). Still, he doesn't
complain either. He maintains he's made some great (8)
(mates) in the police force and, like my sister, he gets a great deal of satisfaction
out of helping people.
5 Compl et e t he rest of t he mi s s i ng words. Us e Bri ti sh spel l i ng.
1 Have you me t t he n e w ne rs yet ? They move d i n l ast week.
2 Was 2000 or 2001 t he begi nni ng of t he mi um?
3 He ha s a t e nde nc y t o ex ate t he i mpor t a nc e of hi s wor k.
4 Ac ing t o r ecent figures, t her e ha s b e e n a fall i n
une mpl oyme nt .
5 I a m l ucky t o wor k wi t h ver y s uppor t i ve co gues.
6 Unl ess I can ne ate a pa y rise, I will have t o l ook for a not he r
j ob.
7 As t he j ob mar ket changes , peopl e are forced t o a da pt by changi ng
ca rs.
8 There' s a ru r ci r cul at i ng dr at t her e will b e j ob l osses i n our
de pa r t me nt .
54
Answer key
Un i t l
1 1 b
2 b
2 b e e n wr i t i ng t hi s essay
3 1 ' ve l i ved
2 ' ve b e e n at t endi ng
3 'd b e e n dr i vi ng
4 haven' t t aken
5 'd wor ked
6 's c ha nge d
7 ' ve b e e n wor ki ng
8 's al ways t aken
Uni t 2
1 1 a
2 b
2 ha s b e e n
3 1 ha s i mpr oved
2 was i nvent ed
3 appl i ed
4 h a d b e e n left
5 ha s c ha nge d
6 ha s b e e n pr oved
7 have or gani s ed
8 h a n d e d i n
Uni t 3
1 1 a
2 b
2 havi ng a ba r be c ue
3 1 Have you h a d
2 We h a d
3 Mar i a gives
4 wer e gi ven
5 has ha d
6 Are we havi ng
7 can have
8 '11 give
Te s t l
1 1 gives, s pe e c h
2 have, a p p o i n t me n t
3 had, pr obl e ms
4 give, expl anat i on
5 have, i dea
6 had, exper i ence; give, advi ce
2 1 have you b e e n doi ng
2 I' ve b e e n wor ki ng
3 I' ve h a d
4 I' ve b e e n t eachi ng
5 I' ve al ways wa nt e d
6 I' ve b e e n t hi nki ng
7 I' ve he a r d
8 Have you s een
9 I haven' t be e n
10 Have you r ung
3 1 wer e i s s ued / gi ven out
2 was obt ai ned / achi eved
3 have b e e n ma d e
4 ha s b e e n deci ded
5 wa s s chedul ed / h a d be e n
s chedul ed
6 has b e e n pos t pone d
4 1 have b e e n r epor t ed
2 have s ur r ounde d
3 ha s b e e n t aki ng pl ace
4 has a n n o u n c e d
5 ha s b e e n gi ven
6 h a d deni ed
7 have b e e n bui l di ng
8 ha s b e e n
9 have b e e n
10 ha s vi rt ual l y c ome
5 1 wer e a n n o u n c e d
2 We h a d
3 It's b e e n r ai ni ng
4 agr eed t o give me
5 correct
6 correct
7 was ma d e
Uni t 4
1 1 b
2 b
2 t o tell you a bout my exper i ences
wor ki ng for a l arge mul t i nat i onal
3 1 give you my wor d
2 correct
3 s ent her a mes s age / s ent a mes s age
t o her
4 give you s ome advi ce
5 for t el l i ng me / us / t h e m a bout
6 t ol d t he pol i ce t he t r ut h / t ol d t he
t r ut h t o t he pol i ce
55
7 t ol d me / t h e m / us whe r e
8 correct
Uni t 5
1 1 a
2 b
2 I have t o ask you t o l eave, Sir
t o change
t o t ravel
t aki ng
ma ke
t o consi der
do
pl ayi ng
feeling
3 offer you
4 s e nd us conf i r mat i on
5 correct
6 i nf or m us i n advance
7 pr ovi de you wi t h
8 assur e you of
1 forced h i m t o go on a st ri ct di et
2 aut hor i s ed h i m t o t ake u n p a i d l eave
f r om wor k
3 ask you t o do s ome t hi ng for me
4 not t o al l ow h i m t o t ake t he
e xa m
