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HI SEQIRM. +IRIVEPYP 7QMQSZ, #IJYP WIVZMGMMPSV QIHMGEPI, EZIE TVIKXMXI 119
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TI TEVXIE GIEPEPX.
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GSVTYVM HI GEZEPIVMI. 4VMQIPI WEPZI EY WYREX GE RM#XI PSZMXYVM HI XVWRIX R
EIVYP PMRM#XMX EP HMQMRI'MM. 8VKRH RXV-S GIE' MQTIRIXVEFMP TIRXVY S3'IVMM HMR
TYRGXYP REMRXEX HI SFWIVZEVI, FEXIVMMPI HI EVXMPIVMI #M HI OEXMY#I RY EY TYXYX
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JSGYP PSV E JSWX TVIGMW.
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&SQFEVHEQIRXYP IVE EXX HI MRXIRW, RGX PE S HMWXER' HI GMRGM^IGM HI
OMPSQIXVM GXVI WYH, S3'IVMM HMR WIVZMGMYP QIHMGEP HMR (MZM^ME 22 XERGYVM EY JSWX
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'SQERHER'MM IVEY RIZSM'M W VWTYRH: 2Y #XMY. 3FWIWME TWXVVMM
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EFME #M TYXIEY WXTRM IQS'ME. 7XEPMR, R HMWGYVWYP WY, 'MRYX GY HSYWTVI^IGI
^MPI R YVQ, GY SGE^ME GIPIM HI-E HSY^IGM #M GMRGIE ERMZIVWVM E VIZSPY'MIM,
JGYWI S EPY^MI HIWXYP S XVERWTEVIRX PE YR QEVI GSRXVEEXEG: :E 3 WVFXSEVI
#M TI WXVEHE RSEWXV.
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XERGYVM. &EXIVMMPI HI XYRYVM #M OEXMY#I, XVKRH R GSRXMRYEVI JV ZM^MFMPMXEXI,
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E VMHMGEX R XVER#II #M E VMTSWXEX GY GYVEN.
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VSQR. 9R EP HSMPIE EWEPX, HI HEXE EGIEWXE GY WTVMNMR HI XERGYVM, E JSWX #M IP
VIWTMRW, R GIPI HMR YVQ, HYT S RSY VYRH JSG, XYRYVMPI WSZMIXMGI EY RGIXEX
FVYWG W QEM XVEK. 'IE'E TVIE W JEG PMRM#XIE #M QEM EHRG. %TSM, VSQRMM
EY EY^MX ^KSQSX HI QSXSEVI HI XERGYVM.
4VIKXMVIE QEWMZ HI EVXMPIVMI, GEVI RZSPFYVEWI ^TEHE #M VWGSPMWI
RSVSMYP R ^SRE RIYXV, RY E JEZSVM^EX REMRXEVIE XERGYVMPSV 8-34.
R TPYW, EWGYRWIWI #M XVEWIIPI GVIEXI TVMR GQTYP HI QMRI. +IRM#XMM
TYVXE'M TI WTEXIPI GIPYM HI-EP HSMPIE #M EP GIPYM HI-EP XVIMPIE XERG, TVIKXM'M R
GE^YP R GEVI TVMQYP PSZIE S QMR, EY JSWX RIZSM'M GYVRH W VWTYRH
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ERXMXERG, IVEY GSRHEQRE'M. 'XIZE KVYTYVM HI XERGYVM EY VIY#MX W TXVYRH #M
EY EXEGEX ETSM TMI^M#. 2IQEMTYXRH W TMEVH ZVIQIE GY EXEGYVM HI MRJERXIVMI,
KIRIVEPMM WSZMIXMGM #M-EY XVMQMW R QEW JSVQE'MYRMPI FPMRHEXI HMVIGX GXVI PMRMMPI
VSQRI#XM #M TVMRGMTEPIPI TXVYRHIVM EY JSWX VIEPM^EXI GXVI QMI^YP ^MPIM. 'SVTYP
4 XERGYVM #M 'SVTYP 3 GEZEPIVMI KEVH EY MRXVEX GY XSEX JSV'E R 'SVTYP 4
VSQR HMR WIGXSVYP /PI'OEME #M W-EY RHVITXEX GXVI WYH. 'EZEPIVM#XMM WSZMIXMGM,
GY TMWXSEPI EYXSQEXI EXVREXI TI WTEXI, EY REMRXEX R KEPST TI GPY'MM PSV
QM'S#M TVMR XIVIRYP R^TI^MX ETVSETI XSX EXX HI VITIHI GE #M XERGYVMPI. 0E JIP
HI RIVFHXSEVI W RXPRIEWG MREQMGYP IVEY #M XERGYVMPI 8-34.
3 NYQXEXI HI SV QEM XV^MY, PE ZVIS GMRGM^IGM HI OMPSQIXVM GXVI IWX,
%VQEXE 5 XERGYVM E KIRIVEPYPYM 6SQERIROS E RMQMGMX ETVEVIE 'SVTYPYM 2
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JGYX W WI TVFY#IEWG XVER#IIPI. % YVQEX GYVRH 'SVTYP 8 GEZEPIVMI.
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GXVI ZIWX.
:RXYP E VMWMTMX TY'MR GIE'E TI PE QMNPSGYP HMQMRI'MM, EWXJIP RGX GXIZE
EZMSERI EPI EVQEXIPSV 2, 16 #M 17 EIVMIRI EY TSVRMX PE EXEG.
&E^IPI 0YJX[E2I TVIEY W 3 WYJIVMX QEM QYPX HMR GEY^E ZM^MFMPMX'MM
VIHYWI, EPXJIP GSRXVSPSVMM EIVYPYM #M-EV 3 EWYQEX EGIPIE#M VMWGYVM GE #M SQSPSKMM
PSV VY#M. (MR RSY, VY#MM EY JSPSWMX GY QMIWXVMI ZVIQIE TVSEWX, WGVME R
RSETXIE EGIIE R NYVREPYP WY 6MGLXLSJIR, RXV-YR WXMP TVIE IQS'MSREP TIRXVY E
3 TVIGMW. 4PSMPI, ^TEHE #M GIE'E RKLI'EX EV 3 XVIFYMX W STVIEWG XSEXI
^FSVYVMPI. 'SVTYP 8 EZME'MI E VIY#MX GY QEVI KVIYXEXI W HSFSEVI HSY
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'EVXMIVYP +IRIVEP EP %VQEXIM 6 RY E JSWX MRJSVQEX S3GMEP HIWTVI SJIRWMZ
TR PE SVE 9.45. 6IEG'ME HMR QSQIRXYP EGIPE EVEX G, HI#M E JSWX PYEX R
WIVMSW, EQIRMR'EVIE E JSWX GSRWMHIVEX E 3 QMRSV.
%XEGYVMPI HMR 7XEPMRKVEH, GLMEV #M GIPI GI MQTPMGEY HMZM^MM HI XERGYVM, RY
EY JSWX STVMXI.
0E SVE 11.05, KIRIVEPYP ZSR 7SHIRWXIVR, #IJYP HI 7XEX-1ENSV EP +VYTYPYM
HI %VQEXI &, M-E XIPIJSREX PYM 7GLQMHX TIRXVY E-P MRJSVQE G 'SVTYP 48 XERGYVM
E JSWX XVMQMW WTVI RSVH PE &SP#SM TIRXVY E-P WTVMNMRM TI VSQRM. (%GIWX GSVT
EZERWE RXV-EHIZV GXVI WIGXSVYP /PI'OEME, GRH, WGS'RHY-P HMR WVMXI TI
,IMQ, M W-E XVERWQMW HMR &EZEVME SVHMRYP PYM ,MXPIV TVMR GEVI EGIWXE LSXVWI
WGLMQFEVIE HMVIG'MIM.) 7SHIRWXIVR E WYKIVEX GE %VQEXE 6 W-P GIEV 'SVTYPYM
, EP KIRIVEPYPYM 7XVIGOIV W XVMQMX XVYTI TIRXVY E RXVM ETVEVIE PE IWX HI
/PI'OEME, YRHI (MZM^ME P GEZEPIVMI VSQR RGIVGE W VI^MWXI.
4R R QSQIRXYP EGIPE RY EY^MWIV HIGX G JYWIWIV VITIVEXI
HSY^IGM HI XERGYVM MREQMGI TR EGYQ HSEV YR EXEG WPEF. 0E SVE 11.30,
YR VIKMQIRX HMR (MZM^ME 44 MRJERXIVMI EYWXVMEG E TVMQMX SVHMRYP HI E WI
HITPEWE GXVI ZIWX R RSETXIE EGIIE. %GIWXE E JSWX RGITYXYP YRYM TVSGIW GEVI
EZIE W FPSGLI^I S TEVXI E %VQEXIM 6 R MRXIVMSVYP +SXYPYM (SRYPYM #M GEVI M ZE
QMG#SVE WIVMSW PMFIVXEXIE HI EG'MYRI.
R GMYHE S3'IVMPSV HI PIKXYV #M E RSMPSV PMRMM XIPIJSRMGI MRWXEPEXI, WI
TVMQIEY JSEVXI TY'MRI MRJSVQE'MM EQRYR'MXI. 4VMQYP MRHMGMY G WMXYE'ME EV
TYXIE 3 QYPX QEM TVMQINHMSEW HIGX WI IWXMQEWI RY E WSWMX HIGX HYT QEM
QYPX HI HSY SVI HI PE TXVYRHIVIE WSZMIXMG. 7-E ERYR'EX I\MWXIR'E YRIM
YRMX'M HI FPMRHEXI REMRXEXI (HI JETX IVE ZSVFE HI 'SVTYP 4 XERGYVM EP
KIRIVEPYPYM-QEMSV /VEZGIROS), GEVI TXVYRWIWI HI-E HVITXYP TVMR (MZM^ME 13
MRJERXIVMI VSQR #M REMRXEWI TIWXI ^IGI OMPSQIXVM GXVI +VSQOM. :IWXIE
WXVRMWI HINE TERMG R QEM QYPXI WXEXI-QENSVI VSQRI#XM: GYXMM GY HSWEVI #M
FEKENI TIVWSREPI JYWIWIV EVYRGEXI R GEQMSERI, MEV TIVWSREPYP TPIGEWI R
KVEF. 4PERE S MRGIVXMXYHMRI #M QEM QEVI R PIKXYV GY HIWJ#YVEVIE YRYM EXEG
QEM EQTPY, QEM HITEVXI PE ZIWX, I\IGYXEX HI %VQEXE 5 XERGYVM E PYM
6SQERIROS.
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E HIQSRWXVEX GX HI QYPX W-EY PWEX WIHY#M S3'IVMM WYTIVMSVM KIVQERM HI
MPY^MMPI EQKMXSEVI EPI PYM ,MXPIV. 9R GSVT HI XERGYVM XVIFYME W 3I GIP TY'MR HI
QVMQIE YRIM EVQEXI HI XERGYVM WSZMIXMGI, HEV R QEXIVMI HI XERGYVM HI PYTX
R WXEVI HI JYRG'MSREVI, EGIWX GSVT RY IVE RMGM GX S HMZM^MI RXVIEK. (MZM^ME 22
XERGYVM EZIE GY TY'MR QEM QYPX HI XVIM^IGM HI XERGYVM R WXEVI HI JYRG'MSREVI #M
EZIE EXX HI TY'MR GSQFYWXMFMP, RGX E JSWX RIZSMX W QTVYQYXI HI PE
VI^IVZIPI VSQRI#XM. +PYQIPI HIWTVI WEFSXENIPI GSQMWI HI #SEVIGM JGYWIV
RGSRNYVYP EVQEXIM, HEV TY'MRM QEM IVEY EGIM GVSVE PI ZIRIE W VH HYT GI
MQTPMGE'MMPI EY RGITYX W HIZMR IZMHIRXI.
