1

1
CHAPTER 2
TECHNIQUES
OF INTEGRATION
2
Objectives:
At the end of the chapter, you
should be able to
1. demonstrate understanding of
integration by parts,
2. determine an appropriate
technique to evaluate an integral and
3. evaluate improper integrals.

3
2.1 Integration by parts
2.2 Powers of trigonometric functions
2.3 Trigonometric substitution
2.4 Partial Fractions
2.5 Algebraic substitution
2.6 Rational functions of sinx and cosx
2.7 Improper integrals
CHAPTER OUTLINE
4
WARM UP!
( )dx x cos . 2 1

Evaluate the following integrals:
( )dx x sin . 3 2

( )dx x sec . 4 3
2

( )dx x csc . 5 4
2

( ) . C x sin + = 2
2
1
( ) . C x cos +

= 3
3
1
( ) . C x tan + = 4
4
1
( ) . C x cot +

= 5
5
1
5
dx e .
x 2
7

dx .
x 4
3 8

. C e
x
+ =
2
2
1
. C
ln
x
+ =
3 4
3
4
( ) ( )dx x tan x sec . 6 6 5

( ) ( )dx x cot x csc . 7 7 6

( ) . C x sec + = 6
6
1
( ) . C x csc +

= 7
7
1
x
dx
.
+

1
9 . C x ln + + = 1
x
dx
2 1
10
+

. . ln C x + + = 1
2
1
6
2
4
11
x
dx

.
( ) . sin C Arc
x
+ =
2
2
4
12
x
dx
+

. ( ) . tan C Arc
x
+ =
2
2
1
2
9 4
13
x
dx
+

. ( ) . tan C Arc
x
+ =
2
3
6
1
9
14
2

x x
dx
.
( ) . sec C Arc
x
+ =
3
3
1
9 4
15
2

x x
dx
.
( ) . sec C Arc
x
+ =
3
2
3
1
2
7
There are basically two methods
of integration:
1. integration by parts
2. substitution/transformation
8
2.1 Integration by parts
From MATH 36, we learned that
( ) vdu udv uv d + =
Equivalently,
( ) . vdu uv d udv =
Integrating both sides,
( ) , vdu uv d udv

=
. vdu uv udv

=
9
Example 2.1.1 Evaluate . xdx ln

solution:

= udv xdx ln
x ln u =
, dx
x
du
1
= x v =

= vdu uv
( ) x ln =

= dx x ln x
. C x x ln x + =
dx dv =
x dx
x
1
x
10
Checking:
( )
dx
x x ln x d
1 1 + = x ln
. x ln =
= x
x
1
x ln + 1
. C x x ln x xdx ln . Ans + =

11
Example 2.1.2 Evaluate
. xdx cos x

solution:

= udv xdx cos x
x u =
dx du =
vdu uv

=
There are two possibilities:
The second possibility will result to a more
complicated integral so we consider the first one.
xdx cos dv =
x sin v =
xdx cos u =
xdx sin du =
xdx dv =
2
2
x
v =
12
Example 2.1.2 Evaluate
. xdx cos x

solution:

= udv xdx cos x
xdx cos dv , x u = =
, dx du =
x sin v =

= vdu uv

= xdx sin x sin x

C x cos x sin x + =
. C x cos x sin x + + =
3
13
Checking:
( )
dx
x cos x sin x d +
. x cos x =
x cos x =
( ) ( )
dx
x cos d
dx
x sin x d
+ =
x sin + x sin
. C x cos x sin x xdx cos x . Ans + + =

14
Example 2.1.3 Evaluate
. xdx cos x

2
solution:

= udv xdx cos x
2
xdx cos dv , x u = =
2
, xdx du 2 = x sin v =

= vdu uv

= xdx x sin x sin x 2

2

= xdx sin x x sin x 2

2
15
xdx sin dv , x u = =
, dx du = x cos v =

= udv

xdx sin x

= vdu uv
( )

= xdx cos x cos x

+ = xdx cos x cos x

. k x sin x cos x + + =

xdx cos x
2

= xdx sin x x sin x 2

2
( ) k x sin x cos x x sin x + + = 2
2
. C x sin x cos x x sin x + + = 2 2
2
16
Checking:
( )
dx
C x sin x cos x x sin x d + + 2 2
2
x cos x cos x sin x x x sin x cos x 2 2 2 2
2
+ + + =
x cos x cos x sin x x sin x x cos x 2 2 2 2
2
+ + =
. x cos x
2
=
. C x sin x cos x x sin x xdx cos x . Ans + + =

2 2
2 2
17
Example 2.1.4 Evaluate . xdx sec

3
solution:
xdx sec dv , x sec u
2
= =
, xdx tan x sec du = x tan v =
xdx sec x sec xdx sec
2 3

=

xdx sec
3

= udv

= vdu uv

= xdx tan x sec x tan x tan x sec

18

= xdx tan x sec x tan x sec xdx sec
2 3
( )

= dx x sec x sec x tan x sec 1

2

+ = xdx sec xdx sec x tan x sec
3
x tan x sec ln xdx sec x tan x sec + + =

3

+ + = xdx sec x tan x sec ln x tan x sec

3
x tan x sec ln x tan x sec xdx sec + + =

3
2
. C
x tan x sec ln x tan x sec
xdx sec +
+ +
=

2
3
4
19
Checking:
( )
dx
x tan x sec ln x tan x sec d + +
2
1
| ( )
( ) | x sec x tan x sec
x tan x sec
x tan x sec x tan x sec x sec
2
2
1

2
1
+
+
+
+ =
( )
( )
(

+
+
+ + =
x tan x sec
x tan x sec x sec
x tan x sec x tan x sec x sec
2
2
1
| | x sec x tan x sec x sec + + =
2 3
2
1
. C
x tan x sec ln x tan x sec
xdx sec +
+ +
=

2
3
20
| | x sec x tan x sec x sec + + =
2 3
2
1
( ) | | x sec x sec x sec x sec + + = 1
2
1
2 3
| | x sec x sec x sec x sec + + =
3 3
2
1
( ) x sec
3
2
2
1
=
. x sec
3
=
YES!
21
In using integration parts, there
are three possibilities:
1. After applying the formula,

can be easily evaluated as in
Examples 2.1.1 and 2.1.2.
, vdu uv udv

=

vdu
22
2. Successive applications of integration
by parts are necessary as in Example
2.1.3.
3. After applying the formula

a multiple of appears on the
right-hand side as in Example 2.1.4.
, vdu uv udv

=

udv
23
Additional examples
of integrals under case 1
24
Example 2.1.5 Evaluate .

xdx sin Arc

xdx sin Arc

solution:

= vdu uv
dx dv =
,
x
dx
du
2
1
=
, x sin Arc u =
x v =

= udv

xdx sin Arc ( )x x sin Arc =

2
1 x
dx
x

5
25

xdx sin Arc ( )x x sin Arc =

2
1 x
xdx

2
1 x s =
xdx ds 2 =
xdx
ds
=

2
x sin xArc =
2 1
2
1
/
s
ds

+
x sin xArc = ds s
/ 2 1
2
1

+
x sin xArc = C
/
s
/
+ +
2 1 2
1
2 1
( ) C x x sin xArc
/
+ + =
2 1
2
1
26

xdx sin Arc . Ans ( ) C x x sin xArc

/
+ + =
2 1
2
1
( ) ( )
dx
x x sin xArc d
/ 2 1
2
1 +
Checking:
2
1
1
x
x

= x sin Arc + ( ) x x
/
2 1
2
1 2 1
2
+

2
1 x
x

= x sin Arc +
2
1 x
x

. x sin Arc =
27
Example 2.1.6 Evaluate . ( )

dx x tan Arc 2
( )

dx x tan Arc 2
solution:

