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Physics 2
Forces
2.1 Forces and their effects
2.2 The kinetic energy of objects speeding up or slowing down
Steve Bishop
August 2013
Updated May 2014
Table of Contents
P2.1 Forces and their effects ................................................................................................ 3
Forces: true or false?......................................................................................................... 4
P2.1.1 Resultant forces ..................................................................................................... 5
P2.1.2 Forces and motion.................................................................................................. 6
Motion and Graphs ............................................................................................................ 7
P2.1.3 Forces and braking............................................................................................... 10
P2.1.4 Forces and terminal velocity ................................................................................. 11
P2.1.5 Forces and elasticity............................................................................................. 13
P2.2 The kinetic energy of objects speeding up or slowing down ........................................ 16
P2.2.1 Forces and energy ............................................................................................... 16
Measuring human power ................................................................................................. 17
Power .............................................................................................................................. 18
Work ................................................................................................................................ 18
P2.2.2 Momentum ........................................................................................................... 21
GCSE-style questions: forces ............................................................................................. 25
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Key words
Force
Friction
Motion
Kinetic energy
Resultant
Terminal velocity
Stationary
Elastic
Velocity
Potential energy
Acceleration
Work
Mass
Power
Gradient
Mass
Speed
Momentum
Stopping distance
Conservation of momentum
Reaction time
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Weight is a force
Mass is a force
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b) A number of forces acting at a point may be replaced by a single force that has the same
effect on the motion as the original forces all acting together. This single force is called the
resultant force.
c) A resultant force acting on an object may cause a change in its state of rest or motion.
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steady speed
decelerating (slowing down))
Area represents
distance travelled
stationary
Time (s)
Questions
1. Here is the velocity -time graph for a bike. In which section of the journey was it (a)
stationary (b) accelerating (c) decelerating (d) moving fastest?
Velocity (m/s)
B
A
D
E
G
F
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Time (s)
Example
The graph shows how the speed of a car changed as it travelled along a straight road. What
was the acceleration of the car?
Velocity (m/s)
30
10
0
10
Time (s)
Questions
1. The graph shows the speed of a train along a section of its journey. (a) What is its initial
speed? (b) What is its speed after 50 s? (c) What is its acceleration?
Velocity (m/s)
20
10
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50
Time (s)
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b) An object falling through a fluid will initially accelerate due to the force of gravity.
Eventually the resultant force will be zero and the object will move at its terminal velocity
(steady speed).
c) Draw and interpret velocity-time graphs for objects that reach terminal velocity, including a
consideration of the forces acting on the object.
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The above graph shows the velocity of a ball bearing being dropped in a long tube of oil.
Label the above graph to show the terminal velocity and the initial acceleration.
Describe what is happening between A and B
From http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/forces/forcesvelocityrev2.shtml
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Terminal Velocity
velocity
2
3
time
Stage
Diagram
Forces
The skydiver is
________
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Motion
3. On the moon g = 1.6 N/kg. Work out the masses of each of these objects on the moon:
(a) 10 kg
(b) 84 kg
(c) 230 kg
(d) 65 kg
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d) The extension of an elastic object is directly proportional to the force applied, provided
that the limit of proportionality is not exceeded:
F=ke
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Potential energy
Kinetic energy
Momentum
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Fd
t
Name
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Force
(N)
Height
(m)
Average
time
Energy (J)
Power
(W)
Power range
(W)
Power
Two motors can lift a load of 1 kg from the floor to the bench. One motor can lift it quicker
than the other.
Which has done the most work?
Which motor has the most power?
Work
Work is done only when a force moves an object
WORK
Work done = force x distance
The joule (J) is the unit of energy. It is equal to a force of 1 newton pulling (or pushing)
through a distance of 1 m.
Question
A woman lifts a parcel weighing 7 N onto a shelf 2 m high. How much work has she done?
Answer
1. Write down equation: Work done = force x distance
2. Write down what you know:
force = 7N
distance = 2m
3. Rearrange equation if necessary
4. Plug in numbers and do calculation: 7 N x 2 m = 14 Nm
5. Check units: 14 Nm = 14 J
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Questions
1. A man weighs 800N climbs 6 stairs vertically, walking up to his flat. If each step is 15 cm
high how much work does he do?
c) If a force of 400 N had acted over the same distance what would the object have gained in
kinetic energy?
