Biochemistry - Chapter 1 Test Bank

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Chapter 1 The Foundations of Biochemistry
Multiple Choice uestions
1. Cellular foundations
!a"es: #$% &ifficulty: 1 'ns: C
In a bacterial cell, the DNA is in the:
A) cell envelope.
B) cell membrane.
C) nucleoid.
D) nucleus.
E) ribosomes.
!a"e: ( &ifficulty: 1 'ns: )
A major change occurring in the evolution o eu!ar"otes rom pro!ar"otes #as the development o:
A) DNA.
B) photos"nthetic capabilit".
C) plasma membranes.
D) ribosomes.
E) the nucleus.
!a"e: ( &ifficulty: 1 'ns: B
In eu!ar"otes, the nucleus is enclosed b" a double membrane called the:
A) cell membrane.
B) nuclear envelope.
C) nucleolus.
D) nucleoplasm.
E) nucleosome.
!a"e: % &ifficulty: 1 'ns: C
$he dimensions o living cells are limited, on the lo#er end b" the minimum number o biomolecules
necessar" or unction, and on the upper end b" the rate o diusion o solutes such as o%"gen.
E%cept or highl" elongated cells, the" usuall" have lengths and diameters in the range o:
A) &.' m to '& m.
B) &.( m to (& m.
C) &.( m to '&& m.
D) ' m to '&& m.
E) ' m to (&& m.
)ou can bu" the complete ile rom http:**testban!e%press.com
!a"e: % &ifficulty: # 'ns: B
+hich group o single,celled microorganisms has man" members ound gro#ing in e%treme
environments-
A) Bacteria
B) Archaea
C) Eu!ar"otes
D) .eterotrophs
E) None o the above
!a"e: * &ifficulty: # 'ns: B
$he bacterium E. coli re/uires simple organic molecules or gro#th and energ"0it is thereore a:
A) chemoautotroph.
B) chemoheterotroph.
C) lithotroph.
D) photoautotroph.
E) photoheterotroph.
!a"e: + &ifficulty: 1 'ns: &
+hich is a list o organelles-
A) 1itochondria, chromatin, endoplasmic reticulum
B) 2ero%isomes, l"sosomes, plasma membrane
C) 2roteasomes, pero%isomes, l"sosomes
D) 1itochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, pero%isomes
E) All o the above
!a"es: +$, &ifficulty: # 'ns: B
+hich one o the ollo#ing has the cellular components arranged in order o increasing si3e-
A) Amino acid 4 protein 4 mitochondrion 4 ribosome
B) Amino acid 4 protein 4 ribosome 4 mitochondrion
C) Amino acid 4 ribosome 4 protein 4 mitochondrion
D) 2rotein 4 amino acid 4 mitochondrion 4 ribosome
E) 2rotein 4 ribosome 4 mitochondrion 4 amino acid
!a"e: 1- &ifficulty: # 'ns: '
$he three,dimensional structure o macromolecules is ormed and maintained primaril" through
noncovalent interactions. +hich one o the ollo#ing is not considered a noncovalent interaction-
A) Carbon,carbon bonds
B) ."drogen bonds
C) ."drophobic interactions
#
D) Ionic interactions
E) van der +aals interactions
10. Chemical foundations
!a"e: 11 &ifficulty: # 'ns: )
+hich one o the ollo#ing is not among the our most abundant elements in living organisms-
A) Carbon
B) ."drogen
C) Nitrogen
D) 5%"gen
E) 2hosphorus
!a"es: 1#$1( &ifficulty: 1 'ns: B
$he our covalent bonds in methane 6C.7) are arranged around carbon to give #hich one o the
ollo#ing geometries-
A) Linear
B) $etrahedral
C) $rigonal bip"ramidal
D) Trigonal planar
E) $rigonal p"ramidal
!a"e: 1# &ifficulty: 1 'ns: B
+hat unctional groups are present on this molecule-
A) Ether and aldeh"de
B) ."dro%"l and aldeh"de
C) ."dro%"l and carbo%"lic acid
D) ."dro%"l and ester
E) ."dro%"l and !etone
!a"e: 1% &ifficulty: 1 'ns: &
$he macromolecules that serve in the storage and transmission o genetic inormation are:
A) carboh"drates.