= vdu uv
dx dv =
,
x
dx
du
2
4 1
2
+
=
( ), x tan Arc u 2 =
x v =

= udv
( )

dx x tan Arc 2 ( ) ( )x x tan Arc 2 =

2
4 1
2
x
dx
x
+

28
2
4 1 x s + =
xdx ds 8 =
xdx
ds
=
8
( )

dx x tan Arc 2 ( ) ( )x x tan Arc 2 =

2
4 1
2
x
dx
x
+

( ) x tan xArc 2 =
2
4 1
2
x
xdx
+

( ) x tan xArc 2 =
s
ds

8
1
2
( ) x tan xArc 2 = C s ln +
4
1
( ) x tan xArc 2 = C x ln + +
2
4 1
4
1
( ) x tan xArc 2 = ( ) C x ln + +
2
4 1
4
1
29
( )

dx x tan Arc 2 ( ) x tan xArc 2 = ( ) C x ln + +

2
4 1
4
1
Checking:
( ) ( )
dx
x ln x tan xArc d |

\
|
+
2
4 1
4
1
2
2
4 1
2
x
x
+
=
2
4 1
8
4
1
x
x
+
( ) x tan Arc 2 +
2
4 1
2
x
x
+
= ( ) x tan Arc 2 +
2
4 1
2
x
x
+

( ) x tan Arc 2 =
30
Additional examples
of integrals under case 2
6
31
Example 2.1.7. Evaluate ( ) . dx x cos x

2
4
solution:
( )

= udv dx x cos x 2
4 ( )dx x dv x u 2
4
cos , = =
, dx x du
3
4 = ( ) x sin v 2
2
1
=

= vdu uv
( ) ( )

= dx x x sin x sin x
3 4
4 2
2
1
2
2
1
( )
( )

= dx x sin x
x sin x
2 2
2
2
3
4
32
( )

dx x sin x 2
3
( )dx x sin dv , x u 2
3
= =
, dx x du
2
3 = ( ) x cos v 2
2
1
=

= udv

= vdu uv
( ) ( ) dx x x cos x cos x

=
2 3
3 2
2
1
2
2
1
( )
( )dx x cos x
x cos x

= 2
2
3
2
2
2
3
( ) =

dx x cos x 2
4 ( )
( )

dx x sin x
x sin x
2 2
2
2
3
4
( ) ( )
( )
|
|

\
|
+

=

dx x cos x
x cos x x sin x
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3 4
33
( ) ( )
( )
|
|

\
|
+

=

dx x cos x
x cos x x sin x
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3 4
( )
( ) ( )

+ = dx x cos x x cos x
x sin x
2 3 2
2
2
2 3
4
( )

dx x cos x 2
2
( )dx x cos dv , x u 2
2
= =
, xdx du 2 = ( ) x sin v 2
2
1
=

= udv

= vdu uv
( ) ( )

= xdx x sin x sin x 2 2

2
1
2
2
1
2
( )
( )

= dx x sin x
x sin x
2
2
2
2
34
( )

dx x cos x 2
4
( )
( ) ( )

+ = dx x cos x x cos x
x sin x
2 3 2
2
2
2 3
4
( )

dx x cos x 2
2
( )
( )

= dx x sin x
x sin x
2
2
2
2
( )
( )
( )
( )
|
|

\
|
+ =

dx x sin x
x sin x
x cos x
x sin x
2
2
2
3 2
2
2
2
3
4
( )
( )
( )
( )

+ + = dx x sin x
x sin x
x cos x
x sin x
2 3
2
2 3
2
2
2
2
3
4
35
( )dx x sin dv , x u 2 = =
, dx du = ( ) x cos v 2
2
1
=

= udv
( )

dx x sin x 2

= vdu uv
( ) ( )

= dx x cos x cos x 2
2
1
2
2
1
( )
( )

= dx x cos
x cos x
2
2
1
2
2
( )
( ) x sin
x cos x
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
+

=
( )
( ) k x
x x
+ +

= 2
4
1
2
2
cos
cos
36
( )

dx x cos x 2
4
( )
( )
( )
( )

+ + = dx x sin x
x sin x
x cos x
x sin x
2 3
2
2 3
2
2
2
2
3
4
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
|

\
|
+ +

+
+ =
k
x x x
x x
x x
x x
4
2
2
2
3
2
2 3
2
2
2
2
3
4
cos cos

sin
cos
sin
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
C
x sin x cos x sin x
x cos x
x sin x
+ + + =
4
2 3
2
2 3
2
2 3
2
2
2
2
3
4
7
37
Another solution
38
u dv
x
4
4x
3
12x
2
24x

24

( )dx x cos 2
( ) x sin 2
2
1
( ) x cos 2
4
1
( ) x sin 2
8
1
( ) x cos 2
16
1
0

( ) x sin 2
32
1
+
-
+
-
+
( )

= udv dx x cos x 2
4
( ) x sin x 2
2
1 4
= ( ) x cos x 2 4
4
1 3

( ) x sin x 2 12
8
1 2
+
( ) x cos x 2 24
16
1
( ) C x sin + + 2 24
32
1
( )
2
2
4
x sin x
=
( ) x cos x 2
3
+
( )
2
2 3
2
x sin x

( )
2
2 3 x cos x

( )
C
x sin
+ +
4
2 3
39

= udv dx e x
x 3 5 u dv
5
x
4
5x
3
20x
2
60x
x 120
120
0
dx e
x 3
x
e
3
3
1
x
e
3
9
1
x
e
3
27
1
x
e
3
81
1
x
e
3
243
1
x
e
3
729
1
=
5
x
+
-
+
-
+
-
x
e
3
3
1

4
5x
x
e
3
9
1
+
3
20x
x
e
3
27
1

2
60x
x
e
3
81
1
+ x 120
x
e
3
243
1
120 C e
x
+
3
729
1
. C
e xe e x
e x e x e x
x x x
x x x
+ +
+ =
243
40
81
40
27
20

27
20
9
5
3
3 3 3 2
3 3 3 4 3 5
Example 2.1.8. Evaluate . dx e x
x

3 5
40
Additional examples
of integrals under case 3
41
Example 2.1.9 Evaluate . xdx csc

3
solution:
xdx csc dv , x csc u
2
= =
, xdx cot x csc du = x cot v =
xdx csc x csc xdx csc
2 3

=

xdx csc
3

= udv

= vdu uv

= xdx cot x csc x cot x cot x csc

42

= xdx cot x csc x cot x csc xdx csc
2 3
( )

= dx x csc x csc x cot x csc 1

2
( )

= dx x csc x csc x cot x csc

3

+ = xdx csc xdx csc x cot x csc
3

+ = + xdx csc x cot x csc xdx csc xdx csc
3 3
x cot x csc ln x cot x csc xdx csc + =

3
2
C
x cot x csc ln x cot x csc
xdx csc +
+
=

2
3
8
43
Example 2.1.10 Evaluate ( ) ( ) . dx x cos x sin

3 2
solution:
( ) ( )dx x cos dv , x sin u 3 2 = =
( )dx x cos du 2 2 =

= udv

= vdu uv
( ) ( )

dx x cos x sin 3 2
( ) x sin v 3
3
1
=
( ) ( )

dx x cos x sin 3 2
( ) x sin 2 = ( ) x sin 3
3
1
( )

x sin 3
3
1
( )dx x cos 2 2
44
( ) ( )

dx x cos x sin 3 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )dx x sin x cos x sin x sin

= 3 2
3
2
3 2
3
1
( ) ( )dx x sin x cos

3 2
( ) ( )dx x sin dv , x cos u 3 2 = =
( )dx x sin du 2 2 =

= vdu uv
( ) x cos v 3
3
1
=
( ) x cos 2 = ( ) x cos 3
3
1
( )

x cos 3
3
1
( )dx x sin 2 2

= udv
( ) ( )dx x sin x cos

3 2
45
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )dx x cos x sin x cos x cos 3 2
3
2
3 2
3
1

