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Cc hng ng thc nng cao:
Chng minh:
Chng minh: Tng t cu trn.
Chng minh:
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 3
Chng minh:
Chng minh:
Chng minh: ta nhn 2 v vo, cc hng t gia s trit tiu
nhau.
Chng minh: tng t cu trn.
Ch : Qua cc bi tp, cc bn c th t rt ra c cc hng ng
thc ring cho mnh.
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 4
Tng kt: ngoi cc hng ng thc nu trong sch gio khoa, ti
mun gii hiu vi cc bn cc hng ng thc sau:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 5
Phn II: Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t v
cc dng bi tp.
Dng 1: Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t v
chng minh ng thc
Tht km khi tht bi, nhng iu t hn l khng c gng
thnh cng
ng thc tc l mt biu thc m gi tr ca hai v bng nhau. Chng ta c lm quen
vi nhng ng thc n gin nh , t hi i hc. V bc vo lp 8, chng ta c
hc thm mt s hng ng thc ng nh. chng ny, chng ti s em n cho cc bn
nhng cch chng minh ng thc t cc hng ng thc c.
1/ V d m u:
V d 1: CMR
Chng ta bit hng ng thc:
. p dng vo bi ton ny ta c:
(pcm)
V d 2: CMR:
Vi bi ton ny ta c th bt u t v tri cng nh bt u t v phi. y chng ti s bt u
t v tri, bn c t tm cch chng minh bt u t v phi.
(pcm)
2/ Phng php chng minh ng thc
a) Nhn bit: Mt bi ton chng minh ng thc s thng c cho hai v ri chng minh v
tri bng v phi(c th c iu kin hoc khng). Hoc chng ta phi tm gi tr ca biu thc,
khi chng ta cn phi a v tri v mt biu thc m ta c th vn dng c iu kin
bi. V bi cng c th yu cu chng ta phn tch mt a thc thnh nhn t.
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 6
b) Phng php
- c k biu thc cho. Qua xem xt xem cn nhng ng thc cn chng minh c th
vn dng nhng hng ng thc no. Kt hp vi cc iu kin ca bi chng ta s c hng
gii.
- Vn dng cc hng ng thc cho chng minh, hoc chng ta c th s dng cc k
thut phn tch a thc thnh nhn t di y chng minh ng thc
Cc phng php phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
1/ t nhn t chung
Tm nhn t chung l nhng n, a thc c mt trong tt c cc hng t.
Phn tch mi hng t thnh tch ca nhn t chung v mt nhn t khc.
Vit nhn t chung ra ngoi du ngoc, vit cc nhn t cn li ca mi hng t vo
trong du ngoc (k c du ca chng).
2/ S dng hng ng thc:
- Dng cc hng ng thc Chng I, phn tch a thc thnh nhn t.
- Ch cch vn dng cc hng ng thc.
3. Phng php nhm nhiu hng t
Kt hp cc hng t thch hp thnh tng nhm.
p dng lin tip cc phng php t nhn t chung hoc dng hng ng thc.
4. PN PP C N N N N
a) i vi a thc bc hai (f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c)
Cch 1 (tch hng t bc nht bx):
Bc 1: Tm tch ac, ri phn tch ac ra tch ca hai tha s nguyn bng mi cch.
a.c = a
1
.c
1
= a
2
.c
2
= a
3
.c
3
= = a
i
.c
i
=
Bc 2: Chn hai tha s c tng bng b, chng hn chn tch a.c = a
i
.c
i
vi b = a
i
+ c
i
Bc 3: Tch bx = a
i
x + c
i
x. T nhm hai s hng thch hp phn tch tip.
Hoc chng ta c th hiu a thc cn phn tch c dng:
V d: Phn tch a thc f(x) = 3x
2
+ 8x + 4 thnh nhn t.
Hng dn
- Phn tch ac = 12 = 3.4 = (3).(4) = 2.6 = (2).(6) = 1.12 = (1).(12)
- Tch ca hai tha s c tng bng b = 8 l tch a.c = 2.6 (a.c = a
i
.c
i
).
