ANALKOHHLH

kLVlLW
h cuvvccnptntu
tv u0nc|ukv |utupuxv
h sv|cn uunsvn cuvvccnptntu ctnv u||kn Tux|utp|kn 0sps-
tu| su|pst|k cuxv u|vsvc. U| u0nc|uks |utupuxs IMI 0sps-
tu| t| unctsc0v tnv upxn sv cuvsxc0 $ux|kv |utupuxv, ncu ukc-
cu0c0v tc tcc cs cknpn tn n tcu ku| sxcuv cucxst|cts s svu
sup0 cu $ux|kv |utupuxv. uvn0 tu nu|| s M |vcuv nc-
0 nsp|cctspc yxc k| sxcuv svtcvtspc tc cuvuc0nu tn cvu|
ku| tcu 0uc0 ku| |kptspn -uvtcxn ctn utucn-. Mncps vu nupcu-
c|cuv |utupuxs npccn|ktntu, sn|n$u ku| tn |utupuxn U|||es de
|a 1curette. 1c syu0tspc spsuvnt|k sv|uspcv sxs| cuyksvtp0s ctn
|sps0vncn tn cxscn uvscu ct| M s tc unspk|vnt|k c0vpcc, t|
cuvu|c0nut|ks |utupuxs ku| t| |utupuxs cunsp|cp. n un
tn skustu tcu 70 sn|su|vstu| spsuvnt|k n k|v|kn svt0ncn tn cu-
xvn cuv0nupn M ku| unspk|vnt|ktntu. ncn, |un|ctvstu| n nu-
pcucu ss|ut|kn npcccxn uvsptntu un tn cuv0nupn unspk|vn-
t|ktntu. U u0 cuvvccnptntu uvscu ct| M ku| tc unspk|vnt|-
k c0vpcc kuuvstu| un 10-927. Mssts snuvsstucn Ifc||cw-upI
ss|uv t| c| ukunuks ku| c| u0nc|uks uckcs tv unspk|vnt|-
kv nu||v nupusvcuv ku| ctnv snsu ku| cuvscvtu| s tn xpcvu
cxc|kn unctuxu ku| tnv sykuts|$n tcu cxcscu. tn xpu u, tu u-
nctsscutu uvcyv spsuvv svu| uvt|ut|k ku| ncv tu supnu-
tu sv cuucuv s uut tn |s0vc0 ||cypuu. 1u nu|| s M
nc0 cuxv nupcuc|cuv |utupuxs cunsp|cp ku| tc uvtctpcc.
U| nuputnpncs| uuts sxcuv sn|su|0s cs nn0pu spyuc|v, s u-
nctsscu vu sn|kputs n nc$n t| tu nu|| s M psncuv ctnv nupu-
ntut|ktntu. U kvuvc y|u tnv uvntun nupuntut|kn cunsp|-
cp tv nu||v s M uuvs| kut tnv snsu ku| cuvustu| s
tnv ukunukn unctuxu, tnv sykuts|$n tcu cxcscu, tnv nsv|xpn kc|-
vv|kc-c|kcvc|kn kutctucn ku| cp|csvu xupuktnp|ct|k tn npccn|-
ktntu, n n nupcpnt|ktntu ku| n cuvu|c0nut|kn uct0s|u. up-
u uut, n 0nupn tn cxscn uvscu ct| |utupuxs 0ncn ku| cu-
nsp|cp sv yvstu| sktn un' cu, tcc npc tnv sktucn tn, -
cc -kup- npc tnv u|t|ccy|kn c0vscn tcu. tnv svn|kn n sv
ps0nks u0ncn tv ncccctv syknut|ktntu uvscu ctu tcu s
M. ncctnpstu| t| n u0ncn tn nupuntut|ktntu ctnv snsu
cxststu| nsp|cctspc s uvt|pcs| nsp|cp|csvs ctc xpvc ku| |y-
tspc s ctu0sp $uxcnu0ccy|k xupuktnp|ct|k. 1u nu|| s M cuxv
nupcuc|cuv cuvu|c0nut|ks |utupuxs, ncu sktsvcvtu| un tc un
yxc sxp| tn scvu kutu0|nt|kn |utupuxn ku| tnv unns|pu uutc-
ktcvu n tnv uutcktcvu. ncn, suvcuv xunn uutcsktncn, u-
nc0ppuvcn ku| kutu0|nt|k cuvuc0nu. h tuuttnt tcu cuxv cp-
yuvvstu| y0p un u|c0nutu uuvuu, uvsnpks|u, uv|kuvtntu, s
unctsscu tc cxnut|c upvnt|kn s|kvu y|u tcv suut tcu. h ku-
t0|$n svu| un t| cuxvtsps cuvcs |uyvcs|. h snntcn tn s-
cvc kutu0|nt|kn |utupuxn ncps vu svu| sxp| 7 cps syu0ts-
pn un ,t| ctc scc pc tcu nu||kc0 nn0ucc0. ncctnpstu|, |-
ctu, t| cp|csvs cps M In skt|ksI cxstcvtu| scu s uun-
svc kvuvc uutcktcvu. Akn, c kvuvc y|u uutcktcvu sxs| cucxs-
t|cts 0st|k s tn |utnpncn tn M ctnv snsu.
AP\LlA LAAHNlKHl lA1PlKHl 2001, 18(S):4S746S
AkCHlVLS Ol HLLLLNlC MLDlClNL 2001, 18(S):4S746S
.k. Avdyvuotnouoc
Ynnpsod +uxikn Yysd diimv
kdi Lnfmv, koivozik ksvzpo
+uxikn Yyisivn Bpmvd-kdiodpidvn,
+uxidzpikn kivikn,
dvsnioznio A0nvmv, A0nvd
Comorbidity of |earning disorders
Absiraci ai ilc cnJ o| ilc ari|cIc
Acct copctnpoo
^ioropoxn ccioriun npoooxn
^ioropoxc ouncpiopo
Koro0in
Vo0noiouc 8ioropoxc
Hoponreoriuornro
Euvvoonpornro
Yncpuivnriuo ouv8poo
Yno6nn0nc 23.1.2001
E,p0nc 1.3.2001
1. LlLAlOlH
Oi o0noiouc 8ioropoxc ncpi,ponuov ,io npern
opo npiv ono cvov oievo.
1-3
Ano rorc cxpi oncpo
cvoi n ouxvorcpn 8io,veoriun uorn,opo rn Hoi8iun
+uxiorpiun uoi onorcouv rn ouvn0corcpn oiro ,io rnv
onoo oi ,ovc znrouv noi8ouxiorpiun oon0cio ,io ro
noi8io rou.
Vc o8po rpono, ro noi8io c o0noiouc 8uouoc
nopouv vo 8ioipc0ouv oc rpci oo8c. H npern nc-
piooovci ro noi8io rev onoev oi 8uouoc oc-
ovroi orn vonriun rou uo0uorcpnon. H 8curcpn, c-
ucvo nou n oxoiun rou 8uouoo occroi nperop-
xiuo ori ouvoio0noriuc rou 8ioropoxc, cve n rp-
rn, ro noi8io c ri ci8iuc ovonru[iouc o0noiouc
8ioropoxc, oi onoc 0cepcroi ori ocovroi uupe
oc oveoc rn ,veoriun 8io8iuooo nou ono8-
8ovroi oc 8oiuc-ciroup,iuc 8ioropoxc rou vcupi-
uou ouornoro.
Oi o0noiouc 8uouoc ouviorouv cvo ono ro nc-
ov oooopo uoiveviuo npoonoro oro ou,xpovo uo-
oo, uo0e unoo,zcroi ori oopouv rouoxiorov ro
20% rou o0nriuou nn0uoou. Li8iuorcpo, oi ovonru-
[iouou runou 8ioropoxc rn o0non curioroi ori c-
ovzovroi oro 2-10% rev o0nrev.
4
Oi o0noiouc 8ioropoxc ovo,vepzovroi ouxvorc-
po oro o,opio on' o,ri oro uoproio, oc ovoo,o 4 npo
1. Vio npooorn cpcuvo ori HHA c8ci[c ori ro o,o-
pio c o0noioun 8uouoo noponcnovrov ,io 8ic-
pcuvnon rn 8uouoo rou oc onovriuo c,ourcpo
opi0o on' o,ri ro uoproio. Lnon, n 8io cpcuvo c-
8ci[c ori 8cv unnpxc 8ioopo e npo ro uo ovo-
coo oro noi8io nou ono rnv cpcuvnriun 8io8iuooo opc-
0nuc vo nopouoiozouv o0noiouc 8uouoc.