=
( ) ( )dx x sin x cos

3 2
( ) ( )

dx x cos x sin 3 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

= dx x sin x cos x sin x sin 3 2

3
2
3 2
3
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) |

\
|


dx x cos x sin x cos x cos 3 2
3
2
3 2
3
1
3
2
( ) ( )

dx x cos x sin 3 2 ( ) ( ) x sin x sin 3 2

3
1
=
46
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )dx x cos x sin x cos x cos 3 2
9
4
3 2
9
2

+ +
( ) ( )

dx x cos x sin 3 2 ( ) ( ) x sin x sin 3 2

3
1
=
( ) ( )

\
|
dx x cos x sin 3 2
9
4
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x cos x cos x sin x sin 3 2
9
2
2 2
3
1
+ =
( ) ( )

dx x cos x sin 3 2
9
5
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x cos x cos x sin x sin 3 2
9
2
3 2
3
1
+ =
47
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) C x cos x cos x sin x sin dx x cos x sin + + =

3 2
5
2
3 2
5
3
3 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )|

\
|
+ =

x cos x cos x sin x sin dx x cos x sin 3 2

9
2
3 2
3
1
5
9
3 2
48
2.2 Powers of trigonometric functions
Case 1. m or n is odd.
udu cos u sin
n m

A.
u sin u sin
m

1
If m is odd, write as u sin
m
and express the remaining even
powers of sin u in terms of cos u.
9
49
If n is odd, write as
udu cos u sin
n m

A.
u cos u cos
n

1
u cos
n
and express the remaining even
powers of cos u in terms of sin u.
50
Example 2.2.1 Evaluate . ( ) ( )

dx x cos x sin 2 2
2 3
solution:
( ) ( )

dx x cos x sin 2 2
2 3
( ) ( ) ( )

= dx x sin x cos x sin 2 2 2

2 2
( ) x cos u 2 =
( )dx x sin du 2 2 =
( )dx x sin
du
2
2
=

( )

=
2
4 2
du
u u
( ) | | ( ) ( )

= dx x sin x cos x cos 2 2 2 1

2 2
( ) ( ) | | ( )

= dx x sin x cos x cos 2 2 2

4 2
51
C
u u
+
|
|

\
|

=
5 3 2
1
5 3
C
u u
+ +

=
10 6
5 3
( ) ( )
. C
x cos x cos
+ +

=
10
2
6
2
5 3
( ) ( )

dx x cos x sin 2 2
2 3
( )

= du u u
4 2
2
1
52
Example 2.2.2 Evaluate . ( ) ( )

dx x cos x sin 2 2
5 2
solution:
( ) ( )

dx x cos x sin 2 2
5 2
( ) ( ) ( )

= dx x cos x cos x sin 2 2 2

4 2
( ) ( ) | | ( )

= dx x cos x cos x sin 2 2 2

2
2 2
( ) ( ) | | ( )

= dx x cos x sin x sin 2 2 1 2

2
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( )

+ = dx x cos x sin x sin x sin 2 2 2 2 1 2

4 2 2
53
( )

+ = du u u u
6 4 2
2
2
1
C
u u u
+
|
|

\
|
+ =
7 5
2
3 2
1
7 5 3
C
u u u
+ + =
14 5 6
7 5 3
( ) x sin u 2 =
( )dx x cos du 2 2 =
( )dx x cos
du
2
2
=
( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( )

+ = dx x cos x sin x sin x sin 2 2 2 2 2

6 4 2
( )

+ =
2
2
6 4 2
du
u u u
( ) ( ) ( )
. C
x sin x sin x sin
+ + =
14
2
5
2
6
2
7 5 3
54
Case 2. m and n are even.
( )
2
2 1
2
u cos
u sin

=
Use the following half-angle formulas:
( )
2
2 1
2
u cos
u cos
+
=
10
55
Example 2.2.3 Evaluate . ( ) ( )

dx x cos x sin 2 2
2 2
solution:
( ) ( )

dx x cos x sin 2 2
2 2
( ) ( )

\
| +
|

\
|
= dx
x cos x cos
2
4 1
2
4 1
( ) ( )

= dx x cos 4 1
4
1
2
( )
|
|

\
|
|

\
| +
= dx
x cos
2
8 1
1
4
1
( )

\
|
= dx x cos 8
2
1
2
1
1
4
1
( )

\
|
= dx x cos 8
2
1
2
1
4
1
( ) C x sin x + |

\
|
= 8
8
1
2
1
2
1
4
1 ( )
C
x sin x
+ =
64
8
8
56
Example 2.2.4 Evaluate .

xdx sin
6
solution:
( )

= dx x sin xdx sin
3
2 6
( )

\
|
= dx
x cos
3
2
2 1 ( ) ( )

= dx
x cos
3
3
2
2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ = dx x cos x cos x cos 2 2 3 2 3 1

8
1
3 2
( )
( )
( )

\
|

+
+ = dx x cos
x cos
x cos 2
2
4 1
3 2 3 1
8
1
3
( ) ( ) ( )

\
|
+ + = dx x cos x cos x cos 2 4
2
3
2
3
2 3 1
8
1
3
57
( ) ( ) ( )

\
|
+ = dx x x x 2 4
2
3
2 3
2
5
8
1
3
cos cos cos
( ) ( ) ( )

\
|
+ = dx x x x x 2
8
1
4
8
3
2
2
3
2
5
8
1
3
cos sin sin
( ) ( ) ( )

+ = dx x x x x 2
8
1
4
64
3
2
16
3
16
5
3
cos sin sin

xdx
6
sin
58
( )

dx x 2
3
cos ( ) ( )

= dx x x 2 2
2
cos cos
( ) ( ) ( )

= dx x x 2 2 1
2
cos sin
( ) ( ) ( )dx x x dx x 2 2 2
2
cos sin cos =

( ) k
u
x + =
3 2
1
2
2
1
3
sin
( )
( )
k
x
x + =
6
2
2
2
1
3
sin
sin
( ) du u x
2
2
1
2
2
1

= sin
59
( ) ( ) ( )

+ = dx x x x x 2
8
1
4
64
3
2
16
3
16
5
3
cos sin sin

xdx
6
sin
( ) ( ) x x x 4
64
3
2
16
3
16
5
sin sin + =
( )
( )
|
|

\
|
+ k
x
x
6
2
2
2
1
8
1
3
sin
sin
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
C
x x
x x x + + + =
48
2
16
2
4
64
3
2
16
3
16
5
3
sin sin
sin sin
( )
( )
( )
C
x
x
x x
+ + + =
48
2
4
64
3
4
2
16
5
3
sin
sin
sin
60
Case 1. m is even.
udu tan u sec
n m

B.
u sec u sec
m 2 2

If m is even, write as u sec

m
and express the remaining even
powers of sec u in terms of tan u.
11
61
Example 2.2.5 Evaluate . ( ) ( )

dx x tan x sec 2 2
4
solution:
( ) ( )

dx x tan x sec 2 2
4
( ) ( ) ( )

= dx x sec x tan x sec 2 2 2

2 2
( ) x tan u 2 =
( )dx x sec du 2 2
2
=
( )dx x sec
du
2
2
2
=
( )

+ =
2
3
du
u u
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ = dx x sec x tan x tan 2 2 2 1

2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ = dx x sec x tan x tan 2 2 2

2 3
62
( )