7GLMQFVMPI HI SVHMRI RY EY JGYX EPXGIZE HIGX W RVYX'IEWG
PYGVYVMPI, R PSG W 3I HIWJ#YVEX R FPSG GSVTYP HI XERGYVM EP PYM ,IMQ, (MZM^MIM
P XERGYVM VSQRI M W-E WGLMQFEX HMVIG'ME GRH WI E4E HINE R QM#GEVI. %GIEWX
HMZM^EVI E GSRHYW PE EPXI HI^EWXVI. 9R EXEG WSZMIXMG TVMR WYVTVMRHIVI EWYTVE
'EVXMIVYPYM WY +IRIVEP E HMWXVYW WXE'ME VEHMS E S3'IVYPYM HI PIKXYV KIVQER,
WMRKYVYP QMNPSG HI GSQYRMGEVI GY WXEXYP-QENSV EP KIRIVEPYPYM ,IMQ #M XSEXI
GSRXEGXIPI EY JSWX RXVIVYTXI XMQT HI GXIZE ^MPI.
'IP QEM YMQMXSV EWTIGX EP IZIRMQIRXIPSV HMR EGIEWX ^M E JSWX PMTWE HI
VIEG'MI E KIRIVEPYPYM 4EYPYW. 2IVIY#MRH W SVKERM^I^I S KVYTEVI HI EWEPX
QIGERM^EX REMRXI HI SJIRWMZE MREQMG, 4EYPYW E GSRXMRYEX W RY JEG RMQMG.
(MZM^MMPI 16 #M 24 XERGYVM EY JSWX PWEXI GY YRMX'MPI PSV GLIMI TVMRWI TIWXI GET
R PYTXIPI HI WXVEH HI PE 7XEPMRKVEH. 2Y W-E JGYX RMQMG TIRXVY E WI EHYGI
QYRM'MI #M GSQFYWXMFMP TIRXVY VIEPMQIRXEVIE ZILMGYPIPSV PSV.
R HYT-EQME^E ^MPIM HI 19 RSMIQFVMI, XERGYVMPI WSZMIXMGI EY REMRXEX R
GSPSERI GXVI WYH TVMR GIE'E RKLI'EX. (ISEVIGI R TYWXMYP R^TI^MX RY
I\MWXEY QYPXI TYRGXI HI VITIV, PSGEPRMGMM EY JSWX JSPSWM'M GE KLM^M TIRXVY
YRMX'MPI HMR TVMQYP I#EPSR, HEV RMGM EGIWX PYGVY RY E JSWX WY3GMIRX. :M^MFMPMXEXIE
IVE EXX HI VIHYW, RGX GSQERHER'MM IVEY RIZSM'M W-#M GSRHYG XVYTIPI GY
ENYXSVYP FYWSPIM.
REMRXEVIE IVE HI HSY SVM TIVMGYPSEW. 8VSMIRIPI HI ^TEH EGSTIVIEY
#ER'YVMPI EHRGM. (MR PSG R PSG, MEVFE REPX HI WXIT, EGSTIVMX GY GLMGMYV, WI
VMHMGE HIEWYTVE ^TI^MM, TIRXVY GE QEM HITEVXI XVSMIRIPI W WI RXMRH JGRH
GYVFI EQKMXSV HI FPRHI. 7IVZER'MM XERGYVMPSV IVEY ^KYHYM'M EXX HI XEVI,
RGX HSEV G#XMPI PSV HI TMIPI GTXY#MX M JIVIEY HI PSZMXYVM TYXIVRMGI PE GET.
'IM HMR MRXIVMSVYP XERGYVMPSV W-EY EPIW GY JVEGXYVM PE FVE'I, HEV GSPSERIPI RY W-
EY STVMX. -R WTEXI WI TYXIEY ZIHIE 4GVM PE KYVE 'IZMM #M I\TPS^MM R XMQT GI
MRJERXIVME PSV XIVQMRE HI GYV'EX TVMQYP #M EP HSMPIE VRH HI XVER#II.
'SQERHER'MM HMR 'SVTYP 4 XERGYVM, REMRXRH GXVI WYH HMRGSPS HI
/PI'OEME, YVQVIEY GY RKVMNSVEVI 4ERGYP WXRK, E#XITXRHY-WI PE YR
GSRXVEEXEG HMR TEVXIE KIVQERMPSV, #XMMRH G VSQRMM RY IVEY GETEFMPM W-P
I\IGYXI. :MWGSPYP MRXIRWM3GRHY-WI, ^TEHE E FPSGEX RP'XSEVIPI #M E YQTPYX
JERXIPI QMXVEPMIVIPSV NYQIPEXI HI PRK EVQEQIRXYP TVMRGMTEP. 'RH E RGITYX
W WI PEWI RXYRIVMGYP, TI PE SVE 15.30, GSQERHER'MM EY HEX SVHMR W WI ETVMRH
JEVYVMPI. 2Y EZIEY EPX ST'MYRI HEG HSVIEY W GSRXMRYI REMRXEVIE.
R TXVYRHIVIE HMR ZIWX, 'SVTYP 26 XERGYVM EP KIRIVEPYPYM 6SHMR E
SFWIVZEX JSGYVM QEVM R JE'. )PI TVSZIRIEY HI PE YR GSPLS^ TI GEVI KIVQERMM P
EFERHSREWIV R KVEF HYT GI HHYWIV JSG GPHMVMPSV.
-REQMGYP IVE IZMHIRX GSR#XMIRX HI TVI^IR'E PSV. %XYRGM GRH EVXMPIVME
KIVQER E HIWGLMW JSGYP, GSRHYGXSVMM XERGYVMPSV EY WXMRW JEVYVMPI.
0E HVIETXE, 'SVTYP P XERGYVM EP PYM &YXOSZ E JSWX GIP GEVI W-E GSRJVYRXEX
GY S JSVQE'MYRI TYXIVRMG WPFMX, 'SVTYP 48 XERGYVM. 8ERGYVMPI KIVQERI EZIEY
R GSRXMRYEVI TVSFPIQI IPIGXVMGI, MEV #IRMPIPI PSV RKYWXI HIVETEY TI KLIE'E
RIEKV, R RXYRIVMGYP GEVI WI PWE PYTXE IVE LESXMG. +IVQERMM TMIVHYWIV
EZERXENIPI EWMKYVEXI HI QMIWXVME XEGXMG.
3VHMRYP TVMQMX HI PE WXEXYP-QENSV EP KVYTYPYM HI EVQEXI HI E FPSGE HMKYP
VYTX HI PRK /PI'OEME GY S TEVXI E 'SVTYPYM 11 #M GY (MZM^ME 14 XERGYVM E JSWX
#M IP XEVHMZ, GLMEV HMR QSQIRXYP IQMXIVMM PYM. 7XEXYP-1ENSV EP +VYTYPYM HI
%VQEXI & #M GIP EP %VQEXIM 6 EY JSWX SVFMXI HMR GEY^E EFWIR'IM YRSV MRJSVQE'MM
GPEVI. 2Y IWXI RMGM QGEV TSWMFMP W SF'MM HI PE VIGYRSE#XIVIE EIVMER S
ZIHIVI KIRIVEP EWYTVE WMXYE'MIM, WGVME KIRIVEPYP ZSR 6MGLXLSJIR R NYVREPYP
WY. 0E VRHYP PSV, VY#MM EY VIY#MX W JEG WMXYE'ME #M QEM GSRJY^, PERWRH
EXEGYVM ETVSETI R XSEXI WIGXSEVIPI %VQEXIM 6.
0E SVE 17.00, GRH 'SVTYP 4 XERGYVM EP KIRIVEPYPYM /VEZGIROS VIY#MWI
HINE W REMRXI^I TIWXI 35 HI OMPSQIXVM, 'SVTYP 11 EP KIRIVEPYPYM 7XVIGOIV E
TVMQMX SVHMRYP W JSVQI^I S RSY PMRMI HI ETVEVI GXVI WYH TIRXVY E TVSXINE
EVMIVKEVHE %VQEXIM 6. 'SQERHER'MM KIVQERM, TVMRXVI GEVI #M 6MGLXLSJIR, RY
VIY#MWIV RMGM EXYRGM W KLMGIEWG SFMIGXMZYP %VQEXIM 6S#MM. 7TIVQ, WGVME IP,
G VY#MM RY ZSV ENYRKI PE GEPIE JIVEX, TVMRGMTEPE EVXIV TIRXVY ETVSZM^MSREVIE
RSEWXV. )M RY-#M TYXIEY MQEKMRE G WSZMIXMGMM RGIVGEY W VIEPM^I^I S
RGIVGYMVI GSQTPIX E %VQEXIM 6.
0E SVE 18.00, WXEXYP-QENSV EP KIRIVEPYPYM ZSR 7I]HPMX^ E TVMQMX
MRWXVYG'MYRM GE JSVQE'MMPI HMR (MZM^ME 24 XERGYVM GEVI RY JYWIWIV ERKENEXI R
PYTXIPI HMR 7XEPMRKVEH W WI HITPEWI^I GXVI ^SRE 4IWOSZEXOE #M :IVXMEGM, HI
PRK XVIGIVMPI TIWXI (SR. 8SXY#M, EFME PE SVE 22.00 PE #ETXIWTVI^IGI SVI HI
PE RGITYXYP SJIRWMZIM %VQEXE 6 E TVMQMX SVHMRYP JIVQ HMR TEVXIE KIRIVEP-
GSPSRIPYPYM ZSR ;IMGLW. 7GLMQFEVIE WMXYE'MIM R ^SRE %VQEXIM 3 VSQRI
MQTYRI QWYVM VEHMGEPI, SFMIGXMZYP 3MRH QYXEVIE JSV'IPSV GX WI TSEXI HI
VITIHI TIRXVY E EGSTIVM EVMIVKEVHE %VQEXIM 6 #M TIRXVY E TYXIE EWMKYVE PMRMMPI
HI GSQYRMGE'MM. 8SEXI EGXMZMX'MPI PIKEXI HI SJIRWMZE HMR 7XEPMRKVEH ZSV 3
STVMXI MQIHMEX. 9RMX'MPI HI XERGYVM #M GIPI QSXSVM^EXI ZSV 3 XVMQMWI GXVI ZIWX
GX WI TSEXI HI VITIHI. (MR GEY^E PMTWIM XSXEPI HI TVIKXMVI TIRXVY S EWXJIP HI
IZIRXYEPMXEXI, GIIE GI E YVQEX W-E I\IGYXEX JSEVXI PIRX. %VQEXE 62 E PYM
'MYMOSZ, E#E GYQ IVE HI E#XITXEX, E PERWEX EXEGYVM TYXIVRMGI TIRXVY E
TVIRXQTMRE HI^ERKENEVIE KIVQERMPSV.
