A N S W E R S

470
Note
In the determination of numerical solutions, the calculator has not been cleared after each individual step in a problem.
The final answers have been rounded off to the number of significant figures allowed by the accuracy of the data.
For worked solutions to numerical exercises, visit http://www.thomsonlearning.com.au/chemistry
82
17
74
Chapter 2
Questions 2.2
4 C: 2, 4
F: 2, 7
Al: 2, 8, 3
P: 2, 8, 5
Ca: 2, 8, 8, 2
7 a 3
b 10
Questions 2.3
3 a H: 1s
1
b N: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
c Ne: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
d Cl: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5

e K: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
f Ni: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
8
4s
2
g Kr: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
6
Review questions
2 a 2; 1s
2
b 2, 6; 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
c 2, 8, 2; 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
d 2, 8, 6; 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
e 2, 8, 8, 2; 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
f 2, 8, 18, 2; 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
g 2, 8, 18, 7; 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
5
Chapter 3
Questions 3.1
2 a 6; carbon-14 6; 6; 8; 14
14
C
b 4; beryllium-9 4; 5; 9;
9
Be
c 10; neon-19; 10; 9; 19;
19
Ne
d 82; lead-210; 82; 128; 210;
210
Pb
e 17; chlorine-35; 17; 18; 35;
35
CI
f 74; tungsten-186; 74; 112; 186;
186
W
4 a 9
b
1
A and
3
G;
14
F
1
and
16
J
c E and J
d K
Questions 3.2
1 a 1.3329
b 11.905
c 238
d 59
2 a 1836.15266
4 a 152.0 amu
b 28.1 amu
c 55.9 amu
d 58.8 amu
6 39.1 amu
7 a 10 and 11
b boron-10:
9
; boron-11:
36
c boron-10: 20%; boron-11: 80%
d 10.8 amu
8 D
9 30%
Questions 3.3
1 a 28.0 amu
b 34.1 amu
c 34.0 amu
d 16.0 amu
e 63.0 amu
f 98.0 amu
g 46.0 amu
h 60.0 amu
2 b 5.44
Questions 3.4
1 a H: 5.0%; F: 95.0%
b C: 27.3%; O: 72.7%
c C: 75.0%; H: 25.0%
d H:1.6%; N: 22.2%; O: 76.2%
e C: 52.2%; H: 13.0%; O: 34.8%
2 a 1.1 g
b 11.8 g
c 181.8 g
3 1.0 t
4 a ammonia: 82.4%; urea: 46.7%
b 124 g
c 2.1 kg
6
4
9
1 1 7 7
45 45
471
A N S W E R S
Review questions
1 a 60; 27
b 33
c 27 if atoms are uncharged
2 b
175
Lu and
176
Lu
c lutetium-175: 71 p, 104 n; lutetium-176: 71 p, 105 n
d 175.0 amu
e 14.6
3 a 14.0 amu
b 87.7 amu
4 45.0%
5 a 5
b 70, 72, 73, 74, 76
c germanium-70: 21.8%; germanium-72: 27.2%; germanium-73:
7.9%; germanium-74: 35.6%; germanium-76: 7.4%
d 72.7 amu
6 a 90.0 amu
b C: 26.7%; O: 71.1%; H: 2.2%
7 a 40.0%
b 10 g
c 150 g
9 Sn or Sb
Chapter 4
Questions 4.3
1 a Group 16, Period 2
b Group 2, Period 3
c Group 14, Period 3
d Group 2, Period 5
5 a He: 1s
2
Ne: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