5
Oi
Anastas uoi Rclnqcrz,
6
ro 19S4, oc 8ioxpoviun ccrn
rn 8ioopo rou uou ovocpouv ori ro uoproio 8c-
xovroi nou i,orcpn uxoo,iun oon0cio uoi ovcup-
ouovroi oc nou iuporcpo nooooro oro ci8iuo cunoi-
8curiuo npo,pooro. Yno0crouv ori n npo,oriun c-
nnreon rev o0noiouev 8uouoiev oro uoproio npc-
nci vo cvoi c,ourcpn ono ourn nou 8ioniorevcroi o-
no ri cpcuvc oc uiviuo n oxoiuo nn0uoo. Auro c-
niocooievcroi uoi ono cro,cvcorcpc ccrc, nou 8cv
ovcupououv 8ioopo e npo ro uo, oo npcnci
vo ovocp0c ori o nn0uoo orov onoo ovocpo-
vroi oopo noi8io rev nperev ro[cev rou oxocou uoi
8cv ncpiooovci c,ourcpo noi8io uoi cnoou, ,c-
,ovo nou 0o cncrpcnc vo c[ox0ouv ooocorcpo ou-
ncpoooro.
7-9
Oi o0noiouc 8ioropoxc nou ouxvo 8ioniorevo-
vroi uoi oc oo cn rn oiuo,cvcio ono ,cvio oc ,c-
vio.
10
Ynoornpzcroi ori oi o0noiouc 8uouoc c-
ovzovroi ncpiooorcpo oro noi8io rev nocev on' o,ri
rev o,poriuev ncpioxev. Lnon, ori oopouv nou ou-
xvorcpo rou noponreoriuou cnoou on' o,ri ro ,c-
viuo nn0uoo. Vcxpi npoooro, Aoiorc uxoo,oi
unoornpizov ori n 8ioropoxn rn ovo,veon 8cv unnp-
xc ori ,eooc rou, ,ior n ,pon c i8co,pooro
cvoi cuuoorcpn ornv cuo0non rn ono ro ooonri-
uo ouornoro. Aurn n uno0con ovorponnuc ono io ou,-
xpovn cpcuvo, nou ouvcupivc noi8io ono ri HHA, rnv
Tooov uoi rnv lonevo, c uoronc uoi ou,upoic
8ouiooc, oi onoc c8ci[ov nopooio cnnreon o-
0noiouev 8ioropoxev uoi ori rpci oo8c nou c[cro-
ornuov.
11
Hopo8ooiouo, n Lnviun uoivevo 0cepc rn op-
eon coo ono rn oxoiun cuno8cuon e oro0cpn rn
o[o. Ero onco ouro ouvovroroi ro cv8iocpov rev
,ovcev, rev cunoi8curiuev, rev iorpev, rev 8nooio-
,poev uoi noev oev ,io ri oirc rev o0noio-
uev 8ioropoxev uoi ri ouvcncic rou orn oxoiun no-
pco rev noi8iev uoi rev cnoev. Touroxpovo, nopo-
,vepzcroi n uoi 8iocu,ci n ouvunop[n rou c oc
oooopc uxiuc n uoi oeoriuc no0noci.
12
Lnci8n oi
,ovc ouxvo ovoznrouv iorpiun oon0cio ,io ro ouvu-
nopxovro npoonoro, cvoi ovo,uoo oi iorpo, i8io-
rcpo ouro rn nperooo0io povr8o u,co (,cviuo
iorpo, noi8orpoi, no0oo,oi), vo cvoi c[oiuciecvoi
c rn oxcon rev o0noiouev 8ioropoxev c ri oc
voooo,iuc ovrornrc.
H nopouoo ovoouonnon cxci e oroxo vo ouooci
ornv ovricrenion ourn rn ovo,un. H cpcuvo rn oi-
oio,poo npo,oronoin0nuc ro 1copouopio rou
2000 uoi n ovoznrnon rn c,ivc ono ri oioorpiuc oo-
oci Vcd|lnc uoi Pscblatr. Auon, xpnoionoin0nuov
ovoopc ono ci8iuou cv8iocpovro oioo rn npo-
oeniun ouo,n rou ou,,poco.
2. MAOHLlAkLL AlA1APAXLL kAl LYNNOLHPO1H1A
H covion ou[ncvn ouvvoonpornro ornv Hoi8i-
un +uxiorpiun 0cepcroi c[oipcriuo ouxvo oivocvo.
13
'c oi cni8nioo,iuc ccrc nou cxouv c[crooci o-
o0cvc c iurn ounreoroo,o 8cxvouv ori n ni-
0ovornro ouvvoonpornro cvoi c[oipcriuo c,ourcpn
on' o,ri n orunn uiviun cupoon o uoi ovo 8ioro-
poxn.
14-16
Oi o0noiouc 8uouoc 0cepcroi ori onorcouv rnv
opxn cvo ouvcxou uxiuev 8ioropoxev, nou ouo-
ou0ouv ro oroo oc oounpn rn zen rou uoi cxouv
ouoxcriorc c cvo cupu ooo uxiuev 8ioropoxev.
4bS ^.K. ANAlNOETOHOY^OE
Euvn0e ro noi8io c o0noioun 8ioropoxn oievouv
nou ncpiooorcpo o,xo ono rou uoioo,iuou ou-
vonuou rou, ro onoo ouxvo cupozcroi crc e o-
oo (n.x. onoruxo), crc c noiuio oeoriuev cvo-
xnorev.
17-19
Lnon, cxouv cvrovorcpo ro ouvoo0n-
o rn ovo[io
20
uoi rou 0uou
21,22
uoi covzouv i-
uporcpn ovroxn orn oroeon ou,upivocvoi c rou
uoioo,iuou o0nrc.
23
Auon, cxouv 8nooicu0c c-
crc nou ouoxcrzouv ri o0noiouc 8ioropoxc c ri
8ioropoxc npooeniuornro, i8iorcpo ro ouv8poo rou
c0opiouou noi8iou,
24,25
oo uoi c onovio ouv8po-
o, one n.x. rn ouv8pon Pradcr-wl||l.
26
Hopono,
n oxcon rev o0noiouev 8uouoiev c rnv cnino
27
uoi rn 8ioropoxn Gl||cs dc |a Tourcttc onorcc oro0c-
po ovriuccvo cpcuvo rev rccuroev 8cuocriev.
2S
'-
e, ro c,ourcpo cpcuvnriuo cv8iocpov cxpi on-
cpo cxci ou,ucvrpe0c orn 8icpcuvnon rn oxcon o-
vocoo ori o0noiouc 8ioropoxc c ro uncpuivnriuo
ouv8poo, ri ouvoio0noriuc 8ioropoxc uoi ri 8io-
ropoxc ouncpiopo.
2.1. Mo0poiok oio1opo
koi uutpkivp1iko ouvopoo
Ynoornpzcroi ori, nou ouxvo, ouo8nouc 8uouo-
c nopornpouvroi oz c ro uncpuivnriuo ouv8po-
o.
29-32
'8n ono rn 8cuocro rou '70 cniocooievcroi c-
pcuvnriuo n uiviun cvruneon rn ouxvn ouvunop[n
o0noioun 8ioropoxn uoi uncpuivnriuornro.
33
Lnon,
n nopouoo ccioriun npoooxn (ovc[oprnro ono
rn ouvunop[n uncpuivnriuornro) 8ioniorevcroi ono
noou cpcuvnrc.
34,35
O oo0o ouvvoonpornro o-
vocoo ori o0noiouc 8uouoc uoi ro uncpuivnriuo
ouv8poo uuovcroi ono 10-92%.
34,36,37
Aurn n c,o-
n 8ioopo ovcroi vo cvoi ro onorccoo 8ioopc-
riuev upirnpev cnio,n rou 8c,oro, rev cpcuvnri-
uev cp,ocev uoi uupe ooro0ev 8io,veoriuev upi-
rnpev ,io rn 8ioupion ovocoo oro uncpuivnriuo ouv-
8poo uoi ri o0noiouc 8ioropoxc.
