MODERN OPERATING

SYSTEMS
RIYAZ P A
16, S2 MTECH CSE
MACE
CONTENTS
Introduction
Microkernel Architecture
Multithreading
Symmetric Multiprocessing
Distributed Operating Systems
Object-oriented design
Conclusion

6-Aug-14 Dept of CSE, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam
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INTRODUCTION
New design elements were introduced recently
In response to new hardware development
multiprocessor machines
high-speed networks
faster processors and larger memory
In response to new software needs
multimedia applications
Internet and Web access
Client/Server applications
6-Aug-14 Dept of CSE, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam
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MICROKERNEL ARCHITECTURE
Most OS featured large monolithic kernel
OS functionalities provided by the large kernels
Scheduling, file system, memory management and more
A monolithic kernel is implemented as a single process with all
elements sharing the same address space.
A microkernel architecture assigns only a few functions to the
kernel , including address spaces, interprocess communications
(IPC) and basic scheduling.

6-Aug-14 Dept of CSE, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam
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MICROKERNEL ARCHITECTURE
Other services are provided by processes called servers
Servers run in user mode
This approach decouples kernel and server development.
Advantages
Simplifies implementation
Provides flexibility
Suitable to the distributed environment
6-Aug-14 Dept of CSE, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam
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MULTITHREADING
Multithreading is a technique in which a process executing an
application is divided into threads that can run concurrently
Threads
A dispatchable unit of work.
It includes a processor context and its own data area for stack.
A thread executes sequentially and is interruptable.
Process
A collection of one or more threads and associated system resources.
Program in execution
By breaking a single application to multiple threads, it will give modularity of
application and timing of application-related events.

6-Aug-14 Dept of CSE, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam
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MULTITHREADING
It is useful for applications that perform a number of essentially
independent tasks that do not need to be serialized.
Example is a database server that listens for and processes numerous
client requests
Less overhead for switching threads
Threads are useful for structuring processes that are part OS
Kernel.

6-Aug-14 Dept of CSE, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam
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SYMMETRIC MULTIPROCESSING
Characteristics
There are multiple processors
These processors share the main memory and I/O facilities,
interconnected by a communication bus or other internal
connection scheme.
All processors can perform the same functions.
The OS of an SMP schedules processes or threads across all of
the processors.
6-Aug-14 Dept of CSE, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam
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ADVANTAGES OF SMP OVER
UNIPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
Performance : Multiprogramming and multiprocessing







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Figure 1: Multiprogramming and Multiprocessing
ADVANTAGES OF SMP OVER
UNIPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE
Availability
Failure of single processor does not halt the machine
Incremental growth
Enhance Performance by adding a processor
Scaling
Vendors can offer a range of products with different prices and
different performance characteristics.


6-Aug-14 Dept of CSE, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam
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SYMMETRIC MULTIPROCESSING
SMP is useful for non-threaded processes, because several
process can run in parallel.
Existence of multiple processors is transparent to the user.
OS take care of scheduling of threads or processes on individual
processors and of synchronization among processors.
6-Aug-14 Dept of CSE, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam
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DISTRIBUTED OPERATING SYSTEMS
It provides the illusion of a single main memory space and a
secondary memory space plus other unified access facilities
such as DFS.
Advanatges
Responsiveness
Availability
Resource sharing
Incremental growth
End user productivity.
6-Aug-14 Dept of CSE, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam
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OBJECT ORIENTED DESIGN
Most recent innovation
It lends discipline to the process of adding modular extensions to
a small kernel
At OS level, an object-based structure enables programmers to
customize the OS without disrupting system integrity
Object orientation also eases the development of distributed
tools and full-blown distributed OS.
6-Aug-14 Dept of CSE, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam
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CONCLUSION
Over the years , there has been a gradual evolution of OS
structure and capabilities.
In recent years a number of design elements have introduced in
both new OS and new release of existing OS that create a
major change in the nature of Operating Systems
6-Aug-14 Dept of CSE, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam
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REFERENCES
Operating System : Internals and Design : Seventh Edition by
William Stallings
6-Aug-14
Dept of CSE, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam
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THANK YOU

6-Aug-14 Dept of CSE, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam
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