B) lipids.
C) membranes.
D) nucleic acids.
E) proteins.
(
!a"e: 1+ &ifficulty: 1 'ns: &
8tereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable mirror images o each other are !no#n as:
A) anomers.
B) cis,trans isomers.
C) diastereoisomers.
D) enantiomers.
E) geometric isomers.
15. Chemical Foundations
!a"e: 1* &ifficulty: 1 './: &
$he catalog o all proteins unctioning in a cell is the:
A) metabolome.
B) proteasome.
C) l"sosome.
D) proteome.
E) genome.
!a"e: % &ifficulty: # './: C
9se the terms a) chemoautotrophs, b) chemoheterotrophs, c) photoautotrophs, and d)
photoheterotrophs and identi" the ans#er that correctl" inishes the statement:
Carnivores are and herbivores are .
A) b, c
B) b, d
C) b, b
D) a, b
E) a, a
!a"e: 1, &ifficulty: ( 'ns: )
$he en3"me umarase catal"3es the reversible h"dration o umaric acid to l,malate, but it #ill not
catal"3e the h"dration o maleic acid, the cis isomer o umaric acid. $his is an e%ample o:
A) biological activit".
B) chiral activit".
C) racemi3ation.
D) stereoisomeri3ation.
E) stereospeciicit".
18. !hysical foundations
!a"e: #- &ifficulty: # 'ns: '
.umans maintain a nearl" constant level o hemoglobin b" continuall" s"nthesi3ing and degrading it.
$his is an e%ample o a6n):
A) d"namic stead" state.
B) e/uilibrium state.
C) e%ergonic change.
%
D) ree,energ" change.
E) #aste o energ".
!a"e: ## &ifficulty: 1 'ns: C
I heat energ" is absorbed b" the s"stem during a chemical reaction, the reaction is said to be:
A) at e/uilibrium.
B) endergonic.
C) endothermic.
D) e%ergonic.
E) e%othermic.
!a"e: ## &ifficulty: # 'ns: &
I the ree energ" change : or a reaction is $7;.'' !<*mol, the reaction is:
A) at e/uilibrium.
B) endergonic.
C) endothermic.
D) e%ergonic.
E) e%othermic.
!a"e: #( &ifficulty: # 'ns: C
$he major carrier o chemical energ" in all cells is:
A) acet"l triphosphate.
B) adenosine monophosphate.
C) adenosine triphosphate.
D) c"tosine tetraphosphate.
E) uridine diphosphate.
!a"e: #* &ifficulty: # 'ns: '
En3"mes are biological catal"sts that enhance the rate o a reaction b":
A) decreasing the activation energ".
B) decreasing the amount o ree energ" released.
C) increasing the activation energ".
D) increasing the amount o ree energ" released.
E) increasing the energ" o the transition state.
!a"e: #* &ifficulty: 1 'ns: B
Energ" re/uiring metabolic path#a"s that "ield comple% molecules rom simpler precursors are:
A) amphibolic.
B) anabolic.
C) autotrophic.
*
D) catabolic.
E) heterotrophic.
#%. 0enetic foundations
!a"e: #1 &ifficulty: 1 'ns: '
.ereditar" inormation 6#ith the e%ception o some viruses) is preserved in:
A) deo%"ribonucleic acid.
B) membrane structures.
C) nuclei.
D) pol"saccharides.
E) ribonucleic acid.
#*. 0enetic foundations
!a"e: #, &ifficulty: # 'ns: C
+hen a region o DNA must be repaired b" removing and replacing some o the nucleotides, #hat
ensures that the ne# nucleotides are in the correct se/uence-
A) DNA cannot be repaired and this e%plains #h" mutations occur.
B) 8peciic en3"mes bind the correct nucleotides.
C) $he ne# nucleotides base pair accuratel" #ith those on the complementar" strand.
D) $he repair en3"me recogni3es the removed nucleotide and brings in an identical one to replace it.
E) $he three,dimensional structure determines the order o nucleotides.