3S,39
Vccrc cno-
vc[croon (to||ow-up) c8ci[ov ori oi ouo8nouc uoi oi
o0noiouc 8uouoc rev uncpuivnriuev noi8iev no-
pocvouv ornv cnoco uoi ouv8covroi c rn xpovo
oxoiun onoruxo uoi rnv c,uorocin rou oxocou.
40,41
Avocpcroi ori ro noi8io nou nopouoiozouv uoi ri 8uo
8ioropoxc (uncpuivnriuo ouv8poo uoi o0noioun 8io-
ropoxn) noponcnovroi ouxvorcpo orou iorponoi8o-
,e,iuou oro0ou uoi oro ci8iuo cunoi8curiuo npo-
,pooro, on' o,ri ro noi8io nou nopouoiozouv o o-
vo 8ioropoxn. Auro oe vo cpnvcuci rnv ou[non rn
ouvvoonpornro ori ccrc nou npocpxovroi ono ou-
rou rou xepou.
42
Av uoi noo cpcuvnrc ouxvo u-
no0crouv rnv unop[n uoivev ouornoriuev n vcupo-
o,iuev nopo,ovrev, 8cv cvoi ooc ,ior oi o0n-
oiouc 8ioropoxc ouvo8cuovroi ono rn 8ioropoxn rn
ccioriun npoooxn rooo ouxvo uoi oc ri ouvoro-
roi n 8ioopo cucvev rev ncpinreocev nou nopou-
oiozouv ovo o0noioun 8ioropoxn.
43,44
Ern xepo o, ro onorccooro ovoo,ev cpcuvev
cvoi ovrioriuo uoi noev ro cupnoro 8cv ouoo8-
zouv c cucvo rn 8ic0vou oioio,poo.
12
Auro npc-
nci cv cpci vo ono8o0c oro ,c,ovo ori n 8io,veon
rou uncpuivnriuou ouv8poou r0croi nou ouxvorcpo
uoi cuuoorcpo ori HHA on' o,ri ori unooinc xepc.
Encpo, 0cepcroi ori, nopo rnv ovocpocvn ouxvn
ouvunop[n rn 8ioropoxn rn ccioriun npoooxn
c n uoi xep uncpuivnriuornro uoi rev o0noiouev
8ioropoxev, oi 8uo ourc voooo,iuc ovrornrc cvoi
oirioo,iuo 8ioupirc. Oi ,cvcriuc ccrc oorc cvi-
oxuouv ourn rnv uno0con, unoornpzovro c ro cupn-
oro rou ori unopxci ovc[oprnro rpono cro8oon
uoi ,cvcriun cnioopuvon ,io ri 8uo no0noci, ui o-
orc unoornpzouv ori rouoxiorov oro 70-7b% rev nc-
pinreocev unopxci uoivn ,cvcriun cnioopuvon.
45,46
2.2. Mo0poiok oio1opo
koi oio1opo ouutpiqopo
Lvoi cupuroro nopo8curo ori ro noi8io c o0noio-
uc 8uouoc nou ouxvo nopouoiozouv 8ioropoxc ou-
ncpiopo. L[oou nopo8curo cvoi uoi ro ovrorpo-
o, 8no8n n nou ouxvn covion o0noiouev 8u-
ouoiev oro noi8io c oooopn noponreoriun ou-
nreoroo,o.
47
Oi Ruttcr ct a| (19S1),
4S
oc io uon c0o8oo,iuo c-
ni8nioo,iun cpcuvo, opnuov ori ro 1/3 rev noi8iev
c ci8iun uo0uorcpnon ornv ovo,veon nopouoozc 8io-
ropoxc ouncpiopo uoi ori ro 1/3 rev noi8iev c
8ioropoxc ouncpiopo nopouoozc ci8iun uo0uorc-
pnon ornv ovo,veon. Oi nopornpnoci ourc cxouv c-
niocooie0c oc nn0epo vcorcpev cp,ooiev, c ono-
rccoo vo cniuporc n onon ori ro noi8io c o0n-
oiouc 8uouoc pcnouv ornv noponreoriuornro.
49-53
O uv8uvo ,io rnv ovonru[n noponreoriun ounc-
piopo rev noi8iev c o0noioun 8ioropoxn ou[ovci
uoro rnv cnoco uoi ouv8uozcroi c rnv ouo8noun
onoruxo, rnv c,uorocin rou oxocou, rnv ncvixpn
uoiveviuo-oiuovoiun uorooroon uoi opiocvo xopo-
urnpioriuo rn npooeniuornro, one n nopopnriuo-
rnro uoi n ouvoio0noriun ooro0cio.
54-59
Lnon, cxci c-
niocooie0c uoi n nopornpnon ori, ovocoo oro noi8io
c oooopn 8ioropoxn ouncpiopo, rooo n ,cviun oxo-
iun onoruxo ooo uoi n c[ciuriun 8ioropoxn rn ovo-
,veon cvoi c[oipcriuo ouvn0ci.
47
EYNNOEHPOTHTA VAOHElAKON ^lATAPAXON 4b9
Euxvo ro noi8io c o0noiouc 8uouoc nopou-
oiozouv npoonoro ouncpiopo ornv ro[n uoi 0ce-
pouvroi cuoero ornv ovonru[n ouvoio0noriuev 8io-
ropoxev uoi npoonorev ouncpiopo.
60-62
Oi Ruttcr
ct a|,
61
npoucicvou vo c[n,noouv ouro ro oivocvo,
nporcivov rpci uno0coci: (o) ro npoonoro ounc-
piopo nponopxouv uoi oon0ouv ornv covion rev
8uouoiev ornv ovo,veon, (o) ro npoonoro ornv o-
vo,veon nponopxouv uoi o8n,ouv, 8iocoou rn ci-
ecvn ourocurnon uoi rev ouvcxev oroieocev rou
noi8iou, ornv noponreoriun ouncpiopo uoi (,) oi
8uo uoroorooci ni0ovov oipozovroi uoivou uxono-
0oo,iuou 8poou, rooo oc op,oviuo ooo uoi oc i-
8ioouorooiouo uoi ncpiooovriuo cnnc8o.
Oi Kobnstamm ct a| (1990)
63
unoornpzouv ori i8io-
ouorooiouo xopournpioriuo ouoxcrzovroi rooo c ri o-
0noiouc 8uouoc ooo uoi c cvo c,oo ooo u-
xiorpiuev 8ioropoxev. 'roi, cxci nporo0c ori oi i8io-
ouorooiouo nopo,ovrc, one n uncp8poornpiornro, n
iupn 8uvorornro npoooxn uoi n nopopnriuornro,
nopc vo cu0uvovroi ,io rn ouvvoonpornro ovocoo
ori 8ioropoxc ouncpiopo uoi orn 8uouoo ornv
ovo,veon.
64
O VcVlcbac| (1979)
65
uoi oi VcGcc ct a|
(19SS),
66
oc oupoxpovic ccrc noi8iev rn npein
noi8iun niuo, c8ci[ov ori ro npoonoro rooo orn
o0non ooo uoi orn ouncpiopo nrov nopovro npiv
ono rnv cvop[n rou oxocou. To cupnoro rou uno-
ornpzouv rnv uno0con rn unop[n uoivev nopo,ovrev
uiv8uvou. Vio c,on noiuio ono ni0ovou nopo,o-
vrc cxci ccrn0c, one n xonn uoiveviuo-oiuovo-
iun ro[n, ro o,xo uoi n uoro0in rn nrcpo, ro
,veoriuo ccoro, ro npoonoro o,ou uoi n vcu-
poovonru[ioun ovepiornro.
61,67-69
O Hlnsbaw (1992),
70
ovoouonevro ro 0co, c8ci[c ori ro nporuno rn ou-
ncpiopo rev noi8iev c o0noioun 8uouoo o-
ozouv c rnv nopo8o rou xpovou.
Ernv cnoco, orov ccroc rn oxcon rev o0noio-
uev uoi rev uxiorpiuev npoonorev, 8uo uupic c-
pernoci npouunrouv: (o) oi o0noiouc 8uouoc uo-
0iorouv ncpiooorcpo ni0ovn rnv nopoovn rev npo-
onorev ouncpiopo nou cxov coviorc uoro ro
nopc0ov; uoi (o) oi o0noiouc 8uouoc ou[ovouv
rnv cuoio0noo rou cnoou ornv ovonru[n vcev 8ioro-
poxev;
Ero npero cperno, oi ccrc ono rn V. Bpcrovo
8vouv opvnriun onovrnon, unoornpzovro ori iupn c-
e uoo cn8poon 8cv cxouv ro o0noiouo npoon-
oro orn 8iornpnon rev uxiorpiuev 8ioropoxev cro
rn c,ocvn ov0ovouoo niuo.
