.

http://physlab.phys.uoa.gr

IV

2014

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: http://physlab.phys.uoa.gr
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cd :

........................................................................... 4
.............................................................................................. 8
1. e/me ........................................................................................ 11
2. ......................................................... 17
3. RLC. ................... 24
4. ...................................................................................... 34
5. ........................................................... 43
6. ......................................... 54
7. ...................................................................................................... 57
8. , Biot-Savart........................................... 64

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 1. e/me

11

1. e/me

e/m, e
m , .

e/me
o 1897 J.J. Thomson, (1856-1940), Cavendish Cambridge.
(Lenard, 1905),
, .
, . , .
, ,
:

.1. ) Thomson.
) Thomson.
Thomson
. , ,
; , , ,
.
e/m , corpuscles ( corpus=).
.
e/m ,
,
. , ,
. Thomson , .
Millikan . e/m
.

12

O J.J.Thomson Cavendish Cambridge

. . Helmholtz. Helmholtz . ,
. .
v,
. , ,
, (
) .
, . ,
, , . , ,
. B= f(r1
) .
, e/me.

Helmholtz -
, R
,
R,
,

.
Helmholtz
.
x :

 1. e/me

13

0 R 2

1
1
2

2 3/ 2
2
2
( 2 R x 2 Rx ) 3 / 2
(R x )

Taylor () x = 0, :

0.715 0
R

, :

0.715 0
R

(2)

: (2) R .

.
e

me
, o Helmholtz
:

B 0.715

(3)

R .

V. :

eV

1
me v2
2

(4)

v Laplace
F = q ( x B)
, , :

mv 2
evB
R

(5)

e
me

(6)

(3) (4) :

(6) 2 =

2Vme
1
=
2
r
er

2Vme
e

2V
B2R2

14

= + . || , + =

1
r

2Vme
1
=
e
r

2Vme
-
e

(7)
: =

(7) : =

2Vme
e

1
- ,
r

(7)

2Vme
e

e 2V

me 2

e
me

(8)

V ( )

( (7).

: me

m0
v
1
c

me (8): me

2 e
2V

v (4) v

v
c

1/ 1

2eVi
me

(9)

B 0.715

0
R

=, =0.715

0 N
R

( R

).
.
1. , 150V, 200V, 250V, 300V,
4

 1. e/me

15

.
0.90 2 , ( ).
150V

()

B
(esla)

200V
rr
(mm)

r-1r-1
(mm-1)

B
(esla)

()

250V

()

B
(esla)

rr
(mm)

r-1r-1
(mm-1)

rr
(mm)

r-1r-1
(mm-1)

300V
rr
(mm)

r-1r-1
(mm-1)

()

B
(esla)

2. 4 = f (r-1) .
( ). = f
(r-1) V , (8),

e
me

. 1.75 * 10 11C/kg. 1900

(. Hugh Young).
3. e/me , ,
me , (4)
:

2eV i
me

16

4. .
5.
0.5c.

. : 150 V, (.. 170

V), 150 .
:
( ).

- 7Laplace

 2.

17

2.

. ,
.

1:

dB

ds

,
, Biot-Savart
dB
, ds, r ,
r , 1.

, .

1:

,
( 1). ,
,
. -

18

, Hall1.

-

.
, , .
, , . .
, .

.
, B M 0 M . :

B B0 0 M
410-7N/A2.
, , :

Bo 0 H

B 0 (H M )

(1)

/m.
L

,

,
.
,

N o L (
2. 2), =2*
.
:

, , , , .
,

 2.

NI
L

19

(2)

.
.
, ,
.

M H

.
.
(1) :

B 0 ( H M ) B 0 ( H H ) B 0 (1 ) H
()
:

0 (1 )


.

=
, ,
,
. =, / , .

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( 3). Weiss
,
Weiss .
.

3
0

( Weiss)
, . .
, . ,
.
, ,
, , Weiss ( ). = f() , . = f(), -

20

( ) .
= f(), , .

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.
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=0. ,
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.
,
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, ( 4, 4 7).
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. , .
, .. , .

( 6). (J/m3)). , . , ( 7).

,
, .. , .
,
, .. , , . .

R.A. Serway Physics, II, , 3rd edition, 1990, .. .

David J.Griffiths, , I, ,
1999

 2.