4. How much work is done when a concrete block weighing 20 000 N is lifted 25 m upwards
by a crane?
5. A mountaineer weighs 600 N. He carries a pack weighing 150 N. How much work does
he do in climbing a mountain 3000 m high?
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f) Gravitational potential energy is the energy that an object has by virtue of its position in
a gravitational field
Ep = m g h
Example
A 80 kg man is lifted by a crane 2 m. Take g = 10 N/kg, found out the gain in potential
energy
Using
Ep = m g h
Ek = m v2
m = 60 kg, v = 10 m/s
Then Ek = 80 102 = 40 100 = 4000 J
Now try these
1. Calculate the kinetic energy of each of the following:
(a) a stone of mass 0.1 kg moving at 20 m/s
(c) A stone of mass 0.2 kg falls from the top of a 60 m high cliff.
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P2.2.2 Momentum
a) Momentum is a property of moving objects.
pmv
b) In a closed system the total momentum before an event is equal to the total momentum
after the event. This is called conservation of momentum.
Example
(a) A car has a mass of 1100 kg and travels at 30 m/s. Find the momentum of the car.
Using p = mv
= 1100 x 30 = 33 000 kg m/s
(b) The same car hits another car of mass 1000 kg which is stationary. Find the total momentum
before and after the collision.
If the car is stationary then it will have a velocity = 0. If v= 0 then the momentum will also be zero.
The momentum before the collision will be: 33 000 + 0 = 33 000 kg m/s
The momentum after the collision will also be 33 000 kg m/s
Example
Two trucks are moving in the same direction along the track of an adventure park ride. One
has a velocity of 8 m/s and a mass of 500 kg and the other with twice the mass has a
velocity of 6 m/s. They collide and link together. What is their new velocity?
Solution
The initial momentum of the first truck
= m1 v1 = 500 8 = 4000
= m2 v2 = 1000 6 = 6000
Giving
vnew =
10000
= 6.67 m/s
1500
A vehicle travelling at 40 m/s has a mass of 1250 kg. Calculate its momentum.
2.
A car with a momentum of 60000 kg m/s has a mass of 2500 kg. Find its velocity.
3.
Two cars are moving in the same direction. One has a velocity of 5 m/s and a mass
of 1000 kg and the other with a mass of 15000 kg has a velocity of 10 m/s. They
collide and link together.
(a) what is the momentum of the two cars before the collision?
(b) What is the momentum of the two cars after the collision?
(c) What is their new velocity?
4.
A car of mass 1250 kg is waiting at a traffic light with its hand brake off. A car of
mass 1500 kg travelling at 25 m/s collides with the stationary car. The two cars link
together and move forward.
(a)What is their velocity after the accident?
(b) What is the total kinetic energy before the collision?
(c) Is this an elastic or inelastic collision?
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Car safety
Crumple Zone
The car is designed so that the structure of the car will give way during a collision. The metal
of the car will dent, bend and fold during a collision which increases the amount of time it
takes the car to stop.
The parts of the car that do this (the front and the back) are called crumple zones.
Seatbelts
Car seatbelts protect people in two ways during a crash. The seatbelt prevents the person
being thrown about in the car, possibly through the windscreen or hitting themselves on the
steering wheel or other objects.
The seatbelt also stretches a little, while restraining the person during a crash. The
stretching increases the amount of time it takes the person to stop.
Airbags
Airbags are bags which inflate very quickly during a crash. They provide a softer surface
(like a pillow) to prevent the people hitting themselves on hard objects.
They are designed to be used with a seatbelt. An airbag will give way a little when a person
hits it and this gives an extra increase to the amount of time it takes the person to stop.
Bubble wrap packaging has the same effect and is used to protect objects that are being
transported.
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Extended question
In 1983 it became a legal requirement to wear a seatbelt whilst travelling in a car in
the UK. Since then new car designs have developed to increase the safety of the
driver and passengers. Outline these safety designs. You should include:
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Use another sheet of paper if you need it.