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 7
- Tch 8x = 2x + 6x (bx = a
i
x + c
i
x)
Li gii
3x
2
+ 8x + 4 = 3x
2
+ 2x + 6x + 4 = (3x
2
+ 2x) + (6x + 4)= x(3x + 2) + 2(3x + 2)
= (x + 2)(3x +2)
b) Cch 2 (tch hng t bc hai ax
2
)
- Lm xut hin hiu hai bnh phng :
Vd:Phntchathcsauthnhnhnt:fx4x
2
+ 8x + 4)
f(x) = (4x
2
+ 8x + 4) x
2
= (2x + 2)
2
x
2
= (2x + 2 x)(2x + 2 + x)
= (x + 2)(3x + 2)
- Tch thnh 4 s hng ri nhm :
f(x) = 4x
2
x
2
+ 8x + 4 = (4x
2
+ 8x) ( x
2
4) = 4x(x + 2) (x 2)(x + 2)
= (x + 2)(3x + 2)
f(x) = (12x
2
+ 8x) (9x
2
4) = = (x + 2)(3x + 2)
V d 11. Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t
a) 2x
2
- 5xy + 2y
2
;
b) x
2
(y - z) + y
2
(z - x) + z
2
(x - y).
Hng dn
a) Phn tch a thc ny tng t nh phn tch a thc f(x) = ax
2
+ bx + c.
Ta tch hng t th 2 :
2x
2
- 5xy + 2y
2
= (2x
2
- 4xy) - (xy - 2y
2
) = 2x(x - 2y) - y(x - 2y)
= (x - 2y)(2x - y)
a) hn xt - x = -(y - z) - (x - y). V vy ta tch hng t th hai ca a thc :
x
2
(y - z) + y
2
(z - x) + z
2
(x - y) = x
2
(y - z) - y
2
(y - z) - y
2
(x - y) + z
2
(x - y) =
= (y - z)(x
2
- y
2
) - (x - y)(y
2
- z
2
) = (y - z)(x - y)(x + y) - (x - y)(y - z)(y + z)
= (x - y)(y - z)(x - z)
Ch :
1 cu b ta c th tch y - z = - (x - y) - (z - x (hoc - x= - (y - z) - (x - y))
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 8
2 a thc cu b l mt trong nhng a thc c dng a thc c bit. Khi ta thay x = y
(y = hoc = x vo a thc th gi tr ca a thc bng . vy, ngoi cch phn tch
bng cch tch nh trn, ta cn cch phn tch bng cch xt gi tr ring.
Chng ta cng cn ch n nh l sau c th phn tch a thc thnh nhn t:
nh l Berzout: Nu f(x) c nghim x = a th f(a) = 0. Khi , f(x) c mt
nhn t l x a v f(x) c th vit di dng f(x) = (x a).q(x)
T nh l ny ta c th phn tch cu b) bng mt cch khc. V vi cc a thc mt bin
bc cao ta c th a v bc thp hn chng minh.
T ta c cc h qu:
H qu 1. Nu f(x c tng cc h s bng th f(x c mt nghim l x = 1. T f(x) c
mt nhn t l x 1.
H qu 2. Nu f(x c tng cc h s ca cc lu tha bc chn bng tng cc h s ca cc
lu tha bc l th f(x c mt nghim x = 1. T f(x c mt nhn t l x + 1.
H qu 3. Nu f(x c nghim nguyn x = a v f(1 v f(1) khc 0 th
u l
s nguyn.
Cc bn t chng minh cc h qu coi nh l mt vi bi tp nh. nh l Berout chng ti
s chng minh phn sau.
3/ V d nng cao:
V d 1: Phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t:
4
Gii:
4
4
4
t
ta c:
4 4 4
V d 2: Phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t
Gii:
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 9
V d 3: Chng minh rng
Ta bit hng ng thc
.
p dng vo bi ton ta c:
Dng 2: S dng hng ng thc gii
phng trnh nghim nguyn
Khng c ti sn no qu gi bng tr thng minh, khng c vinh
quang no ln hn hc vn v kin thc.