21

.5

4.

.7
6.

1. . , , , ,
( 8). . , / / . : 2A.
2. Hall. Hall
. ' ( ).
3. Hall ,
.
4. ,
. -

22

. , , , .

I
A

DC

V/R
mA Co
m

AC

H ll

.
5. 8.
, 15 V
.
o , , , .
0.2
.
) 0 +2.0, ) +2.0 0,
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) 0 2.0 .
6. ,
:
) 0 +1.5 , ) +1.5 0,
, , ) 0 -1.5, ) -1.5 0.0 ,
) 0 1.5 .
8. :

 2.

23

= f(H). .
.



.
9. 8 .
10. .

24

3. RLC.

1.

. ""
EULER: cos + jsin = ej
, . :

V = Vosint. V : V Vo e

jt

dV
:
Vo je jt j V
dt

(1)

Vo
V
j t
de jt
: V dt Vo e dt

j
j

(2)

.
- (Re) ,
(m) . , , ,
, .

2. RLC
, (.1) s.
:

VR VL VC VS IR L

: V S Vo e

dI 1

Idt VS
dt c

jt

(3)

(4)

I e j( t )

(5)

(1) (2):
C

R
L

. 1

.I
I R jL I
VS
jC

(6)

 3. RLC.

25

R jL
I V S (7)
C

: R j L

1
j
Ze
C

(8)

: R L

- : tan

-1

(9)

L - 1

(10)

Z ,
VS.

VS

V e jt V j( t )

Ze j

(11)

x ""
:

V
cos(t )

(12)

V S , V L , V C , V R

2.
RLC .

I .
(, , phasors).

3.

V .
(10), =0, :

o L -

1
1
0 o
o C
LC

(13)

.
. :

1 R 2

LC 2L

1/ 2

(14)

4. <>
() = VI. V = Vcost :

26

vo
cos(t ) I o cos(t )
Z

:
= V cos t cos (t-)

(15)

. ( / ) ( ).
<>

1 T
1 T
P
(
t
)
dt

V I dt
T o
T o

(16)

V V -

1 *
1 *
: V (V V ) I ( I I ) ,
2
2

V .

V Vo e

j t

1 T
1
P V Idt
o
4T
T

I Ioe

j( t )

: V Vo e

1
(V V )( I I )dt
4T

Vo I o
4T

j t

I I o e

j ( t )

, :

* *

(V I V I V I V I ) dt

(e 2 jt e j e j e j e 2 jt e j )dt

VI
Vo I o j
(e e j ) o o cos
2
4T
:

: P

cos

(17)

e j e j
,
2

Vo I o R
2 Z

(18)

.2 :

cos

| VR |

| VS |
, Io

| R || |

| Z|| |

R
Z

(19)

Vo
, :
Z

1
P RI o2
2

(20)

 3. RLC.

27

cos (power factor) ( ).

.
:

I2

1
T

V 2

I o2 cos 2 (t )dt

1 2
Io
2

1 T 2
1
Vo cos 2 tdt Vo2

2
T o

(21)

(22)

P 1 2 RI o2 R I 2

(23)

, (Root Mean - Square), .

:

Ve2 V 2 Ve
I e2 I 2 I e

Vo
2

Io
2

(24)

(25)

P R I 2 R I e2

(26)

5. Q (quality factor)
RLC :

dI Q
dI
Q

P V I RI L I RI 2 L I I (27)
dt C
dt
C

. . . .

, ( Joule) , .
RLC :

Q 2

1 dI
1 2
Io
L Idt
LI o

LIdI

dt
2 o
2
Q 2

, Q
1 2
1 2
R
1 2
RI o
RI o
RI o
2
2
2

28

6. RLC
<P>
. Z
(Band-Width) 2 - 1, 2 1
-.
: P RI e , ( e
2

) :

Ve

Ie

1 2
R (L
)
C

(28)

, =R,

Ie,max

Ve
V2
2
, Pmax RIe,max e
R
R

1, 2 -

Pz RI e2

RVe2
R 2 ( L

1 2
)
C

Pmax Ve2

2
2R

R 2 (L

1 2
1
) 2R 2 L
R
C
C

:
.

A.