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(a)
kg.
Calculate the acceleration of the car at the instant shown in the diagram.
Write down the equation you use, and then show clearly how you work out your
answer and give the unit.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
Acceleration = .............................
(4)
(b)
Explain why the car reaches a top speed even though the thrust force remains
constant at 3500 N.
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3)
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(c)
Q2.
(b)
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MOTION OF VAN
FORCE A SMALLER
THAN FORCE E
Not moving
Speeding up
Constant speed
Slowing down
(3)
(c)
(d)
The van has a fault and leaks one drop of oil every second.
The diagram below shows the oil drops left on the road as the van moves from W to Z.
(e)
downwards
force
forwards
mass
weight
Complete the following sentences, using words from the list above, to explain why the risk
of injury is reduced if the van stops suddenly.
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Q3.
In order to jump over the bar, the high jumper must raise his mass by 1.25 m.
The high jumper has a mass of 65 kg. The gravitational field strength is 10 N/kg.
(a)
mass
(kilogram, kg)
(Newton, N)
(metre, m)
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Gain in gravitational potential energy .................... J
(4)
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(b)
Use the following equation to calculate the minimum speed the high jumper must reach
for take-off in order to jump over the bar.
kinetic energy =
(joule, J)
mass
(kilogram, kg)
[speed]2
[(metre/second)2, (m/s)2
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Speed .................... m/s
(3)
Q4.
The Highway Code gives tables of the shortest stopping distances for cars travelling at
various speeds. An extract from the Highway Code is given below.
Write down two factors which could increase a drivers reaction time.
1 .........................................................................................................................
2 .........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
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(3)
(b)
(c)
A car was travelling at 30 m/s. The driver braked. The graph below is a velocity-time
graph showing the velocity of the car during braking.
Calculate:
(i)
(ii)
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(iii)
Q5.
(a)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
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(b)
After some time the sky-diver pulls the rip cord and the parachute opens.
The sky-diver and parachute are shown in the diagram.
After a while forces X and Y are balanced.
Underline the correct answer in each line below.
Force X has
increased / stayed the same / decreased.
Force Y has
increased / stayed the same / decreased.
The speed of the sky-diver will
increase / stay the same / decrease
(c) The graph below shows
how the height of the sky-diver
changes with time.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
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Time .................................... s
(1)
(iv)
Q6.
(a)
(b)
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The force of friction between the brake pads and the steel discs gradually stops the car.
What two effects does using the brakes have on the brake pads and wheel discs?
1
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q7.
A driver is driving along a road at 30 m/s. The driver suddenly sees a large truck parked
across the road and reacts to the situation by applying the brakes so that a constant braking
force stops the car. The reaction time of the driver is 0.67 seconds, it then takes another 5
seconds for the brakes to bring the car to rest.
(a)
Using the data above, draw a speed-time graph to show the speed of the car from the
instant the truck was seen by the driver until the car stopped.
(5)
(b)
Calculate the acceleration of the car whilst the brakes are applied.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................
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(c)
The mass of the car is 1500 kg. Calculate the braking force applied to the car.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
Answer = .................................... N
(3)
(d)
The diagrams below show what would happen to a driver in a car crash.
(i)
(ii)
During the collision the front end of the car becomes crumpled and buckled. Use this
information to explain why such a collision is described as inelastic.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(iii)
The car was travelling at 30 m/s immediately before the crash. Calculate the energy
which has to be dissipated as the front of the car crumples.
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................
(8)
(Total 19 marks)
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Q8.
A car driver sees a dog on the road ahead and has to make an emergency stop.
The graph shows how the speed of the car changes with time after the driver first sees the dog.
(a)
Which part of the graph represents the reaction time or thinking time of the driver?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)
(ii)
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(c)
Calculate the acceleration of the car after the brakes are applied.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Acceleration ............................................
(4)
(d)
(e)
The mass of the car is 800 kg. Calculate the braking force.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
Braking force ........................................ N
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
Q9.