Cc phng trnh nghim nguyn l cc phng trnh c bit, c bit
bi cc phng trnh ny chng ta c tp xc nh hp hn v hon ton
c th s dng php th, php chn, chuyn ny chng ti mun
gi n cc bn mt trong nhng cch gii phng trnh nghim nguyn
l s dng Hng ng Thc, y l mt trong nhng cch gii th v v
su sc.
1/ V d m u
V d 1: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
4
Gii:
4
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 10
Ta thu c cc h qu sau
V d 2: m nghim nguyn phng trnh sau:
Gii:
Vy
Ta thu c
Xt trng hp
Thu c vi Phng trnh tng ng:
Ta c cc nghim
2/ Phng php gii:
gii cc phng trnh nghim nguyn chng ta c nhiu cch, trong chuyn ny
chng ti s hng dn cc bn cch s dng hng ng thc v cch vit thnh tng bnh
phng.
S dng hng ng thc:
B1: Quan st, nhn xt phng trnh cho. Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t
B2: u v phi bng 0, th ta xt tng hng t bng 0
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 11
u v phi khc 0, ta phn tch s thnh tch cc s nguyn t v xt tng trng
hp.
B3: Kt lun cc nghim thu c.
Vit thnh tng bnh phng:
B1: Quan st, nhn xt phng trnh, nh hng cch gii.
B2: Bin i biu thc thnh tng bnh phng, sau nhn xt cc gi tr chn
B3: Kt lun cc nghim thu c.
3/ V d nng cao:
V d 1: m nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
Gii: Ta c hng ng thc
Nhn thy nn:
Vy:
V d 2: m nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
4
4
Gii:
4
4
4
Vy:
Nu
Nu
4
V d 3: m nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
Ta thy khng phi nghim ca phng trnh nn phng trnh cho tng ng
vi:
V
- 18 - 9 - 6 - 3 - 2 - 1 1 2 3 6 9 18
- 15 - 6 - 3 0 1 2 4 5 6 9 12 21
(Cc bn c t tnh y tng ng vi mi x)
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 12
Dng 3: S dng hng ng thc tm
Gi tr ln nht, nh nht
Khng c con ng no di hn i chn cuu bn
Tm gi tr nh nht v gi tr ln nht bao gi cng l nhng bi ton hay v a
sng to. gii bi ton tm cc tr i s n, ta phi nm vng kin thc v
hng ng thc v c kin thc ca bt ng thc bi ton cc tr. Chng ti
mong rng s a n cho cc bn nhng bi ton hay, v gip cc bn tm ra
c nhng phng php gii c nht, ph cch v tuyt vi.
1/ V d m u:
V d 1: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
4
Gii:
4 4
Ta c
Vy
V d 2: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
Gii:
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 13
t
.
2/ Phng php gii:
i vi tng bi tp th s c nhng cch gii c o v khc nhau nhng v phng php
gii chng ta c th tm gn nh sau:
B1: Tm iu kin xc nh ca biu thc. ( 2 biu thc trn, iu kin xc nh l )
B2: Dng cc hng ng thc a cc bi thc cho v tng bnh phng hoc bnh
phng ca mt tng.
B3: hn xt biu thc dsau khi vit v dng trn.
B4: Vit kt lun v nh phi c gi tr ca bin cho biu thc t gi tr
3/ V d nng cao:
V d 1: Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca:
Gii:
Tm gi tr nh nht:
4 4
Do
nn
Vy
Tm gi tr ln nht:
Do
nn
Vy
V d 2: Tm gi tr nh nht ca:
4
Gii:
4 4 4
Ta c
V d 3: Cho cc s thc v
. Tm gi tr nh nht ca
Gii: Gi s: .
Nu 4
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 14
Nu 4 4
Vy:
4
4
4 4 4
Vy
4
Dng 4: S dng hng ng thc gii
bi ton s hc
Ch c s n lc ca chnh bn mi em li thnh cng
Cc bi ton s hc lun l nhng bi ton hay v kh. Thng xut hin trong
cc k thi tuyn chn hc sinh gii ca quc gia v quc t. Mi bi ton s hc
gip chng ta c rn luyn k nng gii ton, kh nng phn tch v tng hp.