#+. 0enetic foundations
!a"e: #2 &ifficulty: # 'ns: )
$he three,dimensional structure o a protein is determined primaril" b":
A) electrostatic guidance rom nucleic acid structure.
B) ho# man" amino acids are in the protein.
C) h"drophobic interaction #ith lipids that provide a olding rame#or!.
D) modiication during interactions #ith ribosomes.
E) the se/uence o amino acids in the protein.
#1. )3olutionary foundations
!a"es: (-$(1 &ifficulty: # 'ns: &
According to 5parin=s theor" or the origin o lie, the prebiotic atmosphere:
A) alread" contained some primitive >NA molecules.
B) basicall" #as ver" similar to the atmosphere o toda".
C) contained man" amino acids.
D) had an abundance o methane, ammonia, and #ater.
E) #as rich in o%"gen.
#,. )3olutionary foundations
!a"e: (, &ifficulty: # './: )
+hen t#o genes in an organism share detectable se/uence similarit", those genes or their gene
products, are said to be:
A) homologues.
+
B) orthologues.
C) paralogues.
D) A and B.
E) A and C.
?) B and C
/hort 'ns4er uestions
#2. Cellular foundations
!a"es: 1$# &ifficulty: 1
+hat si% characteristics distinguish living organisms rom inanimate objects-
'ns: @iving organisms 6') are chemicall" comple% and highl" organi3edA 6B) e%tract, transorm, and
use energ" rom their environmentA 6() have the capacit" to precisel" sel,replicate and sel,assembleA
67) e%ploit a chemical interpla" #ith their environmentA 6C) possess programmaticall" deined
unctionsA and 6;) evolve to ne# orms over man" generations.
(-. Cellular foundations
!a"e: ( &ifficulty: 1
All cells are surrounded b" a plasma membrane composed o lipid and protein molecules. +hat is
the unction o the plasma membrane-
'ns: $he plasma membrane acts as a barrier to the ree passage o inorganic ions and most other
charged or polar compounds into or out o the cell. It contains proteins that can transport speciic
ions or molecules. 5ther membrane proteins act as receptors that transmit signals rom the outside to
the inside o the cell.
(1. Cellular foundations
!a"e: * &ifficulty: 1
E. coli is !no#n as a gram,negative bacterial species. 6a) .o# is this determined- 6b) .o# do gram,
negative bacteria dier structurall" rom gram,positive bacteria-
'ns: 6a) :ram,negative bacteria have little ainit" or the d"e gentian violet used in :ramDs stain, but
gram,positive bacteria retain :ram=s stain. 6b) :ram,negative bacteria have an outer membrane and a
peptidogl"can la"erA gram,positive bacteria lac! an outer membrane and the peptidogl"can la"er is
much thic!er.
(#. Cellular foundations
!a"e: + &ifficulty: 1
1ost cells o higher plants have a cell #all outside the plasma membrane. +hat is the unction o the
cell #all-
'ns: $he cell #all provides a rigid, protective shell or the cell. It is porous, allo#ing #ater and
small molecules to pass readil", but it is rigid enough to resist the s#elling o the cell caused b" the
accumulation o #ater. 68ee ?ig. ',E, p. ;.)
((. Cellular foundations
!a"e: 1- &ifficulty: #
6a) @ist the t"pes o noncovalent interactions that are important in providing stabilit" to the three,
dimensional structures o macromolecules. 6b) +h" is it important that these interactions be
1
noncovalent, rather than covalent, bonds-
'ns: 6a) Noncovalent interactions include h"drogen bonds, ionic interactions bet#een charged
groups, van der +aals interactions, and h"drophobic interactions. 6b) Because noncovalent
interactions are #ea!, the" can orm, brea!, and re,orm more rapidl" and #ith less energ" input than
can covalent bonds. $his is important to maintain the le%ibilit" needed in macromolecules.
(%. Cellular foundations
!a"e: ( &ifficulty: #
+hat is the dierence, i an", bet#een c"tosol and c"toplasm-
'ns: $he c"toplasm is the internal volume enclosed b" the plasma membraneA the c"tosol is the
a/ueous portion o the c"toplasm.