5 pr event ed wi t nes s es (from) l eavi ng
t he s cene of t he cr i me
6 ma d e me si gn t he d o c u me n t
Uni t 6 7 get my c omput e r t o wor k no ma t t e r
1 1 b wh a t I do
2 a 8 as s ur ed me t he y woul d hel p i n any
2 offer i ndi vi dual t ui t i on wa y t hey coul d
3 1 pr ovi de 5 1 correct
2 offer 2 al l ow me t o go out
3 pr ovi ded 3 smel l food cooki ng
4 offering 4 chi l dr en t o st ay u p pa s t
5 pr ovi de 5 t ol d me why
6 offer / give 6 correct
7 gi ven 7 pas s enger s t o go
8 give 8 pr event s h i m (from) wor ki ng
Test 2 Uni t 7
1 1 pr ovi des 1 1 b
2 pr ovi de 2 b
3 offered 2 h e h a d t o st ay at h o me yest erday, as
4 give wel l
5 pr ovi de 3 1 mu s t be / mu s t have b e e n
6 offering 2 mus t n' t ar gue
7 offer 3 mu s t have e a t e n
8 offering 4 ha d t o go
2 1 wi t h
5 can' t be
2
6 mu s t be
3 you 7 di dn' t have t o b u y
4 for
8 can' t have t ol d
5 us / me
Uni t 8
u
7
me
1 1 a
i
a
us / me
correct
pr ovi de / pr ovi de you wi t h / offer
you
2 b
o
3 1
2
us / me
correct
pr ovi de / pr ovi de you wi t h / offer
you
2 will never i mpr ove if you don' t pr act i se
3 1 c a n still live wel l
2 mi ght even have c ome first
56
3 I'd have happi l y agr eed / I' d happi l y
have agr eed
4 c a n onl y see it
5 c a n al so be ver y expensi ve
6 I defi ni t el y can' t go out
7 coul d you possi bl y go a he a d
8 s houl dn' t ever dr i nk
Uni t 9
1 1 b
2 b
2 wa s s uppos e d t o be her e a n hour ag<
3 1 ar e s uppos e d t o
2 was s uppos e d t o
3 me a n t
4 are we expect ed
5 wa s me a n t
6 s uppos e d t o
7 was expect ed
8 wer e s uppos e d
Test 3
1 1 meal s ar e me a n t t o be
2 correct
3 correct
4 cat s ar e s uppos e d t o be
5 correct
6 Technol ogy is me a n t t o
7 You' re expect ed t o
8 You' re s uppos e d t o
2 1 ' re s uppos e d t o
2 ' re not s uppos e d t o wal k
3 expect ed me t o b e c o me a doct or
4 ' re not me a n t t o be
5 t hi r t een is s uppos e d t o be
6 me a n t t o go ba c k t o school
7 wer e s uppos e d t o visit
8 pe opl e ar e expect ed t o t ake pa r t
3 1 can' t
2 mus t n' t
3 h a d t o go
4 can' t have
5 don' t have t o
6 can' t have b e e n
7 mu s t have b e e n
8 mu s t have gone out
4 1 coul d har dl y sl eep
2 coul d onl y see
3 coul d har dl y have ant i ci pat ed
4 coul d easi l y have h a d / coul d have
easi l y h a d
5 s houl d al so have ha d
6 coul d bar el y move
7 can ever ma k e u p
8 s houl d never have booked
5 1 correct
2 mu s t al r eady have ar r i ved / mus t
ha ve ar r i ved al r eady
3 pr obabl y won' t see
4 will never admi t
5 will pr oba bl y wi n
6 We coul d har dl y see
7 We c a n al so pr ovi de
8 correct
Uni t 10
1 1 b
2 a
2 at all t hi s traffic
3 1 correct
2 t hi s mo n e y
3 t hes e changi ng t i mes
4 t hes e chi l dr en
5 correct
6 t hes e days
7 t hi s wor k
8 t hi s knowl edge
Uni t 11
1 1 b
2 b
2 ma n y different ki nds of mus i c
1 n u mb e r
2 a mo u n t
3 ki nd
4 sor t s
5 n u mb e r
6 a mo u n t
7 t ype
8 sor t
Uni t 12
1 1 b
2 b
2 I see s o me seat s i n t he back r ow
57
3 1 on t he f our t h floor
2 an a ut oma t i c wa s hi ng ma c h i n e
3 t he bes t resul t s ever