Ar: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6

Kr: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
6
Questions 4.4
1 a s-block
b p-block
c p-block
d d-block
e s-block
f d-block
g p-block
h p-block
Review questions
4 A: Group 1, Period 2, s-block
B: Group 18, Period 2, p-block
C: Group 16, Period 3, p-block
D: Group 7, Period 4, d-block
E: Group 12, Period 4, d-block
F: Group 12, Period 5, d-block
G: Group 18, Period 5, p-block
5 a D or E
b B or G
8 a [Ne] 3s
2
3p
4
b 38
Chapter 5
Questions 5.1
1 a 77.5%
b 7.2%
c 15.3%
Questions 5.2
1 b A-Li
2
O
B-SiH
4
c Na
2
O
d very basic
3 a come
b hot HCl
4 a lattice
b covalent
Review questions
1 a C
b A
c H
d F
e D
f B
g G
h E
3 a fluorine
b fluorine
c helium, neon, argon
d hydrogen
e group 1
f gold
g pure metal
h transition metals
i francium
Chapter 6
Questions 6.1
1 a 6.02 10
23
c 63.6 g
2 a 10 mol
b 1.5 mol
c 50 mol
d 1.2 mol
e 200 mol
f 0.011 mol
g 0.000 500 mol
71 71
3 a 6 10
22
water molecules
b 3 10
23
argon atoms
c 1.2 10
25
aluminium ions
d 1 10
22
electrons
e 7.2 10
23
nitrogen molecules
Questions 6.2
1 8 10
26
hydrogen atoms
2 200 mol
3 a 6 10
27
carbon atoms
b 1.2 10
28
oxygen atoms
c 1.8 10
28
atoms
4 a 12 mol
b 12 mol
c 7.2 10
24
carbon atoms
5 a 1500 mol
b 3000 mol
c 6000 mol
6 a 1
b 2
c 3 mol
d 6 mol
e 4 10
24
Cl
-
ions
7 a 800 molecules
b 400 molecules
c 400 molecules
d 200 molecules
8 a 2 mol
b 6 mol
c 1 mol
9 D
Questions 6.3
1 a 110.3 amu
b 95.3 amu
c 84.0 amu
d 142.0 amu
e 159.6 amu
f 78.0 amu
2 a 110.3 g mol
1
b 95.3 g mol
1
c 84.0 g mol
1
d 142.0 g mol
1
e 159.6 g mol
1
f 78.0 g mol
1
3 a 55.8 g mol
1
b 63.5 g mol
1
c 16.0 g mol
1
d 62.0 g mol
1
e 44.0 g mol
1
f 34.1 g mol
1
g 46.0 g mol
1
h 40.0 g mol
1
i 106.0 g mol
1
j 80.0 g mol
1
5 a Na: 39.3%; Cl: 60.7%
b Na: 0.79 t; Cl: 1.21 t
6 a CuFeS
2
: 183.5 g mol
1

Cu
2
S: 159.1 g mol
1

Cu
2
O: 143.0 g mol
1

CuS: 95.6 g mol
1

Cu
5
FeS
4
: 501.7 g mol
1
b CuFeS
2
: 34.6%
Cu
2
S: 79.8%
Cu
2
O: 88.8%
CuS: 66.4%
Cu
5
FeS
4
: 63.3%
c CuFeS
2
: 2.9 kg
Cu
2
S: 1.3 kg
Cu
2
O: 1.1 kg
CuS: 1.5 kg
Cu
5
FeS
4
: 1.6 kg
Questions 6.4
1 a 1.56 mol
b 55.6 mol
c 1.05 mol
d 9.42 mol
e 2.00 mol
2 a 300 g
b 0.6 g
c 130 g
d 4.0 g
e 0.9 g
f 160 g
3 a 1.8 10
23
atoms
b 3.06 10
22
atoms
c 5.02 10
25
atoms
d 6.6 10
20
atoms
4 a 7.5 10
23
molecules
b 6.5 10
23
molecules
c 1.13 10
23
molecules
d 5.5 10
25
molecules
5 a 2.5 g
b 1200 g
c 635 g
d 1.05 10
20
g
e 1.300 10
19
g
f 2 10
22
g
6 a 0.0432 mol
b 0.0034 mol
c 0.0466 mol
d 1.44 g
e 2.81 10
22
atoms
f 0.0500 mol, 1.15 g
Questions 6.5
1 HO
2 a C
2
H
5
c CH
2
O
2
b CH
2
d BaSO
4
472
473
A N S W E R S
3 a P
4
O
10
b C
6
H
10
O
4
4 a CHO
2
b C
2
H
2
O
4
5 a i 0.30 g
ii C
2
H
3
O
3
iii C: 32.0%; H: 4.0%; O: 64.0%
iv C
2
H
3
O
3
c C
4
H
6
O
6
6 a 1.253 g
b 0.295 g
c CuO
Questions 6.6
1 b AlCl
3
6H
2
O
2 4
3 10
4 Ba(OH)
2
8H
2
O
5 4
Review questions
1 a 40.1%
b 4.0 t
2 a 20 mol
b 36 mol
c 2 10
24
molecules
d 1 10
25
atoms
e 4 10
25
atoms
3 a 0.003 mol
b 2 10
21
molecules
c 3 10
21
atoms
4 a 0.017 mol
b 0.0096 mol
c 0.022 mol
5 a 1 10
5
mol
b 9 10
18
c 90 000 atoms
6 NaNO
2
7 a C
3
NH
9
b C
6
N
2
H
18
8 C
3
H
8
O
3
9 6 and 3 respectively
Chapter 7
Questions 7.1
2 a 1s
2
2s
1
; 1s
2
; +1; Li
+
b 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
; 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
; +2; Ca
2+
c 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
; 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
; +1; K
+
5 a 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
b 2
c Mg
2+
6 a 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
b 3
c Al
3+
Questions 7.2
7 a 3
d 20
Review Questions
6 a 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
Chapter 8
Questions 8.1
4 a 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
; 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
c 1+, 1, respectively
d KCl
5 a NaF
Questions 8.2
1 a fluoride
b iodide
c magnesium
d sulfide
e lithium
f nitride
g phosphide
h barium
i selenide
2 a lithium nitride
b potassium oxide
c sodium bromide
d calcium chloride
e iron(II) chloride
f iron(III) chloride
g copper(I) bromide
h copper(II) bromide
i mercury(I) oxide
5 a CaO
Questions 8.3
1 a Na
2
S
b KNO
3
c MgCO
3
d CaSO
4
e NH
4
OH
f Cu(OH)
2
g Al(NO
3
)
3
h (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
i Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
2 a AgBr
b CuCl
3 ZnO
4 FeO, CuO
5 a Cr
3+
, O
2
b Cr
2
O
3
6 a X: Group 1;Y: Group 2; Z: Group 16
b Z
c i X
2
Z
ii YZ
iii no compound
7 a A and B
b BA
2
Review questions
1 a 2+, 1 respectively
b CaF
2
2 a sodium hydrogen carbonate
d Group 2
3 a magnesium ion, Mg
2+
; oxide ion, O
2