(MZM^ME 16 XERGYVM, R VRHYVMPI GVIME JYWIWIV VIGVYXE'M QYP'M LM[M VY#M
TIRXVY E YQTPI KSPYVMPI QEVM I\MWXIRXI, E TVMQMX SVHMRYP HI E WI HITPEWE GXVI
ZIWX TR PE (SR. 'E #M (MZM^ME 24 XERGYVM, EGIEWXE EZIE W-#M JEG
VIETVSZM^MSREVIE HI PE HITS^MXIPI HI QEXIVMEPI HI VI^IVZ HI TI HVYQ
HISEVIGI R MQIHMEXE ETVSTMIVI E 7XEPMRKVEHYPYM RY QEM IVE WY3GMIRX
GSQFYWXMFMP, R TVMQYP VRH RW, HMZM^ME XVIFYME W WI HIKENI^I HMR PYTXIPI HMR
NYVYP 6RSOYPYM.
%GIEWXE RWIQRE G, HI#M S TEVXI HMR HMZM^MI E TPIGEX GXVI ZIWX R WIEVE
YVQXSEVI, YRIPI XERGYVM EPI 6IKMQIRXYPYM 2 XERGYVM RY EY TVMQMX SVHMRYP W
WI HITPEWI^I HIGX PE SVE 3, TI 21 RSMIQFVMI, PE TEXVY^IGM #M #EWI HI SVI HI
PE RGITIVIE EXEGYPYM WSZMIXMG.
(ISEVIGI EXEGYVMPI WSZMIXMGI EZIEY PSG R WTEXIPI %VQEXIM 6, R EJEVE
EVMIM IM HI VIWTSRWEFMPMXEXI, 4EYPYW E#XITXEWI W TVMQIEWG SVHMRI HI WYW.
RXVI XMQT, +VYTYP HI %VQEXI & IVE RIZSMX W I\IGYXI SVHMRIPI XVERWQMWI HI PE
*LVIV, HMR &IVGLXIWKEHIR. ,SXVVIE PYM ,MXPIV HI E GSRXVSPE IZIRMQIRXIPI
KIRIVEWI YR MQSFMPMWQ HI^EWXVYSW, EXYRGM GRH IVE RIZSMI HI GIE QEM QEVI
VETMHMXEXI. 7I TEVI G RMQIRM RY E VIIZEPYEX WIVMSW MRXIR'MMPI MREQMGYPYM. 4VMR
XVMQMXIVIE KVSWYPYM VIKMQIRXIPSV HI XERGYVM EPI %VQEXIM 6 RETSM TIWXI (SR
TIRXVY E ETVE 4ERGYP WXRK W-E TMIVHYX 4I\MFMPMXEXIE. 1EM VY E JSWX RW G
4ERGYP WYHMG E VQEW HIWGSTIVMX.
4I JVSRXYP %VQEXIM 4 XERGYVM PE WYH HI 7XEPMRKVEH, VIKMQIRXIPI KIVQERI
EY EY^MX R HMQMRIE'E ^MPIM HI 19 RSMIQFVMI FEVENIPI HI EVXMPIVMI HI PE S
HMWXER' HI TIWXI S WYX HI OMPSQIXVM HMRWTVI RSVH-ZIWX.
%Y FRYMX G TSVRMWI QEVIPI EXEG, HEV RMQIRM RY PI-E WTYW GI WI
RXQTPE, R (MZM^ME 297 MRJERXIVMI, EP GVYM 4ERG HVITX WI RZIGMRE GY %VQEXE
4 VSQR, QEMSVYP &VYRS +IFIPI, GSQERHERXYP YRYM FEXEPMSR HI MRJERXIVMI, RY
WMQ'IE RMGM YR JIP HI RIPMRM#XI. 7IGXSVYP PSV E VQEW XGYX RXVIEKE ^M.
4QRXYP IVE RKLI'EX FSGR, WXITE 3MRH JSEVXI HITVMQERX GY ZRXYP
HI PE WYH GEVI WY4E S ^TEH 3R, YWGEX GE YR TVEJ EPF.
(MZM^ME RZIGMREX HI PE WXRKE, (MZM^ME 371 MRJERXIVMI, TYXIE EY^M
WPSMYVMPI HI KLIE' HI TI :SPKE JVIGRHY-WI YRIPI HI EPXIPI, R RSETXIE EGIIE,
WXEXYP-QENSV EP EGIWXIME E EY^MX G XSEXI EXEGYVMPI %VQEXIM 6 HMR 7XEPMRKVEH
JYWIWIV STVMXI.
% HSYE ^M HMQMRIE'E, GIE'E RKLI'EX IVE HMR RSY HIRW.
)VIQIROS, GSQERHERXYP *VSRXYPYM 7XEPMRKVEH, E LSXVX W EQRI
RGITIVIE FSQFEVHEQIRXIPSV, R GMYHE XIPIJSERIPSV RIVZSEWI TVMQMXI HI PE
1SWGSZE. -R GIPI HMR YVQ, VIKMQIRXIPI HI EVXMPIVMI #M HI OEXMY#I EY HIWGLMW
JSGYP PE SVE 10. 8VIM WJIVXYVM HI SV QEM XV^MY, XVYTIPI XIVIWXVI EY REMRXEX TVMR
JKE#IPI HI TI GQTYVMPI HI QMRI GYV'EXI HI KIRM#XM R XMQTYP RST'MM. 0E WYH
HI &IOIXSZOE, EVQEXIPI 64 #M 57 EY WTVMNMRMX PSZMXYVE I\IGYXEX HI 'SVTYP 13
QIGERM^EX. 0E 40 HI OMPSQIXVM WTVI WYH, PRK PEGYVMPI 7EVTE #M &E'E, 'SVTYP 4
QIGERM^EX #M 'SVTYP 4 GEZEPIVMI EY GSRHYW %VQEXE 51 PE EXEG.
:IGMRMM KIVQERM EM (MZM^MIM 20 MRJERXIVMI VSQRI EY YVQVMX QEWIPI HI
XERGYVM WSZMIXMGI #M ZEPYVMPI HI MRJERXIVMI, R GERXMX'M RIQEMZ^YXI REMRXI,
EZERWRH QTSXVMZE VSQRMPSV. +IFIPI JYWIWI R GSRXEGX GY GSQERHERXYP
VIKMQIRXYPYM VSQR RZIGMREX, GSPSRIPYP +VSWW, GEVI JYWIWI R EVQEXE EYWXVS-
YRKEV #M ZSVFIE FMRI RIQ'I#XI. 3EQIRMM PYM +VSWW EZIEY YR WMRKYV XYR
ERXMXERG HI 3,7 GQ XVEW HI GEM TIRXVY RXVIKYP WIGXSV, HEV WSPHE'MM VSQRM EY
PYTXEX GY QYPX GYVEN, HEG 'MRIQ WIEQE G JYWIWIV PWE'M HI GETYP PSV. 33'IVMM
"M WYFS3'IVMM PSV RY EY JSWX Z^Y'M RMGMSHEX TI JVSRX; #M TIXVIGIEY R WGLMQF
XMQTYP R HMZIVWI GPHMVM HMR WTEXI GY QY^MG #M EPGSSP.
6ETSEVXIPI WSZMIXMGI TYRIEY R WIEQE ETVVMM VSQRI#XM YR EVQEQIRX
QYPX QEM FYR HIGX IVE GE^YP. 7-E WTYW G TVMQYP XERG HMR &VMKEHE 13 XERGYVM
GEVI E VIY#MX S TXVYRHIVI ^HVSFMWI WYF #IRMPI 4EXVY XYRYVM ERXMXERG #M G
HMWXVYWIWI XVIM TYRGXI HI XVEKIVI.
+IFIPI E YVQVMX EXEGYP HMRXV-YR TYRGX HI SFWIVZEVI HMR WIGXSVYP WEY.
6SQRMM EY PYTXEX ZMXINI#XI, HEV QTSXVMZE ZEPYVMPSV HI EXEGYVM WSZMIXMGI RY
EZIEY RMGM S #ERW W VI^MWXI TVIE QYPX. %XEGYP WSZMIXMG TVIE W IZSPYI^I
GE TI YR XIVIR HI MRWXVYG'MI: JSG REMRXE'M JSG REMRXE'M. -QEKMRMPI HMR
NYVREPIPI HI EGXYEPMX'M GY XERGYVM 8-34 KSRMRH, WGYMTRH ^TEH HI WYF #IRMPI,
3IGEVI ZILMGYP XVERWTSVXRH GXI YR KVYT HI EWEPX HI STX SEQIRM R GSWXYQI
EPFI HI GEQY4EN, XMRH W EWGYRH EHIWIE HI3GMIR'I XIVMFMPI. *SVQE'MYRMPI HI
EXEG HMR WYHYP 7XEPMRKVEHYPYM WI GSRJVYRXEY GY S PMTW EGYX HI TVSZM^MM HMR
GEY^E GSRHM'MMPSV KVIPI HI XVERWTSVX TIWXI :SPKE ETVSETI RKLI'EX.
(MZM^MMPI RGITYWIV W RY QEM EMF LVER HMR E HSYE ^M E SJIRWMZIM, R E
XVIME ^M, (MZM^ME 157 TY#GE#M RY QEM EZIE RMGM GEVRI, RMGM TMRI.
4IRXVY E VI^SPZE TVSFPIQE, XSEXI ZILMGYPIPI HMR %VQEXE 64, MRGPYWMZ GIPI
GEVI IVEY YXMPM^EXI GE EQFYPER'I, EY JSWX JSPSWMXI PE VIETVSZM^MSREVIE JSV'IPSV
REMRXEXI. 6RM'MM EY JSWX PWE'M R YVQ, ^GRH R ^TEH.
)RXY^MEWQYP QENSVMX'MM XVYTIPSV HI EWEPX IVE GX WI TSEXI HI IZMHIRX.
1SQIRXYP IVE GSRWMHIVEX MWXSVMG. *SQOMR, YR MRJERXIVMWX HMR (MZM^ME 157
TY#GE#M, W-E SJIVMX ZSPYRXEV W QIEVK R JE'E XERGYVMPSV R EXEG TIRXVY E PI
GSRHYGI TVMR GQTYP HI QMRI. 2Y WI TSEXI TYRI PE RHSMEP VETSVXYP (MVIG'MIM
4SPMXMGI E *VSRXYPYM 7XEPMRKVEH GEVI QIR'MSRE JIVMGMVIE VIWMQ'MX HI XVYTI G
QYPX E#XITXEXYP GIEW R GEVI ETVXSVMM 7XEPMRKVEHYPYM ZSV JEGI GE WRKIPI
HY#QERYPYM W GYVK TIRXVY WRKIPI ZVWEX HI WS'MMPI RSEWXVI, HI GSTMMM RS#XVM,
HI SWXE#MM #M S3'IVMM RS#XVM E WSWMX. 4IRXVY GIM GEVI EY PYEX TEVXI PE EXEG, E JSWX
GIE QEM JIVMGMX ^M HMR RXVIKYP V^FSM, PYRH R GEPGYP #M GETMXYPEVIE KIVQER
3REP HI PE &IVPMR.
