Chng iii

Chuyn giao mm v iu khin cng

sut trong CDMA
3.1. Gii thiu
Chuyn giao mm khc vi qu trnh chuyn giao cng truyn thng.
Trong chuyn giao cng, quyt nh thc hin chuyn giao l xc nh. Chuyn
giao cng c khi u v thc hin m ngi s dng khng c nh thng
tin knh lu lng ng thi vi hai BS. Trong chuyn giao mm, quyt nh
chuyn giao l c iu kin v ph thuc vo s thay i cng tn hiu hoa
tiu ca hai hay nhiu BS lin quan, quyt nh cng c th xy ra dn n
thng tin ch vi 1 BS. iu ny thng thng ch xy ra sau khi xc nh r
rng rng tn hiu t mt BS ln hn ng k so vi cc BS khc. Ti cc thi
im trung gian, ngi s dng thng tin knh lu lng vi tt c cc BS tng
ng.
H thng CDMA vi iu khin cng sut cn c chuyn giao mm v
trong h thng ny rt kh thc hin chuyn giao cng. H thng vi iu khin
cng sut c gng iu khin cng sut ng trong khi hot ng. iu khin
cng sut lin quan cht ch n chuyn giao mm. H thng thng tin di ng
CDMA s dng c iu khin cng sut ln chuyn giao mm gim nhiu
giao thoa. iu khin cng sut l cng c chnh chng li hiu ng xa gn.
V mt l thuyt khng cn iu khin cng sut nu ta c th thc hin thnh
cng mt my thu thng minh hn my thu c s dng CDMA. y l
ti trong ca lnh vc tch sng nhiu ngi dng (MUD), mt tnh nng c
xut trong cc h thng CDMA 3G. Trong thc t vic iu khin cng sut
l cn thit t c mc cht lng nht nh. Vic s dng iu khin
cng sut i hi s dng chuyn giao mm khi m knh gc v cc knh mi
u c cng bng tn. iu khin cng sut hot ng ng, MS lun th
kt ni vi BS m t BS MS thu c tn hiu mnh. Nu iu ny khng
xy ra, vng iu khin cng sut dng c th xy ra v gy ra cc s c h
thng. Chuyn giao mm m bo rng MS ti mi thi im c kt ni n
BS c tn hiu mnh nht trong khi chuyn giao cng khng m bo c iu
ny.
Cht lng ca h thng CDMA rt nhy cm vi s khc bit cng sut
thu t cc ngi s dng khc nhau ng ln. Nguyn nhn l do tnh khng
trc giao ca cc m PN c s dng bi cc ngi s dng khc nhau dn
n tn hiu mnh c th che khut tn hiu yu nn vic pht hin tn hiu ny
l khng ng tin cy. Vn ny c gi l hiu ng gn xa.
Trong n ny chng ta ch xem xt vic chuyn giao mm trong
thng tin di ng CDMA ly h thng IS-95 lm v d v tp trung ln cc s
iu khin cng sut cho ng xung v ng ln.
3.2. Cc kiu chuyn giao trong h thng CDMA
Trong h thng CDMA tn ti bn kiu chuyn giao:
Chuyn giao gia cc sector trong cell hay l chuyn giao mm hn
(Intersector hay Softer Handoff).
Chuyn giao gia cc cell hay chuyn giao mm (Cell hay soft handoff).
Chuyn giao mm mm hn (Soft-Softer Handoff).
Chuyn giao cng (Hard Handoff).
Chuyn giao mm v mm hn da trn nguyn tc kt ni Ni trc
khi ct (Make Before Break). Chuyn giao mm l chuyn giao c thc
hin gia cc cell khc nhau. Chuyn giao mm hn l chuyn giao gia cc
sector ca cc cell con trong cng mt cell.
1. Chuyn giao mm (hnh 3.1): l chuyn giao trong MS bt u thng
tin vi mt trm gc mi m vn cha ct thng tin vi trm gc c. Chuyn
giao mm ch c th c thc hin khi c trm gc c ln trm gc mi u
lm vic cng mt tn s. MS lin lc vi hai sector ca hai cell khc nhau
(chuyn giao hai ng) hoc vi ba sector ca ba sector khc nhau (chuyn
giao ba ng).Trong chuyn giao ny, BS iu khin trc tip qu trnh x l
cuc gi trong qu trnh chuyn giao c gi l BS s cp cn cc BS khng
iu khin trc tip qu trnh x l cuc go c gi l cc BS th cp. BS s
cp c th khi u bn tin iu khin ng xung. Chuyn giao mm kt thc
khi hoc BS s cp hoc BS th cp b loi b. Nu BS s cp b loi th BS th
cp tr thnh BS s cp ca cuc gi ny. Chuyn giao ba ng c th kt thc
bng cch loi b mt trong s cc BS v tr thnh chuyn giao hai ng.