1
1
R
L
C
C

, :

LC2 RC 1 0

(29)

RC R2 C 2 4LC
(31)
2LC

2 1

2RC R

2LC L

: 1 2 0

1
1
R L
C
C

, :

LC2 RC 1 0
2

(33), , Q

RC R 2 C 2 4LC
2LC

L
Q( 2 1 ) 0
R

(30)
(32)

 3. RLC.

29

1.
.
, : x = A sint
:

y = sin(t+)

(34)
(35)

:
y

x 2 y 2 2 xy
2
cos sin 2
2
AB
A
B

2a

(36)

2b
x

1
2 AB cos
tan 1 2
2
2

(37)

2 2.

x = 0 :
y(x = 0) = Bsin a

(38)

y :
a = Bsin (= y(x = 0))

(39)

x = xmax x =
y(x = max) = Bcos b

(40)

x y :
b = Bcos(= y(x = max))

(41)

(40) (41) :

tan

a
b

.
() LRC,
RL.
x
VR . VC
VR
y , VL
y
.
VS. , :

(42)

30

VR ( ) VR
( y- ) VC ( ). (,VS) (K,VL) .
( ).

VL2 VS2 ( VR2 VC2 ) 2 VC VR2 VC2 cos( )

(43)

VR, VC

cos

VR
V V
2
R

2
C

(44)

, :

V 2 V 2 V 2 V 2
VR
1
S
R
C
L
cos
cos
2
2
VR2 VC2
2VS VR VC
1

(45)

VS, VR, VC, VL .

2.
) ( 1)
) .
) .
) ,
(AMPL).
.
.
)
.
II) RLC
1) ,
.
2) (R, L, C) .
.
.
. ; .
-
.

 3. RLC.

31

3)


Vs (), VR (), VC () VL ()
I.
Vs


2 2.
Vs
()
() VS,
VR, VC, VL . ,
.
() .
(
) .

()
()

.
.

4) .


Lissajous .
5) , , , P f. : f, , V, , , , P .

I f ( ) , f ( ) , Z f ( ) , P f ( ) .
6) P f ( ) (Bandwidth) Q. R RL. C L.

. (CRT) ,
, .

32

( ).
) (BANDWIDTH): . '
,
. 0,707 (3db) .
1Hz 10MHz. (: bandwidth
)
) (SENSITIVITY): . 2MHz 2 mV/cm.
2MHz 2mV 1cm
.
) (INPUT COUPLING): DC,AC GROUND. DC . ' . AC . GROUND ( ).
) (DISPLAY MODES):
(DUAL TRACES)
. (CH1, CH2) . DISPLAY
MODE .
ALTERNATE MODE
, . CHOP MODE (CHOP)
.
ALT. - MODE (-) CH1
CH2 .
) (TIME BASE): - MODE (
) ( 0,5s/cm 0,2s/cm.
) (TRIGGERING): , ,
.
. , (AUTO) (
) (EXTERNAL).
.
) (CTC): , , , . OFF .
) , ( ) :
INTENSITY

FOCUS

TIME BASE

TIME BASE VARIABLE

.
cal.

 3. RLC.

SWEEP MAGNIFIER

LEVEL

.
.

AUTO/NORM

.
AUTO

INT / EXT

CH I /CH II

CH1
CH2

SWP/ X-Y

- (Mode).

HORIZONTAL POSITION

CH I

CH II

TRACE ROTATE

CHI / CII ATTENUATOR

DUAL / CH I

DUAL .
CH1 .

ALTERNATE / CHOP

33

34

4.

, ( ) ,
, , ..
.
, ,
, . Isaac Newton ( 17 .),
, .
Christian Huygens 19 Tomas Young
.
19 James Clerk Maxwell .
20 Max Planck,
(Black Body Radiation) , ,
quantum. Albert Einstein,
Planck, , ,
:
(1)
f h , Planck, : h = 6.6310-34 J s.
,
, .
.

:

, k,

,
Vo. :
k e Vo

(2)

e . (/ ) .
, ,
(thermionic electron emission), , (secondary electron emission), , (photoelectric electron
emission), . , ( ).

 4.

35

.
( , )
, , . .
, k a,
( , 1), .
f
k

V
V

1.
, , ()

.

, k ( ).
,
k a, (
2), , . .
f
k

V
V

2.

, ()
,
. . . ( )
, , .
.
h Ek
v, :
(3)

36

< k . ,
, ( , 1)
( , ), >
k.