4 t he exact dat e
5 t he bri de' s cl ose fri ends
6 t he arri val t i me
7 a few suggest i ons
8 a hi gh s t andar d
Test 4
1 1 t hes e
2 t hi s
3 t hat
4 t hes e
5 t hos e
6 t hi s
7 t hos e
8 t hi s
2 1 a l arge n u mb e r
2 different t ypes
3 a l arge a mo u n t of office e q u i p me n t
4 sor t s of j obs
5 correct
6 ot her ki nds of a c c o mmo d a t i o n
7 ki nd of i nf or mat i on
8 correct
3 1 for el ect r oni c gadget s
2 t hese days
3 all ki nds of
4 correct
5 t he el ect r oni c e q u i p me n t
6 t he gadget
7 a t r eadmi l l
8 correct
4 1 t he
2 t he
3 t he
4 tire
5 a
6 t he
7 The
8 a
9 an / t he
10 The
11
12 a
13 t he
14 a
15 The
16 a n
Uni t 13
1 1 b
2 a
2 you for your at t ent i on
3 1 Yours
2 your s
3 you; your
4 your
5 your ; you
6 you' r e
7 your ; you
8 you
Uni t 14
1 1 b
2 a
2 for giving me a s e c ond c ha nc e
3 1 chances
2 c ha nc e
3 oppor t uni t i es
4 oppor t uni t y
5 possi bi l i t y
6 oppor t uni t y
7 c ha nc e
8 oppor t uni t y
Uni t 15
1 1 a
2 a
2 t hi s year' s event was a di s a ppoi nt me nt
3 1 event
2 act i vi t y
3 event
4 me e t i ng
5 event
6 or gani s at i on
7 act i vi t i es
8 p r o g r a mme
Test 5
1 1 for t hi s oppor t uni t y
2 equal oppor t uni t i es
3 a s e c ond c ha nc e
4 ar e oppor t uni t i es for
5 oppor t uni t i es ar e avai l abl e
58
6 s a me c ha nc e
7 sl i m c ha nc e
8 correct
2 1 you' r e
2 your
3 your
4 you
5 your s
6 your
7 you' r e
8 your s
3 1 event s
2 p r o g r a mme
3 event
4 p r o g r a mme
5 act i vi t i es
6 me e t i ng
7 act i vi t i es
8 event
4 1 your
2 you' r e
4 your
5 you
6 you
7 your s
8 chances
10 you' r e
11 event s
12 your
13 you
14 or gani s at i on
15 act i vi t y
16 Oppor t uni t i es
Uni t 16
1 1 b
2 a
2 o p e n from 8 a m t o 10 p m
3 1 c onc e r ne d
2 correct
3 t r ue
4 o p e n
5 s por t s / s por t i ng
6 dr amat i c
7 var i et y
8 cul t ur al
Uni t 17
1 1 b
2 b
2 a smal l bus i nes s , b u t we have pl ans t o
e xpa nd
3 1 gr eat
2 l arge / smal l
3 wi de / l i mi t ed / na r r ow
4 s hor t
5 hi gh
6 l i ght
7 smal l
8 false
Uni t 18
1 1 b
2 a
2 we don' t serve br eakf ast di shes at
l unc ht i me
3 1 wor l dwi de
2 a h condi t i oni ng
3 hai r dr esser
4 lifestyle
5 correct
6 so- cal l ed
7 free t i me
8 correct
Test 6
1 1 of great i mpor t a nc e
2 a l arge quant i t y
3 is Umi t ed
4 qui t e l ow
5 a gr eat success
6 b a d habi t s
7 correct
8 i naccur at e i nf or mat i on
2 1 dr amat i cal l y
2 o p e n
3 s por t s
4 cul t ur al
5 c onc e r ne d
6 var i ed
7 t r ue
8 s por t
3 1 b r a n d - n e w
2 g r o wn u p
3 easy- goi ng
59
4 wel l known
5 br eat ht aki ng
6 mi ddl e- aged
7 Engl i sh- speaki ng
8 free t i me
4 1 Spor t
2 wel l -l i ked
3 correct
4 four year s
5 wor l dwi de
6 t op- cl ass
7 wel l - known
8 correct
9 correct
10 cul t ur al
11 shor t hol i day
12 living r ooms
13 correct
14 hi gh wages
15 correct
16 great
Uni t 19
1 1 b
2 a
2 advi ce t o you is t o be ver y t ol er ant
3 1 compl ai nt
2 compl ai n
3 life
4 pai d
5 seat s
6 advi ce
7 compl ai nt s
8 st ay
Uni t 20
1 1 b
2 b
2 I' m l ooki ng for s ome t hi ng i nexpensi ve
3 1 i na de qua t e