(*. Cellular foundations
!a"e: + &ifficulty: #
2rovide a brie e%planation or the observation that macromolecules diuse at a slo#er rate in the
c"tosol than the" do in dilute solution.
'ns: $he c"tosol is ver" cro#ded and gel,li!e. $he diusion o macromolecules is slo#ed b"
collisions #ith other large molecules and structures.
(+. Chemical foundations
!a"e: 1# &ifficulty: 1
Dra# the structures o the ollo#ing unctional groups in their un,ioni3ed orms:
6a) h"dro%"l, 6b) carbo%"l, 6c) amino, 6d) phosphor"l.
'ns:
(1. Chemical foundations
!a"es: 1($1% &ifficulty: #
+hat is the underl"ing, organi3ing biochemical principle that results in the chemical similarit" o
virtuall" all living things- :iven this biochemical similarit", ho# is the structural and unctional
diversit" o living things possible-
'ns: @iving things are composed primaril" o macromolecules, pol"mers o simple compounds o
just a e# dierent t"pes. $he properties o these pol"mers are determined b" their se/uence o
monomers and these can be combined in man" dierent #a"s. Diversit" is thus achieved through the
nearl" limitless variet" o se/uences that can e%ist #hen amino acids are lin!ed to orm proteins,
nucleotides are lin!ed to orm nucleic acids, and monosaccharides are lin!ed to orm pol"saccharides.
Branching in the latter can contribute additional heterogeneit". Each t"pe o organism constructs a
uni/ue set o macromolecules rom these monomeric units, resulting in the structural and unctional
diversit" among species.
(,. Chemical foundations
,
!a"e: 1* &ifficulty: #
E%plain the dierence, i an", bet#een a proteome and a proteasome.
'ns: A proteome is the list o all proteins that unction in a given cell. A proteasome is a molecular
machine or supramolecular structure responsible or protein degradation in a cell.
2
(2. Chemical foundations
!a"e: 1% &ifficulty: #
Name t#o unctions o 6a) proteins, 6b) nucleic acids, 6c) pol"saccharides, 6d) lipids.
'ns: 1an" ans#ers are possible including: 6a) proteins unction as en3"mes, structural elements,
signal carriers, transportersA 6b) nucleic acids store and transmit genetic inormation and act as both
structural and catal"tic elementsA 6c) pol"saccharides serve as energ","ielding uel stores and cellular
and e%tracellular structural and recognition elementsA 6d) lipids unction as membrane components,
uel stores, and cellular signals.
%-. Chemical Foundations
!a"e: 1+ &ifficulty: #
+h" is an as"mmetric carbon atom called a chiral center-
'ns: An as"mmetric carbon has our dierent substituents attached, and cannot be superimposed on
its mirror image0as a right hand cannot it into a let glove. $hus, a molecule #ith one chiral carbon
#ill have t#o stereoisomers, #hich ma" be distinguishable rom one another in a biological s"stem.
%1. Chemical foundations
!a"es: 1*$1+5 1, &ifficulty: (
Dierentiate bet#een coniguration and conormation.
'ns: Coniguration denotes the spatial arrangement o the atoms o a molecule that is conerred b"
the presence o either double bonds, around #hich there is no reedom o rotation, or chiral centers,
#hich give rise to stereoisomers. Conigurational isomers can onl" be interconverted b" temporaril"
brea!ing covalent bonds. Conormation reers to the spatial arrangement o substituent groups that,
#ithout brea!ing an" bonds, are ree to assume dierent positions in space because o the reedom o
bond rotation.
%#. Chemical foundations
!a"es: 1+$11 &ifficulty: (
6a) +hat is optical activit"- 6b) .o# did @ouis 2asteur arrive at an e%planation or the phenomenon
o optical activit"-
'ns: 6a) 5ptical activit" is the capacit" o a substance to rotate the plane o plane,polari3ed light. 6b)
9sing ine orceps, he #as able to separate the t#o t"pes o cr"stals ound in tartaric acid 6racemic
acid) that are identical in shape, but mirror images o each other. 5ne sample rotated polari3ed light
to the letA the mirror image cr"stals rotated polari3ed light to the right.