( 2), , k,
> k,
Vsv,
,
,
v

e Vsv.
(stopping voltage) ( 3).
, V , V > Vsv, , .

3. VSV

, L ( )
,
4. = f(V)
,
( ).

( ).
,
L ( )
, 5.
= f(V) L1

f1
L2

f2

Vf
Vf1 Vf2
4.

f
, L1 L2, L1 > L2

5.

L f1 f2, f1 > f2

, (
), -

 4.

37

.
( ).

:
, .
() ,
, .

, , , .

(1) (3) :
(4)

Vsv = f(f), 3, 4
. Planck, h.
f. Vsv
(4) :
(5)
f ,
f , , .
, , :

L ( )
f
Planck, h
=f(V) f L, , V L Vf .
.
=f(V) L f,
, V f Vf
. .
Vf, VL V, (2)
f . .

38

, , 6, PASCO
( 6), 7, PHYWE ( 6),
.
(1), (2),
(3), (4) (5).
(6) ( ) (7) / (7).

5: PASCO

6. PASCO

. Planck
1. .
2. . 20 min 3 4.
3. , VOLTAGE [2 0 V],
CURRENT RANGES [10-13].
4. :
[A], [K] [] ()
.
[PHOTOTUBE SIGNAL] [CALIBRATION].
[CURRENT CALIBRATION]
.
[PHOTOTUBE SIGNAL] [Measure].
[A], [K] [] ()
.
5. ,
4mm
365 nm .
6. 20min ,
.
, 365 nm.

 4.

39

7. [VOLTAGE ADJUST]
.
8. VSV .
9. 5, 6, 7 8

10. 5, 6, 7, 8 9
.
11.
(VSV) = f (f ) , ( c = 2.998x108 m/s).
12. , , Planck, (
e = 1.602 x 10-19 C), .
13.

, h0 = 6.626 x 10-34 J s.

.
1. .
2. , VOLTAGE [2 +30 V],
CURRENT RANGES [10-11].
4. .4, .
5. ,
2mm
436 nm .
6. [VOLTAGE ADJUST]
.
7. V 1V, .
8. 5, 6 8 .
9. I = f(V) .

.
1. .
2. , VOLTAGE [2 +30 V],
CURRENT RANGES [10-11].
4. .4, .
5. ,
4mm
436 nm .
6. [VOLTAGE ADJUST]
.
7. V 1V, .

40

8. 5, 6 8 (546 nm 577 nm).

9. = f(V) .
10. .

5. PHYWE
3

5
1

2
7

7
6. PHYWE

. Planck

Ampere (A),
, V ( Volt), 10n
, 10 000 Ohm. , [104], V =1V, : = 1V/ 104/ 10000 Ohm =1x10-8A 10nA
1. .
2. ( 7)..
3. , [LOW DRIFT],
[104]
[0.3 s].
4. :
o [].
( ) [ 0 ]
, V,
, .
[].
5. ,
[3 V] [1 ] .
[ ].

 4.

41

6. 365 nm 1, . .
7. , V,
,
365 nm. ( V)
V .
8. VSV .
9. 6, 7 8
10. 6, 7, 8 9 ( )
11.
(VSV) = f (f ) , ( c = 2.998x108 m/s).
12. , , Planck, (
e = 1.602 x 10-19 C), .

7. PHYWE

42

13.
, h0 = 6.626 x 10

-34

J s.

.
1. .
2. .25, .
3. [ ].
4. 365 nm 1, . .
5. , V,
,
365 nm. V 0.2 V .
6. 4 5 ( ).
7. , I = f(V)
, (. 4) .

.
1. .
2. .25, .
3. [ ].
4. 365 nm 2, . .
5. , V,
,
365 nm. V 0.2 V .
6. 4 5 .
7. , I = f(V)
, (. 5) .

 5.

43

5.
: Serway . 31.
. 119.

1.
, l1 , 1. .
2.

dI 1
,
dt
N dI
d
0 1 1
dt
l1 dt

1
:

2 ( ,
): E 2 0

N 2 N 1 dI 1

.
l1
dt

,
, .
, , .

100%.
:

E 2 Lm

dI 1
dt

Lm , .
.
,
.

2.
.
, o . 2.