71,72
Ero 8curcpo cperno oi onovrnoci cvoi ovoiurc.
H Bruc| (19Sb)
73
opnuc ori ro npoonoro npooopo-
,n rn rciun cnoco cvoi ncpiooorcpo oro uop-
roio c o0noioun 8uouoo on' o,ri ori uoioo,iuc
cnoc. Oi VcGcc ct a| (1992)
74
8ionoreoov ori ro o-
0noiouo npoonoro cxov cvo iupo oo ioxupo o-
norccoo ornv ovonru[n vcev 8ioropoxev orou 8c-
uoncvroxpovou cnoou.
Ero cnnc8o rn noponreoriuornro, curcrocvc o-
voouonnoci rn oioio,poo nporcvouv io noiui-
o oirioo,iuev nxovioev, one (o) uoivo nopo,o-
vrc uiv8uvou, (o) nponopxovro npoonoro ounc-
piopo uoi (,) cncipc oxoiun onoruxo, nou o-
no[cvevouv rov cnoo ono ri cniuporouoc o[c.
52,75
'e, n npoocuriun ccrn ourev rev cpcuvev 8cxvci
ori coriozouv ncpiooorcpo orn ,cviun ouo8noun o-
noruxo nopo ori o0noiouc 8uouoc uo0courc. Oi
ccrc nou ouoxcrzouv rnv ovo,veoriun 8uouoo c
rnv noponreoriuornro ornv cnoco opnuov io iupn
roon noponreoriuornro orou cnoou c ovo,ve-
oriun 8uouoo.
76
'e, ro cupnoro rou xpciozcroi
vo cniocooie0ouv uoi ono oc ccrc.
Oi ,c ccrc nou cpcuvouv rn oxcon noponre-
oriuornro uoi o0noioun 8uouoo ornv cvniun zen
8cv 8ionoreoov ou[non rev noooorev c,unoriuo-
rnro ovocoo oro oroo c o0noioun 8uouoo.
73,77,7S
To cupnoro ouro ovcroi vo unoornpzouv ori n o-
noio ou[non rn noponreoriuornro ornv cnoco oxc-
rzcroi ncpiooorcpo c ovri8pooci ncpiopiocvc oro
xpovo uoi i,orcpo c oro0cpo uxono0oo,iuo xo-
pournpioriuo.
O oupion opioo rn o0noioun 8uouoo nou c-
[crozcroi oc uo0c cpcuvo ovcroi vo cvoi o uupiorc-
po nopo,ovro nou cnnpcozci rnv c[o,e,n rev ono-
rccoorev. Xopournpioriuo cvoi ori oi Cornwa|| uoi
Bawdcn (1992),
79
ornv curcrocvn ovoouonnon rou
npoonriuev uoi ccrev cnovc[croon rn ouvvoonpo-
rnro rn ci8iun ovonru[ioun 8ioropoxn rn ovo-
,veon oc ovri8iooron c rn ,cviun uo0uorcpnon ornv
ovo,veon, 8cv opnuov 0criun ouoxcrion ovocoo ornv
ci8iun ovonru[ioun 8ioropoxn rn ovo,veon uoi ri 8io-
ropoxc ouncpiopo. Avr0cro, 8ionoreoov ori ori
ncpiooorcpc ncpinreoci oi 8ioropoxc ouncpiopo
nponnpxov rev o0noiouev, cve ro ovrorpoo 8cv
ouvcooivc.
Hopoo ouro, n unop[n rn oxcon ovocoo ori 8io-
ropoxc o0non uoi ouncpiopo 8cv ,vcroi 8curn
on' oou, rooo e npo rnv curoon rn, ooo -uupe-
e npo rnv oirioo,iun ouv8con rou.
S0,S1
Opiocvoi,
460 ^.K. ANAlNOETOHOY^OE
oioro, 0cepouv ori npouciroi ,io ou,xpovo cniorn-
oviuo u0o uoi npouoronn.
S2,S3
2.3. Mo0poiok oio1opo
koi ouvoio0po1ik oio1opo
To noi8io c o0noiouc 8uouoc nou ouxvo no-
pouoiozouv ouvoio0noriuc 8ioropoxc, nou curcvo-
vroi ono ro ono o,xo cxpi rn czovo uoro0inriun
8ioropoxn uoi rnv ononcipo ourourovo n rnv ouro-
urovo.
S4
Koi c8e cvoi 8uouoo vo 8ioupvouc rn oxc-
on ovocoo ornv oiro uoi ro onorccoo. To noi8io c
o0noioun 8uouoo nou ouxvo covzouv xonn
ourocurnon, ono0oppuvon, uoro0inriuo ouvoo0no
uoi oo ouvoio0noriuo npoonoro.
S5,S6
H oxoiun o-
noruxo, onoio ui ov cvoi n oiro rn, npouoc cvrovo
uxiuo novo uoi cvoi ouvn0iocvo ro noi8io nou rnv
uorovroi vo voie0ouv oro ncpi0epio, xozo n rpc-
o uoi vo ,vovroi o oroxo ouvcxev ncipo,orev uoi
ncpipovnon, rooo cro[u ouvonuev ooo uoi cu
cpou rev c,oev. Auro nou ouxvo cxci e ono-
rccoo oo0ic 8ioropoxc orn 8ioopeon rn npo-
oeniuornro uoi rn uxiun c[ci[n rou noi8iou uoi
rou cnoou.
S7
O Lrl|son (19b0)
SS
unoornpzci ori ro xpovio rou oxo-
cou cvoi upoio ,io rnv ovonru[n rou oio0noro
ouroocoooou uoi rn cp,oriuornro. O uv8uvo ,io ro
noi8, o' ouro ro oro8io, opoucroi ornv oo0non ovc-
nopucio uoi uorercpornro rooo oro npooeniuo ooo
uoi oro uoiveviuo cnnc8o. ^uoruxe, n rourornro rou
noi8iou c o0noioun 8uouoo nou ouxvo op,ove-
vcroi ,upe ono oio0noro o8uvoo, ovcnopucio n
oviuovornro, c onorccoo rnv opvnriun ciuovo rou
noi8iou ,io rov couro rou uoi rn 8ioopeon opvnri-
un rourornro.
S9
li' ouro, n uoro0in cvoi ono ri ou-
xvorcpc ouvo8c 8io,veoci. Euevo c opiocvou
cpcuvnrc, n cnnreon rn czovo uoro0inriun 8io-
ropoxn nopc vo cvoi cxpi cnro opc c,ourcpn
oro noi8io c o0noioun 8uouoo ono o,ri oro coo
opo rou noi8iuou nn0uoou.
90-92
Ynoornpzcroi, oi-
oro, ori opiocvc opc o0noioun 8uouoo (n
curiuc) oxcrzovroi ocoo c ou[ncvo uv8uvo ou-
rourovo.
91,93
Auon, o uv8uvo ,io ourourovo cxci ou-
oxcriorc 0criuo c rn 8iornpnon rn o0noioun 8u-
ouoo ornv cnoco.
94
To cperno nou r0croi cvoi cov oi o0noiouc 8u-
ouoc ouvciocpouv ornv ou[non rev ouvoio0nori-
uev 8ioropoxev ornv cnoco n ov ourc onorcouv
ruxoo cupno, nou oxcrzcroi c ro ou,ucupicvo o-
vonru[iouo oro8io. H onovrnon ono rnv cnviun uoi
8ic0vn oioio,poo cvoi ori ovcupoucroi 0criun ou-
oxcrion ovocoo ornv uoro0inriun ounreoroo,o
uoi ri o0noiouc 8ioropoxc.