sodium ion, Na
+
; chloride ion, Cl

4 A: shiny silver, malleable, metal

B: brittle, conducts as L only
C: conducts as S and L, metal
D: neither
E: neither
F: shiny silver, malleable (when solid), conducts as S and L
G: brittle, ionic compound
H: neither
Chapter 9
Questions 9.1
5 a 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
b 3
c 3
e 3 bonding pairs, 2 non-bonding pairs
g N
2
Review Questions
1 No. of bonding pairs 1, 1, 1, 2, 3
No. of non-bonding pairs 0, 6, 6, 4, 2
Chapter 10
Questions 10.1
1 a 1 bonding pair, 3 non-bonding pairs
2 a 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
, needs 1 electron
4 a H
2
S; H 1s
1
; S 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
5 a 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
, needs 3 electrons
c 3 bonding pairs, 1 non-bonding pair
Chapter 11
Questions 11.1
1 D
7 a C
3
H
8
(g) + 5O
2
(g) 3CO
2
(g) + 4H
2
O(g)
b 2C
2
H
6
(g) + 7O
2
(g) 4CO
2
(g) + 6H
2
O(g)
Questions 11.2
1 a I: CH
3
CH(CH
3
)CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
II: CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
III: CH
3
CH
2
CH(C
2
H
5
)CH
2
CH
3
b I: 2-methylpentane
II: hexane
III: 3-ethylpentane
c I: C
6
H
14
; II: C
6
H
14
; III: C
7
H
16
2 Semi-structural formulas:
a CH
3
CH
3
b CH
3
CH
2
CH
3
c CH
3
CH(CH
3
)CH
2
CH
3
d CH
3
CH(CH
3
)CH(CH
3
)CH
3
e CH
3
CH
2
CH(C
2
H
5
)CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
f CH
3
C(CH
3
)
2
CH
3
6 b 3 structural isomers
c pentane, 2-methylbutane, 2,2-dimethylpropane
Questions 11.3
2 B
3 c CH
2
=CH
2
d C
2
H
4
(g) + 3O
2
(g) 2CO
2
(g) + 2H
2
O(g)
4 I: 1-hexene; II: 5-methyl-2-hexene
5 a CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH=CH
2
; C
5
H
10
b CH
3
CH
2
CH=CHCH
3
; C
5
H
10
c CH
3
CH=C(CH
3
)CH
3
; C
5
H
10
6 a 1-butene
b 3-hexene
Questions 11.4
3 d 1,2-dibromoethane
5 a CH
3
CH
2
CH
3
C
3
H
6
(g) + H
2
(g) C
3
H
8
(g)
b CH
2
BrCHBrCH
3
; 1,2-dibromopropane
c Systematic name: polypropene; industrial name: polypropylene
6 a C: 14.1%; H: 2.4%; Cl: 83.5%
b C: 52.2%; H: 13.0%; O: 34.8%
7 a CH
2
b C
4
H
8
Review questions
2 a 2C
3
H
6
(g) + 9O
2
(g) 6CO
2
(g) + 6H
2
O(g)
b 2C
6
H
14
(l) + 19O
2
(g) 12CO
2
(g) + 14H
2
O(g)
c C
4
H
8
(g) + 6O
2
(g) 4CO
2
(g) + 4H
2
O(g)
3 a CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
4 a C
c CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
; butane
5 Correct name: 2-methylbutane
Chapter 12
Questions 12.5
3 a TSA = 6 10
4
m
2
; TSE = 6 10
4
J
b V = 10
6
m
3
; ratio = 600 m
1
c 6 10
9
m1
474
475
A N S W E R S
Chapter 13
Questions 13.2
1 c KNO
3
(s) K
+
(aq) + NO
3

