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2 Constantino Porfirogenito, De Thematibus, ed. A. Pertusi, Studi e Testi 160, Vatican 1952, 64.
3 B. Krsmanovi, The Byzantine Province in Change (On the Threshold
Between the 10th and the 11th Century), Belgrad Athens 2008, 1291 n. 263.
4 802,
, P. Soustal, Thrakien (Thrak, Rodop und Haimimontos) TIB 6,
Wien, 1991, 82.

88

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5 N. Oikonomids, Les listes de prsance byzantines des IXe et Xe sicles, Paris 1972.
6
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, ( 10 13. 2000), 2002, 13 .
7 : Krsmanovi, Byzantine Province 130.
8 687695,
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Ni{ i Vizantija XI

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9 Catalogue of the Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of
Art, 1, edd. J. Nesbitt N. Oikonomides, Washington, D. C. 1991, 1; Krsmanovi, Byzantine
Province 130 n. 266.
10 . , (VIIIX
), 43 (2006) 424425.
11 N. Oikonomids, Un taktikon indit du Xe sicle. Cod. Scorial. gr. R-II-11, Actes
du XIIe Congrs International des Etudes Byzantines, II, Belgrade 1964, 177183 (=VR:
Documents et tudes sur les institutions de Byzance, VIIeXVe s., London 1976, X).

90

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Bonn 1828, 107, 117, 126, 148. ,
, Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis historiarum,
ed. I. Thurn, CFHB V, Series Berolinensis, Berlin New York 1973, 300301.
(130) , ,
, (295) .
13 Theophanes Continuatus, ed. I. Bekker (CSHB), Bonn 1838, 480.
14 H. GlykatziAhrweiler, Recherches sur l administration de l empire byzantin aux
IXeXIe sicles, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellnique 84 (1960) 58, 65 (VR: tudes sur
les structures administratives et sociales de Byzance, London 1971, VIII).
15 L. Bouras, tude de la Croix-reliquaire, Genava N. S. 28, 1980, 119122.

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17
. Krsmanovi, Byzantine Province 75170, 173180.
18 , Oikonomids, Listes 26331, 33,34.
19 , , Catalogue of the Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, 1, edd. J.
Nesbitt N. Oikonomides, Washington, D. C. 1991, 33.1.
20 - , Oikonomids,
Listes 2659.
21 Krsmanovi, Byzantine Province 134 et n. 277.
22 ,
, ,
; ,
, , B. Krsmanovi, Beobachtungen zum Taktikon Escorialense, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 103/2 (2010) 608612.
23 J.-C. Cheynet, Du stratge de thme au duc: chronologie de lvolution au cours

92

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1011. 11.
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du XIe sicle, Travaux et mmoires 9 (1985) 181194.
24 Oikonomids, Listes 263 , 265 .
33
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26 /
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28 , (. ,
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, , , 10/11. , Catalogue of the Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, 1, edd. J.
Nesbitt N. Oikonomides, Washington, D. C. 1991, 44.1; I. Jordanov, Corpus of Byzantine
Seals from Bulgaria, I: Byzantine Seals with Geographical Names, Sofia 2003, 3.3.

Ni{ i Vizantija XI

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31
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32 ev prosw,pou
- 9. 10. , Oikonomids, Listes 5317; 10315, 10525,
14110, 14528-29, 23124; 24929. ev
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( ) . Catalogue of the Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks
and in the Fogg Museum of Art, 1, edd. J. Nesbitt N. Oikonomides, Washington, D. C.
1991, 124125.
33
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30

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34 . J. Lefort, Rhtorique et politique : trois discours de Jean Mauropous en 1047, Travaux et mmoires 6 (1976) 284.
35 Scyl. 458, 466.
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38
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39 Scyl. 458.
40 J. Lefort, Rhtorique et politique. Trois discours
de Jean Mauropous en 1047, Travaux et mmoires 6 (1976) 265303.
, , . . ,
XI , 2001, 111139.
41 Iohannis Euchaitorum Metropolitae, quae in Codice Vaticano Graeco 676 supersunt, ed. P. de Lagarde, Gttingen 1883 (repr. Amsterdam 1979), no. 186 &7.
42 , 116117, 133134.

96

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45 / . H.-J. Khn, Die Byzantinischen Armee im 10. und 11. Jahrhundert, Wien 1991, 207209.
46 , J. Nesbitt N. Oikonomides, Catalogue of the Byzantine Seals
at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art, 1, Washington, D. C. 1991, 125,
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Ni{ i Vizantija XI

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98

Bojana Krsmanovi
THE MILITARY REFORM IN THE THEME OF MACEDONIA

Since the introduction of the theme system in the Balkans (late 7th century) until the
reform of provincial border administration, which would most noticeably take shape during
the reign of Nikephoros II Phokas (963969) and John I Tzimiskes (969976), Thrace and
Macedonia represented the most important themes in the European part of the Empire. The
primary task of military units recruited and stationed on the territory of said themes was tied
to Bulgarian-Byzantine relations, so these troops acted according to circumstances both
in a defensive and an offensive manner. The fact that the strategoi from these themes were at
times considered Eastern and not as was customary Western, also points to the importance
attached to Thrace and Macedonia within the Byzantine administrative system.
Thrace and Macedonia lost their dominant position in the Balkans during the time
of Byzantiums greatest military expansion. This period spans the reigns of Nikephoros II
Phokas, John I Tzimiskes and Basil II. The Taktikon Escorial a ranking list dating from
Tzimiskes time shows that the rank order of themes Thrace and Macedonia was changed
in the official hierarchy, so as to give priority to officials from Macedonia. Macedonia was
given priority over Thrace during the reign of Romanos II (959 963), which is reflected in
the fact that the position of domestikos ton Scholon of the West became tied to the leadership
of the district of Macedonia (Marianos Argyros, monostrategos in the theme of Macedonia
and katepano of the West).
The link between Macedonia (and Thrace) and the term Western army is confirmed
by sources referring to the periods of reign of Romanos successors. However, since Basils
time, the term West as well as the position of domestikos ton Scholon of the West referred first and foremost to Thessalonike, not excluding, of course, leadership over units recruited and stationed on the territory of Macedonia and Thrace. The eroding of Macedonias
and Thraces importance is also reflected in the fact that in Basils time two provincial officials came to the fore the doux of Thessalonike and the doux of Antioch; the former had
authority over the Byzantine West, while the latter ruled over the East. These provincial
offices were often merged with the highest positions from the group of central command functions domestikos ton Scholon of the East and domestikos ton Scholon of the West. However,
even though since Basils reign or rather, after Tzimiskes ended the Byzantine-Russian war
over Bulgaria (970971) Thessalonike became the main Byzantine military base in the
Balkans, the traditional link between Macedonia and the West was not forgotten. Whether
the territorial signification of the word West in the titulature of Byzantine officials and defining the geographical boundaries of their competences would be linked to Thessalonike or
Adrianople depended of course on the strategic importance of the Balkan command centers.
While in late 10th and early 11th century military leadership over the Byzantine West was
mostly linked to Thessalonike and the position of doux/katepano of Thessalonike, in the 11th
century the term Western army also referred to the districts of Macedonia and Thrace. This
link dates from the late 10th century from the time when the division of the Byzantine army
into Eastern and Western occurred. This division was a consequence of the reform of the
central command system and of the geographical separation of competences belonging to the
highest leaders. This was achieved by establishing the positions of domestikos ton Scholon of
the East and domestikos ton Scholon of the West.