2. Chuyn giao giao mm hn (hnh 3.2): l chuyn giao mm c thc hin
gia cc cung ca cng mt . MS thng tin vi hai cung . My thu Rake
BS kt hp phin bn tt nht ca khung thoi t cc ng ten phn tp
thnh mt khung thoi duy nht.

3. Chuyn giao mm - mm hn (hnh 3.3): MS thng tin vi hai cung ca
mt v mt cung ca khc.Ti nguyn mng cn cho kiu chuyn giao
ny gm ti nguyn cho chuyn giao mm hai ng gia A v B cng
vi ti nguyn cho chuyn giao mm hn ti B.

4. Chuyn giao cng: Chuyn giao cng da trn nguyn tc ct trc khi ni
(Break before make). chuyn giao ny kt ni vi knh c b ct trc khi
kt ni vi knh mi c thc hin. Cc s chuyn giao cng trong IS
95 bao gm:
Chuyn giao gia cc BS hay cc sector c sng mang CDMA khc nhau.
Chuyn t mt hoa tiu ny n mt hoa tiu khc khi hoa tiu th nht
khng chuyn giao mm vi hoa tiu mi (cc tp tch cc khc nhau,
khng giao nhau).
Thay mt n nh dch thi khung- cc khung lu lng CDMA di 20ms.
Khi u ca cc khung mt knh lu lng c th c th ti thi gian 0
so vi tham chiu h thng hoc c th dch n 20ms (cho php IS 95).
Cc dch thi ny c gi l dch thi khung. Cc knh lu lng CDMA
c n nh cc dch thi khung khc nhau trnh nghn. Dch thi
khung ca knh lu lng c thng bo cho cc MS v c s dng
cho c ng ln v ng xung. Thay i dch thi khung s dn n
ngt ng truyn. Trong qu trnh chuyn giao mm, BS mi phi n nh
dch thi khung cho MS ging nh n nh ca BS s cp. Nu khng c
dch thi khung, c th phi cn chuyn giao cng. Dch thi khung l ti
nguyn ca mng v c th b s dng ht.
Chuyn giao t CDMA ti tng t v tng t ti CDMA
3.2.1. Chuyn giao mm, mm hn ng xung v ng ln
1. Chuyn giao mm ng xung
Trong trng hp ny tt c cc knh lu lng n nh cho MS c
lin kt vi cc hoa tiu trong tp tch cc v mang cng thng tin ngoi tr
knh con iu khin cng sut. Khi tp tch cc cha nhiu hoa tiu, MS m
bo phn tp bng cch kt hp cc knh lu lng ng xung lin kt vi
n.
2. Chuyn giao mm ng ln
Khi chuyn giao mm gia cc cell th MS pht cng thng tin n cc
BS. Mi BS nhn tn hiu t MS vi tr lan truyn tng ng. Sau mi BS li
gi tn hiu thu ti b m thoi/chn chn khung tt nht v loi khung cn
li .
3. Chuyn giao mm hn ng ln
Trong chuyn giao ny MS pht cng thng tin n c hai sector. Cc/
phn t knh cell thu s thu tn hiu t hai sector. Card knh s kt hp c hai
u vo v ch mt khung c gi n b m thoi/chn. Cn lu rng
khng cn card b sung h tr chuyn giao mm hn nh trong trng hp
chuyn giao mm. li phn tp chuyn giao mm cao hn li phn tp
chuyn giao mm hn v tn hiu t cc cell khc nhau t tng quan hn tn
hiu t cc sector ca mt cell.
4. Li ch ca chuyn giao mm
Chuyn giao mm l mt hnh thc phn tp ng truyn (phn tp v
m). li phn tp nhn c v cn t cng sut ng ln v ng xung.
iu ny c ngha l tng nhiu giao thoa gim. Kt qu l dung lng trung
bnh ca h thng tng. Ngoi ra cng sut pht thp hn s tng tui th ca
cquy ca MS v thi gian m thoi s lu hn.
Trong chuyn giao mm, nu MS thu bit iu khin tng cng sut t
mt BS v bit iu khin gim cng sut t BS kia th MS gim cng sut pht.
MS thc hin lnh gim cng sut v chc c ng truyn cng sut tt
m bo lnh pht t BS th hai.
3.3 Trnh t chuyn giao
Trnh t chuyn giao gm c ba pha: pha o c, pha quyt
nh v pha thc hin v c biu din nh s hnh 2.1