2 mi s unde r s t ood
3 i mpr ope r
4 di ssat i sfact i on
5 unsat i sf act or y
6 i ncompl et e
7 non- nat i ve
8 unf or get t abl e
Uni t 21
1 1 b
2 a
2 I' d like t o s peak t o you r egar di ng a pa y
ri se
3 1 Regar di ng / As for t he hot el
2 Regar di ng / As r egar ds t he
e nt e r t a i nme nt
3 Regar di ng / As r egar ds t he var i et y
4 Regar di ng / As r egar ds t hes e
compl ai nt s
5 correct
6 my advi ce r egar di ng pas s i ng
7 Regar di ng / As r egar ds t he n e w
c l ubr oom
8 coirect
Test 7
1 1 di s obedi ence
2 unf or get t abl e
3 non- exi s t ent
4 di sor gani sed
5 Uncondi t i onal
6 unc onvi nc i ng
7 i mpr act i cal
8 i nt ol er abl e
2 1 advi se
2 lives
3 r egar di ng
4 compl ai nt s
5 st ay
6 seat s
7 Regar di ng
8 p a y me n t
3 1 correct
2 advi ce r egar di ng i mpr ove me nt s
3 di ssat i sf act i on r egar di ng t he torn-
4 Regar di ng publ i c t r ans por t
5 poi nt s r egar di ng t he or gani s at i on
6 correct
7 Regar di ng your r eques t
8 Regar di ng t he danger
4 1 compl ai nt
2 seat s
3 uns c he dul e d
4 uncomf or t abl e
5 i mpol i t e / di sor gani sed
60
6 di sor gani sed / i mpol i t e
7 pa y
8 i nconveni ent
5 1 non- ver bal
2 i nde pe nde nt l y
3 uncomf or t abl e
4 mi s unde r s t a ndi ngs
5 uncons ci ous l y
6 mi s l ead
7 unsuccessf ul
8 i mpa t i e nc e
Uni t 22
1 1 b
2 b
2 I won' t b e abl e t o c ome t o your par t y
be c a us e I ' m goi ng away t ha t we e ke nd
3 1 ... like a r ef und be c a us e I ' m
di ssat i sf i ed. . .
2 ... pr ovi de veget ar i an food.
However, t her e is ...
3 . . . t o accept t he j ob. However, t her e
a r e . . .
4 Because t her e was a t hunder s t or m, I
arri ved at College ... /1 arri ved at
College wet a nd col d becaus e t her e
wa s a t hunder s t or m.
5 ... a beaut i f ul cat hedr al . However,
t hat was t he onl y enj oyabl e ...
6 ... one sol ut i on t o t he pr obl em.
However, t her e ar e ot her sol ut i ons.
7 Because we t hi nk t he c a nt e e n is
unhygi eni c, we ar e refusi ng t o eat
t her e.
8 ... feel i ng ver y i rri t abl e be c a us e
she' s t i red.
Uni t 23
1 1 a
2 a
2 is off school be c a us e of i l l ness
1 be c a us e of
2 Because of
3 be c a us e of
4 for
5 by
6 be c a us e of
7 be c a us e
8 due t o
Uni t 24
1 1 b
2 a
2 a nd see whe t he r or not you like her /
a n d see if / whe t he r you like he r or not
3 1 if / whe t he r
2 whe t he r
3 if
4 if
5 whe t he r
6 if / whe t he r
7 whe t he r
8 if / whe t he r
Test 8
1 1 be c a us e of my di ssat i sfact i on
2 correct
3 be c a us e of t he pas s r at es
4 be c a us e it hasn' t
5 by t he dog
6 t ha nk you for your i nvi t at i on
7 h a p p e n e d for ma n y r eas ons
8 correct
2 1 correct
2 The Par t y Conf er ence e nde d
successfully. However, a l ot of i ssues
wer e not di scussed.
3 Becaus e h e was feel i ng unwel l , he
deci ded n o t t o at t end t he meet i ng.
4 I us e d t o keep fit. However, I' ve
b e e n t oo bus y of l at e t o do so.
5 correct
6 Due t o t he difficulties t he firm
exper i enced, t hey h a d t o cl ose
down.
7 If you wa n t t o see t he begi nni ng of
t he film, you' l l have t o hurry.