12,90,95,96
Oi cpcuvc cnovc[croon (to||ow-up) rev o0noiouev
8uouoiev 8cxvouv ori n unoucicviun cncipo rn ou-
vcxizocvn o0noioun 8uouoo ornv cnoco uoi
ornv cvniun zen 8nioup,c ioxupo oio0noro uore-
rcpornro, ovooocio uoi oroeon, ciecvn ou-
rocurnon, oio0noro cvoxn uoi ioxupn roon vo o-
no88croi n o0noioun 8uouoo oc coercpiuou o-
,ou ovcnopucio uoi oviuovornro rou oroou.
97,9S
Oi F|cmlnq uoi Ottord (1990),
99
oc io curcrocvn o-
voouonnon rev uourcpev 14 cni8nioo,iuev cpcu-
vev rev uoro0inriuev 8ioropoxev, nou c,ivov rn 8c-
uocro rou 'S0, opnuov ori o onovriuorcpo uoi ncov
oro0cpo nopo,ovro uiv8uvou ornv cnoco nrov n xo-
nn ourocurnon uoi n opvnriun ciuovo courou. Nco-
rcpc cpcuvc cniocooievouv ourn rn orcvn oxcon o-
vocoo orn xonn ourocurnon, rnv opvnriun ciuovo
courou uoi ri uoro0inriuc 8ioropoxc ornv cn-
oco.
100,101
'oov oopo rn oxoiun onoruxo uo0courn, ro oi-
oio,poiuo 8c8ocvo cvoi ovrioriuo. Opiocvoi c-
pcuvnrc unoornpzouv ori 8cv unopxci 0criun ouoxcri-
on ovocoo orn oxoiun onoruxo uoi ri uoro0inriuc
8ioropoxc.
102
Avr0cro, ooi rovzouv ori oi 8uouoc
oro oxoco ouoxcrzovroi ororioriue onovriuo c rnv
ovonru[n uoro0inriuev 8ioropoxev.
103
Oi vc|cz ct a|
(19S9),
104
c[crozovro rou nopo,ovrc uiv8uvou ,io rnv
ovonru[n czovo uoro0inriun 8ioropoxn, ovoc-
pouv ori ovocoo orou ioxuporcpou nopo,ovrc c
0criun ouoxcrion ncpiooovorov ro ioropiuo oxoiun
onoruxo, oo oxi uoi ro uoiveviuo-oiuovoiuo cn-
nc8o n ro ,c,ovoro zen.
3. LHlAOlOL
'ne npouunrci ono ro curc0cvro nio nove, oi o-
0noiouc 8ioropoxc cvoi nou ni0ovo vo ouvo8cuo-
vroi uoi ono io 8curcpn uxiorpiun 8io,veon, i8iorc-
po uoro rnv ncpo8o rn cnoco. Hopoo ouro, n ro-
on vo ouoxcrzovroi oirioo,iuo oi o0noiouc 8ioro-
poxc c ri ouvunopxouoc uxiorpiuc 8cv rcun-
pievcroi cnopue ono ro cxpi oncpo cpcuvnriuo 8c-
8ocvo. l8iorcpn npoooxn npcnci vo 8vcroi ornv i8i-
orcpn uoiveviun-noirioiun npo,oriuornro, n onoo
ovcroi vo cnnpcozci rooo rnv cupoon uoi rnv ovri-
crenion rou, ooo uoi rnv cu8neon rev 8ioopev
uxiorpiuev 8ioropoxev nou nopouv vo coviorouv
orn 8io8pon rou.
EYNNOEHPOTHTA VAOHElAKON ^lATAPAXON 461
462 ^.K. ANAlNOETOHOY^OE
8koypoqo
Comorbidity of loarning disordors
D.C. ANAGNOSTOPOULOS
Cl|IJ anJ AJoIcsccni Un|i, Commun|i, McniaI HcaIil Ccnicr E,ron-Kcssar|an|,
Dcparimcni o| Ps,cl|air,, Un|vcrs|i, o| Ailcns, Ailcns, Crcccc
Arcl|vcs o| HcIIcn|c McJ|c|nc 2001, 1S(5).457-465
Tbc prcscncc ot lncrcascd comorbldlt ln cbl|d pscblatr ls consldcrcd to bc a trcqucnt pbcnomcnon. lt bas
bccn suqqcstcd tbat |carnlnq dlsordcrs constltutc tbc outcomc ot a contlnuum ot mcnta| dlsordcrs wblcb to|-
|ow tbc lndlvldua| tbrouqb |ltc and arc assoclatcd wltb a wldc spcctrum ot mcnta| dlsordcrs. Usua|| cbl|drcn
wltb |carnlnq dlsordcrs cxpcrlcncc morc strcss and tbc bavc tcc|lnqs ot lntcnsc |onc|lncss and anqcr and sbow
|css to|crancc to trustratlon". Tbc ma prcscnt pcrsona|lt dlsordcrs, cpl|cps and tbc Gl||cs dc |a Tourcttc
dlsordcr. Tbc most slqnltlcant rcscarcb lntcrcst bas tocuscd on tbc rc|atlonsblp bctwccn |carnlnq dlsordcrs and
tbc bpcractlvc sndromc, cmotlona| dlsordcrs and conduct dlsordcrs. Studlcs carrlcd out slncc tbc 1970s,
bavc contlrmcd tbat tbcrc ls an assoclatlon bctwccn |carnlnq dlsordcrs and bpcractlvlt, and a|so tbat tbc
prcscncc ot attcntlon dctlclt ls lrrcspcctlvc ot bpcractlvlt. Tbc dcqrcc ot comorbldlt bctwccn |carnlnq dls-
ordcrs and tbc bpcractlvc sndromc varlcs bctwccn 10-92%. Fo||ow-up studlcs bavc sbown tbat acadcmlc
and |carnlnq dlttlcu|tlcs ln bpcractlvc cbl|drcn pcrslst tbrouqb ado|csccncc and arc assoclatcd wltb scboo|
tal|urc and drop-out. ln Grcccc tbc rcsu|ts ot ana|oqous studlcs arc amblquous, and most ot tbc tlndlnqs do
not concur wltb tbc lntcrnatlona| |ltcraturc. Cbl|drcn wltb |carnlnq dlsordcrs usua|| prcscnt conduct dlsordcrs
and vlcc vcrsa. Tbcsc obscrvatlons bavc bccn contlrmcd b numcrous studlcs, rcsu|tlnq ln a domlnatlnq vlcw
tbat tbc cbl|drcn wltb |carnlnq dlsordcrs lnc|lnc towards dc|lnqucnc. Tbc rls| ot dcvc|opmcnt ot dc|lnqucn-
c ln cbl|drcn wltb |carnlnq dlsordcrs appcars to bc lncrcascd durlnq ado|csccncc and ls assoclatcd wltb aca-
dcmlc tal|urc, drop-out, |ow soclo-cconomlc status, and ccrtaln partlcu|ar pcrsona|lt cbaractcrlstlcs, sucb as
lmpu|slvcncss and cmotlona| lnstabl|lt. Ncvcrtbc|css, tbc assoclatlon bctwccn |carnlnq dlsordcrs and dc|ln-
qucnc ls not tota|| acccptcd, trom tbc polnt ot vlcw cltbcr ot lts cxtcnt or morc partlcu|ar| ot lts causa| con-
ncctlon. ln adu|t |ltc tbcrc bas not bccn tound an lncrcasc ln tbc pcrccntaqc ot dc|lnqucnc and lt bas bccn
suqqcstcd tbat tbc lncrcasc ln dc|lnqucnc ln ado|csccncc ls assoclatcd morc wltb rcactlons |lmltcd ln tlmc
and |css wltb stab|c pscbopatbo|oqlca| cbaractcrlstlcs. Frcqucnt|, cbl|drcn wltb |carnlnq dlsordcrs prcscnt c-
motlona| dlsordcrs wblcb ranqc trom slmp|c strcss to maor dcprcsslvc dlsordcr, attcmptcd sulcldc or sulcldc.
Tbcsc cbl|drcn ma a|so prcscnt |ow sc|t-cstccm, dlscouraqcmcnt and dcprcsslvc tcc|lnqs. Tbclr ldcntlt ls
usua|| orqanlzcd around tcc|lnqs ot wca|ncss, lnadcquac and lncompctcncc, rcsu|tlnq ln a ncqatlvc sc|t lm-
aqc. Dcprcsslon ls tbc most trcqucnt assoclatcd dlaqnosls and maor dcprcsslvc dlsordcr ma bc scvcn tlmcs
morc common ln tbcsc cbl|drcn tban ln tbc avcraqc cbl|d popu|atlon. lt bas a|so bccn suqqcstcd tbat partlc-
u|ar aspccts ot |carnlnq dlsordcrs (non-vcrba|) arc dlrcct| assoclatcd wltb an lncrcascd rls| ot sulcldc. Tbc
danqcr ot tbc sulcldc bas bccn assoclatcd wltb pcrslstcncc ot |carnlnq dlsordcrs ln ado|csccncc.