4EXVME-QEQ ZMSPEX JYWIWI R WJV#MX V^FYREX, HI#M HMZM^MMPI VSQRI,
RY GIPI KIVQERI, EY JSWX GIPI GEVI EY HYW KVIYP. -RJERXIVME VSQRMPSV, TSXVMZMX
TVIVMM #IJYPYM HI 'EVXMIV +IRIVEP EP KIRIVEPYPYM ,SXL, WYJIVIE HI XIEQE HI
XERGYVM. 4SXVMZMX VETSEVXIPSV WSZMIXMGI, QYP'M HMRXVI IM EVYRGEY EVQE MQIHMEX,
VMHMGEY QMRMPI #M WXVMKEY: %RXSRIWGY OETYX! 7I TEVI G SWXE#MM %VQEXIM 6S#MM
EY HIWGSTIVMX G QYP'M WI QTY#GEWIV R QRE WXRK, FERHENRHY-#M-S ETSM
GY TMRI TIRXVY E TVIZIRM S MRJIG'MI. 4VM^SRMIVMM VSQRM EY JSWX RGSPSRE'M, HEV
REMRXI HI E 3 XVMQM#M R QEV# R PEKVI, QYP'M HMRXVI IM TSEXI WYXI EY JSWX
QTY#GE'M HI SWXE#MM %VQEXIM 6S#MM HMR TVSTVMI MRM'MEXMZE.
7YRX VETSEVXI R GEVI WI WYW'MRI G PE YR WXEX-QENSV VSQR W-EY KWMX
XVYTYVM HI S3'IVM WSZMIXMGM QYXMPEXI, HEV RY EGIWX PYGVY E JSWX TVSFEFMP GIP GEVI
E TVSZSGEX YGMHIVMPI WTSRXERI.
'Y XSEXI G TXVYRHIVMPI R WYH-IWX EY JSWX I\IGYXEXI VETMH, EXEGYP RY
W-E HIWJ#YVEX GSRJSVQ TPERYPYM. %Y JSWX GE^YVM HI LESW R YRMX'MPI HMR
I#EPSRYP RXM HMR GEY^E YRSV SVHMRI GSRXVEHMGXSVMM.
%GIWXE TEVI YR IYJIQMWQ TIRXVY TVYHIR'E KIRIVEPYPYM-QEMSV :SPWOM #M
PMTWE PYM HI GSRXVSP EWYTVE GSPSERIPSV HMR 'SVTYP 4 QIGERM^EX, GEVI W-EY
QTV#XMEX EXYRGM GRH REMRXEY PE ZIWX HI PMRME PEGYVMPSV*.
0E RSVH HI :SPWOM, TVSFPIQE GEVI P JVQRXE HI PE FYR RGITYX TI
GSPSRIPYP 8ERE#GM#MR HMR 'SVTYP 13 QIGERM^EX IVE PMTWE HI GEQMSERI GEVI W
TIVQMX MRJERXIVMIM WEPI W REMRXI^I R EGIPE#M VMXQ GY XERGYVMPI. %TSM, W-E
GSRJVYRXEX GY S STS^M'MI QYPX QEM HYV HIGX GIE E VSQRMPSV. 7MRKYVE VI^IVZ
R EGIE TEVXI E JVSRXYPYM, (MZM^ME 29 MRJERXIVMI QSXSVM^EX E PYM 0I]WIV, E
REMRXEX TIRXVY E MRXIVGITXE GSVTYP PYM 8ERE#GM#MR PE ZVIS GMRGMWTVI^IGI
OMPSQIXVM WYH HI &IOIXSZOE.
(I#M HMZM^ME PYM 0I]WIV E VIY#MX W TVSZSEGI TMIVHIVM KVIPI GSPSERIPSV
WSZMIXMGI, KIRIVEPYP ,SXL E TVMQMX SVHMRYP HI E S VIXVEKI TIRXVY E TVSXINE
4ERGYP WYHMG EP %VQEXIM 6. 'SVTYP 6 EVQEX VSQR WI TVFY#MWI TVEGXMG,
I\MWXEY TY'MRI #ERWI HI VIWXEFMPMVI E YRIM RSM PMRMM HI ETVEVI #M GLMEV #M
'EVXMIVYP +IRIVEP EP PYM ,SXL IVE EQIRMR'EX.
6IKMQIRXYP 6 HI GEZEPIVMI VSQR IVE XSX GI QEM VQWIWI RXVI PSZMXYVE
I\IGYXEX R WYH HI XVYTIPI HI XERGYVM #M (SR.
7YGGIWYP EXEGYPYM PYM 0I]WIV WYKIVIE^ G, HEG 4EYPYW EV 3 WXEFMPMX
REMRXIE SJIRWMZIM S TYXIVRMG VI^IVZ QSFMP, IP EV 3 TYXYX PSZM GY IE PE WYH,
TI S HMWXER' GIZE QEM QEVI HI HSY^IGM #M GMRGM HI OMPSQIXVM #M EV 3 ^HVSFMX
GY Y#YVMR' FVE'YP MRJIVMSV EP RGIVGYMVMM.
% HSYE ^M, EV 3 TYXYX W S XVMQMX GXVI RSVH-ZIWX R HMVIG'ME /EPEGM
TIRXVY E RXQTMRE TVMRGMTEPE EQIRMR'EVI E SJIRWMZIM HI PE RSVH. (EV :SPWOM WI
E4E HINE TI ETVSETI XSEXI PMWXIPI RIKVI. 'LMEV REMRXIE EXEGYPYM, M XVMQMWIWI S
WGVMWSEVI PYM 7XEPMR R GEPMXEXI HI GSQYRMWX GMRWXMX, EZIVXM^RHY-P G SJIRWMZE
ZE I#YE. .YOSZ #M :EWMPIZWOM EY JSWX RIZSM'M W WI RXSEVG GY EZMSRYP PE
1SWGSZE, TI 17 RSMIQFVMI. (YT GI PI-E EWGYPXEX EVKYQIRXIPI, 7XEPMR M-E
XIPIJSREX PE /VIQPMR PYM :SPWOM. %GIWXE #M-E VIXVEGXEX WGVMWSEVIE, R QSH GMYHEX,
7XEPMR E VQEW MQTEWMFMP. 2Y TSEXI 3 I\GPYW TSWMFMPMXEXIE GE EGIEWXE W 3 JSWX
S QWYV HI TVIGEY'MI TI GEVI 7XEPMR TYXIE W S JSPSWIEWG QTSXVMZE PYM
.YOSZ #M E PYM :EWMPIZWOM R GE^YP R GEVI 3TIVE'MYRIE 9VERYW EV 3 I#YEX.
%GIEWXE EV 3 TVIWYTYW S ETVIGMIVI GPEV E EHIZVEXYPYM TIVMGSP, GIIE GI RY E
JGYX RMGM 4EYPYW, RMGM 7GLQMHX.
R EGIE HMQMRIE' HI ZMRIVM, 20 RSMIQFVMI, GEQ TI PE SVE PE GEVI EY
RGITYX FSQFEVHEQIRXIPI PE WYH HI 7XEPMRKVEH, 'SVTYP 4 XERGYVM EP PYM
/VEZGIROS, PE S EHRGMQI HI ETVSETI 40 HI OMPSQIXVM R WTEXIPI 'SVTYPYM 11
EP PYM 7XVIGOIV, E WGLMQFEX HMVIG'ME REMRXVMM GXVI WYH-IWX. 'SVTYP 3 GEZEPIVMI
KEVH I\IGYXE S RXSEVGIVI TIRXVY E EXEGE HMR WTEXI 'SVTYP 11. 7XVIGOIV
RGIVGE W WXEFMPIEWG S PMRMI HI ETVEVI PE WYH HI 'SXYP (SRYPYM TIRXVY E
TVSXINE EGIEWX FVI# HMR WTEXIPI RXVIKMM EVQEXI. +VSWYP GSVTYPYM WY WI E4E
JE' R JE' GY %VQEXE 65 WSZMIXMG PE RSVH, GEVI QIR'MRIE TVIWMYRIE GY
EXEGYVM GSRWXERXI, TIRXVY E QTMIHMGE SVMGI RSY VIKVYTEVI.
'Y VSQRMM PYRH-S PE KSER GX M 'MRIEY TMGMSEVIPI, QENSVMXEXIE
EFERHSRRHY-#M EVQIPI, (MZM^ME 376 MRJERXIVMI E JSWX RIZSMX W I\IGYXI S
RXSEVGIVI TIRXVY E 3 GY JE'E WTVI ZIWX, RGIVGRH RXVI XMQT W WXEFMPIEWG
PIKXYVE GY (MZM^ME 14 XERGYVM, E4EX PE WYHYP IM.
(MZM^ME 44 MRJERXIVMI EYWXVMEG E XVIFYMX, PE VRHYP IM, W WI VIKVYTI^I,
HEV W-E TMIVHYX S QYP'MQI HI QEXIVMEP, RI3MRH TSWMFMP W 3I QYXEX HMR GEY^E
PMTWIM HI GSQFYWXMFMP.
0E WYHYP PSV, 6IKMQIRXYP 14 XERGYVM RG RY #XME HMVIG'ME HMR GEVI WI
ETVSTME MREQMGYP. (YT GI E REMRXEX GXVI ZIWX ETVS\MQEXMZ HSY^IGM HI
OMPSQIXVM, W-E VIXVEW ETSM R HYT-EQME^E EGIIE GXVI :IVORI-&Y^MRSZOE. R
HVYQYP PYM, E HEX TIWXI VIKMQIRXYP HI 4ERG EP 'SVTYPYM 3 GEZEPIVMI KEVH, TI
GEVI TVEGXMG P-E RMQMGMX, R TVMQIPI HSY ^MPI, VIKMQIRXYP HI XERGYVM E HMWXVYW
XVIM^IGM #M GMRGM HI XERGYVM WSZMIXMGI. 4I HI EPX TEVXI, HIXE#EQIRXYP HI
EVXMPIVMI ERXMEIVMER RITVSXINEX, JSPSWMRHY-#M STX^IGM #M STXYVMPI GE XYRYVM
ERXMXERG, E JSWX ^HVSFMX HI YR EXEG VYWIWG.
7MXYE'ME GEXEWXVSJEP E GSQFYWXMFMPMPSV E GSRXMRYEX W WXRNIRIEWG
GIPIPEPXI HMZM^MM HI XERGYVM #M QSXSVM^EXI, GEVI RGITYWIV W WI RHVITXI GXVI
ZIWX HI 7XEPMRKVEH TIRXVY E GSRWSPMHE RSYP JVSRX. 7I GSRJVYRXEY #M GY S PMTW
HI WIVZER'M HMR GEY^E SVHMRYPYM PYM ,MXPIV HI E XVMQMXI SVMGI SQ HMWTSRMFMP PE
7XEPMRKVEH W PYTXI GE MRJERXIVMWX. 3 EPXE HIGM^MI GEVI E JSWX S KVEZ IVSEVI E
JSWX VIXVEKIVIE GEMPSV %VQEXIM 6 GXVI ZIWX. %GIWX RSY V^FSM QERIZVMIV MQTYW
FVYWG HI VY#M E JSV'EX HMZM^MMPI HI MRJERXIVMI KIVQERI W EFERHSRI^I EVXMPIVME.
'SPETWYP VSQRMPSV WI EGGIRXYE TI QWYV GI YRMX'MPI REMRXEXI
WSZMIXMGI TXVYRHIEY HMR GI R GI QEM EHRG, R YVQE XERGYVMPSV GI REMRXEY,
WGVME YR NYVREPMWX WSZMIXMG, HVYQYP IWXI TVIWVEX GY GEHEZVIPI MREQMGYPYM;
XYRYVMPI EFERHSREXI WYRX RHVITXEXI R HMVIG'MI STYW. 'EMM VXGIWG TVMRXVI
KVSTM #M #ER'YVM R GYXEVI HI LVER, JYRMM GIRY#MM HI JYQ WI VWYGIWG R WYW
HMR GEQMSERIPI HMWXVYWI HI JSGYVMPI HI EVXMPIVMI; G#XM HI S'IP, KVIREHI HI
QR #M GEVXY#I WYRX VWTRHMXI TI HVYQ. +VYTYVM M^SPEXI HI VSQRM EY
GSRXMRYEX W VI^MWXI R WIGXSEVIPI JSWXIM PMRMM E JVSRXYPYM, RW EY JSWX ^HVSFM'M
GYVRH HI HMZM^MMPI WSZMIXMGI HI TY#GE#M HMR %VQEXE 5 XERGYVM #M %VQEXE 21.