Trong chng trnh, chng ta t c tip cn vi nhng bi ton s hc, l
mt im hn ch. Chng ti mong qua chuyn ny, s em n cho cc
bn mt s bi ton s hc c bn, v c th gii bng cch phn tch a thc
thnh nhn t.
1/ V d m u:
V d 1: Chng minh rng:
a)
b)
Li gii:
a)
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 15
V d 2:
a) Chng minh rng nu a thc f(x) c tng cc h s ca cc hng t bc chn bng tng
cc h s ca cc hng t bc l th a thc y chia ht cho (x +1).
b)Tm d khi chia :
cho x
2
1 .
Gii:
a) Ta c:
b) Gi s d l .
Vy s d khi chia cho
l 2x
Dng 5: S dng hng ng thc gii
phng trnh
Ch c s n lc ca chnh bn mi em li thnh cng
nh ngha gii phng trnh c l n lp 8 chng ta mi c bit nhng bi
ton v gii phng trnh chng ta c lm quen t hi tiu hc nhng vi
cch pht biu khc nh tm x, tm gi tr tho mn yu cu bi, n vi
lp 8 chng ta s phi lm quen vi nhng phng trnh kh hn. Ch khng
phi nhng bi x+1=2 nh ngy no. V gii cch phng trnh . Phn
tch a thc thnh nhn t hay s dng cc hng ng thc l mt trong nhng
cch hu dng nht. Trong phn ny, chng ti s gi n cc bn c nhng
k nng gii cch phng trnh
1/ V d ban u:
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 16
V d 1: Gii phng trnh sau:
4
Gii:
Ta s c nhiu cch gii, chng ti xin a ra 2 cch gii thng dng sau:
Cch 1:
4 4
Cch 2:
C hai cch u nhanh gn, v hay. Chc chn chng ta s t hi liu chng ta c th gii
phng trnh bc cao hn khng? Cu tr li chc l c. hng chng ta phi kho lo hn.
Chng ta cng nhau nhn xt nhng v d sau:
V d 2: Gii phng trnh sau:
v d ny chng ta khng th vit thnh tng bnh phng hay dng cc hng ng thc,
bi s phc tp hn rt nhiu. Chng ta s ngh ti cch phn tch a thc thnh nhn t.
hn xt: phng trnh c tng cc h s bc chn bng tng cc h s bc l vy s c
nghim l -1. Ta c cch gii sau:
Nhn thy: cch gii ny nhanh gn hn v thun tin hn rt nhiu.
2/ Phng php gii:
a) Phng trnh bc 2
Cch 1(Cch tng qut)
B1: Rt h s i theo x
2
ra ngoi ngoc.
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 17
B2: Dng hng ng thc:
Ta s c:
Cch 2( ph hp vi nhng phng trnh c bit):
B1: Chuyn tt c cc hng t sang v tri(v phi bng 0)
B2: Dng cc phng php phn tch a thc thnh nhn t a a thc v tri thnh
tch cc nhn t.
B3: Xt tng tch bng 0 ri tm x v kt lun.
b) Phng trnh bc cao (ph hp vi cc phng trnh c bit):
cc phng trnh bc cao (ln hn 2 m chng ta tip xc l 8 v lp 9 u l
nhng phng trnh c bit (c th phn tch thnh phng trnh tch nn cch gii
s ging vi cch 2 phn (a
B1: Chuyn tt c cc hng t sang v tri(v phi bng 0)
B2: Dng cc phng php phn tch a thc thnh nhn t a a thc v tri thnh
tch cc nhn t.