Koy words: Attcntlon dctlclt dlsordcr, Comorbldlt, Conduct dlsordcrs, Dc|lnqucnc, Dcprcsslon, Lcarnlnq dlsordcrs, H-
pcractlvlt
A8S1RAC1
1. HlNSHLLWOOD }. Congel|na| wotJ-|||nJness. HK Lowis, London,
1917
2. l1AkD }MG. Momoiro sur lo mulismo produil par la losion dos
fonclion inlollocluollos. Memo|tes Je | AcaJem|e koja|e Je
MeJec|ne 1828, 1:107121
3. MOkGAN W. A caso of congonilal word-blindnoss. 8t MeJ l 1896,
2:1S431S44
4. AKLk L, CAN1WLLL DP. koading disordor. ln: Caplan H, Sadock
(ods) Comte|ens|te !exl|oo| o| /sjc||altj. 6lh od. Williams &
Wilkins, allimoro, 199S:224622S3
S. AKLk L, CAN1WLLL DP. koading disordor. ln: Caplan H, Sadock
(ods) Comte|ens|te !exl|oo| o| /sjc||altj. 6lh od. Williams &
Wilkins, allimoro, 199S:22482249
6. ANAS1AS }W, kLlNGLkZ H. Gondor difforoncos in loarning and
ad|uslmonl probloms in school: rosulls of a longiludinal sludy.
Am l Otl|osjc||altj 1984, S4:110122
7. lLNN }M, kAHAk MH. Provalonco of roading failuro in boys com-
parod wilh girls. /sjc|o| Sc| 1994, 31:6671
8. SHAWl1Z SL, SHAWl1Z A, lLL1CHLk }M, LSCOAk MD. Provalonco
of roading disabilily in boys and girls: rosulls of lho Connoclicul
longiludinal sludy. lAMA 1990, 264:9981002
9. SHAWl1Z SL, lLL1CHLk }M, SHAWl1Z A. A concoplual modol and
dofinilion of dysloxia: findings omorging from lho Connoclicul
longiludinal sludy. ln: oilchman }H, Cohon N}, Konslanlaroas
MM, 1annock k (ods) /anguage, |eatn|ng anJ |e|at|ot J|sotJets.
Dete|omenla|, ||o|og|ca| anJ c||n|ca| etsecl|tes. Cambridgo
Univorsily Pross, Now ork, 1996:3S03S9
10. LN1ON AL. Dovolopmonlal dysloxia: nourological aspocls. ln:
lriodlandor WS (od) AJtances |n /euto|ogj 7. kavon Pross, Now
ork, 197S
11. }ANSK }}. Dovolopmonlal roading disordor. ln: Caplan H, lrood-
man A, Sadock (ods) Comte|ens|te !exl|oo| o| /sjc||altj lll.
3rd od. Williams & Wilkins, allimoro, 1980:2SS12SS2
12. ANAINOl1OHOAOl A. / tt|q :q; uono0ooy/o; no||ov
t o0qo|okt; uoko/t;. lo1pikp lop Hovtuio1pou A0p-
vmv, A0pvo, 1998
13. CAkON C, kU11Lk M. Comorbidily in child psychopalhology: con-
copls, issuos and rosoarch slralogios. l C|||J /sjc|o| /sjc||altj
1991, 32:10631080
14. ANDLkSON }C, WlLLlAMS S, McGLL k, SlLVA PA. DSM-lll disordors in
proadolosconl childron. Provalonco in a largo samplo from lho
gonoral populalion. Atc| Gen /sjc||altj 1987, 44:6978
1S. KASHANl }H, LCK NC, HOLPLk LW, lALLAHl C, COkCOkAN CM, McCAL-
LlS1Lk }A L1 AL. Psychialric disordors in a communily samplo of
adolosconls. Am l /sjc||altj 1987, 144:S84S89
16. SZA1MAkl P, OLL M, OllOkD Dk. ADDH and conducl disordor:
dogroo of diagnoslic ovorlap and difforoncos among corrolalos. l
Am AcaJ C|||J /sjc||altj 1989, 28:86S872
17. S1LlN P, HOOVLk }. Manifosl anxioly in childron wilh loarning dis-
abililios. l /eatn D|sa||| 1989, 22:6671
18. kAN }, SONNLlLLD }, GkAOWSKl . 1ho rolalionship bolwoon
foar of failuro and loarning disabililios. /eatn D|sa||| 1983,
6:217222
19. MALKA M, kAVlV A. LDs oxprossions of anxioly in lorms of minor
somalic complainls. l /eatn D|sa||| 1984, 17:226228
20. MALKA M. Undorslanding lonolinoss among sludonls wilh loarn-
ing disabililios. Spocial issuo: social compolonco of childron and
adolosconls. 8e|at C|ange 1991, 8:167173
21. SMl1H D, ADLLMAN H, NLLSON P, 1ALOk L. Angor, porcoivod con-
lrol and school bohaviour among sludonls wilh loarning prob-
loms. l C|||J /sjc|o| /sjc||altj A|||eJ D|sc|| 1988, 29:S17S22
22. VALLN1l l. Manifosl aggrossion, slalo/lrail anxioly, locus of con-
lrol, porcoivod paronlal allonlion, and roading lovol among loarn-
ing disablod adolosconl malos. D|ssetlal|on A|sltacls lnlet-
nal|ona| 1986, 46:4387
23. VASSlLlOU D. lruslralion loloranco among loarning disablod and
normal sludonls. D|ssetlal|on A|sltacls lnletnal|ona| 1982, 43:
1S0S
24. WLS1MAN }, OWN k, SMl1H S. Analysis of 180 childron roforrod
lo a univorsily hospilal loarning disabililios sorvico. C|||J /sjc||-
altj /um Det 1987, 17:27S282
2S. LkG M. Loarning disabililios in childron wilh bordorlino porson-
alily disordor. 8u|| Menn|nget C||n 1992, S6:379392
26. LUPL M. A now lypo of loarning disordor. AcaJ !|et 1986, 21:
3S33SS
27. ZlLGLLk k. kisk faclors in childhood opilopsy. /sjc|ol|et /sj-
c|osom 1986, 44:18S190
28. UkD L, KAUllMAN D, KLkLSlAN }. 1ourollo syndromo and loarn-
ing disabililios. l /eatn D|sa||| 1992 2S:S98604
29. lLDkMAN }, NLWCOkN }, SPklCH SL. Comorbidily of allonlion doficil
hyporaclivily disordor (ADHD). Am l /sjc||altj 1991, 148:S64
S77
30. LLVlNL MD, USCH , AUlSLLSLk C. 1ho dimonsion of inallonlion
among childron wilh school probloms. /eJ|alt|cs 1982, 70:387
39S
31. SlLVLk L, kUNS1L11Lk kW. Allonlion doficil disordor in adolos-
conls. /os Commun /sjc||altj 1986, 37:608613
32. WLlSS G, HLCH1MAN L, PLkLAMAN 1, HOPKlNS }, WLkNLk A. Hyporac-
livos as young adulls: a conlrollod prospoclivo lon-yoar follow-
up of 7S childron. Atc| Gen /sjc||altj 1979, 36:67S681
33. AUGUS1 G}, GAkllNKLL D. Comorbidily of ADHD and roading dis-
abilily among clinic-roforrod childron. l A|notm C|||J /sjc|o|
1990, 18:294S
34. HALPLkLlN }, Gl11LLMAN k, KLLlN D, kUDLL k. koading disablod-
hyporaclivo childron: a dislincl subgroup of allonlion doficil dis-
ordor wilh hyporaclivily l Am AcaJ C|||J AJo|esc /sjc||altj
1984, 2S:82082S
3S. McGLL k, SHAkL D. Allonlion doficil disordor-hyporaclivily and aca-
domic failuro: which comos firsl and whal should bo lroalod l
Am AcaJ C|||J AJo|esc /sjc||altj 1988, 27:31832S
36. AUGUS1 G}, HOLMLS CS. ohaviour and acadomic achiovomonl in
hyporaclivo subgroups and loarning-disablod boys. Am l D|s
C|||J 1984, 138:102S1029
37. SlLVLk L. 1ho rolalionship bolwoon loarning disabililios, hypor-
aclivily, dislraclibilily, and bohavioral probloms. l Am AcaJ C|||J