44

. 2
2 V1 V01 2 sin(t ) . :

N dI
d
1 1 (1)
dt
l1 dt


.

E2 N 2

E1 N 1

d
(2)
dt

d
(3) .
dt

. 3

E1
N
1 (4) .
E2 N 2

n
. V1 V 2 n ,
,
.
2 , (3), 1800 V1
.



. , , ,
.

.4.

(. 4, 1
2).



.

. . , .

, 2.

 5.

45

2.1
, :

E1

d
N
dt

(1)

V1+E1 = 0 (2).
1800 V1,
Lentz. - .
1 = 0.
: (1) (2) :

V1, 2sin( t )

d
N1 0
dt

V1, 2
V1, 2
d
sin( t )
cos( t ) (3)

N1
dt
N1

, .
2.2.
: (. 5).
900 , ( ).
Foucault3
. (. 6).
( ).

.

PA I 1V1 cos cos

I A I 1 cos

(1)

I M I 1 sin

( 2)

PA
I 1V1

IM

I1

IA
.5.

. 6 Foucault .

Foucault ( , ).
. ,
.

46

Foucault. .
.
()
( ) .
Foucault ,
, , . 1.2.1 (3)
, .
,
.
2.3
RL
2, .
:

E1

d ( )
dt

(1)

V1+E1 ,
1 .
1.2.1
V1 ( 50 Hz).

( ).
V .

N 1 N 2 I 1V1 I 2V2

I1 V2

I 2 V1

(2)

.
,
.

1 2
, .
L n2ZL. :

Z L n2Z L
.
, , ..
2.4
, . :

 5.

47

(I2R).
. , Foucault,
.
. ,
.

.

P2
P1

(3)

(.10), .

3.
.
.

, .
1:1,

(.7).

.7.
n

V1

I1

I2/n

IA
IM

n 1:1 .
nE2 . 2 2 = 2/n
R2= n2R2 Z2= n2Z2 . ,
.
,
.

, .

.
.

.

.8

.

48

3.1.
2 , (.8).
. 1
. (cos<1).
3.2.
,
. LA.

. 9.
RA = R1+ n2R2

. . RA .
2/n
1.

LA = L1+ n L2

R1, R2

&

RA, R1
n2R2 .
V1

nI1RL

jI1LA

(. 10)

.

I1RA

.10.

3.3.
LA

I1
V1

RA

n
1.
.
1= 2/n.

(.11).

.10.

:

V1 I 1 R A jL A

( ): Z R A jL A
RA = R1+ n2R2:

 5.

49

R1, R2:
LA=L1+n2L2: ()
.
, .

V1
V
1
I1 I 2 / n

P :

RA

PA
P
2 A 2
2
I1
I2 / n

LA

1
2f

Z RA

, .
.
(
.
.)

.
.
3.4.
12 , 12 , 12 ,
V1 .
2 2.1.3
:

I2

I2
V1
1

: I1
n
n
R 2 2 L2

.12. V2=f(I2)
.12. 1=f(I2)

50

1 = f(I2)
,
2 = 0 1,1,
.

.12. 1=f(2)

1.3.5.
Px :

Px R1 I 12 R2 I 22 21 R2 I 22 RI 22
n

P 2. 1, Px P.
: a

P2
P1

I 2V2 2
I 2V2 2

I 1V11
I 2V2 2 P RI 22

V2 2
P
V2 2 RI 2
2

2 . . 2 V2 , ( )
2 = ( = ),

P
RI 2 min , : P RI 2 Px ,
2

, .
, ,
, 2, : "" , .

.13.

.13.

 5.

51

1.
I ,V, P . 14

15

25
. 14.
(variac) ,
.
V1, 1 W V1,
1 P1 . , V2 2 V2
2.
! V1 (60-70) V
.
2. . , V1, I1,0,
P1,0, V2,0. .
(2 = 0), : n, P, 1,, , m. :

V2,o

V1
V1
: n
n
V2,o

1, : P=P1,
:

1,

P1,
1, V1

I 1,o , I 1 I o I 1,o (. 5) I I 1, cos 1,

: m 1, sin 1,
.