(aq)
7 c HCOOH(l) HCOOH(aq)
Questions 13.3
1 a KI(aq) + AgNO
3
(aq) AgI(s) + KNO
3
(aq)
Ag
+
(aq) + I

(aq) AgI(s)
b BaCl
2
(aq) + Na
2
SO
4
(aq) BaSO
4
(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
Ba
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq) BaSO
4
(s)
c CuCl
2
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Cu(OH)
2
(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
Cu
2+
(aq) + 2OH

(aq) Cu(OH)
2
(s)
d Na
2
CO
3
(aq) + CaCl
2
(aq) CaCO
3
(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
Ca
2+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq) CaCO
3
(s)
e Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + 2KBr(aq) PbBr
2
(s) + 2KNO
3
(aq)
Pb
2+
(aq) + 2Br

(aq) PbBr
2
(s)
f 2KOH(aq) + Mg(NO
3
)
2
(aq) Mg(OH)
2
(s) + 2KNO
3
(aq)
Mg
2+
(aq) + 2OH

(aq) Mg(OH)
2
(s)
g 2NH
4
Cl(aq) + Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) PbCl
2
(s) + 2NH
4
NO
3
(aq)
Pb
2+
(aq) + 2Cl

(aq) PbCl
2
(s)
h Na
3
PO
4
(aq) + AlCl
3
(aq) AlPO
4
(s) + 3NaCl(aq)
Al
3+
(aq) + PO
4
3
(aq) AlPO
4
(s)
i FeCl
3
(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) Fe(OH)
3
(s) + 3NaCl(aq)
Fe
3+
(aq) + 3OH

(aq) Fe(OH)
3
(s)
j Na
2
S(aq) + FeSO
4
(aq) FeS(s) + Na
2
SO
4
(aq)
Fe
2+
(aq) + S
2
(aq) FeS(s)
2 a Pb
2+
(aq) + SiO
3
2
(aq) PbSiO
3
(s)
Questions 13.4
1 a soluble
b insoluble: Pb
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq) PbSO
4
(s)
c insoluble: 3Ca
2+
(aq) + 2PO
4
3
(aq) Ca
3
(PO
4
)
2
(s)
d soluble
e insoluble: Ba
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq) BaSO
4
(s)
2 a no
b yes; iron(II) hydroxide
c yes; zinc carbonate
d no
e no
f yes; calcium phosphate
3 a 22 g
b 160 g
c 31.5 g
d 88 g
e 42 g
4 a 48 C
b supersaturated
Review questions
3 b KClO
3
(s) K
+
(aq) + ClO
3

(aq)
c 70 g
d i T (unsaturated)
ii P, S (supersaturated)
e saturated
f 15 g
4 a Yes: Cu(OH)
2
CuSO
4
(aq) + 2KOH(aq) Cu(OH)
2
(s) + K
2
SO
4
(aq)
Cu
2+
(aq) + 2OH

(aq) Cu(OH)
2
(s)
b No
c Yes: PbSO
4
Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + K
2
SO
4
(aq) PbSO
4
(s) + 2KNO
3
(aq)
Pb
2+
(aq) + SO
4
2
(aq) PbSO
4
(s)
d Yes: CaCO
3
Na
2
CO
3
(aq) + CaCl
2
(aq) CaCO
3
(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
Ca
2+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq) CaCO
3
(s)
e No
Chapter 14
Questions 14.1
2 b H
2
SO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l) H
3
O
+
(aq) + HSO
4
-
(aq)
acid base conjugate conjugate
acid of H
2
O base of H
2
SO
4
4 a HCOO

b H
2
PO
4

c HCO
3

d NH
3
e CH
3
COO

5 a H
2
O
b NH
4
+
c HPO
4
2
d OH

e H
2
CO
3
6 b NH
3
and NH
4
+
; HCl and Cl

Questions 14.2
1 a HNO
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l) H
3
O
+
(aq) + NO
3