4IVIPE^SZWOM E RGIVGYMX YR 'EVXMIV +IRIVEP EP YRYM GSVT VSQRIWG GEVI,
TSXVMZMX KIRIVEPYPYM 6SHMR, JYWIWI EFERHSREX RXV-S KVEF EXX HI QEVI, RGX
'SVTYP 26 XERGYVM HI WYF GSQERHE WE E KWMX HSGYQIRXI HI WXEX-QENSV
VWTRHMXI TI TSHIE #M QERXEPI S3'IVI#XM QFPRMXI EXVREXI R GYMIV HYT GI
TVSTVMIXEVMM PSV S PYEWIV PE KSER R RSETXIE RKLI'EX. 1YPX QEM MQTSVXERX
TIRXVY GSPSERE QIGERM^EX WSZMIXMG E JSWX GETXYVEVIE YRYM HITS^MX HI
GEQTERMI HI GEVFYVER'M #M PYFVM3ER'M MRXEGX.
(MZM^ME 22 XERGYVM, MRGETEFMP W VI^MWXI XERGYVMPSV 8-34 EPI 'SVTYPYM P
XERGYVM, W-E VIXVEW RXVI XMQT. % QEM JGYX E HSYE ^M S RGIVGEVI HI E EXEGE R
HMVIG'ME RSVH-IWX, HEV E JSWX RGIVGYMX. 6IHYW ETVSETI PE IGLMZEPIRXYP YRIM
GSQTERMM HI XERGYVM, W-E PYTXEX QEM XV^MY W KWIEWG S MI#MVI #M W-E VIXVEW
GXVI WYH-ZIWX, LV'YMX HI 'SVTYP 8 GEZEPIVMI WSZMIXMG.
-RXVI XMQT, 'SVTYP 26 XERGYVM EP PYM 6SHMR, HYT GI E RMQMGMX S TEVXI HMR
(MZM^ME P XERGYVM VSQR TI GEVI E RXPRMX-S R HVYQ, #M-E RGITYX REMRXEVIE
TVMR WXIT GXVI WYH-IWX. 'SPSERIPSV WSZMIXMGI PM WI TYWIWI W RY 'MR WIEQE
HI MREQMGYP VQEW R YVQ #M W WI GSRGIRXVI^I EWYTVE SFMIGXMZYPYM. (EG
VIGYRSE#XIVIE EIVMER 0YJX[E2I EV 3 VIY#MX W MHIRXM3GI XVEWIIPI ETVSETI
TEVEPIPI EPI GIPSV XVIM GSVTYVM HI XERGYVM R HYT-EQME^E ^MPIM HI 20 RSMIQFVMI,
WIQREPIPI HI EPEVQ HI -E 7XEXYP-1ENSV EP %VQEXIM 6 EV 3 WYREX QEM HIZVIQI.
4VMRGMTEPE JSVQE'MYRI VSQR GEVI QEM PYTXE IJIGXMZ PE ZVIQIE EGIIE
IVE +VYTYP 0EWGV. %GIWXE IVE JSVQEX HMR VQ#M'IPI 'SVTYPYM 5 EVQEX
EHYREXI HI GYVENSWYP KIRIVEP-PSGSXIRIRX 1MLEMP 0EWGV, HYT GI JYWIWI M^SPEX
RXVI HSY QEVM EXEGYVM GY FPMRHEXI WSZMIXMGI. 0EWGV, GEVI JYWIWI HIGSVEX GY
'VYGIE 'EZEPIVMPSV PE 7IZEWXSTSP, E JSWX YRYP HMR TY'MRMM S3'IVM WYTIVMSVM
VSQRM TI GEVI KIVQERMM P-EY VIWTIGXEX GY EHIZVEX. )P E VIY#MX W VI^MWXI
TVIWYTYRRH G R ENYXSVYP WY ZE ZIRM 'SVTYP 48 XERGYVM.
'EVXMIVYP +IRIVEP EP %VQEXIM 6, E4EX PE HSY^IGM HI OMPSQIXVM RSVH HI
/EPEGM, PE +SPYFMRWOM, TEVI W 3 RGITYX HMQMRIE'E HI WQFX, 21 RSMIQFVMI,
RXV-S WXEVI HI WTMVMX VIPEXMZ STXMQMWX. 0E SVE 7.40, S HIWGVMIVI E WMXYE'MIM RY
JSEVXI JEZSVEFMP E JSWX XVERWQMW +VYTYPYM HI %VQEXI &. 4EYPYW #M 7GLQMHX,
GEVI GSRWMHIVEY R GSRXMRYEVI EXEGYVMPI 'SVTYPYM 3 GEZEPIVMI KEVH EWYTVE
4ERGYPYM WXRK EP PYM 7XVIGOIV GE 3MRH TVMRGMTEPE EQIRMR'EVI, GVIHIEY R QSH
IZMHIRX G JSV'IPI PSV EHYWI HMR ZIWXYP 7XEPMRKVEHYPYM EZIEY W WGLMQFI
VEHMGEP WMXYE'ME.
R GYVWYP EGIPIM HMQMRI'M, 4EYPYW #M 7GLQMHX EY TVMQMX S WIVMI HI HY#YVM
VIGM. (I#M HMJIVMXI, QEM QYPXI WIQREPI GSRHYGIEY PE EGIIE#M GSRGPY^MI. +VYTYP
HI %VQEXI & M-E EZIVXM^EX G 4ERGYP WYHMG EP %VQEXIM 6 IVE EGYQ EQIRMR'EX
HMR EQFIPI TV'M. % JSWX TVMQMX YR VETSVX G S QEVI GSPSER FPMRHEX (HI JETX
'SVTYP 4 XERGYVM EP PYM /VEZGIROS) WI E4E PE QEM TY'MR HI XVIM^IGM HI OMPSQIXVM
PE ZIWX.
%GIEWXE WI RHVITXE GXVI #SWIEYE (SR, QRHVME YRMX'MPSV QMPMXEVI HI
KIRMY KIVQERI HI TI QEPYP HI ZIWX, GEVI PIKE QENSVMXEXIE TSHYVMPSV HI TI
EGIEWX TSV'MYRI ZMXEP E 4YZMYPYM. %VQEXE 6 RY EZIE R EGIE ^SR XVYTI
GETEFMPI W JEG JE' EQIRMR'VMM. 4IRXVY E RKVIYRE #M QEM QYPX PYGVYVMPI,
RYQIVSEWI FE^I HI VITEVE'MM #M HITS^MXI HI ETVSZM^MSREVI EY VQEW
HIWGSTIVMXI. 4EYPYW #M 7GLQMHX #M-EY HEX WIEQE R WJV#MX G MREQMGYP YVQVIE
W VIEPM^I^I S RGIVGYMVI XSXEPE. %XEGYVMPI WSZMIXMGI RGVYGM#EXI, EXX HI PE
RSVH-ZIWX, GX #M HI PE WYH-IWX, 'MRXIEY ETVSETI WMKYV /EPEGMYP #M TSHYP
EGIWXYME.
(I^EWXVYSEWIPI VIEG'MM KIVQERI PE 3TIVE'MYRIE 9VERYW #M EZIE
WSVKMRXIE RY HSEV R GVIHMR'E PYM ,MXPIV G VY#MM RY EZIEY VI^IVZI, GM #M R
TVIWYTYRIVMPI EVSKERXI EPI QENSVMX'MM KIRIVEPMPSV. 4EYPYW #M 7GLQMHX WI
E#XITXEWIV PE YR EXEG, I\TPMGE YR S3'IV HMR 7XEXYP-1ENSV EP %VQEXIM 6, HEV
RY PE YR EWXJIP HI EXEG. )VE TVMQE HEX GRH VY#MM JSPSWIEY XERGYVMPI GE #M RSM.
'LMEV #M 6MGLXLSJIR VIGYRS#XIE MQTPMGMX EGIWX PYGVY EXYRGM GRH WGVME HIWTVI
SJIRWMZE HY#QERYPYM G IVE TIRXVY IP S TXVYRHIVI YMQMXSV HI VIY#MX.
*IPHQEVI#EPYP ZSR 1ERWXIMR, TI HI EPX TEVXI, E VIEPM^EX (TSEXI HEXSVMX YRIM
R'IPIKIVM YPXIVMSEVI E IZIRMQIRXYPYM) G 7XEXYP-1ENSV EP %VQEXIM 6 E JSWX QYPX
TVIE PIRX R VIEG'MI #M I\XVIQ HI RIKPMNIRX R RITYXMR'E PYM HI E TVIZIHIE G #M
/EPEGMYP IVE EQIRMR'EX WMRKYVYP PSG HI XVIGIVI E (SRYPYM TVMRXVI GIPI HSY
TXVYRHIVM.
'YVRH HYT QMI^YP ^MPIM, QENSVMXEXIE TIVWSREPYPYM 'EVXMIVYPYM +IRIVEP
EP PYM 4EYPYW E JSWX XVMQMW PE RSHYP HI GEPI JIVEX HI PE +YQVEO, PE GMVGE
XVIMWTVI^IGI OMPSQIXVM HI 7XEPMRKVEH, TIRXVY E 3 R ETVSTMIVIE KVSWYPYM
%VQEXIM 6. RXVI XMQT, 4EYPYW #M 7GLQMHX EY TPIGEX GY HSY EZMSERI Y#SEVI
*MIWIPIV 7XSVGL PE 2MNRI-'MVWOEME, YRHI PM W-E EPXYVEX KIRIVEPYP ,SXL, E HSYE ^M,
TIRXVY S #IHMR' STIVEXMZ.
0E +SPYFMRWOM, EY PWEX R YVQ GSPSERIPI HI JYQ GI WI VMHMGEY R EIVYP
RKLI'EX HI PE HSWEVIPI, QEKE^MMPI #M HI PE YR EZMSR HI GIVGIXEVI RIYXMPM^EFMP
HI TI TMWX GVSVE PM WI HHYWI JSG. 4PIGRH R QEVI KVEF, EY TMIVHYX #M
LSXVVIE *LVIV-YPYM VIXVERWQMW HI +VYTYP HI %VQEXI & PE SVE 15.25.
%GIEWXE RGITIE GY GYZMRXIPI:
%VQEXE 6 W VQR JIVQ TI TS^M'MI R GMYHE TIVMGSPYPYM YRIM RGIVGYMVM
XIQTSVEVI.
