BY,

SIJI M T
GUIDE : RENJISHA E
RAJAN
SMART TRANSMITTERS AND
RECEIVERS FOR UNDERWATER
FREE SPACE OPTICAL
COMMUNICATION
INTRODUCTION
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Underwater vehicles, sensors, and observatories
require a communication interface.
Underwater Free space optical communication-
Promising alternative for Short range links.
Point to point.
A new optical front-end for underwater free-space
optical communication- smart transmitter & receiver.
Benefits of smart optical systems
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Non-mechanical pointing and tracking on a
moving underwater vehicle.
Maintaining link with a stationary node as an
underwater vehicle does a drive-by
Providing sensory information to underwater
vehicles
Duplex multi-user system.
Optical backscatter estimation to assess water
quality.
Electronic Switched Pointing & Tracking.

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Properties of under water
channel
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Beam attenuation coefficient(c()): ratio of energy
absorbed or scattered from an incident power per unit
distance.
It denotes total energy lost
Single-scattering albedo(o): ratio of scattering
coefficient to beam attenuation coefficient .
it denotes the probability that a photon will be
scattered rather than absorbed.
Volume scattering function: fraction of scattered
power to incident power as a function of direction
scattered into a solid angle .
A 3.66m long,1.22m wide,1.22 m tall indoor water tank
constructed .
Maalox-commercial antacid-scattering agent -controls
attenuation coefficient of water.
Nigrosin dye - control the albedo.
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Figure : Relationship between attenuation
coefficient and SNR for experiments in laboratory
test tank.
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Smart Receiver
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Goal quasi- omnidirectional system to reduce
pointing and tracking requirement.
characteristics
Increased field of view
Angle of arrival estimation
Design
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consists of a 3-D spherical array of lenses all focusing
to a 2-D planar array of photodiodes.
A prototype has been constructed using seven
lenses and seven photodiode.
Lens at the receiver :
Existing terrestial optical front-end arrays
photodiode arrays with no lenses
a single lens with multiple photodiodes
multiple lenses focusing on separate photodiodes.
Proposed design array of lenses & photodiodes with
multiple combination of optical path.




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Quasi-omnidirectionality : photodiode array under
middle layer increases the FOV from 5-40degree.
Addition of outer lenses at 130 with respect to middle
layer increase the FOV to 120degree.
Angle of Arrival Estimation: The intensity of light
received by each photodiode can be used to roughly
estimate the angle of arrival of light.
Photodiode output combining:
Connect the array of photodiodes in parallel.
An ideal combining technique
maintain bandwidth
minimize noise
maximize SNR
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Linear diversity combining techniques
Equal Gain Combining(EGC)
Maximum Selection Combining(SEL)
Smart Transmitter
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The smart transmitter has the following
characteristics:
Increased directionality
Electronic switched beamsteering
Design
Consists of a truncated hexagonal pyramid with
seven LEDs.
Each LED is coupled with its own lens that
converges the wide FOV of the LED to a narrower
beam in a particular direction.
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Each LED is uniquely addressed and driven, which
allows the modulator to select an output direction.
This forms the mechanism for a simple switched
beam steering at the transmitter.
CDMA Coding ( Code division multiple access)

Asynchronous method for multiple access
scheme.
Incoherent optical detection and processing make
typical RF maximum length and Gold code
sequences not ideal.
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The on-off-keying modulation methods in optical
communication are unipolar as opposed to the bipolar
modulation required by Gold codes.
Instead optical CDMA typically uses prime codes.
A large code sequence will decrease overall BW but
allow for more users with a corresponding increase in
SNR.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
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Prototype lens-photodiode arrays and LED-arrays
were constructed for the receiver and transmitter
front-ends to collect data.
Receiver - Designed to pre amplify and digitize the
receiver outputs.
Transmitter - Designed to receive up to seven
different streams of data and drive up to seven
different LEDs on the LED-array.
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Under water channel used was 3.66m long laboratory
water tank.
Channel condition are adjusted by controlled addition
of liquid maalox.
The resulting attenuation coefficient was measured.
Experiments are conducted for characterizing the
receivers and transmitters & to demonstrate their
capabilities.
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Characterization of the Receiver Lens-photodiode
Array:
Experiments were conducted for the receiver
pointed in all directions and intensities were
observed at all photodiode outputs stored as a
function of the spherical co-ordinates.
A pan and rotate system. constructed using digital
servos.
Seven amplified photodiode outputs digitized using
a simultaneous 8 channel digitizer.


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Angel of arrival estimation:
Estimating the direction of arrival of the incident light
based on the relative output powers at each
photodiode.
Outputs of receiver at each instant are sorted and
compared with receiver output patterns.
Angle of best match is taken as the estimated angle.

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Backscatter Estimation:
Transmitter
A co-located receiver to estimate the attenuation
coefficient.
Can estimate the quality of water.
adaptively change its transmit power, data rate,
code rate or other parameters.
challenge is that the return beam from
backscatter , depends on the attenuation
coefficient of the channel.
Remedy sending a higher power training
sequence it increasing the receiver gain.


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Figure : Results of the backscatter
estimation experiment
CONCLUSION
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Results show that design is capable of acting as a smart system.
Backscatter estimation experiment demonstrates linear
relationship between return beam intensity and channel
attenuation coefficient.
It helps to estimate water quality.
Smart Receivers
increased field of view.
estimate angle of arrival.
Transmitters :
quasi omnidirectional.
allow electronic switched beamsteering.
REFERENCE
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1] C. Pontbriand ,N. Farr, J. Ware, J. Preisig, and H. Popenoe,
Diffuse high-bandwidth optical communications, in Proc.
OCEANS Conf. 2008,Quebec, Canada, Sept. 15-18 2008.
2]B. Cochenour, L. Mullen, and A. Laux, Phase Coherent
Digital Communications for Wireless Optical Links in Turbid
Underwater
Environments, in Proc. OCEANS Conf. 2007, Vancouver, BC,
Canada, 2007.
3] F. Hanson and S. Radic, High bandwidth underwater optical
communication, Applied Optics, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 277, Jan.2008.

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