(b)
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(2)
(c)
The manufacturer of the car claims a top speed of 110 miles per hour. Explain why there
must be a top speed for any car.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
Q10.
When a car driver has to react and apply the brakes quickly, the car travels some distance
before stopping. Part of this distance is called the thinking distance. This is how far the car
travels while the driver reacts to a dangerous situation.
The table below shows the thinking distance (m) for various speeds (km/h).
(a)
12
15
Speed (km/h)
48
64
80
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(b)
(c)
The time the driver spends thinking before applying the brakes is called the
thinking time.
A driver drank two pints of lager. Sometime later the thinking time of the driver was
measured as 1.0 seconds.
(i)
Calculate the thinking distance for this driver when driving at 9 m/s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
Answer ............................................ m
(1)
(ii)
A speed of 9 m/s is the same as 32 km/h. Use your graph to find the thinking
distance at 32 km/h for a driver who has not had a drink.
...........................................................................................................................
Answer ............................................ m
(1)
(iii)
What has been the effect of the drink on the thinking distance of the driver?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)
Q11.
A cyclist goes on a long ride. The graph shows how the distance travelled changes with
time during the ride.
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(i)
Between which two points on the graph was the cyclist moving at the fastest speed?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
State one way cyclists can reduce the air resistance acting on them.
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
(iv)
Write down the equation which links distance, speed and time.
.....................................................................................................................................
(v)
(1)
Q12.
(i)
(ii)
40 |
(b)
The graph shows how the velocity of a motorbike changes when it is travelling along a
straight road.
(i)
What was the change in velocity of the motorbike in the first 5 seconds?
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
Write down the equation which links acceleration, change in velocity and time taken.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(iii)
(c)
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(d)
Name three factors, other than weather conditions, which would increase the overall
stopping distance of a vehicle.
1 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
2 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
3 ..................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 13 marks)
Q13.
The graph shows the speed of a runner during an indoor 60 metres race.
(a)
slowing down
stopped
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(b)
Calculate the acceleration of the runner during the first four seconds.
(Show your working.)
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q14.
(a)
Describe the motion of the car between point A and point D. You should not carry out any
calculations.
To gain full marks in this question you should write your ideas in good English. Put them
into a sensible order and use the correct scientific words.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
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(b)
Calculate the gradient of the graph between point B and point C. Show clearly how you
get your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
gradient = ........................................................................
(3)
(Total 6 marks)
Q15.
The graphs in List A show how the velocities of three vehicles change with time.
The statements in List B describe different motions.
Draw one line from each graph in List A to the description of the motion represented by that
graph in List B.
List A
Velocitytime graphs
List B
Descriptions of motion
(Total 3 marks)
44 |
Q16.
A horse and rider take part in a long distance race. The graph shows how far the horse
and rider travel during the race.
(a)
(b)
How long did it take the horse and rider to complete the race?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(c)
What distance did the horse and rider travel in the first 2 hours of the race?
distance = .................................................................. km
(1)
(d)
How long did the horse and rider stop and rest during the race?
.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
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(e)
Not counting the time it was resting, between which two points was the horse moving the
slowest?
................................. and ..................................
Give a reason for your answer.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)
Q17.
(a) The diagram shows an athlete at the start of a race. The race is along a straight
track.
In the first 2 seconds, the athlete accelerates constantly and reaches a speed of 9 m/s.
(i)
Use the equation in the box to calculate the acceleration of the athlete.
(ii)
m/s
m/s2
Nm
(1)
46 |
(iii)
(iv)
Complete the graph to show how the velocity of the athlete changes during the first
2 seconds of the race.
(2)
(b)
Many running shoes have a cushioning system. This reduces the impact force on the
athlete as the heel of the running shoe hits the ground.
The bar chart shows the maximum impact force for three different makes of running shoe
used on three different types of surface.
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(i)
Which one of the three makes of running shoe, A, B or C, has the best cushioning
system?
...........................................................................................................................
Explain the reason for your answer.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(ii)
The data needed to draw the bar chart was obtained using a robotic athlete fitted
with electronic sensors.
Why is this data likely to be more reliable than data obtained using human athletes?
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 10 marks)
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