)\MWXEY RW WPEFI WTIVER'I HI E QIR'MRI TS^M'MMPI R HYT-EQME^E ^MPIM
HI 21 RSMIQFVMI. %GYQYPEVIE QEM QYPXSV EQRVM SVHSREXI VIKMQIRXYPYM HI
XERGYVM EP (MZM^MIM 16 XERGYVM TIVQMWIWI JSVQEVIE YRIM FVI#I RXVI 'SVTYP 11
EVQEX EP PYM 7XVIGOIV #M HMJIVMXIPI KVYTYVM GI RGIVGEY W JSVQI^I S RSY PMRMI
HI ETVEVI. %GIEWX FVI# E JSWX VETMH I\TPSEXEX HI 'SVTYP 3 GEZEPIVMI KEVH
#M HI 'SVTYP 4 QIGERM^EX WSZMIXMGI. (MZM^MMPI PYM 7XVIGOIV, HMR GI R GI QEM
EQIRMR'EXI #M HI PE RSVH #M RSVH-IWX, RY EZIEY EPX WSPY'MI HIGX W RGIET
W WI VIXVEK GXVI (SR. 4PERYP MRM'MEP, RIPYEX R GSRWMHIVEVI, HI E XVMQMXI
VIKMQIRXIPI HI XERGYVM EPI %VQEXIM 6 GXVI ZIWX W-E HSZIHMX EGYQ E 3 JSWX YR
IJSVX HI HMZIVWMYRI TVMQINHMSW.
/EPEGM, TVMRGMTEPYP SFMIGXMZ EP GIPSV XVIM GSVTYVM HI XERGYVM WSZMIXMGI, E
JSWX GIP QEM ZYPRIVEFMP TYRGX. 2Y I\MWXE S ETVEVI SVKERM^EX HSEV S
EHYRXYV TIWXVM' HI WYFYRMX'M, R WTIGMEP XVYTI HI ETVSZM^MSREVI #M HI
VITEVE'MM, YR QMG HIXE#EQIRX HI TSPM'MI QMPMXEV #M S FEXIVMI ERXMEIVMER E
0YJX[E2I.
'SQTERME HI XVERWTSVX #M EXIPMIVYP (MZM^MIM 16 XERGYVM WI WXEFMPMWIV PE
/EPEGM TI XMQTYP MIVRMM. 4VMQIPI ZI#XM HIWTVI WGLMQFEVIE WMXYE'MIM RY PI-EY
WSWMX REMRXI HI SVE 10, TI 21 RSMIQFVMI. %Y EY^MX ETSM G GSPSERIPI HI XERGYVM
WSZMIXMGI GEVI TXVYRWIWIV TVMRXVI VSQRM TI PE RSVH-ZIWX EZERWEY EGYQ
WTVI (SR, GXVI WIGXSVYP PSV. 4I PE SVE 17, EY E4EX HIWTVI TXVYRHIVIE HI PE
WYH HI 7XEPMRKVEH. "M RY #XMEY RMGM G YRMXEXIE QIGERM^EX E PYM :SPWOM, R GMYHE
I^MXVMPSV GEVI P WGSWIWIV HMR WVMXI TI )VIQIROS, WI ETVSTME HI JSWXYP
'EVXMIV +IRIVEP EP %VQEXIM 4 XERGYVM, E4EX PE GMRGM^IGM HI OMPSQIXVM WYH-IWX HI
IM.
%TVEVIE HI PE /EPEGM RY IVE HSEV RITSXVMZMX TIRXVY QMWMYRI, GM #M TVSWX
SVKERM^EX. 4I QEPYP HI ZIWX, TI RP'MQMPI HI HIEWYTVE (SRYPYM, IVEY TEXVY
EQTPEWEQIRXI HI FEXIVMM ERXMEIVMIRI 0YJX[E2I #M EPXI HSY XYRYVM ERXMEIVMIRI
TI QEPYP HI IWX. 4IRXVY WIGYVMXEXIE MQIHMEX E TSHYPYM JYWIWI EJIGXEX HSEV YR
KVYT HI HSY^IGM #M GMRGM HI SEQIRM HMR 3VKERM^E'ME 8SHX, R XMQT GI
FEXEPMSRYP RNKLIFEX HMR XVYTI HI WIVZMGMM E VQEW R SVE# TI QEPYP HI IWX.
+IRIVEPYP-QEMSV 6SHMR, GSQERHERXYP 'SVTYPYM 26 XERGYVM, M-E RGVIHMR'EX
WEVGMRE GYGIVMVMM TSHYPYM HI PE /EPEGM PSGSXIRIRX-GSPSRIPYPYM *MPMTTSZ,
GSQERHERXYP &VMK^MM 19 XERGYVM. 4VWMRH 3WXVSZYP PE QMI^YP RST'MM, GSPSERE
PYM *MPMTTSZ E EZERWEX GXVI IWX WTVI /EPEGM PE TVMQIPI SVI EPI HMQMRI'MM HI 22
RSMIQFVMI. 0E SVE 6.15, HSY XERGYVM KIVQERI GETXYVEXI #M YR ZILMGYP HI
GIVGIXEVI, GY PYQMRMPI ETVMRWI TIRXVY E RPXYVE SVMGI WYWTMGMYRI, W-EY
RHVITXEX GXVI TSHYP XIQTSVEV TIWXI (SR #M EY HIWGLMW JSGYP QTSXVMZE
WYFYRMX'MM HI TE^. %PXI #EMWTVI^IGI XERGYVM WSZMIXMGI EY JSWX RJYRHEXI R
ZIKIXE'ME HIEWE HI TI RP'MQMPI HI HIEWYTVE VYPYM TIRXVY GEQY4EN. %GIWXE
IVE TYRGXYP HMR GEVI XERGYVMPI KIVQERI TVMZMWIV GXVI SVE# R ^MYE HI 2
EYKYWX.
1EM QYPXI XERGYVM WSZMIXMGI IVEY R 4GVM, HEV GYXI^ER'E PYM *MPMTTSZ E
JSWX VWTPXMX. (IXE#EQIRXYP GEVI T^IE TSHYP E JSWX VIWTMRW, TYXRH EWXJIP
W XVIEG WY3GMIRXI XERGYVM 8-34 GEVI W (INSEGI RGIVGVMPI HI E EVYRGE
TSHYP R EIV. 4I RP'MQMPI (SRYPYM, EY ETVYX MRJERXIVME QSXSVM^EX VYW, ETSM
YR EPX KVYT HI XERGYVM. %Y YVQEX HSY EXEGYVM, WTVMNMRMXI HI EVXMPIVMI #M
SFY^MIVI HI TI RP'MQMPI HI TI TEVXIE GIEPEPX E (SRYPYM. 4I PE QMNPSGYP
HMQMRI'MM, MRJERXIVME WSZMIXMG E MRXVEX R SVE#. 7XV^MPI IVEY TPMRI HI WSPHE'M
VSQRM VXGM'M HI YRMX'MPI PSV. 2Y E HYVEX QYPX #M TY'MRYP EVQEQIRX KVIY EP
FEXEPMSRYPYM EHYREX R KVEF E VQEW JV QYRM'MI #M E JSWX WGSW HMR JYRG'MYRI,
HI#M TVMRXVI GSRHYGXSVMM-QIGERMGM RY W-EY RVIKMWXVEX QYPXI TMIVHIVM. (YT GI
#M-EY EVYRGEX R EIV EXIPMIVIPI, W-EY VIXVEW HMR SVE#, W-EY YVGEX R GEQMSERI #M
EY TPIGEX TIRXVY E-#M VIKWM HMZM^ME R 7XEPMRKVEH. 'EPIE IVE PMFIV TIRXVY
RXPRMVIE HI E HSYE ^M E GSVTYVMPSV 4 #M 26 XERGYVM, GI REMRXEY HMRWTVI 4ERGYP
HI RSVH, GY 'SVTYP 4 QIGERM^EX EP PYM :SPWOM, GI ZIRIE HI PE WYH HI 7XEPMRKVEH.
+LMHE'M HI WIQREPIPI HI VIGYRSE#XIVI ZIV^M XVEWI PE HMJIVMXI MRXIVZEPI R
EIV, YRMX'MPI REMRXEXI VYWI#XM W-EY RXPRMX R QMNPSGYP WXITIM, PRK 7SZMI'WOM,
GY QFV'M#VM GPHYVSEWI, S WGIR GI E JSWX VITIXEX YPXIVMSV TIRXVY
TVSTEKERHE WSZMIXMG R JE'E GEQIVIPSV HI PYEX ZIHIVM #M XVERWQMW PE NYVREPIPI
HI EGXYEPMX'M. 7GLMQFYVMPI HI ZSHG #M GVRE'M RXVI WIVZER'MM XERGYVMPSV, HI#M
QYPX QEM EYXIRXMGI, EY JSWX XMEXI PE QSRXEN.
:IWXIE W-E VWTRHMX GY VITI^MGMYRI TVMRXVI KIVQERM: 7YRXIQ
RGIVGYM'M! R EGIE HYQMRMG HI 22 RSMIQFVMI, TVSXIWXER'MM WVFXSVIEY >MYE
1SV'MPSV. 3 >M E 1SV'MPSV WYQFV R 1942, WGVME /YVX 6IYFIV, YR TVISX EGYQ
QIHMG R (MZM^ME 16 XERGYVM, RKVMNSVEVI, XIEQ #M SVSEVI. :IWXIE RY M-E
RKVMNSVEX RW TI QYP'M. RGIVGYMVM WI QEM VIEPM^EWIV #M R MEVRE TVIGIHIRX #M
JYWIWIV WTEVXI, HEV S3'IVMM QEM FMRI MRJSVQE'M, VI4IGXRH QEM FMRI, #M-EY HEX
WIEQE G I HEXE EGIEWXE RY QEM I\MWXEY VI^IVZI GEVI W PI ZMR R ENYXSV
VETMH WE-P WEPZI^I. 2I-EQ HEX JSEVXI FMRI WIEQE R GI TVMQINHMI RI E4EQ,
#M EQMRXI#XI *VI]XEK 0SVMRKLSZIR, M^SPE'M EXX HI EHRG R 6YWME, PE
QEVKMRIE %WMIM.
0E #EM^IGM #M GMRGM HI OMPSQIXVM GXVI ZIWX, GIHE #M YPXMQYP GYMF VSQR HI
VI^MWXIR', GY XSEXI G R TVMQIPI SVI EPI HMQMRI'MM, KIRIVEPYP 0EWGV
VIWTMRWIWI GIVIVIE HI E WI TVIHE JSVQYPEX HI VY#M.
:SQ GSRXMRYE W PYTXQ JV RMGM YR KRH HI GETMXYPEVI, E WTYW IP, HEV
XVYTIPI WEPI, HI#M VI^MWXEY GY GYVEN, VQWIWIV JV TVSZM^MM #M JV QYRM'MI.
8VIGIVIE (SRYPYM HI GXVI WSZMIXMGM PE /EPEGM E TYW 'SVTYP 9 EVQEX HI PE
RSVH RXV-YR VIEP TIVMGSP. %GIWXE HYWIWI HINE S PYTX HIJIRWMZ TI ETVSETI XVIM
TV'M R QMNPSGYP MRGIVXMXYHMRMM #M EP LESWYPYM, PE GEVI WI EHYKEY #M ^ZSRYVMPI.
7XEVIE HI GSRJY^MI XVERWTEVI HMR JVEKQIRXIPI YRYM NYVREP KWMX TI XVYTYP YRYM
S3'IV HI EVXMPIVMI KIVQER: 20.11. ?A WI ZE STVM SEVI SJIRWMZE#! 7GLMQFEVI HI
TS^M'MI GXVI RSVH. 2Y RI-E QEM VQEW HIGX YR XYR. 8SEXI GIPIPEPXI RY QEM
JYRG'MSRIE^.
