4 (.

3)


(rad)
(1 = 60', 1' = 60'').
~ 30.
:
>
> 1''
Hubble > 0.1''


: =/2

r
1 AU



Bessel 1838 (61 ).

 -
,
6 ,
r :

1pc (parsec) = 206265 AU = 3,26 .

 ;
, :
, ,

.


, d:

=1 f=10m => d=0.05mm !


/
, :

(/)
()
() ()
: erg s-1 cm-2 W m-2


130.. .
m = 1 :
m = 6 : ( )
Weber & Fechner:
.
:


Pogson :

c: (m1,l1).

-26.7

-12.6

-4.4

-3.0

-1.6

+5.5

. .

+9.5

+13.7

. . Hubble

+30

 ;
/
,
1 2.
,
/ 1=0 2= .
, m
/
.
,
/ .
'
.

 WIEN

 ;
,
1 2, '


U-B-V (
/ ). Johnson
(1950).

1 - 2

(Ultraviolet)

3500

3300 4000

(Blue)

4300

3900 4900

(Visual)

5500

5050 5950

: 0=4400. : mpg mB mV !

 U, B, V
U


/
F R,



F
, Stefan-Boltzmann
eff

( /
).

 U-B-V
U-B-V

LB, lB LV, lv.

,

mU, m mV


L,
() lbol

,
. ,
mbol, m
l, , mU,
m mV Teff.
BC = mbol-mV


(color index, CI) =

.
CI = mpg mV
B-V = mB mV
U-B = mU mB

, !
:
-> -> CI >0
-> -> CI<0


,

( Mie):
~ 1/
, '
( ).

, B-V - U-B.


(U-B)0 (B-V)0,

EB-V = (B-V) - (B-V)0
, :
AV =3EB-V
AB =4EB-V




,
rA = 10pc

' .

( r pc).