Yarn Tension

and
Balloon
Geometry in
Ring Spinning
• Introduction • Balloon Geometry
• Yarn Tension
– Physics behind
– Objectives
– Tension Zones
– Balloon Collapse
• Winding Zone • Modifications in the
• Balloon Zone – configuration of
Spinning Zone Ring Frames
– Influence of Various
parameters on Yarn • Conclusions
Tension
• Ring Frame Design
• Points to be noted in
this path
– Tension in the yarn
– Ballooning of the yarn
• Process optimization –
End Breakage Rate
 FW = 2π2µMD(Ns)2/sin α

• Case I - weightless yarn

and no air drag.

• Case 2 – R1TW = RTU sin

αo

• Case 3 – R1TW > RTU sin

αo

• Case 4 – R1TW < RTU sin

αo

• In general, however, the

centripetal force effects
• The tension in the winding and balloon
zone will be at equilibrium and hence
TW = TR eµθ
• According to Klein the value of the eµθ
lies in between 1.2 to 1.8.
• Balloon tension will be on an average
50% of the winding tension.
In R/S, its not exactly a tensioned
ring.

The yarn length is self-adjusting so

that the balloon shape permits the
net horizontal force on each element
in the yarn just to provide the
necessary centripetal force on that
element.

Air drag is relatively more important

with fine yarns than with coarse
yarns
• Neck of finite radius
• To avoid neck formation R/P and H/P
must be small: i.e. P must be large.
• The formation of a neck in the balloon
occurs gradually if unfavourable
conditions arise, such an increase of H,
or a reduction of traveller mass.
• Balloon collapse arises when the neck
contacts the package significantly
thereby causing a breakdown in the
spinning process.
• Collapse would be most likely to occur
when the yarn in winding on to the
maximum package diameter with the
longest balloon length, i.e. when H is at
maximum and P is at a minimum.
• Automatic control of
spindle speed
• Programmed control
of spindle speed by
cam designed
• A two speed drive
• Spinning being carried on
with the yarn wrapped
around the package
spindle.
• The aim of such spindles is
similar to that of the use of
control rings
• Work required to rotate the
balloon is now provided via
the tip of the spindle and
the winding tension is
correspondingly reduced.
• The tension in the balloon
and the spinning tension
are also reduced.
• Tension and balloon geometry are two co-
related phenomenon
• End breakage rate
• Process optimization for a minimum end
breakage rate
• Apart from it we have also seen the newer
configurations that have been incorporated into
the ring frame of the modern day
• De Barr, A.E and Catling, H. ‘The principles of ring spinning’ Manual of cotton spinning, Vol V,
Textile Institute Manchester, 1965.
• Klein, W. ‘the technology of short staple spinning’, short staple spinning series. The Textile
Institute Manchester.
• Stalder, H. ‘increasing ring spindle speed in consideration of yarn quality and running
condition’ Melliand International (1994) 7-8, E140.
• Schwap, R. ‘yarn tension in ring spinning process’ Melliand International.
• Oxtoby, E. ‘spun yarn technology’ Butterworths & Co 1987.
• References from the Journal of the Textile Institute.
– Application of theory of spinning – balloon part I
– Controlled balloon spinning G. M. Bracewell
– Measurements of balloon characteristics J. Gregory and C. Mack
– A descriptive account of yarn tensions and balloon shapes in ring spinning A. E. De Barr
– The physics of the yarn tensions and balloon shapes in spinning winding and similar processes A. E. De
Barr
• References from the Textile Research Journal
– The effect of yarn hairiness on air drag in ring spinning
– Effect of geometry of ring spinning triangle.
– Accurate identification of the shape the yarn balloon.