7QFX, 21.11. ?A 8ERGYVM MREQMGI HIZVIQI ?A. 7GLMQFEVI HI
TS^M'MI R WTEXI. 6Y#MM WYRX JSEVXI ETVSETI. -RJERXIVME RSEWXV (QSXSGMGPM#XM #M
KIRM#XM) W-E ETVSTMEX TIRXVY QEM QYPX TVSXIG'MI. %^M EY QEM XVIGYX TI PRK
RSM #M QEM QYP'M VSQRM JV W WI STVIEWG.
-I#MQ HMR PYTX. 7YRXIQ HINE WYF TVIWMYRIE VY#MPSV HMR HSY TV'M.
2SM TS^M'MM HI XVEKIVI. (SEV TIRXVY WGYVX XMQT, ETSM EPX WGLMQFEVI HI
TS^M'MI QEM R WTEXI. 'SRWXVYMX YR FYRGV.
(YQMRMG, 22.11. %PEVQ PE SVE 3.30. 2M WI SVHSR W MI#MQ GE
MRJERXIVMI! 6Y#MM WI ETVSTMI. 6SQRMM WI VIXVEK. 2Y TYXIQ TWXVE EGIEWX
TS^M'MI GY TVSTVMMPI RSEWXVI JSV'I. %#XITXQ GY RIVFHEVI YR EPX SVHMR TIRXVY
E RI WGLMQFE TS^M'ME.
R GYVWYP EGIWXIM VIXVEKIVM, HMZM^MMPI KIVQERI HI MRJERXIVMI W-EY XVI^MX
ERXVIREXI RXV-S PYTX HIWGLMW, VIWTMRKRH EXEGYVMPI HI GEZEPIVMI HI TEVG
IVEQ R 1870, E#E GYQ WTYRIE YR S3'IV. 4VSFPIQE PSV GIE QEM QEVI IVE
XVERWTSVXYP, QEM EPIW HMR GEY^E PMTWIM GEMPSV. -R YRIPI GE^YVM, WSPY'ME EHSTXEX
E JSWX FVYXEP HI WMQTP. 9R WYFS3'IV PYE G'MZE TVM^SRMIVM HI V^FSM VY#M TI XVIM
WJIVXYVM QSV'M HI JSEQI #M JSPSWIE GE ERMQEPI HI XVEG'MYRI. 'RH E RGITYX
VIXVEKIVIE TI 20 RSMIQFVMI, VETSVXE YR TVM^SRMIV HI V^FSM VYW, EQ JSWX
RLQE'M R NSG HI GEM PE JYVKSERIPI RGVGEXI GY QYRM'MI #M LVER. 4VM^SRMIVMM
GEVI RY IVEY R WXEVI W XVEK JYVKSERIPI EXX HI VITIHI GX HSVIE WIVKIRXYP-
QENSV IVEY QTY#GE'M TI PSG. %Q JSWX JSV'E'M W XVEKIQ R JIPYP EGIWXE
JYVKSERIPI XMQT HI TEXVY ^MPI, ETVSETI JV RMGM YR TMG HI SHMLR. 0E PEKVYP
HI PE :IVXMEGM, YR XIVIR RKVHMX GY WVQ KLMQTEX JV RMGM YR EHTSWX,
KIVQERMM M-EY EPIW TI TVM^SRMIVMM GEVI TVIEY QEM WRXS#M #M M-EY PYEX GY IM.
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HI STXMQMWQ. 8IRXEXMZE HI EWEWMREVI E PYM ,MXPIV HI PE 20 MYPMI E I#YEX, HEV
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WIQREX PE 21 EYKYWX HI 4EYPYW #M HSY^IGM HI RSY HI KIRIVEPM GETXYVE'M.
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XVMWX EP YRYM GS#QEV GI RGITYWI GY TEXVY ERM R YVQ #M GEVI GSWXEWI %VQEXE
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EYXSVMX'MPI WSZMIXMGI EY HIGMW GE EGIME GI WI JGYWIV ZMRSZE'M HI GVMQI HI
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W 3I XVMQM#M PE QYRG JSV'EX PE :SVOLYXE, PE I\XVIQMXEXIE RSVHMG E 9VEPMPSV.
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.ERHEVQIVME 1MPMXEV R YRIPI GE^YVM #M ,MXPIVNYKIRH EY JSWX XVERWJIVE'M R
PEKVI GY VIKMQ WTIGMEP.
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GSQMWI QTSXVMZE GMZMPMPSV TR PE JYVXYP KMRMPSV #M EP RYXVI'YPYM TIRXVY GEM.
4I QWYV GI ZMMXSEVIE WXVYGXYV E 6ITYFPMGMM (IQSGVEXI +IVQERI
RGITIE W WI EHYRI R ^SRE HI SGYTE'MI WSZMIXMG E +IVQERMIM, YRMM S3'IVM
WYTIVMSVM HI PE 7XEPMRKVEH, TVMRXVI GEVI W-EY RYQVEX 0EXXQERR, /SVJIW, 1PPIV
#M 7XIMHPIV, EY TVMQMX HMZIVWI VSPYVM, QEM QYP'M HMRXVI IM MRXVRH R :SPOWTSPM^IM.
'SRZIVXMVIE PE GSQYRMWQ E KIRIVEPYPYM %VRS ZSR 0IRWOM P-E ENYXEX W 3I EPIW R
&MVSYP 4SPMXMG.
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&IVPMRYPYM HI :IWX, IVE R JE^E PYM GIE QEM MQTVIZM^MFMP. %WYP EZMSERIPSV HI
ZRXSEVI )VMGL ,EVXQERR E JSWX EGY^EX G EV 3 HMWXVYW YR EZMSR E4EX R
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7XEPMRKVEH, YRHI S 'YVXI 1EV'MEP P-E KWMX ZMRSZEX HI HMWXVYKIVIE JEFVMGMM HI
XVEGXSEVI, HI#M GSVTYP WY HI EVQEX RY PYTXEWI R ETVSTMIVIE PSGYPYM
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VYMRI. 0E JIP GE #M QENSVMXEXIE GIPSV EGY^E'M R EGIWX ZEP, 7XVIGOIV E JSWX
GSRHEQREX PE QSEVXI, TIHIETW GSQYXEX EYXSQEX R HSY^IGM #M GMRGM HI ERM
HI RGLMWSEVI. 0SGSXIRIRXYP +SXXJVMIH ZSR &MWQEVGO E JSWX GSRHEQREX PE
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QYRGMWIV TI QS#ME JEQMPMIM WEPI HMR 4SQIVERME. R MYPMI 1950, TVSJYRH
HI^MPY^MSREXYP #M RZIRMREXYP KIRIVEP ZSR 7I]HPMX^ E JSWX, EVIWXEX #M GSRHEQREX
PE HSY^IGM #M GMRGM HI ERM HI RGLMWSEVI GE KIRIVEP VIEG'MSREV VIZER#EVH #M
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XVEHM'MI. 4I PRK PEKVYP HI TVM^SRMIVM HI PE /EQ#OSZS, RXVI 1SWGSZE #M +SVOM,
XVIGIE :PEHMQMVWOEME, YR HVYQ ZIGLM HI-E PYRKYP GVYME I\MPE'MM 'EVM#XM IVEY
HY#M R 7MFIVME. &VERMM MI#IEY R HVYQ TIRXVY E PI HE ET WEY GLMEV TIRXVY E PI
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9R WMQ' WMQMPEV HI YQERMXEXI, RIEPXIVEX HI MHISPSKMI, RG QEM I\MWXE.
1IHMGYP EYWXVMEG ,ERW (MFSPH E JSWX TVSJYRH QM#GEX HI GSQTEWMYRIE
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7TIMPIV, HI PE WTMXEPYP ;IM^WEGOIV HMR ,IMPHIPFIVK, W-E QFSPRZMX FVYWG PE
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PEKVYP HI PE -PQIR. 'SPIKMM WM EY JSWX MRM'MEP GSRZMR#M G EZIE QEPEVMI. %ZIE
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3 WEPZEX.
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IVE S THYVI. 1IHMGMM VY#M M-EY EHYW YR YPXMQ SQEKMY, MEV GSQERHERXYP E
TIVQMW GSPIKMPSV PYM 7TIMPIV W-P RQSVQRXI^I R GMQMXMVYP HMR THYVI I\EGX
E#E GYQ #M HSVMWI. 1IHMGMM VY#M, JV W WI KRHIEWG PE TSWMFMPIPI VIEG'MM EPI
GSQMWEVYPYM TSPMXMG, EY TEVXMGMTEX #M IM PE WPYNFE JYRIFV 'MRYX HI YR TEWXSV
REPX #M 3VEZ. 4IRXVY WYTVEZMI'YMXSVMM %VQEXIM 6 TVI^IR'M R ^MYE EGIIE, WIVZMGMYP
VIPMKMSW RY IVE HSEV TIRXVY GIP XVIGYX R RI3MR', GM TIRXVY XS'M GIM GEVI
WXXIEY R NYVYP WMGVMYPYM #M GIM GEVI IVEY HITEVXI GXVI WYH, R 7XEPMRKVEH #M R
WXITE HMRXVI (SR #M :SPKE #M TIRXVY SHMLRE ZI#RMG E EGIPSVE TIRXVY GEVI RY
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7XEPMRKVEH, 3I MRHMZMHYEP, 3I R PSXYVM, TIVQM'RHY-PM-WI W WI RXSEVG EGEW,
HI SFMGIM TIRXVY G IVEY WSGSXM'M MRGETEFMPM HI QYRG, R 1955, QEM IVEY RG
9 626 HI TVM^SRMIVM HI V^FSM KIVQERM, WEY GVMQMREPM HI V^FSM SWRHM'M, E#E
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7XEPMRKVEH. %GI#XM TVM^SRMIVM EY JSWX R GIPI HMR YVQ IPMFIVE'M HYT ZM^MXE PE
1SWGSZE E GERGIPEVYPYM /SRVEH %HIREYIV, R WITXIQFVMI 1955. 4VMRXVI EGI#XME
W-EY RYQVEX KIRIVEPMM 7XVIGOIV, 7I]HPMX^, 7GLQMHX #M 6SHIRFYVK, TVIGYQ #M
PSGSXIRIRXYP +SXXJVMIH ZSR &MWQEVGO, GEVI, GY ETVSETI XVIMWTVI^IGI ERM R
YVQ, JYWIWI XVERWTSVXEX GY EZMSRYP R MRXIVMSVYP RGIVGYMVMM TIRXVY E WI
TVI^IRXE PE YRMXEXIE WE HYT GMRE GY JIPHQEVI#EPYP ZSR 1ERWXIMR. (SEV TIRXVY
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EY HIZIRMX XSX QEM HYVIVSEWI. 7GLQMHX, GEVI, R TS3HE FRYMIPMPSV PYM ,MXPIV,
VIJY^EWI W GSPEFSVI^I GY WSZMIXMGMM, E VQEW GYQTPMX HI SWXMP S3'IVMPSV HMR
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(YT IPMFIVEVIE WE HMR GETXMZMXEXI R XSEQRE ERYPYM 1953, E XVMX R ^SRE
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GEVI WI GSRJVYRXEWI. % QYVMX PE (VIWHE R 1957, HYT S PYRK #M KVIE
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GSQERHERXYP JSV'IPSV HI SGYTE'MI, QEVI#EP EP 9RMYRMM 7SZMIXMGI #M QMRMWXVY
EHNYRGX EP %TVVMM WYF ,VY#GMSZ, GEVI P RYQMWI R EGIE RSETXI HI GVM^ HMR
WITXIQFVMI HI TI :SPKE. 1MMPI HI SWXE#M WSZMIXMGM I\IGYXE'M PE 7XEPMRKVEH HMR
SVHMRYP PYM RY EY EZYX RMGMSHEX TEVXI HIGX HI YR QSVQRX ERSRMQ. 'E
WXEXMWXMG, IM W-EY VXGMX TVMRXVI GIPIPEPXI TMIVHIVM HI V^FSM, HI JETX S ERYQMX
NYWXM'MI RIMRXIR'MSREX.