%(. Chemical foundations
!a"es: 1,$12 &ifficulty: (
A chemist #or!ing in a pharmaceutical lab s"nthesi3ed a ne# drug as a racemic mi%ture. +h" is it
important that she separate the t#o enantiomers and test each or its biological activit"-
'ns: Biomolecules such as receptors or drugs are stereospeciic, so each o the t#o enantiomers o
the drug ma" have ver" dierent eects on an organism. 5ne ma" be beneicial, the other to%icA or
one enantiomer ma" be ineective and its presence could reduce the eicac" o the other enantiomer.
!a"e: 1, &ifficulty: (
1-
E%plain #h" living organisms are able to produce particular chiral orms o dierent biomolceules
#hile laborator" chemical s"nthesis usuall" produces a racemic mi%ture.
'ns: @aborator" s"ntheses usuall" use achiral reagents and thus produce racemic mi%tures o
products. In contrast, because all en3"mes are made o chiral precursors, all en3"mes are inherentl"
chiral catal"sts. $hus, the" #ill sho# strong stereoselectivit" in reactants and mechanisms, leading to
the production o chiral products.
%*. !hysical foundations
!a"e: #- &ifficulty: #
2roteins are constantl" being s"nthesi3ed in a living cell. +h" doesnDt the number o protein
molecules become too great or the cell to contain, leading to cell destruction-
'ns: $he proteins in a cell are continuousl" being s"nthesi3ed and degraded. $he cell maintains a
d"namic stead" state in #hich the amount o each protein remains airl" constant at the level re/uired
under given conditions.
%+. !hysical foundations
!a"e: #- &ifficulty: #
Describe the relationship bet#een a living organism and its surroundings in terms o both matter and
energ".
'ns: @iving organisms are open s"stems and e%change both matter and energ" #ith their
surroundings. $he" are not at e/uilibrium #ith their surroundingsA that is, the concentrations o
molecules inside the cells o the organism are not the same as their concentrations in the
surroundings. $o maintain this situation, the organism must ac/uire energ" rom its surroundings,
either in the orm o chemical energ" or directl" rom sunlight.
%1. !hysical foundations
!a"es: ##$#% &ifficulty: #
$he ree,energ" change or the ormation o a protein rom the individual amino acids is positive and
is thus an endergonic reaction. .o#, then, do cells accomplish this process-
'ns: $he endergonic 6thermod"namicall" unavorable) reaction is coupled to an e%ergonic
6thermod"namicall" avorable) reaction through a shared intermediate, so that the overall ree,energ"
change o the coupled reactions is negative 6the overall reaction is e%ergonic).
%,. !hysical foundations
!a"es: ##$#% &ifficulty: (
Instant cold pac!s get cold #hen the contents, usuall" solid urea and li/uid #ater, are mi%ed,
producing an a/ueous solution o urea. Although this process is clearl" spontaneous, the products are
colder than the reactants. E%plain ho# this is possible in terms o the dierence bet#een : and ..
'ns: 8ince the dissolution reaction is spontaneous, the : must be negative. 8ince the reaction
absorbs heat, the . must be positive. :iven : F . $ $8, this is possible i the 8 is ver" large
and positive, as one #ould e%pect or a solid dissolving.
11
%2. !hysical foundations
!a"es: #%$#* &ifficulty: #
6a) 5n the reaction coordinate diagram sho#n belo#, label the transition state and the overall ree,
energ" change 6:) or the uncatal"3ed reaction A B. 6b) Is this an e%ergonic or endergonic
reaction- 6c) Dra# a second curve sho#ing the energetics o the reaction i it #ere en3"me,
catal"3ed.
'ns: 6a) and 6c) 68ee ?ig. ',BE, p. BE.) 6b) e%ergonic reaction
*-. !hysical foundations
!a"e: #+ &ifficulty: #
+hat is meant b" eedbac! inhibition and #h" is it important in a living organism-
'ns: ?eedbac! inhibition is the regulation o a biochemical path#a" in #hich a reaction product
inhibits an earlier 6usuall" the irst) step in the path#a". It is an important t"pe o regulation because
it ensures that energ" is not #asted b" an organism producing molecules it does not need.