(aq)
b HClO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l) H
3
O
+
(aq) + ClO
4

(aq)
c HCOOH(aq) + H
2
O(l) z H
3
O
+
(aq) + HCOO

(aq)
d HNO
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) z H
3
O
+
(aq) + NO
2

(aq)
e NH
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l) z NH
4
+
(aq) + OH

(aq)
f HCO
3

(aq) + H
2
O(l) z H
2
CO
3
(aq) + OH

(aq)
Questions 14.3
1 a (I) H
2
CO
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l) z H
3
O
+
(aq) + HCO
3

(aq)
(II) HCO
3

(aq) + H
2
O(l) z H
3
O
+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq)
2 a Acid: H
2
PO
4

(aq) + H
2
O(l) z H
3
O
+
(aq) + HPO
4
2
(aq)
Base: H
2
PO
4

(aq) + H
2
O(l) z H
3
PO
4
(aq) + OH

(aq)
b Acid: HPO
4
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) z H
3
O
+
(aq) + PO
4
3
(aq)
Base: HPO
4
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) z H
2
PO
4

(aq) + OH

(aq)
c Acid: HS

(aq) + H
2
O(l) z H
3
O
+
(aq) + S
2
(aq)
Base: HS

(aq) + H
2
O(l) z H
2
S(aq) + OH

(aq)
d Acid: HSO
3

(aq) + H
2
O(l) z H
3
O
+
(aq) + SO
3
2
(aq)
Base: HSO
3

(aq) + H
2
O(l) z H
2
SO
3
(aq) + OH

(aq)
Questions 14.4
1 a HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) KCl(aq) + H
2
O(l)
476
H
+
(aq) + OH

(aq) H
2
O(l)
Spectator ions: K
+
, Cl

b 2HNO
3
(aq) + MgCO
3
(s) Mg(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
2H
+
(aq) + MgCO
3
(s) Mg
2+
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
Spectator ions: NO
3

c 2HNO
3
(aq) + ZnO(s) Zn(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
2H
+
(aq) + ZnO(s) Zn
2+
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
Spectator ions: NO
3

d H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2KHCO
3
(aq) K
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l) + 2CO
2
(g)
H
+
(aq) + HCO
3

(aq) H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
Spectator ions: K
+
, SO
4
2
e H
3
PO
4
(aq) + 3LiOH(aq) Li
3
PO
4
(aq) + 3H
2
O(l)
H
+
(aq) + OH

(aq) H
2
O(l)
Spectator ions: Li
+
, PO
4
3
f Na
2
O(s) + H
2
O(l) 2NaOH(aq)
Na
2
O(s) + H
2
O(l) 2Na
+
(aq) + 2OH

(aq)
Spectator ions: None
g 2HNO
3
(aq) + Mg(s) Mg(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + H
2
(g)
2H
+
(aq) + Mg(s) Mg
2+
(aq) + H
2
(g)
Spectator ions: NO
3

h H
2
SO
4
(aq) + MgO(s) MgSO
4
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
2H
+
(aq) + MgO(s) Mg
2+
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
Spectator ions: SO
4
2
i 2HCl(aq) + Zn(s) ZnCl
2
(aq) + H
2
(g)
2H
+
(aq) + Zn(s) Zn
2+
(aq) + H
2
(g)
Spectator ions: Cl

j CH
3
COOH(aq) + NaHCO
3
(s) CH
3
COONa(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
H
+
(aq) + NaHCO
3
(s) Na
+
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
Spectator ions: CH
3
COO

4 a H
+
c Ca(OH)
2
(s) Ca
2+
(aq) + 2OH

(aq)
d H
+
(aq) + OH

(aq) H
2
O(l)
5 a 6HCl(aq) + Fe
2
O
3
(s) 2FeCl
3
(aq) + 3H
2
O(l)
6H
+
(aq) + Fe
2
O
3
(s) 2Fe
3+
(aq) + 3H
2
O(l)
c FeCl
3
(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) Fe(OH)
3
(s) + 3NaCl(aq)
Fe
3+
(aq) + 3OH