B3: Xt tng tch bng 0 ri tm x v kt lun.
c) Phng trnh c cha mu thc:
B1: Tm iu kin xc nh ca mu thc (mu khc 0)
B2: Chuyn cc hng t sang v tri
B3: Rt gn bi thc va thu c
B4: Dng cc phng php trn gii phng trnh khi t thc bng 0(loi cc trng
hp khng tho mn vi iu kin xc nh)
d) Cc mo vt:
Phng trnh bc 2:
- u a+b+c=0 th nghim ca phng trnh l 1 v
- u a b + c = 0 th nghim ca phng trnh l -1 v
Nu ta c phng trnh c dng
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 18
Nu ta c phng trnh c dng
* Ngoi cc mo nh trn, trong khi gii cc bi ton cc bn cng t rt ra mo nh cho
mnh! :d. y chnh l iu chng ti mong mun
3/ Cc v d nng cao:
a) Cho , gii phng trnh sau
Li gii:
Thay vo iu kin ta c p n:
b)
4
Gi : da vo mo lm.
4
Gii tng phng trnh, phn ny xin mi bn c t gii.
c)
(KX: )
Ch : Lun pi n cc iu kin xc nh trong bi. c bit khi phn tch
thnh nhn t ri rt gn th phi ghi iu kin xt nghim cho n gin.
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 19
Dng 6: S dng hng ng thc chng
minh bt ng thc
Thy lng lnh t xa l vt trang sc,
cng gn cng thy sng l hc vn
Cuc sng l nhng bt ng thc mt cu ni tht th v v c o. hng qu ng l
nh vy, c mi giy, mi pht tri qua l ta c c hng ngn bt ng thc ca s thay i
c th. V cn cha k trong cuc sng c v s nhng bt ng thc m ta buc phi
chng minh. hng chng minh nhng bt ng thc ca cuc i , chng ta hy bt
u t nhng bt ng thc n gin nht. chng ny ti s gi n cc bn nhng
phng php chng minh bt ng thc kh hay l s dng hng ng thc.
1/ V d m u:
V d 1: CMR:
y l mt bt ng thc n gin. Ta c cch gii sau:
lun ng pcm
V d 2: CMR:
bi tp ny ta khng th chuyn v ri dng hng ng thc a v tng bnh phng
c. Thay vo chng ta phi c mt bc o thut bin nhng ci cha thnh
, bin nhng th cha c thnh c.
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 20
2/ Phng php gii:
i vi cc Bt ng Thc, chng ta c rt nhiu cc cch gii quyt. Trong chuyn
ny, chng ti xin gi n cc bn mt s cch gii quyt BT
a) Cch 1: Dng nh ngha
Nu ta phi chng minh , ta xt hiu , ri chng minh
b) Cch 2: Php bin i tng ng.
T BT cho ta bin i thnh nhng BT khc. Ri thnh mt BT lun ng th
BT u bi s c chng minh. (Thng nhng php bin i s a v tng bnh
phng)
c) Ch : gii B, cc bn phi nm r nhng tnh cht c bn ca B
Tnh cht 1:
nh cht 2:
Tnh cht 3:
H qu:
nh cht 4:
nh cht 5:
nh cht 6:
Tnh cht 7:
3/ V d nng cao:
V d1: Cho chng minh rng:
Gii: Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi:
V d 2: Cho Chng minh rng:
Ta c:
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 21
4
hn tng v ca bt ng thc vi nhau, v y l cc s dng nn:
4 4
V d 3: Chng minh rng:
Gii:
Trc tin ta chng minh bt ng thc:
Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi:
4
p dng kt qu trn ta c:
pcm
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 22
Phn III: Cc bi tp luyn tp