Hnh 2.1 Trnh t chuyn giao
3.4 Mt s trng hp chuyn giao c bit
1.Trng hp tn ti c MS di chuyn nhanh v MS di chuyn chm
Trong cng mt h thng, nhiu khi s tn ti trng hp cc MS
di chuyn nhanh v MS di chuyn chm cng hot ng. gim s
chuyn giao ca MS di chuyn nhanh th kch thc t bo phi ln. Tuy
nhin, iu ny li lm gim dung lng h thng. tng dung lng h
thng (phc v cho MS di chuyn chm) th kch thc t bo phi b,
khin s lng chuyn giao ca MS di chuyn nhanh tng, gy kh nng
rt cuc gi tng.
gii quyt mu thun trn, ngi ta dng phng php t bo
. Trong mt cm t bo, c c cc t bo kch thc ln, v cc t bo
c kch thc nh hn. Cc t bo c kch thc ln c cng sut pht
ln, an-ten cao v phc v cho MS di chuyn nhanh. Cn cc t bo c
kch thc nh th c cng sut pht nh, an-ten thp v phc v cho MS
di chuyn chm.
Ngi dng trong h thng t bo c gn cho mt mc t
bo c th da trn tc ca MS pht. H thng t bo c s
dng gim thiu nhng chuyn giao pht sinh bi cc MS tc cao,
trong khi dung lng ang cung cp l ca cc microcell dnh cho cc
MS di chuyn chm. Cc chuyn giao t microcell ti microcell c th
trnh c. By gi MS di chuyn chm c t vo vng ph mt
microcell v duy tr cho ti khi tc ca MS n vt qua mt s
php o quyt nh, v do vy, n c khuyn khch vo mt macrocell.

Hnh 2.11 T bo
Tuy nhin, trong h thng t bo thc t, tc khng thc s
c o c chnh xc. May mn l, c mt vi cch ph bin c
lng tc MS. V d nh s dng cc s liu thng k ca thi gian
dng. Thi gian dng c nh ngha l lng thi gian m mt cuc
gi c duy tr trong mt t bo c th. R rang, l thi gian dng phc
thuc vo tc vo tc ca MS. Da trn thng tin ca thi gian dng,
c th thu c mt c lng s b tc my di ng. Hn na, c
lng ny c th c ci thin nu hot ng trc y ca MS c
ghi nh.
Khi s dng t bo , c mt im phi lu l s xut hin tnh
hung MS di chuyn nhanh chuyn thnh MS di chuyn chm, v ngc
li. Lc ny phi xem xt c ng MS di chuyn t nhanh sang chm hay
khng. Khi ng th chuyn qun l MS t t bo ln sang t bo nh,
v ngc li. trnh nhiu do t bo to gy ra cho t bo nh th cn t
t bo to khc xa t bo nh.