(aq) Fe(OH)
3
(s)
d 3HCl(aq) + Fe(OH)
3
(s) FeCl
3
(aq) + 3H
2
O(l)
3H
+
(aq) + Fe(OH)
3
(s) Fe
3+
(aq) + 3H
2
O(l)
Questions 14.5
1 a Fe
2+
(aq) + 2e

Fe(s)
b Ca(s) Ca
2+
(aq) + 2e

c Zn(s) Zn
2+
(aq) + 2e

d Al
3+
(aq) + 3e

Al(s)
2 Oxidants: Fe
2+
, Al
3+
; reductants: Ca, Zn
4 a Zn(s) + Pb(NO
3
)
2
(aq) Pb(s) + Zn(NO
3
)
2
(aq)
b Zn(s) + Pb
2+
(aq) Pb(s) + Zn
2+
(aq)
Questions 14.6
1 a Pb
b Cu
2+
c Reductant: Pb
Pb(s) Pb
2+
(aq) + 2e

Oxidant: Cu
2+
Cu
2+
(aq) + 2e

Cu(s)
d Pb(s) + Cu
2+
(aq) Cu(s) + Pb
2+
(aq)
f Cu
3 Iron half cell Fe(s) Fe
2+
(aq) + 2e-
Tin half cell Sn
2+
(aq) + 2e- Sn(s)
Overall Sn
2+
(aq) + Fe(s) Fe
2+
(aq) + Sn(s)
Review questions
1 a HSO
3

b HS

c OH

d H
2
O
2 a H
3
O
+
b HS

c HCN
d HSO
3

3 a PO
4
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l) z HPO
4
2
(aq) + OH

(aq)
b H
2
CO
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l) z H
3
O
+
(aq) + HCO
3

(aq)
HCO
3

(aq) + H
2
O(l) z H
3
O
+
(aq) + CO
3
2
(aq)
c Acid: HS

(aq) + H
2
O(l) z H
3
O
+
(aq) + S
2
(aq)
Base: HS

(aq) + H
2
O(l) z H
2
S(aq) + OH

(aq)
5 a HCOOH(aq) + HCO
3

(aq) HCOO

(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
7 a 2HCl(aq) + Na
2
CO
3
(s) 2NaCl(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
2H
+
(aq) + Na
2
CO
3
(s) 2Na
+
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
b 2HNO
3
(aq) + Zn(s) Zn(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + H
2
(g)
2H
+
(aq) + Zn(s) Zn
2+
(aq) + H
2
(g)
c H
2
SO
4
(aq) + Cu(OH)
2
(s) CuSO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
2H
+
(aq) + Cu(OH)
2
(s) Cu
2+
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
d 2HCl(aq) + MgO(s) MgCl
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
2H
+
(aq) + MgO(s) Mg
2+
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
8 a acidbase
b redox
c acidbase
d acidbase
9 b Co(s) + SnCl
2
(aq) Sn(s) + CoCl
2
(aq)
Co(s) + Sn
2+
(aq) Sn(s) + Co
2+
(aq)
d Co
10 a C
2+
(aq) + 2e

C(s)
A
2+
(aq) + 2e

A(s)
D
2+
(aq) + 2e

D(s)
B
2+
(aq) + 2e

B(s)
b C
2+
c B
Chapter 15
Questions 15.1
1 a 2.0 mol L
1
b 0.056 mol L
1
c 0.0625 mol L
1
2 a 2 mol
b 0.15 mol
c 0.002496 mol
3 a 0.5300 g
b 3.350 g
H
2
0
477
A N S W E R S
c 102 g
4 a 0.684 mol L
1
b 0.206 mol L
1
c 1.5 mol L
1