+ = du u u
3
2
1
C
u u
+
|
|

\
|
+ =
4 2 2
1
4 2
C
u u
+ + =
8 4
4 2
( ) ( )
. C
x tan x tan
+ + =
8
2
4
2
4 2
( ) ( )

dx x tan x sec 2 2
4
63
Example 2.2.6 Evaluate . ( )

dx x sec 2
6
solution:
( )

dx x sec 2
6
( ) ( )

= dx x sec x sec 2 2
2 4
( ) ( ) ( )

= dx x sec x sec 2 2
2
2
2
( ) ( ) ( )

+ = dx x sec x tan 2 2 1
2
2
2
( ) x tan u 2 =
( )dx x sec du 2 2
2
=
( )dx x sec
du
2
2
2
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ + = dx x sec x tan x tan 2 2 2 2 1

2 4 2
( )

+ + =
2
2 1
4 2
du
u u
64
( )

+ + = du u u
4 2
2 1
2
1
C
u u
u +
|
|

\
|
+ + =
5 3
2
2
1
5 3
C
u u u
+ + + =
10 3 2
5 3
( ) ( ) ( )
C
x tan x tan x tan
+ + + =
10
2
3
2
2
2
5 3
( )

dx x sec 2
6
65
Case 2. n is odd.
If n is odd, factor out u tan u sec
and express the remaining even
powers of tan u in terms of sec u.
udu tan u sec
n m

B.
66
Example 2.2.7 Evaluate .

xdx tan x sec

3 3
solution:

xdx tan x sec

3 3
x sec u =
xdx tan x sec du =

= xdx tan x sec x tan x sec

2 2
( )

= xdx tan x sec x sec x sec 1

2 2
( )

= xdx tan x sec x sec x sec

2 4
( )

= du u u
2 4
C
u u
+ =
3 5
3 5
C
x sec x sec
+ =
3 5
3 5
12
67
Example 2.2.8 Evaluate . ( )

dx x tan 2
5
solution:
( )

dx x tan 2
5
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

=

dx x tan x sec x tan x sec 2 2 2 2
4 1
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( )

=

dx x tan x sec x tan x sec 2 2 2 2
2
2 1
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( )

=

dx x tan x sec x sec x sec 2 2 1 2 2
2
2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( )

+ =

dx x tan x sec x sec x sec x sec 2 2 1 2 2 2 2
2 4 1
68
( ) x sec u 2 =
( ) ( )dx x tan x sec du 2 2 2 =

\
|
+ = du
u
u u
1
2
2
1
3
( )

dx x tan 2
5
( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( )

+ =

dx x tan x sec x sec x sec x sec 2 2 1 2 2 2 2
2 4 1
( ) ( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( )

+ = dx x tan x sec x sec x sec x sec 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 3
( ) ( )dx x tan x sec
du
2 2
2
= C u ln u
u
+
|
|

\
|
+ =
2
4
4 2
1
( )
( ) ( ) C x sec ln x sec
x sec
+
|
|

\
|
+ = 2 2
4
2
2
1
2
4
69
Case 3. m is odd and n is even.
If m is odd and n is even, express the
even power of tan u in terms of sec u and
use integration by parts.
udu tan u sec
n m

B.
70
Example 2.2.9 Evaluate .

xdx tan x sec

2
solution:

xdx tan x sec

2
( )

= dx x sec x sec 1
2
( )

= dx x sec x sec
3
C x tan x sec ln
x tan x sec ln x tan x sec
+ +
+ +
=
2
C
x tan x sec ln x tan x sec
+
+
=
2
71
Case 1. m is even.
udu cot u csc
n m

C.
u csc u csc
m 2 2

If m is even, write as u csc

m
and express the remaining even
powers of csc u in terms of cot u.
72
Example 2.2.10 Evaluate . ( ) ( )

dx x cot x csc 2 2
4
solution:
( ) ( )

dx x cot x csc 2 2
4
( ) ( ) ( )

= dx x csc x cot x csc 2 2 2

2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ = dx x csc x cot x cot 2 2 2 1

2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ = dx x csc x cot x cot 2 2 2

2 3
( ) x cot u 2 =
( )dx x csc du 2 2
2
=
( )dx x csc
du
2
2
2
=

( )

+ =
2
3
du
u u ( )

= du u u
3
2
1
C
u u
+
|
|

\
|
+

=
4 2 2
1
4 2
C
u u
+

=
8 4
4 2
( ) ( )
. C
x cot x cot
+

=
8
2
4
2
4 2
13
73
Case 2. n is odd.
If n is odd, factor out
u cot u csc
and express the remaining even
powers of cot u in terms of csc u.
udu cot u csc
n m

C.
74
Example 2.2.11 Evaluate .

xdx cot x csc

3 3
solution:

xdx cot x csc

3 3
x csc u =
xdx cot x csc du =

= xdx cot x csc x cot x csc

2 2
( )

= xdx cot x csc x csc x csc 1

2 2
( )

= xdx cot x csc x csc x csc

2 4
( )

= du u u
2 4
C
u u
+ +

=
3 5
3 5
C
x csc x csc
+ +

=
3 5
3 5
xdx cot x csc du =
( )

= du u u
2 4
75
Case 3. m is odd and n is even.
If n is even, express the even power
of cot u in terms of csc u.
udu cot u csc
n m

C.
76
Example 2.2.12 Evaluate .

xdx cot x csc

2
From Example 2.1.9,

xdx cot x csc

2
( )

= dx x csc x csc 1
2
( )

= dx x csc x csc
3
C
x cot x csc ln x cot x csc
xdx csc +
+
=

2
3
solution:

xdx cot x csc

2
C x cot x csc ln
x cot x csc ln x cot x csc
+
+
=
2
C
x cot x csc ln x cot x csc
+

=
2
77
Summary:
udu cos u sin
n m

A.
udu tan u sec
n m

B.
udu cot u csc
n m

C.
Case 1. m or n is an odd + integer.
Case 2. m and n are even + integers.
Case 1. m is an even + integer.
Case 2. n is an odd + integer.
Case 3. m is odd and n is an even + integer.
Case 1. m is an even + integer.
Case 2. n is an odd + integer.
Case 3. m is odd and n is an even + integer. 78
2.3 Trigonometric substitution
In this section, we study how to
evaluate integrals involving any of the
following:
, u a
2 2
, u a
2 2
+ , a u
2 2

where a is a constant and u is a

differentiable function of x.
14
79
Case 1. The integral involves . u a
2 2

u
a
2 2
u a
a
u
sin =
sin a u =
d cos a du =
a
u a
cos
2 2

=
cos a u a =
2 2

80
solution:
Example 2.3.1 Evaluate .
dx x

2
9
x
3
2
9 x
3
x
sin =
sin x 3 =
d cos dx 3 =
3
9
2
x
cos

=
cos x 3 9
2
=
dx x

2
9
d cos cos

= 3 3
d cos

=
2
9


d
cos

+
=
2
2 1
9
( ) d cos

+ = 2 1
2
9

81
dx x

2
9
C sin + |

\
|
+ = 2
2
1
2
9
C
sin
+ + =
4
2 9
2
9
( ) ( ) ( )
C
sin Arc sin sin Arc
x x
+ + =
4
2 9
2
9
3 3
( ) d cos

+ = 2 1
2
9
( )
C
x x sin Arc
x
+

+ =
2
9
2
9
2
3
82
C
sin
+ + =
4
2 9
2
9
C cos sin + + =

2
4
9
2
9
C cos sin + + =

2
9
2
9
x
3
2
9 x

3
x
sin =
sin x 3 =
d cos dx 3 =
3
9
2
x
cos

=
cos x 3 9
2
=
( )
C
x x sin Arc
x
+

+ =
3
9
3 2
9
2
9
2
3
( )
C
x x sin Arc
x
+

+ =
2
9
2
9
2
3
dx x

2
9
83
solution:
Example 2.3.2 Evaluate
.
( )
3
2
4 x
dx

x
2
2
4 x
2
x
sin =
sin x 2 =
d cos dx 2 =
2
4
2
x
cos

=
cos x 2 4
2
=
( )
3
2
4 x
dx

( )
3
2
2


cos
d cos

=


3
8
2
cos
d cos

=


2
4
1
cos
d

=
84
( )
3
2
4 x
dx

2
4
1
cos
d

=
d sec
2
4
1

=
C tan + =
4
1
x
2
2
4 x

C
x
x
+

=
2
4
4
1
C
x
x
+

=
2
4 4
15
85
Case 2. The integral involves . u a
2 2
+
u
a
2 2
u a +
a
u
tan =
tan a u =
d sec a du
2
=
a
u a
sec
2 2
+
=
sec a u a = +
2 2

86
solution:
Example 2.3.3 Evaluate
.