52

3. .
, RL, 0 10A, (10 ),
. I1, P1, I2, V2, V1=.
( 15.
10A 25A (7 8 ) I1, P1, I2, V2,
V1=.)
:
V1 = , I1, P1, V2, I2.
1 = f(I2), V2 = f(I2), 1 = f(I2) = f(I2).
.
= f(I2) . .
I2 2,. (1,2 ) I2 2I2,k .

4. .
,
, ,
, . , I1 (=I1,), V1, N1, I2, V20 ( V2 0;).
15 10 25 1,35 . 2.2 iii.
V1,
. Joule Laplace . V1 , , 1 , 1, , . V1 , . 1=1 , .
.
: V1 ,, 1 , = , 1 ,, 2 ,. : P1
,=P+Px. :
():

Px P1 , P

Px
I

L6

1 ,

V1 ,
I 2 , / n

1
2 f

Px
I

2 ,

/n

V1 ,
I 1,

Z R2

(f )

.
.

 5.

53

nV1
V
1 2 ,
Z
V1 ,

I 2,

V R RI 2 , / n RI 1 ,

V L I 2 , / n 2L I 1 ,

V2

V R 2 V 2

V1,

.
5. .

1. , .
2. .
; ( ).
3. 0 V. 1, 2,
1, 2.
4. .
5. Foucault
.
6. ;

54

6.


.

1.
.

.
.
. V. . .
. :

VI
M

0,60 0,97.

2.

.
V .

V.
: I

V V
R

R . V .
( = 0) ( ).
.
.
. :
(1)
2

I R V V I R VI V I

 6.

I R

55

VI

V I .
3.

1 2
1 2.
1 2 180, 1 2 1.
(.. ).
.

().
.
:

d
dBnS cos t

V nBS sin t Vo sin t

dt
dt

n .

4. -

( = 0).
, .
.
( ) .

.

5.
" - " . :

1. .

56

RL

2. (I = 0) V,o,
. V,o = f().
3. ( = .) I
. , V, , V.
.
V=f (I) V=f (I)
4.
V=f (I) V=f (I)
5. , , ( , ).

= f (I)

: V=f (I) ,
V=f (I).

1. ;
2.
;
3. V=f(I).
4. .
5. ()

 7.

57

7.
: 5000 V.
. ,
, .

, , , Balmer Bohr.
.
: , . Bohr

:
4, ,
1.
3

4
2

8
9
7
1. : 1. , 2. , 3. (), 4. ( ), 5. , 6. , 7. , 8. ( ), 9.

4

TASS, The Amateur Sky Survey (http://www.tass-survey.org/classes/manual273/diffract.html)

58

.
. ,

.
, , ,
.
, . , (30). , , 60 .
1/30 ,
1 1/60 , 0.5, .

2 . :
"0"

,


.

( ) .
2. 0.5


( 0.5) "0" .

( 2):
"0" 5.5 6.0
4 ( 8,
), 41 80.5 =4.0
: 5.5 + 4 5 30 + 4 = 5 34 5.57

,
.
,
,
. :

 7.

59

d n . .
,
n . , , .
.
, ,
. .
,
.
1885, Balmer . ,

Bohr 1913.
Balmer :

R Rydberg :
R = 1.097 x 107 m-1

1. ,
,
. .
2. ,
.
3. .

, ,
, . . , .
:
.
, , .
(
- ).

.
4. - ,
. , ,
, , - .
. .

60

d ( ) .
: , . . . , . .

(nm)

4047

4358

5461

(1)

5770

(2)

5790

d = (

sin()

sin()

d (m)

5. .
, -, -, . (
).
6. -
, .
, ,
. . .
7. d 4,
(: 410.2 nm, -: 434.0 nm,
-: 486.1 nm, : 656.3 nm).
( )

sin()

sin()

(nm)

-
-

8. Rydberg (
) .
Balmer Rydberg

(nm)

R = (

 7.

61

:
. SPECTRA-1 (Visible Light Spectrometer) KVANT ( 1)
360nm 800nm.

, CCD
USB (. 2).

3
2
1

1:
SPECTRA-1 KVANT

2: SPECTRA-1
KVANT (
USB4000 Ocean Optics)
1.

1:

( )

(, 5 m 200 m)

( , < 2
nm)

CCD

(CCD < 0.5 nm) , ,

. ,
, USB
.

, SPECTRA-1, .
, . / .
. :
http://users.uoa.gr/~eanason/F4/SPECTRA-1_Software_Manual.pdf

62

( 3) () , .
,
( 4),
,
( , ), play
.