Bi 1: Phn tch cc a thc sau thnh nhn t:
1 16x
3
y + 0,25yz
3
20 (a + b + c)
2
+ (a + b c)
2
4c
2
2 x
4
4x
3
+ 4x
2
21 4a
2
b
2
(a
2
+ b
2
c
2
)
2
3 2ab
2
a
2
b b
3
22 a
4
+ b
4
+ c
4
2a
2
b
2
2b
2
c
2
2a
2
c
2
4 a
3
+ a
2
b ab
2
b
3
23 a(b
3
c
3
) + b(c
3
a
3
) + c(a
3
b
3
)
5 x
3
+ x
2
4x - 4 24 a
6
a
4
+ 2a
3
+ 2a
2
6 x
3
x
2
x + 1 25 (a + b)
3
(a b)
3
7 x
4
+ x
3
+ x
2
- 1 26 X
3
3x
2
+ 3x 1 y
3
8 x
2
y
2
+ 1 x
2
y
2
27 X
m + 4
+ x
m + 3
x - 1
9 x
4
x
2
+ 2x - 1 28 (x + y)
3
x
3
y
3
10 3a 3b + a
2
2ab + b
2
29 (x + y + z)
3
x
3
y
3
z
3
11 a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
2a 2b + 1 30 (b c)
3
+ (c a)
3
+ (a b)
3
12 a
2
b
2
4a + 4b 31 x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
3xyz
13 a
3
b
3
3a + 3b 32 (x + y)
5
x
5
y
5
14 x
3
+ 3x
2
3x - 1 33 (x
2
+ y
2
)
3
+ (z
2
x
2
)
3
(y
2
+ z
2
)
3
15 x
3
3x
2
3x + 1 34 x
3
5x
2
y 14xy
2
16 x
3
4x
2
+ 4x - 1 35 x
4
7x
2
+ 1
17 4a
2
b
2
(a
2
+ b
2
1)
2
36 4x
4
12x
2
+ 1
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 23
18 (xy + 4)
2
(2x + 2y)
2
37 x
2
+ 8x + 7
19 (a
2
+ b
2
+ ab)
2
a
2
b
2
b
2
c
2
c
2
a
2
38
x
2
13x + 36
Bi 2: Phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t:
1. (a b)
3
+ (b c)
3
+ (c a)
3
2. (a x)y
3
(a y)x
3
(x y)a
3
3. x(y
2
z
2
) + y(z
2
x
2
) + z(x
2
y
2
)
4. (x + y + z)
3
x
3
y
3
z
3
5. 3x
5
10x
4
8x
3
3x
2
+ 10x + 8
6. 5x
4
+ 24x
3
15x
2
118x + 24
7. 15x
3
+ 29x
2
8x 12
8. x
4
6x
3
+ 7x
2
+ 6x 8
9. x
3
+ 9x
2
+ 26x + 24
Bi 3: Phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t
1. a(b + c)(b
2
c
2
) + b(a + c)(a
2
c
2
) + c(a + b)(a
2
b
2
)
2. ab(a b) + bc(b c) + ca(c a)
3. a(b
2
c
2
) b(a
2
c
2
) + c(a
2
b
2
)
4. (x y)
5
+ (y z)
5
+ (z x)
5
5. (x + y)
7
x
7
y
7
6. ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a) + abc
7. (x + y + z)
5
x
5
y
5
z
5
8. a(b
2
+ c
2
) + b(c
2
+ a
2
) + c(a
2
+ b
2
) + 2abc
9. a
3
(b c) + b
3
(c a) + c
3
(a b)
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 24
10. abc (ab + bc + ac) + (a + b + c) 1
Bi 4 Phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t:
1. (x
2
+ x)
2
+ 4x
2
+ 4x 12
2. (x
2
+ 4x + 8)
2
+ 3x(x
2
+ 4x + 8) + 2x
2
3. (x
2
+ x + 1)(x
2
+ x + 2) 12
4. (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) 24
5. (x
2
+ 2x)
2
+ 9x
2
+ 18x + 20
6. x
2
4xy + 4y
2
2x + 4y 35
7. (x + 2)(x + 4)(x + 6)(x + 8) + 16
8. (x
2
+ x)
2
+ 4(x
2
+ x) 12
9. 4(x
2
+ 15x + 50)(x
2
+ 18x + 72) 3x
2
Bi 5: Cho
CMR:
Bi 6: Cho
4
Bi 8: Chng minh rng n
4
10n+9 chia ht cho 384 vi mi s l n.(Phn tch n
4
10n+9 ra
tha s ri thay n = 2k +1).
Bi 9: Cho cc s nguyn a, b, c tho mn a + b + c = 0. Chng minh:
a) a
3
+ b
3
+ c
3
chia ht cho 3abc.
b) a
5
+ b
5
+ c
5
chia ht cho 5abc.