+
2
9 x
dx
x
3
2
9 x +
3
x
tan =
tan x 3 =
d sec dx
2
3 =
3
9
2
x
sec
+
=
sec x 3 9
2
= +

+
2
9 x
dx

sec
d sec
3
3
2
d sec

=
C tan sec ln + + =
C
x x
ln + +
+
=
3 3
9
2

87
solution:
Example 2.3.4 Evaluate
.

+ dx x
2
4 9
2x
3
2
4 9 x +
3
2x
tan =
tan x
2
3
=
d sec dx
2
2
3
=
3
4 9
2
x
sec
+
=
sec x 3 4 9
2
= +

+ dx x
2
4 9

= d
2
2
3
3 sec sec

= d
3
2
9
sec
88
C +
|
|

\
| + +
=
2 2
9 tan sec ln tan sec
3
2x
tan =
3
4 9
2
x
sec
+
=
( ) C + + + = tan sec ln tan sec
4
9
C
x x x x
+
|
|
|

\
|
+
+
+
+
=
3
2
3
4 9
3
2
3
4 9
4
9
2 2
ln
C
x x x x
+ +
+
+
+
=
3
2
3
4 9
4
9
2
4 9
2 2
ln
89
Case 3. The integral involves . a u
2 2

u
a
2 2
a u
a
u
csc =
csc a u =
d cot csc a du =
a
a u
cot
2 2

=
cot a a u =
2 2

90
solution:
Example 2.3.5 Evaluate .
( )

3
2
9 4x
dx
2x
3
9 4
2
x
3
2x
csc =
csc x
2
3
=
d cot csc dx
2
3
=
3
9 4
2

=
x
cot
cot x 3 9 4
2
=
( )

=
3
2
3
3

cot
d cot csc
( )

3
2
9 4x
dx

=


2
18
1
cot
d csc




d
sin
cos
sin

=
2
2
1
18
1

16
91
C
cos
+

=
18
1
C
sec
+

=
18

C
x
x
+

=
9 4 9
2



d
cos
sin

=
2
18
1

=
2
18
1
u
du
C
u
+

=
1
18
1
du u

=
2
18
1
C
x
x
+

=
9 4
2
18
1
2
92
solution:
Example 2.3.6 Evaluate .

dx x 25
2
x
5
25
2
x
5
x
csc =
csc x 5 =
d cot csc dx 5 =
5
25
2

=
x
cot
cot x 5 25
2
=

= d cot csc cot 5 5

dx x 25
2

= d cot csc
2
25
C
cot csc ln cot csc
+
|
|

\
|
=
2
25

( ) C cot csc ln cot csc + + =
2
25
C
x x
ln
x x
+
|
|

\
|

+

=
5
25
5 5
25
5 2
25
2 2
(Example 2.2.12)
93
2.4 Partial Fractions
where P and Q are polynomials and the
degree of P is less than the degree of Q.
( )
( )
dx
x Q
x P

Suppose we wish to evaluate

94
Suppose
.
Case 1. The factors of Q(x) are linear and
distinct.
( ) ( )( ) ( )
n n
b x a ... b x a b x a x Q + + + =
2 2 1 1
Then there exist constants A
1
, A
2
,
, A
n
such that
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
.
b x a
A
...
b x a
A
b x a
A
x Q
x P
n n
n
+
+ +
+
+
+
=
2 2
2
1 1
1
95
solution:
Example 2.4.1 Write as a sum of
partial fractions.
4 3
1 2
2

+
x x
x
( )( ) 1 4 4 3
2
+ = x x x x
1 4 4 3
1 2
2
+
+

=

+
x
B
x
A
x x
x
( ) ( )
( )( ) 1 4
4 1
4 3
1 2
2
+
+ +
=

+

x x
x B x A
x x
x
( ) ( ) 4 1 1 2 + + = + x B x A x
96
( ) ( ) 4 1 1 2 + + = + x B x A x
( ) 1 4 1 4 2 + = + A
When x = 4,
0
A 5 9 =
5
9
= A
When x = -1,
0
( ) 4 1 1 1 2 = + B
B 5 1 =
5
1
= B
1 4 4 3
1 2
5
1
5
9
2
+
+

=

+
x x x x
x
( ) ( ) 1 5
1
4 5
9
4 3
1 2
2
+
+

=

+
x x x x
x
17
97
solution:
Example 2.4.2 Write
as a sum of partial fractions.
( )( )( ) 2 2 1 2
3
2
+
+
x x x
x
( )( )( ) 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2
3
2
+
+

=
+
+
x
C
x
B
x
A
x x x
x
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( )( )( ) 2 2 1 2
2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2
+
+ + + +
=
x x x
x x C x x B x x A
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 3
2
+ + + + = + x x C x x B x x A x
98
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 3
2
+ + + + = + x x C x x B x x A x
( ) ( )( ) 2 2 3
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
+ = + A
When x = 1/2,
15
13
= A
0 0
2
5
2
3
4
1
3 = +

A
A
4
15
4
13
=
( )( ) 2 2 1 2 2 3 2
2
+ = + B
When x = 2,
12
7
= B
4 3 7 = B
B 12 7 =
0
0
99
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 2 3
2
+ + + + = + x x C x x B x x A x
( ) ( )( ) 2 2 1 2 2 3 2
2
= + C
When x = -2,
20
7
= C
0
4 5 7 = C
C 20 7 =
0
100
( )( )( ) 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2
3
2
+
+

=
+
+
x
C
x
B
x
A
x x x
x
15
13
= A
12
7
= B
20
7
= C
( )( )( ) 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2
3
20
7
12
7
15
13 2
+
+

=
+
+

x x x x x x
x
( )( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 20
7
2 12
7
1 2 15
13
2 2 1 2
3
2
+
+

=
+
+
x x x x x x
x
101

+ = C u ln
u
du

+ + =
+
C b ax ln
a b ax
dx 1
Recall
Thus,
For example,

+ + =
+
C x ln
x
dx
4 3
3
1
4 3

C x ln
x
dx
2 5
2
1
2 5
b ax u + =
adx du =
dx du
a
=
1
102
Evaluate the following integrals mentally:

=
+1 2x
dx
C x ln + +1 2
2
1

=
x
dx
2 1
C x ln +

2 1
2
1

=
+ 5 4x
dx
C x ln + + 5 4
4
1

=
x
dx
4 5
C x ln +

4 5
4
1
18
103
Example 2.4.3 Evaluate dx
x x
x
4 3
1 2
2

+

dx
x x
x
4 3
1 2
2

+

solution:
From Example 2.4.1,
( ) ( ) 1 5
1
4 5
9
4 3
1 2
2
+
+

=

+
x x x x
x
( ) ( )
dx
x x
(

+
+

=

1 5
1
4 5
9
( ) ( )
C
x ln x ln
+
+
+

=
5
1
5
4 9
104
Example 2.4.4 Evaluate
solution:
From Example 2.4.2,
( )
( )( )( ) 2 2 1 2
3
2
+
+

x x x
dx x
( )
( )( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
dx
x x x x x x
dx x
(

