Consistency Limit

Asst.Prof.
Chusak Kererat
Soil Mechanics Laboratory

Lab 7: Consistency Limits

Rajamangala
University of Technology Rattanakosin
Civil Engineering
Wang Klai Kangwong
Asst.Prof.Chusak Kererat
ASTM D 4318-00
The Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and

Plasticity Index of Soils.
ASTM D 427-98
Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soil by

the Mercury Method.
ASTM D 4943-98
Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soil by

Wax Method.
Albert Mauritz Atterberg (1846-1916).
Arthur Casagrande (1902-1981)
Independently of the railway Geotechnical Commission, the Swedish chemistagriculturist Albert M. Atterberg started his soils research career in 1900 at the age
of fifty-four. Rather than focusing on the problems of engineering design and
calculation, Atterberg devoted the final sixteen years of his life to the study of soil
classification. He investigated a large number of clays the most complex and
unpredictable of soils with different water contents. Eventually he established
simple tests to determine the plasticity and liquid limit of clays, with indexes
employed by every soils engineer in practice to this day.
Atterberg's work, like that of the Swedish Geotechnical Commission, found an
international audience. In 1913 a Berlin conference of soil researchers accepted his
classifications of soil particles as an international standard. Two years later a U.S.
Bureau of Standards report stated that Atterberg's method was as "as simple a one as
could be devised, and...it is well that we should become familiar with it."
(Gravel)
75 4.75 .
1.
(Non- cohesive soil)
2.
(Cohesive soil)
(Silt)
0.075-0.002 .
(Sand)
4.75-0.075 .
(Clay)
0.002-0.001 .
(Cause of Plasticity)
Free water
Viscous water
Adsorbed water
Adsorbed water
Viscous water
Free water
Albert Mauritz Atterberg (1991)
5
1.
Cohesion Limit
2.
Sticky Limit
3.
Shrinkage Limit
4.
Plastic Limit
5.
Liquid Limit
Liquid Limit (WL or LL):

w > LL
3
1. Casagrande Apparatus Method

2. One Point Method
3. Fall Cone Method
Casagrade Apparatus Method
Hand-Operated Liquid Limit Device
Motorized Liquid Limit Device
(Calibration):
(Hard Rubber Base)
LL 25
1
1 1 /..
One Point Method

Miss Vicksburg Waterways Experiment Station
767
Technical Memorandum Vol. 3-286 1949

N
LL = w n
25
tan
tan 0.12
wn 20 30
Fall Cone Method
Liquid Limit
10
Plastic Limit (WP or PL):
Shrinkage Limit (WS or SL) :

w < SL,
11
A
1.
2.
3.
40
30 40
B
1.
2.
3.
40
30 40
12
30 40
25 35
20 30
15 25
Casagrande Apparatus Method
1 .
1/8
13
One Point Method
14
Fall Cone Method
1 .
1/8
1/8
15
SL (%) = w% - w%
M ( V V )
= w i f w x100
Ms
Ms
1. (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)
SL (%) = 5.4 + 0.73LL - PL

2. (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)
SL (%) = 46.38
LL + 43.53
- 43.53
PI + 46.38
16
(Lambe and Whitman, 1979; and Lambe, 1951)
(Flow Index, FI)
FI =
w1 w 2
N
log 2
N1
17
(Plastic Index, PI)

PI = LL - PL
High Plasticity Index (PI)

High range of plasticity
High LL & Low PL
High water content between LL & PL
High specific surface of soil grain
Finer grain
High clay content
High plasticity
High settlement
Low strength
Low permeability
Clay mineral such as Montmorillonite, Illite
18
(Toughness Index, TI)

PL
TI =
PI
FI
(Liquidity Index, LI)
w PL
LI = n
PI
19
(Activity Number, AN)

AN =
PI
% Clay
20
(Shrinkage Ratio, SR)

SR =
Ws
Vf w
21
(Degree of Shrinkage, DS)

V V
DS(%) = i f x100
Vi
1.1.
Atterbergs
Atterbergs Limit
Limit
50
50cc
2.2.
(Homogeneous)
(Homogeneous)
11
3.3.
Casagrandes
Casagrandes Cup
Cup
22
4.4.

Cassagrandes
Cassagrandes cup
cup
ASTM
ASTMD4318
D4318
5.5.
Liquid
Liquid limit
limit
(
(
11))
6.6. LL
LL==
Cassagrande
Cassagrande
25
25
11.
.
7.7. PL
PL ==
1/8
1/8
8.8.
PL
PL
10
10

9.9.
PL
PL
10.
10.
23
1.
2.
(LL)
35
25
40
35
35
(PI)
11
6
20
4 - 15
4 - 11
24
3.
4. (Boring Log)
25
5.
LI 0 0.6
LI 0.6 1
LI > 1
(Normally Consolidated Clay, NCC)

(Overconsolidated Clay, OCC)
(Quick Clay)
6.
Terzaghi Peck (1948)
(Normally Consolidated Clay, NCC)
(Compression Index, CC) = 0.009(LL-10)
7. (Undrained Shear Strength, Su)

Bjerrum Simons (1960) Su/po
PI
26
27

Consistency Limit

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Consistency Limit

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Asst.Prof.

Soil Mechanics Laboratory

The Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and

Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soil by

Test Method for Shrinkage Factors of Soil by

Albert Mauritz Atterberg (1846-1916).

Arthur Casagrande (1902-1981)

Albert Mauritz Atterberg (1991)

Liquid Limit (WL or LL):

1. Casagrande Apparatus Method

Casagrade Apparatus Method

Hand-Operated Liquid Limit Device

Motorized Liquid Limit Device

(Hard Rubber Base)

One Point Method

Fall Cone Method

Plastic Limit (WP or PL):

Shrinkage Limit (WS or SL) :

Casagrande Apparatus Method

One Point Method

Fall Cone Method

1. (Holtz and Kovacs, 1981)

SL (%) = 5.4 + 0.73LL - PL

(Lambe and Whitman, 1979; and Lambe, 1951)

(Flow Index, FI)

(Plastic Index, PI)

High Plasticity Index (PI)

(Toughness Index, TI)

(Liquidity Index, LI)

(Activity Number, AN)

(Shrinkage Ratio, SR)

(Degree of Shrinkage, DS)

(Normally Consolidated Clay, NCC)

7. (Undrained Shear Strength, Su)

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