3:


SPECTRA-1

4: SPECTRA-1
play,
, , , 5, ( Show peaks Fill chart).
, stop.

 7.

63

5: SPECTRA-1,

1.
play. , . stop.
2. i, . ni
Balmer .
3. 1/ = f (1/ni2) Rydberg, R.
4. 1,2 3 .
5. .

64

8. , Biot-Savart

Ampre.
. , , Biot-Savart
, ds, r ,
r .
. ,
. R,
( )
. ,
Hall. , , ,
, , ,
.

1:

, (.1).
ds, dI z
, dB. r (
ds ) ,
z r Biot-Savart:

dB

ds r
ds
2
2
4 z a 2 (1)
4
r

 8. , Biot-Savart

65

ds
r

dBr

dB
z

dB

1. d
dB , dBz dBr,
. , ds,
dB,
, dBz dBr. dBr = -dBr. dBz
( 1).
dz

dB z dB cos dB z

ds cos
4 z 2 2 (2)

= 4 10-7 Wb/(Am) = 1.2566 10-6 Wb/(Am)

cos

z 2
2

2
ds B z
dB z
4 (z 2 2 ) 3 / 2
2 (z 2 2 ) 3 / 2

(3)

Bz

2 N
2 (z 2 2 )3 / 2 (4)

2.

66

, , N , ( z =
0) :

Bz

N
2 (5)

, .
, (5), ( 6).
.

n
(sin 2 sin1 )
(sin 2 sin1 )
2L
2
(6)

L , 1 2 n=N/L
( 2). ( ,
<< , 1 -90 2 90), sin 2 1 sin1 1 , ,
:

B n (7)
(1 0 2 90,
:

sin 2 1 sin1 0 )

n
2
(8)

, , , R
,
R,
,

.
Helmholtz
.
x :
=

0 R 2
2

1
1
2

2 3/ 2
2
2
( 2 R x 2 Rx ) 3 / 2
(R x )

Taylor () x = 0, :

0.715 0
R

, :

0.715 0
R

(2)

 8. , Biot-Savart

67

: (2) R .

5
.
1. . , (. 1).

I
A

DC

V/R
mA Co
m

AC

3.
2. Hall. , . .
( ).
3. Hall, ( 3).
, / / .
4. , , =
30mm, , 0 5. = f().
, 0 .
.
5. , , =
60mm, = 5 = f(),
. , 0
. .

.
1. , ( 4).

6: , , . 6: , ,

68

, / / .

I
A

DC

V/R
mA Co
m

AC

H ll

4
2. , , d =
26mm, = 1.0 . = f(n), n /L,
L . , .
3. L = 160mm d = 26mm
, N = 300 75 150 . = 1, , x, "" . , , .
, =f(x) .
4. L = 160mm d = 33mm 41mm
, N = 300 . = 1, , x, "" . , =f(x)
4 .

. ( Helmholtz)
1. Helmholtz, ( 5), .
, / / .

 8. , Biot-Savart

69

I
A

DC

AC

V/R
mA Co
m

H ll

5
2. , , = 2.0 , x, 5 cm 10
cm 40cm 20 cm .
= f(x).
3. . , ,
= 2.0 , x,
5 cm 10 cm 40cm
20 cm . = f(x) 11.
.

R.A. Serway Physics, II, , 3rd edition, 1990, ..

David J.Griffiths, , ,I
, 1999

70

.4 (2013-2014)
, , .
.4
( & )

13:00-15:00

13:00-15:00

15:00-17:00

09:00-11:00

11:00-13:00

13:00-15:00

15:00-17:00

17:00-19:00

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

2 1 4 3

6 5 8 7

2 1 4 3

6 5 8 7

3 4 1 2

7 8 5 6

3 4 1 2

7 8 5 6

4 3 2 1

8 7 6 5

4 3 2 1

8 7 6 5

5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4

6 5 8 7

2 1 4 3

6 5 8 7

2 1 4 3

7 8 5 6

3 4 1 2

7 8 5 6

3 4 1 2

8 7 6 5

4 3 2 1

8 7 6 5

4 3 2 1

& (.. , .., e-mail)

1-2-3-4
5-6-7-8

.:
:
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