+
+

=
+
+

2 20
7
2 12
7
1 2 15
13
2 2 1 2
3
2
( )( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 20
7
2 12
7
1 2 15
13
2 2 1 2
3
2
+
+

=
+
+
x x x x x x
x
C
x ln x ln x ln
+
+
+

+

=
20
2 7
12
2 7
30
1 2 13
105
Case 2. The factors of Q(x) are linear but
some are repeated.
Suppose is a factor of Q(x) of
multiplicity k.

i i
b x a +
( )
( ) ( )
.
b x a
A
,...,
b x a
A
,
b x a
A
k
i i
n
i i
i i
+ +
+
2
2 1
Then corresponding to the factor ,
there corresponds k fractions of the form
i i
b x a +
106
solution:
Example 2.4.5 Write as a sum
of partial fractions.
( )
2
1 2
1 2
x x
x

+
( )
2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
x
C
x
B
x
A
x x
x
+ +

+
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2
x x
x C x Bx Ax
x x
x

+ +
=

+
( ) ( ) 1 2 1 2 1 2
2
+ + = + x C x Bx Ax x
107
( ) ( ) 1 2 1 2 1 2
2
+ + = + x C x Bx Ax x
( )
2
2
1
2
1
1 2 A = +
When x = 1/2,
8 = A
0 0
A
4
1
2 =
( ) 1 0 2 1 0 2 = + C
When x = 0,
1 = C
C = 1
0 0
When x = 1,
( ) ( ) 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 8 1 1 2
2
+ = + B
1 8 3 + = B
4 = B 108
( )
2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
x
C
x
B
x
A
x x
x
+ +

+
8 = A 1 = C 4 = B
( )
2 2
1 4
1 2
8
1 2
1 2
x x x x x
x

+
19
109
solution:
Example 2.4.6 Write as a sum
of partial fractions.
( )
3
2
1 2 + x
x
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 3
2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 +
+
+
+
+
=
+ x
C
x
B
x
A
x
x
( )
( ) ( )
( )
3
2
3
2
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 +
+ + + +
=
+ x
C x B x A
x
x
( ) ( ) C x B x A x + + + + = 1 2 1 2
2 2
110
( ) ( ) C x B x A x + + + + = 1 2 1 2
2 2
When x = -1/2,
4
1
= C
0
0
( ) C =

2
2
1
When x = 0,
( ) ( )
4
1
1 0 2 1 0 2 0
2 2
+ + + + = B A
4
1
= + B A
When x = 1/2,
( ) ( ) ( )
4
1
1 2 1 2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
+ + + + = B A
4
1
2 4
4
1
+ + = B A
0 2 4 = + B A 0 2 = + B A
111
4
1
= + B A
0 2 = + B A
4
1
= A
4
1
4
1
= + B
2
1
4
2
4
1
4
1
=

= = B
( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 3
2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 +
+
+
+
+
=
+ x
C
x
B
x
A
x
x
( ) ( ) ( )
3
4
1
2
2
1
4
1
3
2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 +
+
+
+
+
=
+

x x
x
x
x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 3
2
1 2 4
1
1 2 2
1
1 2 4
1
1 2 +

+
=
+ x x
x
x
x
112
Example 2.4.7 Evaluate .
( )
dx
x x
x
2
1 2
1 2

solution:
( )
2 2
1 4
1 2
8
1 2
1 2
x x x x x
x

+
( )
dx
x x x
dx
x x
x
(

+
2 2
1 4
1 2
8
1 2
1 2
. C
x
x ln x ln + + =
1
4 1 2
2
1
8
. C
x
x ln x ln + + =
1
4 1 2 4
113
C
x
C
x
dx x dx
x
+

= +

= =

1
1
1
1
2
2
114
solution:
Example 2.4.8 Evaluate .
( )
dx
x
x
3
2
1 2 +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 3
2
1 2 4
1
1 2 2
1
1 2 4
1
1 2 +

+
=
+ x x
x
x
x
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
dx
x x
x
x
dx x
(

+
=
+
3 2 3
2
1 2 4
1
1 2 2
1
1 2 4
1
1 2
20
115
C
u u
u ln +
|
|

\
|

=

2 4
1
1 2
1
4
1
2
1
2 1
( ) ( )
C
x
x
x ln +
+
+
+
+ + =
2
1 2 16
1
1 2 4
1
1 2
8
1
1 2 + = x u
dx du 2 =
dx du =
2
1
2 4
1
2
1
4
1
3 2
du
u u
u

(

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
dx
x x
x
x
dx x
(

+
=
+
3 2 3
2
1 2 4
1
1 2 2
1
1 2 4
1
1 2
116
Then corresponding to this
quadratic factor

there corresponds a fraction of the form
c bx ax + +
2
Case 3. The factors of Q(x) are linear and
quadratic and the quadratic factors are
distinct.
Suppose is a distinct
factor of Q(x).
c bx ax + +
2
c bx ax
B Ax
+ +
+
2
117
solution:
Example 2.4.9 Write as a
sum of partial fractions.
( )( ) 1 1 2
3
2
2
+
+
x x
x
( )( ) 1 1 2 1 1 2
3
2 2
2
+
+
+

=
+
+
x
C Bx
x
A
x x
x
( )( )
( ) ( )( )
( )( ) 1 1 2
1 2 1
1 1 2
3
2
2
2
2
+
+ + +
=
+
+
x x
x C Bx x A
x x
x
( ) ( )( ) 1 2 1 3
2 2
+ + + = + x C Bx x A x
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 1 2 1 3
2 2
+ + + = + x C x Bx x A x
118
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 1 2 1 3
2 2
+ + + = + x C x Bx x A x
When x = 1/2,
0
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 3
2
2
1
2
2
1
+ = + A
0
( ) 1 3
4
1
4
1
+ = + A
( )
4
5
4
13
A =
5
13
= A
When x = 0,
( ) ( ) 1 0 2 1 0 3
2
5
13
+ + = C
C =
5
13
3
3
5
13
= C
5
2
= C
119
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 2 1 2 1 3
2 2
+ + + = + x C x Bx x A x
When x = 1,
5
4
= B
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1
5
2
2
5
13 2
+ + = + B
( )
5
2
5
13
2 4 + = B
5
2
5
26
4 + = B
5
24
4 = B
120
( )( ) 1 1 2 1 1 2
3
2 2
2
+
+
+

=
+
+
x
C Bx
x
A
x x
x
5
13
= A
5
2
= C
5
4
= B
( )( ) 1 1 2 1 1 2
3
2
5
2
5
4
5
13
2
2
+
+
+

=
+
+

x
x
x x x
x
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 5
2
1 5
4
1 2 5
13
1 1 2
3
2 2 2
2
+

=
+
+
x x
x
x x x
x
21
121
solution:
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 5
2
1 5
4
1 2 5
13
1 1 2
3
2 2 2
2
+

=
+
+
x x
x
x x x
x
Example 2.4.10 Evaluate .
( )
( )( ) 1 1 2
3
2
2
+
+

x x
dx x
( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
(

=
+
+
dx
x x
x
x x x
dx x
1 5
2
1 5
4
1 2 5
13
1 1 2
3
2 2 2
2
1 2
2
1
5
13
= x ln 1
2
1
5
4
2
+ x ln C x tan Arc +
5
2
( )
C
x Arc x x
+
+

=
5
2
5
1 2
10
1 2 13
2
tan ln ln
122
2.5 Algebraic substitution
In this section, we study how to
evaluate integrals involving radicals
but to which the method of
trigonometric substitution does not
apply.
123
Example 2.5.1 Evaluate .
x
dx
+