AJo|esc /sjc||altj 1981, 20:38S397
38. AUGUS1 G}, GAkllNKLL D. ohavioral and cognilivo sublypos of
ADHD. l Am AcaJ C|||J AJo|esc /sjc||altj 1989, 28:739748
39. HALPLkLlN }M, Gl11LLMAN k. Do hyporaclivo childron and lhoir sib-
lings diffor in lQ and acadomic achiovomonl /sjc||alt kes 1982,
6:2S32S8
40. Gl11LLMAN k, MANNUZZA S, SHLNKLk k, ONAGUkA N. Hyporaclivo
boys almosl grown up. Atc| Gen /sjc||altj 198S, 42:937947
41. WLlSS G, HLCH1MAN L, MlLkO 1, PLkLMAN 1. Psychialric slalus of
hyporaclivos as adulls: a conlrollod prospoclivo 1S-yoar follow-
up of 63 hyporaclivo childron. l Am AcaJ C|||J AJo|esc /sjc||a-
ltj 198S, 24:211220
42. SLMkUD-CLlKLkMAN M, lLDLkMAN }, SklCH-UCKMlNS1Lk S, KkllCH-
Lk-LLHMAN , lAkAONL SV, NOkMAN D. Comorbidily bolwoon
ADDH and loarning disabilily: a roviow and roporl in a clinically
roforrod samplo. l Am AcaJ C|||J AJo|esc /sjc||altj 1992, 31:
439448
43. ACKLkMAN P1, ANHAL1 }M, HOLOCOM P}, DKMAN kA. Prosumably
innalo and acquirod aulomalic procossos in childron wilh allon-
lion and/or roading disordors. l C|||J /sjc|o| /sjc||altj 1986,
27:S13S29
EYNNOEHPOTHTA VAOHElAKON ^lATAPAXON 463
44. DUANL DD. Nourobiological corrolalos of loarning disordors. l Am
AcaJ C|||J AJo|esc /sjc||altj 1989, 28:314318
4S. lAkAONL VS, lLDLkMAN }, LLHMAN KkllCHLk , KLLNAN K, NOkMAL
D, SLlDMAN L} L1 AL. Lvidonco for lho indopondonl familial lrans-
mission of allonlion doficil hyporaclivily disordor and loarning
disabililios: rosulls from a family gonolic sludy. Am l /sjc||altj
1993, 1S0:89189S
46. LlGH1 }G, PLNNlNG1ON l, GlLGLk }W, DLlklLS }C. koading disabilily
and hyporaclivily disordor: ovidonco for a common gonolic oli-
ology. Det /eutosjc|o| 199S, 11:32333S
47. LLWlS DO, SHANOK SS, ALLA DA, AkD . Psychialric corrolalos of
sovoro roading disabililios in an incarcoralod dolinquonl pop-
ulalion. l Am AcaJ C|||J /sjc||altj 1980, 19:611622
48. kU11Lk M, 1lZZAkD }, WHl1MOkL K. /Jucal|on, |ea|l| anJ |e|a-
t|out. Hunlinglon, Kriogor, N, 1981
49. HLkZANlC , PLLNlCK L. Adull oulcomo of disablod child roadors. l
Sec /Juc 1972, 6:397410
S0. WklGH1 PW. koading probloms and dolinquoncy. World Congross
on Dysloxia. Mayo Clinic, kochoslor, Minn, 1974
S1. LAkSON KA. A rosoarch roviow and allornalivo hypolhosis oxplain-
ing lho link bolwoon loarning disabilily and dolinquoncy. l /eatn
D|sa||| 1988, 21:3S7363
S2. klLk N. 1ho rolalionship bolwoon loarning disabilily and dolin-
quoncy: a roviow and roappraisal. l /eatn D|s 1989, 22:S46 SS3
S3. WALDlL K, SPkLLN O. 1ho rolalionship bolwoon loarning disabililios
and porsisling dolinquoncy. l /eatn D|s 1993, 26:417423
S4. HlNSHAW SP. Acadomic undorachiovomonl, allonlion doficils and
aggrossion: comorbidily and implicalions for inlorvonlion. Spo-
cial soclion: comorbidily and lroalmonl implicalions. l Consu|l
C||n /sjc|o| 1992, 60:893903
SS. MlCKA S, kUMACK kA. kolalionship bolwoon loarning disabililios
and |uvonilo dolinquoncy. /etcel Molot S||||s 1980, S1:1223
1226
S6. GkANDL GG. Dolinquoncy: lho loarning disablod sludonl's roac-
lion lo acadomic school failuro AJo|escence 1988, 23:209218
S7. KLlLl1Z l, DUNlVAN1 N. 1ho rolalionship bolwoon loarning disabil-
ily and |uvonilo dolinquoncy: curronl slalo of knowlodgo. kem
Sec /Juc 1986, 7:1826
S8. SKAkL1 D, WlLGOSH L. Loarning disabililios and |uvonilo dolinquon-
cy: a casual rolalionship lnl l AJt Counse| 1989, 12:113123
S9. kAN 1, PLAkL k, HLkZOG A. Loarning disablod adolosconls vul-
norabilily lo crimo: alliludos, anxiolios, oxporioncos. /eatn D|s-
a||| kes 1989, S:S160
60. McKlNNL }D. Longiludinal rosoarch on lho bohavioral charac-
lorislics of childron wilh loarning disabililios. l /eatn D|sa|||
1989, 22:1411S0
61. klCHMAN N, S1LVLNSON }, GkAHAM P}. /te-sc|oo| lo sc|oo|. a
|e|at|outa| sluJj. Acadomic Pross, London, 1982
62. KLLLAM SG, kOWN CH, kUlN k, LNSMlNGLk ML. Palhs loading lo
loonago psychialric symploms and subslanco uso: dovolopmon-
lal opidomiological sludios in Woodlawn. ln: Guzo S, Larls l},
arrall }L (ods) C|||J|ooJ /sjc|oal|o|ogj anJ Dete|omenl.
kavon Pross, Now ork, 1983:17S1
63. KOHNS1AMM GA, A1LS }L, kO1HAk1 MK. !emetamenl |n C|||J-
|ooJ. Chichoslor, Wiloy, 1990
64. ULL W, kU11Lk M. koading and olhor loarning difficullios. ln:
kullor M, Horsov L (ods) C|||J anJ AJo|escenl /sjc||altj: MoJ-
etn atoac|es. lackwoll, oslon, 198S:444464
6S. McMlCHALL P. 1ho hon or lho ogg Which camo firslanlisocial
omolional disordor or roading disabilily 8t l /Juc /sjc|o| 1979,
49:22623S
66. McGLL k, SHAkL D, MOlll11 1L, WlLLlAMS S, SlLVA PA. koading dis-
abilily, bohaviour probloms and |uvonilo dolinquoncy. ln: Saklof-
sko DH, Lysonck SG (ods) lnJ|t|Jua| J|||etences |n c|||Jten anJ
aJo|escenls. lnletnal|ona| etsecl|teness. Hoddor and Sloughlon,
London, 1988:1S0172
67. OllOkD Dk, POUSHlNSK Ml. School porformanco lQ and fomalo
dolinquoncy. lnl l Soc /sjc||altj 1981, 21:267283
68. SlLVA PA. Lpidomiology, longiludinal courso, and somo associalod
faclors: an updalo. ln: ulo W, kullor M (ods) /anguage Jete|o-
menl anJ J|sotJets. Mackoilh London, lackwoll Scionlific Publ,
Oxford, 1987:11S
69. Ll1CMAN }H. Spooch and languago impairmonl and psychialric
risk: loward a modol of nourodovolopmonlal immalurily. /sjc||-
alt C||n /otl| Am 198S, 8:72173S
70. HlNSHAW SP. Lxlornalizing bohaviour probloms and acadomic
undorachiovomonl in childhood and adolosconco: causal rola-
lionships and undorlying mochanisms. /sjc|o| 8u|| 1992,
111:1271SS
71. McKlNNL }D, SPLLCL DL. Acadomic consoquoncos and longiludinal
slabilily of bohavioral sublypos of loarning disablod childron. l
/Juc /sjc|o| 1986, 78:369372
72. MAUGHAN , HAGLLL A, kU11Lk M, ULL W. Poor roadors in soc-
ondary school. koading and wriling: an inlordisciplinary |ournal.