%2)<% %. 3VHMRIE HI PYTX KIVQER #M WSZMIXMG, 19 RSMIQFVMI 1942
1EVIE ZEVMIXEXI E GMJVIPSV GMXEXI VIJIVMXSEVI PE IJIGXMZIPI %VQEXIM 6 HYT
RGIVGYMVI MQTYRI GIP TY'MR S RGIVGEVI HI GPEVM3GEVI. )WXMQVMPI GY TVMZMVI PE
IJIGXMZIPI %VQEXIM 6 HMR MRXIVMSVYP RGIVGYMVMM, PE 19 RSMIQFVMI 1942, ZEVME^
QEM EPIW, WI TEVI, HMR GEY^E RYQVYPYM QEVI HI VY#M RGSVTSVE'M R VRHYVMPI
WEPI, EGI#XME 3MRH MRGPY#M TI PMWXIPI HI ETVSZM^MSREVI GY EPMQIRXI #M RY GMXE'M
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7XEPMRKVEH: %REP]WI YRH (SOYQIRXEXMSR IMRIV 7GLPEGLX, ZSPYQ QEKMWXVEP
TYFPMGEX R 1974 WYF EYWTMGMMPI HMWXMRWIM 1MPMXVKIWGLMGLXPMGLIR *SVWGLYRKWEQX,
EY JSWX HI GYVRH GSRXIWXEXI HI 6MMHMKIV 3ZIVQERW. 3ZIVQERW, PYGVRH QEM
EPIW TI FE^E IWXMQVMPSV VIXVSWTIGXMZI EPI ;ILVQEGLX-YPYM (S RGIVGEVI
YPXIVMSEV HI E GEPGYPE TI FE^E RSXIPSV TIVWSREPI EPI GIPSV TVMR#M R MRXIVMSVYP
RGIVGYMVMM), TPEWIE^ GMJVE KIVQERMPSV RGIVGYM'M HSEV PE 195 000, LM[M PE 50
000, MEV VSQRMM PE 5 000, XSXEPYP VMHMGRHY-WI PE ETVS\MQEXMZ 250 000. /ILVMK
IWXMQEWI 232 000 HI KIVQERM, 52 000 HI LM[M #M 10 000 HI VSQRM, XSXEPYP
EGIWXSVE 3MRH HI ETVS\MQEXMZ 294 000. 9R EPX WXYHMY, QEM VIGIRX, IWXMQIE^
YR XSXEP, PE 18 HIGIQFVMI, HI 268 900, HMR GEVI 13 000 IVEY VSQRM #M MXEPMIRM
#M 19 300 LM[M.
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HIGIQFVMI HI #IJYP 'EVXMIVYPYM +IRIVEP EP %VQEXIM 6. %GIWX VETSVX EVEX G
PMWXE HI ETVSZM^MSREVI GY EPMQIRXI E %VQEXIM 6 HMR RGIVGYMVI MRHMGE YR XSXEP
HI 275 000 SEQIRM, MRGPYWMZ 20300 LM[M #M 11000 VSQRM. (7YVWIPI %VQEXIM
VSQRI WYW'MR G EGIEWXE EZIE 12600 HI SEQIRM R MRXIVMSVYP RGIVGYMVMM. 1EM
IVEY #M GXIZE WYXI HI MXEPMIRM.) (EG WI EHEYK PE EGIWXI GMJVI GIM 15 000 HI
SEQIRM TMIVHY'M HSEV R MRXIVMSVYP RGIVGYMVMM, RXVI 21 RSMIQFVMI #M 6
HIGIQFVMI, EV RWIQRE G ETVSETI 290 000 HI SEQIRM JYWIWIV RGIVGYM'M PE
22 RSMIQFVMI.
8S'M EYXSVMM WYRX HI EGSVH G EY JSWX WGS#M TI GEPIE EIVYPYM R NYV HI 25
000 HI VRM'M #M WTIGMEPM#XM, HEV RY I\MWX S GIVXMXYHMRI TVIE QEVI R TVMZMR'E
RYQVYPYM HI QSV'M #M HI TVM^SRMIVM. %HIZVYP RY ZE 3 GYRSWGYX RMGMSHEX HMR
GEY^E LESWYPYM GI E HSQRMX HYT SJIRWMZE WSZMIXMG HMR 10 MERYEVMI 1943
TIRXVY ^HVSFMVIE RGIVGYMVMM. 'IIE GI TSEXI 3 EFWSPYX WMKYV IWXI G GIZE QEM
TY'MR HI 52 000 HI QIQFVM EM %VQEXIM 6 EY QYVMX RXVI 22 RSMIQFVMI #M 7
MERYEVMI, HEV RY WI QIR'MSRIE^ G'M HMRXVI EGI#XME EY JSWX LM[M. 'MJVE
WSZMIXMG VIJIVMXSEVI PE TVM^SRMIVMM PYE'M RXVI 19 RSMIQFVMI #M 31 MERYEVMI -P11
465 TVIGYQ #M 8 928 R WTMXEPI RY WTIGM3G RMGM G'M HMRXVI IM IVEY KIVQERM,
RMGM, GIIE GI IWXI QEM MQTSVXERX, G'M ETEV'MRIEY XVYTIPSV RGIVGYMXI, JE' HI
GIM GETXYVE'M R XMQTYP 3TIVE'MYRMM *YVXYR HI PEQ #M EP 3TIVE'MYRMM 1MGYP
7EXYVR.
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EHYKEX PE IJIGXIPI FSPMPSV, JVMKYPYM, MRERM'MIM, ITYM^VMM #M I\IGY'MMPSV WYQEVI,
WYKIVIE^ G TMIVHIVMPI EY GVIWGYX JSEVXI QYPX, TSEXI GLMEV W-EY HYFPEX,
ENYRKRH PE GMVGE 100 000, MRGPYWMZ LM[M. %XX /ILVMK, GX #M 3ZIVQERW
IWXMQIE^ TMIVHIVMPI WYJIVMXI HI PE 22 RSMIQFVMI TR PE GETMXYPEVI ETVSETI
HI 60 000. )M RY JEG, 3VI#XI, RMGM S RGIVGEVI HI E IWXMQE RYQVYP HI LM[M GEVI
EY QYVMX R XMQTYP PYTXIPSV. 2Y TYXIQ HIGX TVIWYTYRI G HSEV JSEVXI TY'MRM
EY WGTEX HYT EGIIE GY ZME'.

%Y I\MWXEX #M EPXI PIKXYVM GY V^FSMYP GMZMP HMR 7TERME. 6YFIR 6YM^
-FEVVYVM, 3YP GIPIFVIM 0E 4EWMSREVME, E JSWX YGMW TI ZVIQIE GRH GSQERHE S
GSQTERMI HI QMXVEPMIVM E (MZM^MIM 35 TY#GE#M KEVH PE WYH HI /SXPYFER. 4EXVY
QEVI#EPM EM 9RMYRMM 7SZMIXMGI, EPI GVSV RYQI EY JSWX WXVRW PIKEXI HI FXPME
HI PE 7XEPMRKVEH :SVSRSZ, 1EPMRSZWOM, 6SOSWWSZWOM #M 6SHMQ'IZ JYWIWIV
GSRWMPMIVM R 7TERME, E#E GYQ E JSWX #M KIRIVEPYP "YQMPSZ, GSQERHERXYP
%VQEXIM 64. :SVSRSZ E GSQERHEX EVXMPIVME VITYFPMGER R XMQTYP EWIHMYPYM
1EHVMHYPYM QTSXVMZE %VQEXIM, %JVMGE PYM *VERGS.
2Y TSEXI 3 ETVSETI RMGM YR HYFMY G TVSTEKERHE ZMSPYPYM HI PE
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%VQEXE 6S#MI R REMRXEVIE IM TI XIVMXSVMYP KIVQER PE WJV#MXYP ERYPYM 1944 #M R
1945.
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EY JSWX R EZME'ME %VQEXIM 6S#MM PE 7XEPMRKVEH. :EWMPM 7XEPMR, GEVI IVE QEM QYPX
HIGX YR FMEX HI FERM KEXE, YR JIP HI ZRXYV 'EV, E WGTEX R GYVRH HI
QMWMYRMPI HI PYT' TIRXVY E JEGI YR 3PQ HI TVSTEKERH HIWTVI JSV'IPI EIVMIRI.
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GEPI JIVEXE E HIWGVMW GY HIWXYP VGIEP HIXIVMSVEVIE WRX'MM WSPHE'MPSV HMR
RGIVGYMVI GE YR I\TIVMQIRX TI WGEV PEVK EP IJIGXIPSV JSEQIM
4EYPYW E TVIXMRW YPXIVMSV G RY E SVHSREX RMGMSHEX W WI HIWGLMH JSGYP
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7XEPMRKVEH, GEVI E TVSHYW S TYXIVRMG IQS'MI PE ETEVM'ME WE R 1945, WYRX
GSRWMHIVEX EGYQ JEPWYVM.
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8IPIKMR E JSWX WGSW HI TI TS^MXMZ TIRXVY G 7XEPMR RY P-E GSRWMHIVEX WY3GMIRX HI
MQTSVXERX 4IRXVY YR EWXJIP HI QSQIRX MWXSVMG. ('LMEV #M EZERWEVIE PYM
(MEXPIROS PE KVEHYP HI 1EMSV E JSWX EGGIPIVEX GE W GSVIWTYRH HEXIM
TYFPMGVMM JSXSKVE3IM.) %GIWX MRGMHIRX E HIZIRMX YRE HMR JEVWIPI KVSXI#XM EPI
ITSGMM PYM 7XEPMR. 'RH E ETVYX JSXSKVE3E TI 4VMQE TEKMR HMR 4VEZHE, JV
GLMTYP PYM 8IPIKMR, EGIWXE W-E RKVS^MX GE RY GYQZE W-P 3 HIRYR'EX GMRIZE
TIRXVY ZVIS VIQEVG RXQTPXSEVI. 2Y W-E RXQTPEX RMQMG, E#E G W-E GVI^YX
R WMKYVER', HEV QEM XV^MY, R 1948, E JSWX EVIWXEX TI RIE#XITXEXI HMR SVHMRYP
PYM %FEOYQSZ (#IJYP 71)6"), R ETEVIR' JV RMGM YR QSXMZ.
+V^M KIVQERI EY JSWX JSPSWMXI #M R EPXI PEKVI. 'IM QEM VM EY JSWX ZVIS
HSY WYXI HI KIVQERM (QYP'M EY JSWX HMR ERYQMXI QSXMZI RYQM'M WE\SRM) GEVI
HI^IVXEWIV HMR FEXEPMSERIPI HI TIHIETW, REVQE'M GY FXI HI PIQR #M
HIRYQM'M PYTXXSVM QTSXVMZE JEWGMWQYPYM, VIJY^EY W PI TIVQMX WSPHE'MPSV W-
#M JEG RIZSMPI R XMQTYP ETIPYPYM, HI#M QENSVMXEXIE EGIWXSVE WYJIVIEY HI
HM^IRXIVMI
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