2
solution:
Then 2 Let . x y + =
x y = 2 ( ) . x y =
2
2
( ) dx dy y = 2 2
x
dx
+

=
( )dy y 2 2
y
dy
y
|
|

\
|
=

2
1 2
124
x
dx
+

2
dy
y
|
|

\
|
=

2
1 2
( ) C y y + = ln 2 2
x y + = 2
C y y + = ln 4 2
( ) C x x + + + = 2 4 2 2 ln
C x x + + + = 2 4 2 4 ln
125
Another solution
126
Example 2.5.1 Evaluate .
x
dx
+

2
solution:
Then Let . x y =
x y =
2
dx ydy = 2
x
dx
+

2
y
ydy
+
=

2
2
y
ydy
+
=

2
2
2 + y
y 2 + y
1
2
22
127
( ) C y ln y + + = 2 2 2
C y ln y + + = 2 4 2
C x ln x + + = 2 4 2
x
dx
+

2
dy
y
|
|

\
|
+
=

2
2
1 2
( ) C x x ans + + + 2 4 2 4 ln .
128
Example 2.5.2 Evaluate .
x x
dx
+

3
solution:
Then Let
6
. x y =
x y =
6
dx dy y =
5
6
( ) , y y x x
/
/ 2
3 1
6 3 1 3
= = =
( )
3
2 1
6 2 1
y y x x
/
/
= = =
3 2
5
3
6
y y
dy y
x x
dx
+
=
+

( ) y y
dy y
+
=

1
6
2
5
129
x x
dx
+

3
( ) y
dy y
+
=

1
6
3
2 3
y y +
3
y 1 + y
2
y
2
y
y
y y
2
y
1 +
1 + y
1
( )
dy
y
y y
|
|

\
|
+
+ =

1
1
1 6
2
130
C y ln y
y y
+
|
|

\
|
+ + = 1
2 3
6
2 3
C y ln y y y + + + = 1 6 6 3 2
2 3
( ) ( ) C x ln x x x
/ / / /
+ + + = 1 6 6 3 2
6 1 6 1
2
6 1
3
6 1
C x ln x x x + + + = 1 6 6 3 2
6 6 3
( )
dy
y
y y
|
|

\
|
+
+ =

1
1
1 6
2
x x
dx
+

3
131
Example 2.5.3 Evaluate . dx x + +

1 1
solution:
Then . 1 1 Let x y + + =
x y + + = 1 1
2
x y + = 1 1
2
( ) x y + = 1 1
2
2
x y y = + 1 1 2
2 4
( ) x y = 1 1
2
2
132
x y y = 2
2 4
( ) x y y =
2
2 4
2
( )( ) dx dy y y y y = 4 4 2 2
3 2 4

+ + dx x 1 1

= y ( )( )dy y y y y 4 4 2 2
3 2 4

( )

+ = dy y y y y y
3 5 5 7
8 8 4 4 2
( )

+ = dy y y y y
3 5 7
8 12 4 2
( )

+ = dy y y y
4 6 8
8 12 4 2
C
y y y
+
|
|

\
|
+ =
5
8
7
12
9
4
2
5 7 9
23
133
C
y y y
+
|
|

\
|
+ =
5
8
7
12
9
4
2
5 7 9
C
y y y
+ + =
5
16
7
24
9
8
5 7 9
9
1 1 8
9
|

\
|
+ +
=
x
7
1 1 24
7
|

\
|
+ +

x
. C
x
+
|

\
|
+ +
+
5
1 1 16
5
134
2.6 Rational Functions of sinx and cosx
Then .
2
Let |

\
|
=
x
tan z
( ) dx sec dz
x
2
1
2
2
=
( )dx sec dz
x
2
2
2 =
( ) | |dx tan dz
x
2
2
1 2 + =
( )dx z dz
2
1 2 + =
2
1
2
z
dz
dx
+
=
135
( ) ( )
2 2
2
x x
cos sin =
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
x
x
x
cos
cos
sin
=
( )
2
2
x
sin x sin =
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
1
2
x x
x
sec cos
sin
=
( )
( )
2
2 2
1
2
x
x
sec
tan =
2
1
1
2
z
z
+
=
2
1
2
z
z
x sin
+
=
( ) ( ) ( ) cos sin sin 2 2 =
136
( )
2
2
x
cos x cos =
1
1
1
2
2

+
=
z
2
2
1
1
z
z
x cos
+

=
( ) ( ) 1 2 2
2
= cos cos
( ) 1 2
2
2
=
x
cos
( )
1
1
2
2
2
=
x
sec
1
1
2
2

+
=
z
2
2
1
1 2
z
z
+

=
137
Summary:

2
|

\
|
=
x
tan z
2
1
2
z
dz
dx
+
=
2
1
2
z
z
x sin
+
=
2
2
1
1
z
z
x cos
+

=
138
Example 2.6.1 Evaluate .

x sin
dx
1
solution:

x sin
dx
1

2
|

\
|
=
x
tan z
2
1
2
z
dz
dx
+
=
2
1
2
z
z
x sin
+
=

+
=
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
z
z
z
dz

+
+
+
=
2
2
2
1
2 1
1
2
z
z z
z
dz

+
=
z z
dz
2 1
2
2
24
139
( )

=
2
1
2
z
dz

=
2
2
u
du
dz du , z u = = 1 where

= du u
2
2
C
u
+

=

1
2
1
C
u
+ =
2
C
z
+

=
1
2
( )
C
tan
x
+

=
2
1
2
140
Example 2.6.2 Evaluate .

x cos x sin
dx
3 4
solution:

x cos x sin
dx
3 4

2
|

\
|
=
x
tan z
2
1
2
z
dz
dx
+
=
2
1
2
z
z
x sin
+
=
2
2
1
1
z
z
x cos
+

+
=
2
2
2
2
1
1
3
1
2
4
1
2
z
z
z
z
z
dz
141

+
+
+
=
2
2
2
1
3 3 8
1
2
z
z z
z
dz

+
=
2
3 3 8
2
z z
dz

x cos x sin
dx
3 4

+
=
3 8 3
2
2
z z
dz
( )( )

+
=
3 1 3
2
z z
dz
142
( )( ) ( ) ( ) 3 1 3 3 1 3
1
+
+

=
+ z
B
z
A
z z
( ) ( ) 1 3 3 1 + + = z B z A
10
3
= A
10
1
= B
( )( ) ( ) ( ) 3 10
1
1 3 10
3
3 1 3
1
+

=
+ z z z z
( )( ) ( ) ( ) 3 1 3 3 1 3
1
10
1
10
3
+
+

=
+

z z z z
143
C z ln z ln + |

\
|
+ = 3
10
1
1 3
3
1
10
3
2
( ) ( ) C tan ln tan ln
x x
+ + = 3
5
1
1 3
5
1
2 2
( ) ( )
dz
z z
(

=
3 10
1
1 3 10
3
2
( )( )

+
=
3 1 3
2
z z
dz

x cos x sin
dx
3 4
144
Determine the technique of integration or
method of substitution that will enable you to
evaluate each of the following integrals:
4 9
2
2

x
dx x
( )
( )( ) 1 3 4 9
3 2
2
+

x x
dx x
4
3 x
dx
+

Check your understanding.