( Ta c c = -(a+b). Hc sinh t gii nt).
Bi 10: S c dng n
2
+ n + 1 (n l s nguyn dng) c th l s chnh phng khng?( n
2
+ n + 1 nm gia hai s chnh phng lin tip nn khng l s chnh phng).
Bi 11: Chng mnh rng vi mi s t nhin n>1:
a) S n
4
+ 4 l hp s.(chng minh rng n
4
+ 4 phn tch c thnh hai tha s >1)
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 25
b) S n
4
+ 4k
4
l hp s
Bi 12 Chng minh rng s 111222 (n ch s 1 v n ch s 2) l tch ca hai s nguyn
lin tip vi mi s n nguyn dng
Bi 13: Tm tng cc h s ca a thc khi khai trin:
a) (3x 2)
4
b) (5x 3)
10
( t x = 1).
Bi 14: Tm hai ch s tn cng ca 7
1990
. ( ta thy lu tha ca 7 st vi mt bi s ca 100
l 7
4
= 2401. Vy 7
1990
= 7
4k +2
. Hc sinh t gii tip.)
Bi 15: Chng mnh rng:
a) A = 12 + 22 + 32 + .+ 1002 khng l s chnh phng( chng minh A chia 4 d 2).
b) C = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 +.+ n (n l) l s chnh phng.( t n = 2k +1; C = k
2
).
Bi 16:
Cho cc s nguyn a, b, d, c, e, g tho mn a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2 +
e
2
= g
2.
Chng minh
rng tch abcdeg l s chn.( CM cc s u l l sai bng cch s dng tnh cht s chnh
phng l khi chia cho 8).
Bi 17:
Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin m, n th:
X
6m+4
+ x
6n+2
+ 1 chia ht cho x
2
x + 1.
Gi : Phn tch a thc thnh x
4
(x
6m
1) +x
2
(x
6n
-1) + (x
4
+ x
2
+ 1). Sau chng minh mi
hng t u chia ht cho x
2
x + 1.
Bi 18: Tm a thc f(x), bit rng chia a thc cho x 3 th d 2, chia cho x + 4 th d 9, cn
chia cho x
2
+ x 12 th c thng l x
2
+ 3 v cn d.(/s: x
4
+x
3
-9x
2
+2x-31)
Bi 19: Cho a thc f(x) c cc h s nguyn. Bit rng f(0), f(1) l cc s l. Chng minh
rng a thc f(x) khng c nghim nguyn.(Gi a l nghim nguyn ca a thc; ta chng
minh c a l s l, nhng 1 a cng l s l => khng tn ti a.)
Bi 20: Chng minh rng tng cc bnh phng ca hai s l th khng chia ht cho 4, cn
hiu bnh phng ca hai s l th chia ht cho 8.(Gi hai s l 2a+1 v 2b+1 ri xt tng,
hiu bnh phng hai s).
Bi 21: ii cc phng trnh sau:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
4
g)
h)
Phn ny xin khng gi , bi cc bn ch cn gii phng trnh theo phng
php chung l ra kt qu.
Bi 22: ii cc phng trnh sau:
a)
i : Phn tch a thc trn thnh nhn t.
b)
4
i : Phn tch tng a thc thnh cc nhn t bc nht, ri nhn cc nhn t c
tng bng nhau t n ph. 4
c)
Gi : S dng u , ng ph thuc qu :p! he he 4
d)
i : Lm theo ng phng php.
e)
4
i : Cu ny ni ra hay khng th cng th, lm t t khng vi l ra kt qu.
f)
i : Phng php u?
g)
4
i : Nu cn nh phng trnh bc 2: a+b+c= th iu g xy ra. Nu khng th ph
tung ra, nu thy nhanh hn.
h)
i : Nhn k cc h s v nhn xt. Cu ny n gin.
i)
i : ng thy bc cao m nn lng. Xem k cc h s i, c iu c bit.