*1. 0enetic foundations
!a"es: #1$#2 &ifficulty: #
.o# is the genetic inormation encoded in DNA and ho# is a ne# cop" o DNA s"nthesi3ed-
'ns: $he genetic inormation is encoded in the linear se/uence 6order) o the our dierent
deo%"ribonucleotides in the DNA. +hen a ne# cop" o DNA is needed, the t#o strands o the DNA
un#ind and each strand serves as a template on #hich a ne# strand is s"nthesi3ed.
*#. 0enetic foundations
!a"es: #1$(- &ifficulty: (
.ereditar" transmission o genetic inormation can be vie#ed as a balance bet#een stabilit" and
change. E%plain.
'ns: .ereditar" transmission o genetic inormation occurs via replication o DNA, the inormation,
containing molecule. $his process is ver" accurate and thus results in relativel" e# changes in
genetic inormation. $his stabilit" is important to maintain individual and species characteristics over
long periods o time. 5n the other hand, regular changes in genetic inormation 6mutations) do occur,
primaril" as a result o inre/uent errors in replication. $hese mutations are essential or generating
genetic diversit", #hich allo#s or adaptation o species.
1#
*(. 0enetic foundations
!a"es: #2$(- &ifficulty: (
Discuss ho# a mutation in DNA could be harmul or beneicial to an organism.
'ns: 8ome mutations lead to the s"nthesis o an inactive or deective en3"me or other protein that
can no longer carr" out its proper unction, #hich is thus harmul to the organism. .o#ever, other
mutations ma" lead to a more stable en3"me or to a protein that is better able to carr" out its unction
in a particular environment, ma!ing it beneicial to the organism.
*%. )3olutionary foundations
!a"es: (-G(1 &ifficulty: (
Describe 8tanle" 1iller=s e%periment 6'HC() and its relevance.
'ns: 1iller subjected a gaseous mi%ture o ammonia, methane, #ater vapor, and h"drogen to
electrical spar!s or periods o a #ee! or more. +hen he anal"3ed the contents o the closed reaction
vessel, the gas phase contained C5 and C5B, as #ell as unreacted starting materials. $he #ater phase
contained a variet" o organic compounds, including some amino acids, h"dro%" acids, aldeh"des,
and h"drogen c"anide. $his e%periment established the possibilit" o abiotic production o
biomolecules in relativel" short times under relativel" mild conditions.
**. )3olutionary foundations
!a"es: (1$(# &ifficulty: #
Describe the I>NA #orldJ h"pothesis.
'ns: Initiall", >NA molecules #ere both genes and catal"sts. 8el,replication o these molecules
over long periods o time produced variants that #ere able to catal"3e pol"meri3ation o amino acids
to orm peptides that assumed the unction o catal"sts. Eventuall", genomic >NA #as copied into
DNA, #hich assumed the unction o genetic inormation storage.
*+. )3olutionary functions
!a"e: (# &ifficulty: 1
Describe ho# the rise o 5B,producing bacteria might have led to the eventual predominance o
aerobic organisms on earth.
'ns: $he rise o 5B,producing bacteria #ould result in an increase in the levels o 5B in the earth=s
atmosphere. $his #ould give a selective advantage to aerobic organisms 6#hich utili3ed 5B as
electron acceptor) over anaerobic organisms or #hich 5B #as to%ic.
*1. )3olutionary foundations
!a"e: (( &ifficulty: #
+hat is meant b" endos"mbiotic association- .o# can this concept e%plain the evolution o
eu!ar"otic cells that are capable o carr"ing out photos"nthesis and*or aerobic metabolism-
'ns: An endos"mbiotic association is the envelopment o one organism b" another to orm a
relationship that is beneicial to both organisms. It is believed that primitive eu!ar"otic cells, #hich
#ere incapable o photos"nthesis or aerobic metabolism, ormed endos"mbiotic associations #ith
photos"nthetic and*or aerobic bacteria. $he aerobic bacteria then evolved into the mitochondria
ound in modern eu!ar"otic cells, and the photos"nthetic bacteria evolved into the chloroplasts ound
in plant cells. 68ee ?ig. ',(;, p. (C.)
1(

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