Partial fractions
Algebraic substitution
Trigonometric substitution
25
145
( )dx x cos x 2
3

( ) ( )dx x cos x sin 2 2

3 4

x cos x sin
dx
2 +

Integration by parts
Rational function of sinx and cosx
Powers of trigo. functions
146
2.7 Improper Integrals
Definition 2.7.1 An integral is improper if
either limits of integration are infinite or if
the integrand is discontinuous at a number
or at numbers within the interval of
integration.
147
TYPE UB
An integral is improper
of type UB if
( )dx x f
b
a

1. f is continuous for all and a x
+ = b 2.
Illustration 2.7.1

is improper of type
UB.
dx e
x 3
0

x
y
( )
x
e x f
3
=
148
TYPE UA
An integral is improper
of type UA if
( )dx x f
b
a

1. f is continuous for all and b x
= a 2.
Illustration 2.7.2

is improper of type
UA.
dx e
x 3
1

x
y
( )
x
e x f
3
=
149
TYPE UAB
An integral is improper
of type UAB if
( )dx x f
b
a

1. f is continuous for all x and
+ = = b a and 2.
Illustration 2.7.3

is improper of type
UAB.
dx
x
2
1
1
+

+
x
y
( )
2
1
1
x
x f
+
=
150
Illustration 2.7.4

is improper of type
DB.
xdx tan

2
0

TYPE DB
An integral is improper
of type DB if
( )dx x f
b
a

1. f is continuous for all and b x a <
( ) =

x f lim
-
b x
2.
x
y
2

= x
( ) x tan x f =
26
151
TYPE DA
An integral is improper
of type DA if
( )dx x f
b
a

1. f is continuous for all and b x a <
( ) =
+

x f lim
a x
2.
Illustration 2.7.5

is improper of type
DA.
xdx tan

0
-
2

x
y
2

= x
( ) x tan x f =
152
( ) =

x f lim
c x
2.
TYPE DC
An integral is improper
of type DC if there is a number c such
that and

( )dx x f
b
a

b c a < <

1. f is continuous for all and c x a <
for all b x c <
( ) . x f lim
c x
=
+

or
153
Illustration 2.7.6

is improper of type DC.
dx
x
1
1
2 -

x
y
( )
x
x f
1
=
How do we evaluate improper integrals?
154
Definition 2.7.2
Type Form Prep. Definition




( )

+
a
dx x f ( )

+
t
a t
dx x f lim
UB
( )

b

dx x f
( )

b
t t
dx x f lim
UA
( )

+



dx x f ( )

+

0
t
t
dx x f lim UAB
( )

b
a
dx x f ( )

t
a b t
dx x f lim DB
( )
+

b
t a t
dx x f lim DA
( )
+

+
b
t c t
dx x f lim DC
( )

b
a
dx x f
( )

b
a
dx x f
( )

t
a
dx x f
( )

b
t
dx x f
( ) +

+
0
dx x f
( )

0

dx x f
( )

t
a
dx x f
( )

b
t
dx x f
( ) +

c
a
dx x f
( )

b
c
dx x f
( )

+
0
t t
dx x f lim
( )

t
a c t
dx x f lim
155
Example 2.7.1 Evaluate .
Solution:
dx e
x
+

0
+ t
lim =

+

0
dx e
x
|
t
x
t
e lim
0

+
=
t
x
t
e
lim

0
1
(

(
=
+
Let . Since f is continuous
everywhere, the given integral is improper
of type UB.
( )
x
e x f

=
|

\
|
=
+
0
1 1
e e
lim
t
t
( ) . 1 1 0 = =
0

t
x
dx e
0
156
Solution:
Example 2.7.2 Evaluate .
x
dx

+
1
+ t
lim

+
1
x
dx
|
t
t
x ln lim
1
+
=
Let . Since f is continuous for
all , the given integral is improper of
type UB.
( )
x
x f
1
=
1 x
( ) 1 ln t ln lim
t
=
+
t ln lim
t +
=
+ =
x
y
( ) x ln x f =

=
t
x
dx
1

0
27
157
Solution:
t
lim
Let . Since f is continuous
everywhere, the given integral is improper of type
UA.
( )
x
e x x f
2
=
Example 2.7.3 Evaluate . dx e x
x

0
2

0
2
dx e x
x
u dv
x
2
e
x
2x

2

0

e
x
e
x
e
x
( )|
0

2
2 2
t
x x x
t
e xe e x lim + =

( ) | |
t t t
t
e te e t lim 2 2 2
2
+ =

. 2 =
0 0 0

=
0

2

t
x
dx e x
+
-
+
158
Solution:
Example 2.7.4 Evaluate .

+

+
2
1 x
dx
Let . Since f is continuous
everywhere, the given integral is improper
of type UAB.
( )
2
1
1
x
x f
+
=

+

+
2
1 x
dx

+

+
+
+
=
0
2
0
2
1 1 x
dx
x
dx

+
=
0

2
1

t
x
dx

+
+
t
x
dx
0
2
1

t
lim
+ t
lim
Type
UA
Type
UB
159
|
0

t
t
x tan Arc lim

= |
t
t
x tan Arc lim
0
+
+
( ) t tan Arc tan Arc lim
t
=

0 ( ) 0 tan Arc t tan Arc lim
t
+
+
0
2

=
2

+ =
( ) x tan Arc x f =
2

= y
2

= y
0

+

+
2
1 x
dx

+
=
0

2
1

t
x
dx

+
+
t
x
dx
0
2
1

t
lim
+ t
lim
t tan Arc lim
t
= t tan Arc lim
t +
+
160
Solution:
Example 2.7.5 Evaluate .

5
1
5 x
dx
+ =

x
lim
x
5
1
5
Let .
Since f is continuous for all
and
( )
x
x f

=
5
1
5 < x
the given integral is improper
of type DB.
x
y
5 = x
( )
x
x f

=
5
1
161

5
1
5 x
dx

5 t
lim
|
t
t
x lim
1
5
5 2 =

|
t
t
x lim
1
5
5 2 =

( ) 1 5 5 2
5
=

t lim
t
( ) 2 5 2
5
=

t lim
t
0
( ) . 4 2 2 = =
x
y
( ) x x f = 5
5

=
t
x
dx
1
5

162
Solution:
Example 2.7.6 Evaluate .

0

2

xdx tan
=

x tan lim
x
2

Let .
Since f is continuous for all
and 0
2
<

x

( ) x tan x f =
the given integral is improper
of type DA.
x
y
2

= x
( ) x tan x f =
28
163

0

2

xdx tan
|
0
2

t
t
x sec ln lim
+

=

( ) t sec ln sec ln lim
t
=
+

0
2

( ) t sec ln ln lim
t
=
+

1
2

t sec ln lim
t
+

=
2

. =
0
x
y
2

= x
( ) x sec x f =
2

= x

=
0


t
xdx tan
+

2

t
lim
164
Solution:
Example 2.7.7 Evaluate .

1
1
2
x
dx
x
y
( )
2
1
x
x f =
Let .
Since f is continuous for all
and
and

the given integral is
improper of type UC.
( )
2
1
x
x f =
0 1 < x 1 0 < x
+ =

2
0
1
x
lim
x
165

1
1
2
x
dx

+ =

1
0
2
0
1
2
x
dx
x
dx

=
t
t
x
dx
lim
-

1
2
0
+

+
1

2
0
t
t
x
dx
lim
t
t
x
lim
-
1 -
0
1
(

(
=

1
0
1
t
t
x
lim
(

(
+
+

t
t
x
lim
-
1 -
0
1
(

(
=

1
0
1
t
t
x
lim
(

\
|
+ =

1
1
0
t
lim
-
t
|

\
|

+

t
lim
t
1
1
0
( )
x
x f
1
=
x
y
-
+
= . + = + + =
166
An improper integral is said
to be convergent if it has a
real value. Otherwise, it is
said to be divergent.
167
SUMMARY
In this chapter, we studied
1. integration by parts
2. methods of substitution
a. For powers of trigo. functions
b. Trigonometric substitution
c. Partial fractions
d. Algebraic substitution
e. For rational functions of sinx and cosx
3. how to evaluate improper integrals.
168
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