Infection Control

I. Microorganisms=(microbes)
microscopic

II. Nonpathogens-
normal flora,
beneficial

III. Pathogens-
cause infection / disease,
"germs".

5 main classes of microbes-
A. Bacteria
B. Protozoa
C. Fungi
D. Viruses
E. "Parasites"
REMEMBER there are beneficial and harmful
organisms in each category
A. Bacteria-
simple,
one-celled organisms,
multiple rapidly.

Classified in 3 groups:
1. Cocci
2. Bacilli
3. Spirilla
*Based on shape and arrangement

1. Cocci-
round,
spherical;
EX: of cocci bacteria include
gonorrhea,
meningitis,
pneumonia
* cocci that occur in a chain are called
streptococci
EX: of streptococci bacteria include
strep throat
rheumatic fever
**cocci that occur in a cluster or group
are called staphylococci;
usually pus forming
EX: of staphlococci bacteria include
MRSA
2. Bacilli-
rod shaped,
occur single, pairs, chains,
many have flagella,
may form spores or thick walls when
conditions are bad (this make them hard to
kill);
EX: of Bacilli bacteria include

tetanus
pertussis
diphtheria
typhoid
3. Spirilla-
spiral, corkscrew, comma-shaped;
EX: of Spirilla bacteria include

syphilis
cholera

Antibiotics can kill bacteria.

Some bacteria have become resistant to
antibiotics.
B. Protozoa-
single-celled animal-like organisms
found in moist, wet areas
may have flagella
EX: of Protozoa include

malaria
amebic dysentery
trichomonas
African sleeping sickness
C. Fungi-
a single-celled or multicellular organism,
both plant and animal characteristics,
do not contain chlorophyll,
reproduce by spores,
lives by absorbing nutrients from organic
matter.
Ex of Fungi include:
molds
yeasts
athlete's foot
jock itch
yeast vaginitis
ringworm
thrush
D. Viruses-
Smallest microorganism,
only visible with electron microscope,
cannot reproduce unless inside a living host
cell,
spread by bodily fluids
Ex: of viruses include
common cold
HIV
measles
mumps
chicken pox
hepatitis
herpes
polio

Viruses are NOT affected by antibiotics
E. Parasitic microbes-
live inside the cells of a living organism.
EX of include rickettsiae: typhus fever, Rocky
Mountain Spotted Fever

Macroscopic parasites
can live inside or outside a host
Some are transient and only get on a host
to feed
some are permanent residents
EX: of include: lice, ticks, fleas, mosquitos,
biting flies, mites
Often... microscopic parasites are
transmitted by macroscopic parasites.

I. Affects of pathogenic
infection and diseases

a. Toxins
b. Allergic reaction
c. Attack and destroy

II. Classifying Infections and
Diseases

a. Endogenous
b. Exogenous
c. Nosocomial
d. Opportunistic
III. CHAIN OF INFECTION
Conditions for diseases to
occur and/or spread

1. Causative agent
a.
2. reservoir
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
3. portal of exit
a. def:
b. ex:
4. mode of transmission
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

5. portal of entry
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

6. Susceptible Host
A. what makes a host
susceptible?
IV. BREAKING THE CHAIN
A. describe methods for breaking each link of the chain

V. Body defenses

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
VI. List and Analyze some of the existing and/or potential exposure
risks in healthcare setting.
a. clients


b. co-workers


c. self
VII. Demonstrate adherence to
standards, and guidelines for
a. CDC
b. OSHA
c. FDA
d. CLIA
e. DTAE

Center for Disease
Control and Prevention
(CDC)
Occupational Safety and
Health Administration
(OSHA)
Federal Drug
Administration (FDA)
Clinical Laboratory
Improvement
Amendments (CLIA)
Department of
Technical and Adult
Education (DTAE)

VII. Asepsis-

Various levels of Aseptic control
Antisepsis

Disinfection-

Sterilization-


VIII. Aerobic vs Anaerobic