1, 2, 3
j)
Gi : bin i c phng trnh dng .
k)
i : ng th gic nh la. Mt hng ng thc rt quen thuc.
l)
m)
i : cho lun p n ri ka.
n)
o)
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 27
p)
q)
4
Bi 23: ii cc phng trnh sau
a) Cho xy=9, gii:
Gi : thay th x = 6 y hoc ngc li.
b) Cho xy=1, gii:
c) Cho , gii:
gii
i : Ni ra l ht bi.Bn c s lm c thi
e) Cho
gii:
gii:
Hnh nh lm trong phn c v d
g) Cho
Gii:
Bi 24: Phng trnh cha n mu thc. ii cc phng trnh sau:
a)
b)
4
Bi 25: Chng minh rng:
Bi 26: Chng minh rng:
Bi 27: Chng minh rng:
Bi 28: Cho Chng minh rng:
Bi 29: Cho Chng minh rng:
Bi 30: Cho: . Chng minh rng:
Bi 31: Cho . Chng minh rng
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 28
p dng: Tm gi tr ln nht ca:
Bi 32: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh sau:
Bi 33: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
4
4
Bi 34: 4x x x 4 x
Bi tp sng to
Bi 1 Phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t:
Bi 2: Phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t:
Bi 3: Cho
. Tnh
Bi 4: Tm s d trong php chia sau:
cho
Bi 5: Liu c tn ti x :
4
Bi 6: Tm tng cc h s bc chn, v tng cc h s bc l ca a thc sau:
Bi 7: Tm s d trong php chia sau:
cho
Bi 8: Gii cc phng trnh sau:
a)
b)
4 4
6(2++1)
c) 4
4
d)
e)
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 29
f)
Bi 9: Gii phng trnh sau:
i : Cu ny s ra lun ny!
! Cn nh khng??? :d
Bi 10:
i : cu c bin i cht thi m. c gi lm g! :p!
Bi 11: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
Bi 12: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh: x
2
+xy+y
2
=x
2
y
2
Bi 13: Tm cp s nguyn (x, y) sao cho:
Bi 14: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
Bi 15: Tm gi tr nh nht ca cc biu thc sau:
A=x
2
+15y
2
+xy+8x+y+1992
B=x
2
-2xy+2y
2
+2x-10y+17
C=x
4
-2x
3
+3x
2
-2x +1
D=x
2
+2y
2
+3z
2
-2xy+2xz-2x-2y-8z+2013
E=x
2
+26y
2
-10xy+14x-76y+59
F=19x
2
+54y
2
+16z
2
-16xz-24yz+36xy+5
G=x
2
+14z
2
+6y
2
-8yz-6xz-4xy
Bi 16: Tm gi tr ln nht ca cc biu thc sau:
B=-(2x+3y)
2
-z(25z-30y-20x)-6
C=
3x
2
+14
x
2
+4
D=
2x+1
x
2
+2
Bi 17: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
Bi 18: Tm gi tr nh nht ca:
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 30
Bi 19: Cho . Tm gi tr nh nht ca:
Bi 20: Cho 4
4
Phn IV: Cc bi tp luyn tp trong cc thi
Ngc bt trc bt thnh kh
Nhn bt hc bt chi li
Bi 1: Phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t:
4
( thi v ch ton vng II, Belarussia, 1958)
Bi 2: Phn tch a thc sau thnh nhn t:
( thi v ch ton lp 8, vng I, Belarussia, 1957)
Bi 6: Mt s bi tp trong thi lin quan n gii phng trnh:
a) (Thi hc k II lp 7 H-Ams: 2000 2001)
b)
( thi 10 chuyn HKHT HQGH, nm 2000)
Bi 9: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
4
( thi hc sinh gii Ton ton quc lp 9, 1976)
Bi 10: Gii phng trnh nghim nguyn:
( thi lp 10 chuyn Ton THPT Lam Sn, Thanh Ho, 2001 2002)
Bi 11: Cho a, b, c l cc s khc 0 v i mt khc nhau sao cho:
( thi hc k Ams lps 8, 2006 2007)
Chuyn phn tch a thc thnh nhn t Nhm Delta
Thinking means living Page 32