ln: kullor M, 1aylor L, Horsov L (ods) C|||J anJ AJo|escenl /sj-
c||altj. 3rd od. lackwoll, London, 199S
73. kUCK M. 1ho adull funclioning of childron wilh spocific loarning
disabilily: a follow-up sludy. ln: Siogol L (od) AJtances |n a||eJ
Jete|omenla| sjc|o|ogj. Ablox, Norwood, N}, 198S:91129
74. McGLL k, lLLHAN M, WlLLlAMS S, ANDLkSON }. DSM-lll disordors
from ago 11 lo ago 1S yoars. l Am AcaJ C|||J AJo|esc /sjc||altj
1992, 31:S0S9
7S. HAWKllNS }D, LlSHNLk DM. Schooling and dolinquoncy. ln: }ohnson
LH (od) /anJ|oo| on ct|me anJ Je||nquencj tetenl|on c|||J
Jete|omenl. Groonwood Pross, Now ork, 1987:179221
76. MAUGHAN , GkA G, kU11Lk M. koading rolardalion and anlisocial
bohavior: a follow-up inlo omploymonl. l C|||J /sjc|o| /sjc||a-
ltj 198S, 26:7417S8
77. SPkLLN O. Prognosis of loarning disabilily. l Consu|l C||n /sjc|o|
1988, S6:836842
78. MAUGHAN , HAGLLL A, kU11Lk M. koading probloms and anliso-
cial bohaviour: lho picluro in adullhood. MkC Child Psychialry
Unil, lnslilulo of Psychialry, London, 1993. ln: kullor M, 1aylor
L, Horsov L (ods) C|||J anJ AJo|escenl /sjc||altj. 3rd od. lack-
woll, London, 199S
79. COkNWALL A, AWDLN HN. koading disabililios and aggrossion: a
crilical roviow. l /eatn D|sa||| 1992, 2S:281288
80. SA\ H, MOkGAN H. ohaviour probloms in childron wilh loarn-
ing disabililios: lo whal oxlond do lhoy oxisl and aro lhoy a prob-
lom C|||J Cate /ea|l| Det 1993, 19:1491S7
81. CULLlVLk C, SlGLLk k. 1ho rolalionship bolwoon loarning disabilily
and |uvonilo dolinquoncy. lnl l AJo|esc \oul| 1991, 3:117128
82. LOMAkDO VS, LOMAkDO Ll. 1ho link bolwoon loarning disabili-
lios and |uvonilo dolinquoncy: facl or ficlion lnl l 8|os MeJ kes
1991, 13:112117
464 ^.K. ANAlNOETOHOY^OE
EYNNOEHPOTHTA VAOHElAKON ^lATAPAXON 46b
83. LOMAkDO VS, LOMAkDO Ll. 1ho link bolwoon loarning disabili-
lios and |uvonilo dolinquoncy: facl or ficlion ke|j lnl l 8|os MeJ
kes 1991, 13:261
84. KlNG kA, NOSHPl1Z }D. /al|wajs o| gtowl|. }ohn Wiloy & Sons
Publ, Now ork, 1991, 2
8S. GALLlCO kP, UkNS 1}, GkO CS. /mol|ona| anJ |e|at|ota| to||ems
|n c|||Jten w|l| |eatn|ng J|sa||||l|es. Lilllo rown, oslon, 1987
86. WklGH1-S1kAWDLkMAN C, WA1SON L. 1ho provalonco of dopros-
sivo symploms in childron wilh loarning disabililios. l /eatn D|s
1992, 2S:2S8264
87. COHLN }. Loarning disabililios and adolosconco: dovolopmonlal
considoralions. l AJo|esc /sjc||altj 198S, 12:177196
88. LklKSON L. / no||kq q|k/o ko| q ko|vov/o. Lko. Koo1ovim1p,
A0pvo, 197S
89. PlCHAk D. Psychosocial aspocls of loarning disabililios. 8u||
Menn|nget C||n 1986, S0I:2232
90. lklS1D MA, 1OPOLSK S, WLLLLk L, WLLLLk kA. Doprossion and
loarning disabililios in childron. l A||ecl D|s 1992, 26:S3S8
91. lLL1CHLk }M. Nonvorbal loarning disabililios and suicido: classifi-
calion loads lo provonlion. l /eatn D|sa||| 1989, 22:176179
92. DALLL M, OLOCOlSK DN, ALCOkN M, AKLk C. Doprossivo
symplomalology, allribulional slylo, dysfunclional alliludo, and
social compoloncy in adolosconls wilh and wilhoul loarning dis-
abililios. Sc|oo| /sjc|o| ket 1992, 21:4444S8
93. kOUkKL P, OUNG GC, LLLNAAkS AA. A childhood loarning disabil-
ily lhal prodisposos lhoso affliclod lo adolosconl and adull do-
prossion and suicido risk. l /eatn D|sa||| 1989, 22:16918S
94. HUN1lNG1ON DD, LNDLk WN. Adolosconls wilh loarning disabili-
lios al risk. Lmolional woll-boing, doprossion, suicido. l /eatn
D|sa||| 1993, 26:1S9166
9S. MADlANOS GM, GLlOU-MADlANOU D, S1LlANlS NC. Doprossivo
symploms and suicidal bohavior among gonoral populalion ado-
losconls and young adulls across Grooco. /ut /sjc||altj 1993,
8:139146
96. HAkklNG1ON k. Affoclivo disordors. ln: kullor M, 1aylor L, Hor-
sov L (ods) C|||J anJ AJo|escenl /sjc||altj. 3rd od. lackwoll,
London, 199S
97. VAUGHN S, HAAGLk D, HOGAN A, KOUZLKANANl K. Solf-concopl and
poor accoplanco in sludonls wilh loarning disabililios: a four-lo
fivo-yoar prospoclivo sludy. l /Juc /sjc|o| 1992, 84:43S0
98. LAk GG, }UNOVLN }, MclNLkNL l. Solf-porcoplions and poor rola-
lions of boys wilh and boys wilhoul loarning disabililios in an inlor-
gralod solling: a longiludinal sludy. /eatn D|s 1993, 16:127 136
99. lLLMlNG }L, OllOkD Dk. Lpidomiology of childhood doprossivo
disordors: a crilical roviow. l Am AcaJ C|||J AJo|esc /sjc||altj
1990, 29:S71S80
100. MAk1ON P, CONNOLL }, KU1CHLk S, KOkLNLUM M. Cognilivo
social skills and social solf-appraisal in doprossod adolosconls.
l Am AcaJ C|||J AJo|esc /sjc||altj 1993, 32:739744
101. KlNG C, NALOk M, SLGAL H, LVANS 1, SHAlN . Global solf-worlh,
spocific solf-porcoplions of compolonco, and doprossion in ado-
losconls. l Am AcaJ C|||J AJo|esc /sjc||altj 1993, 32:74S7S2
102. COS1LLLO L}, COS1LLLO A}, LDLLkOCK C, UkNS }, DULCAN MK,
kLN1 D L1 AL. Psychialric disordors in podialric primary caro.
Atc| Gen /sjc||altj 1988, 4S:11071116
103. GAkklSON CZ, SCHLUCH1Lk MD, SCHOLNACH V}, KAPLAN K. Lpi-
domiology of doprossivo symploms in young adolosconls. l Am
AcaJ C|||J AJo|esc /sjc||altj 1989, 28:3433S1
104. VLLLZ CN, }OHNSON }, COHLN P. A longiludinal analysis of soloclod
risk faclors for childhood psychopalhology. l Am AcaJ C|||J
AJo|esc /sjc||altj 1989, 28:861864
CottesonJ|ng aul|ot.
D.C. Anagnoslopoulos, Child and Adolosconl Unil, Communily
Monlal Hoallh Conlor, Doparlmonl of Psychialry, Univorsily of
Alhons, 14 Dilou slrool, Gk-161 21 Kossariani, Alhons, Grooco