d 0.023 mol L
1
5 a 4 10
5
mol L
1
6 a 9.0 10
6
mol
b 0.0016 g
c 5.4 10
18
molecules
Questions 15.2
1 2 %(w/v)
2 45 g/g
3 a 75 ppm
b 0.0075 %(w/w)
4 a 30 %(w/v)
b 300 g/L
5 2 L
6 0.24 g
7 0.146 g (146 mg)
Questions 15.3
1 a 0.40 mol L
1
b 0.0544 mol L
1
c 0.0315 mol L
1
3 0.0016 mol L
1
4 a 895 mL
5 a 1.36 mol L
1
b 0.0050 mol L
1
6 0.5 ppm, which is safe
Questions 15.4
1 a Row 1: 2 mol, 2 mol
Row 2: 2 mol, 4 mol
Row 3: 10 mol, 5 mol
Row 4: 1.6 mol, 1.6 mol
c n(H
2
) = n(H
2
O)
d n(H
2
) = 2n(O
2
)
2 a Row 1: 2 mol, 1 mol, 1 mol, 1 mol
Row 2: 3 mol, 3 mol, 3 mol, 3 mol
Row 3: 0.8 mol, 0.4 mol, 0.4 mol, 0.4 mol
Row 4: 2.4 mol, 1.2 mol, 1.2 mol, 1.2 mol
b n(CaCO
3
) = n(CO
2
)
c n(HCl) = 2n(CO
2
)
3 a Row 1: 3 mol, 2 mol
Row 2: 30 mol, 20 mol
Row 3: 2 mol, 4 mol
Row 4: 0.5 mol, 1.5 mol
Row 5: 7.5 mol, 5.0 mol
Row 6: 0.3 mol, 0.6 mol
c n(H
2
) = 3n(N
2
)
d n(NH
3
) = 2n(N
2
)
e n(NH
3
) =
2
n(H
2
)
4 a n(CH
4
) = n(CO
2
)
b n(CH
4
) =
1
n(H
2
O)
c n(CH
4
) =
1
n(O
2
)
Questions 15.5
1 10.8 g
2 184 g
3 a 6.64 g
b 7.65 g
4 a 0.16 g
b 0.38 g
c 0.06 g
5 a 11.4 g
b 5.58 g
6 a 618 g (0.618 kg)
b 271 g (0.271 kg)
Questions 15.6
1 a 1.01 g
b 0.372 L (372 mL)
2 a 42 g
b 22 g
3 130 g
4 0.802 mol L
1
Questions 15.7
1 0.1007 mol L
1
2 0.1101 mol L
1
3 0.1160 mol L
1
4 a HNO
3
(aq) + KOH(aq) KNO
3
(aq) + H
2
O(l)
b 15.82 mL
5 a H
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na
2
SO
4
(aq) + 2H
2
O(l)
b 16.46 mL
6 a 15.0 mL
b 0.430 g
Questions 15.8
1 a 1
b 6
c 8
d 2.7
e 0.82
2 a 0.14 mol L
1
b 0.004 mol L
1
c 0.1 mol L
1
d 0.1 mol L
1
3 a 3
b 1
c 1.6
d 0.30
4 a 1 10
7
mol L
1
b 1 10
4
(or 0.0001) mol L
1
c 3.2 10
6
mol L
1
d 1 10
9
mol L
1
5 a 3
b 0
3
2
2
478
c 14
d 12
e 11.3
6 a 11
b 13.7
c 14
d 12.6
7 a 3.2 10
7
mol L
1
b 3.2 10
8
mol L
1
c 3.9 10
15
ions
8 a Ag
+
: 0.2 mol L
1
; NO
3

: 0.2 mol L
1
b Ba
2+
: 0.04 mol L
1
; Cl

: 0.08 mol L
1
c Na
+
: 0.1 mol L
1
; CO
3
2
: 0.05 mol L
1
d Zn
2+
: 1.2 mol L
1
; NO
3

: 2.4 mol L
1
9 0.200 g
11 a 0.04962 mol L
1
b 18.98, 18.94, 18.97
c 18.96 mL
d 0.1047 mol L
1
Review questions
1 7600 g g
1
2 a 50 g L
1
b 300 mL
c 0.85 mol L
1
3 a 17.5 mL
b 0.7 %(v/v)
c 14 mL
4 6.360 g
5 46.7 t
6 a 2350 L
b 1.3 t
7 0.09516 mol L
1
8 a 300
b 0.0022 mol L
1
c [H
+
] = 0.0025 mol L
1
; [OH