8 correct
3 1 if
2 if
3 whe t he r
4 whe t he r
5 t hough
6 If
61
7 Al t hough
8 if
4 1 If
2 be c a us e
3 be c a us e
4 However
5 if / whe t he r
6 whe t he r
7 if
8 Al t hough
9 be c a us e
10 if
11 whe t he r
12 i f / wh e t h e r
13 However
14 becaus e of
15 If
16 If
Uni t 25
1 1 a
2 b
2 put t he pos t er s u p / p u t u p t he pos t er s
a nd I'll pos t t he leaflets
3 1 put e nt hus i a s m i nt o ever yt hi ng
2 put i n a l ot of wor k / put a l ot of
wor k i n
3 put i nt o t hi s event
4 p u t your i deas i nt o pr act i ce
5 t o p u t on a n ext ra per f or mance /
put an ext ra pe r f or ma nc e on
6 p u t t hes e pi ct ur es u p / p u t u p t he s e
pi ct ur es
7 put t i ng on your coat / put t i ng your
coat on
8 p u t t hat i n t he r i ght pl ace
Uni t 26
1 1 b
2 b
2 mos t of our t i me s hoppi ng
3 1 correct
2 pai d for all our meal s
3 correct
4 i n Madr i d
5 pay for t he t i cket s
6 at t he t heat r e
7 on t he hol i day
8 wi t h my fami l y
Uni t 27
1 1 b
2 b
2 dr aw your at t ent i on t o t he gr aph, pl ease
3 1 t o
2 i n
3 t o
4 for
5 for
6 i n
7 i n
8 for
Test 9
1 1 pay your ent r ance fee
2 di ssat i sfact i on wi t h t he servi ce
3 correct
4 pay at t ent i on t o t he traffic
5 r esponsi bl e for wh a t ha s gone wr ong
6 p u t i nt o pr epar i ng
7 i nt er es t ed i n knowi ng
8 i nc ome o n r ent
2 1 for
2 t o
3 on
4 of
5 at
6 i n
7 for
8 i n
3 1 pur pos e of t hi s mes s age
2 you' ve put i n
3 ha s ever put on
4 r evi ews i n t he l ocal pa pe r s
5 correct
6 p u t i nt o pr act i ce
7 your at t ent i on t o t he change
8 p u t u p t he pos t er s / p u t t he pos t er s
u p
4 1 i n
2 t o
3 f or war d
4 for
5 on
6 i n
62
7 for
8 for
9 on
10
5 1 pai d t he bill
2 s houl d pa y at t ent i on t o
3 like t o p u t f or war d
4 dr aw your at t ent i on t o
5 p u t your i deas i nt o pr act i ce
6 s pe nds a l ot of mo n e y on
Uni t 28
1 1 a
2 b
2 for bus i nes s f r om 8.00 t o 8.00.
3 1 r e c o mme n d
2 e nvi r onme nt
3 neces s ar y
4 c ommi t t e e
5 car eer
6 di s appoi nt i ng
7 col l eagues
8 exagger at ed
Uni t 29
1 1 a
2 b
2 not l i censed t o ser ve al cohol . Cheques
not accept ed.
3 1 col our
2 c he que
3 cent r e
4 ne i ghbour
5 correct
6 pr ogr a mme s
7 correct
8 h u mo u r
Uni t 30
1 1 b
2 b
2 like t o s peak t o a pol i ce officer, pl ease
3 1 chi l dr en
2 t oi l et / l avat or y
3 mo n e y
4 vi r us
5 goi ng t o
6 p o u n d s
7 pol i ce officer
8 fri end
Test 10
1 1 a c c o mmo d a t i o n
2 r e c o mme n d
3 comf or t abl e
4 c ommi t t e e
5 bus i nes s
6 at t r act i ve
7 pr of essi onal
8 di fferent
2 1 met r es
2 behavi our
3 pr act i se
4 pr ogr a mme s
5 favouri t es
6 c he que
7 t heat r e
8 l abour er
3 1 Labour
2 correct
3 e nvi r onme nt
4 gove r nme nt
5 di s a ppoi nt e d
6 Choi ces
8 neces s ar y
4 1 chi l dr en
2 s t upi d
3 mo n e y
4 pol i ce officer
5 p o u n d s
6 t ol er at e
7 fools
8 fri ends
5 1 nei ghbour s
2 mi l l e nni um
3 exagger at e
4 Accor di ng
5 col l eagues
6 negot i at e
7 car eer s
8 r u mo u r
63

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Debra Powell

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