] = 4.0 10
12
mol L
1
9 0.1 M H
2
SO
4
, 0.1 M HCl, pure water, 0.1 M NaOH, 0.1 M Ba(OH)
2
Chapter 16
Questions 16.1
6 45.0%
7 56.0%
Chapter 17
Questions 17.1
2 O
2
: 50.28 m
3
; CO
2
: 0.0763 m
3
(76.3 L)
7 a 1.7 10
18
mol
b 1.0 10
42
atoms
Questions 17.2
5 a C
6
H
12
O
6
(aq) + 6O
2
(g) 6CO
2
(g) + 6H
2
O(l)
b 2H
2
O
2
(aq) O
2
(g) + 2H
2
O(l)
c 2H
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2H
2
O(l)
6 2C
2
H
2
(g) + 5O
2
(g) 4CO
2
(g) + 2H
2
O(g)
7 7.5 kg
Questions 17.3
1 a +2
b +2
c 2
d 3
e +7
f +4
g +5
h 2
2 A and D (3)
3 a + 6 to 2
b i +6
ii 2
iii +6
iv +4
4 b 1
5 +2
Questions 17.4
2 Redox reactions: a, c, e, f
Questions 17.5
3 a 0.0318 %(v/v)
4 3.8 t
Review questions
1 a C
6
H
12
O
6
(aq) + 6O
2
(g) 6CO
2
(g) + 6H
2
O(l) + energy
b 6CO
2
(g) + 6H
2
O(l) + energy C
6
H
12
O
6
(aq) + 6O
2
(g)
c 1.07 g
6 c oxidation
d reduction
8 a 2H
2
O
2
(aq) O
2
(g) + 2H
2
O(l)
b It is a catalyst.
c 9.41 g
Chapter 18
Questions 18.1
5 a 0.025 ppm
b 2.5 10
6
%(v/v)
Questions 18.2
4 2HNO
3
(aq) + CaCO
3
(s) Ca(NO
3
)
2
(aq) + H
2
O(l) + CO
2
(g)
Mass of acid: 25.2 g
Questions 18.3
1 a 6CO
2
(g) + 6H
2
O(l) + energy C
6
H
12
O
6
(aq) + 6O
2
(g)
Review questions
1 c 5.0%
MnO
2
MnO
2
479
A N S W E R S
2 a 3O
2
(g) 2O
3
(g)
2O
3
(g) 3O
2
(g)
c N
2
(g) + O
2
(g) 2NO(g)
3 a CH
4
(g) + 2O
2
(aq) CO
2
(g) + 2H
2
O(g)
Chapter 19
Questions 19.2
1 a 0.658 atm
b 1.1 10
5
Pa
c 250 kPa
d 1.01 atm
e 748.9 mmHg
f 1125.09 mmHg
2 140 mL
3 0.069 L (69 mL)
4 0.16 m
3
5 b 16.0 kPa
Questions 19.3
1 a 413 K
b 148 K
2 a 0 C
b 263 C
4 88.7 mL
5 a 0.43 m
3
b 430 L
6 220 C
Questions 19.4
1 a 210 mL
b 420 mL
c 953 mL
2 a 11 L
b 14 L
3 a 89.4 mL
b 840 mL
c 2.5 L
4 a 1.9 m
3
b 349 mL
5 23.9 L
6 a 0.98 L
Questions 19.5
1 a 0.27 mol
b 16.3 mol
2 a 3.9 g
b 8.00 g
c 4.0 10
4
g
4 209 L
5 2.46 10
23
molecules
6 7 10
26
air particles
Questions 19.6
1 a 120 L
b 370 L
c 49 L
d 1.8 L
e 1.3 L
f 85.0 L
4 1.34 g
5 113 kPa
6 a 8.2 10
5
g cm
3
b 1.6 10
4
g cm
3
c 1.3 10
3
g cm
3
d 1.1 10
3
g cm
3
e 1.8 10
3
g cm
3
7 a 29.0 g mol
1
b 1.2 10
3
g cm
3
Questions 19.7
1 0.112 L (112 mL)
2 1.26 L
3 28.3 L
4 a 4.5 10
5
L (450 m
3
)
b 5.7 10
5
L (570 m
3
)
Questions 19.8
1 H
2
: 1.0 L; O
2
: 0.5 L
2 2 000 000 m
3
3 a 12.0 m
3
b C
3
H
8
: 3.0 m
3
; O
2
: 15.0 m
3
c 3.1 m
3
4 a 260 mL
b 360 mL
Review questions
1 A, C
2 a 45 L
b 36 L
3 a 15.3 L
b 4.10 L
4 370 C
5 a 1000 mL (1.0 L)
b 23 mL
6 a 4.1 g
b 23 L
7 198 L per kg P
4
8 a 2C
2
H
2
(g) + 5O
2
(g) 4CO
2
(g) + 2H
2
O(g)
b O
2
: 2.5 m
3
; steam: 1.0 m
3
c 1370 L
9 a T e T
b F f T
c T g T
d F h N