MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

p = p
o
p

wbcrc p
o
= 4n 1u
-7
|
E
m
, ]
Field Intensity: E =
Ni
l
c
, |
At
m
, ]
Flux Density: B = pB |
wb
m
2 , ]
Reluctance: J =
l
c
pA
, j
At
wb
, [
Flux: = B A =
J
J
, |wb]
Flux: =
pNiA
l
c
, |wb]
Induced EMF: e = N
J
Jt
, |I]
Flux linkage: z = N |wbt]
Eddy current loss: P
c
= K
c

2
B
m
2
j
wb
kg
, [
B
m
= B
mux
o corc
Inductance: I =
N
I
, =
N
2
J
, =
N
2
pA
l
c
_ |E]
Leakage inductance: I
I
=
N
I
I
, |E]
Energy: e =
Ii
2
2
, =
J
2
2
, |[]
TRANSFORMERS
Turns ratio:
I
1
I
2
, =
i
1
i
2
, =
N
1
N
2
, = k
Load impedance as seen from primary:
Z'
L
= (
N
1
N
2
, )
2
Z
L
|u]
Peak flux:
m

Peak voltage: I
pk
= e
11p
= N
1
0
m
|I]
RMS voltage: I
RMS
=
I
pcuk
V2
_ |I]
I
I1
=
N
1

I1
i
1
, ; I
I2
=
N
2

I2
i
2
,
i
i
m
= i
1
-
N
2
N
1
i
2
; i
ii
m
= i
2
-
N
1
N
2
i
1

I
i
m
=
N
1

m
i
i
m
, ; I
ii
m
=
N
1

m
i
ii
m
,
I
i
m
I
ii
m
, = [
N
1
N
2
,
2

X
i
I2
= [
N
1
N
2
,
2
X
I2
; R
i
2
= [
N
1
N
2
,
2
R
2

X
ii
I1
= [
N
2
N
1
,
2
X
I1
; R
ii
1
= [
N
2
N
1
,
2
R
1

X
ii
m
= [
N
2
N
1
,
2
X
i
m
; R
ii
c
= [
N
2
N
1
,
2
R
i
c

e''
1
=
N
2
N
1
e
1
; I''
1
=
N
2
N
1
I
1

I
ii
1
=
N
1
N
2
I
1
; I
ii
m
=
N
1
N
2
I
m

P
c
=
I
1
2
R'
c
; P
w
= I
1
2
R
1
+I
2
2
R
2

p = [
I
2
I
2
cos 0
2
I
2
I
2
cos 0
2
+ P
c
+P
w
, - 1uu%
Regulation:
|vNL|-|vFL|
|vFL|

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
cos 0
0C
=
P
0C
I
0C
I
0C
,
R
i
c
=
I
0C
I
0C
cos 0
0C
, ; X
i
m
=
I
0C
I
0C
sin 0
0C
,
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
|Z
SC
| =
I
SC
I
SC
= (R
1
+k
2
R
2
)
2
+ (X
I1
+ k
2
X
I2
)
2

P
SC
= I
SC
2
(R
1
+ k
2
R
2
)
R'
cq
= R
1
+R'
2
= R
1
+k
2
R
2
=
P
SC
I
SC
2 _
X
i
Icq
= _|Z
SC
|
2
-R
i
cq
2
= X
I1
+ X
i
I2
= X
I1
+k
2
X
I2

ssume: R
1
= R'
2
& X
I1
= X'
I2

PER-UNIT VALUES
I
BASL
=
S
BASL
I
BASL
, |pcr winJing]
R
BASL
= X
BASL
= Z
BASL
=
I
BASL
I
BASL
,
P
BASL
=
BASL
= |S
BASL
| = I
BASL
I
BASL

P. u. =
octuol omount
bosc omount
,
AUTO-TRANSFORMER
I
x
= I
2
-I
1
; Cu
RA1I0
= 1 -
N
2
N
1

DC-MACHINES
Lossless Mac!ine: :i = I
c

m
; F

= i(l

)
DC GENERATORS
LAP WINDING
o = P ; e
u
=
Zu
2n
,
WAVE WINDING
o = 2 ; e
u
=
ZuP
4n
,
verage Flux density per pole: B
u
=
P
nl
u

,
e
u1
= PN (pcr coil); e
u
=
ZuP
2no
,
K =
ZP
2no
,
I
d
= KI
u

ir gap po"er: P
ug
= e
u
I
u
= I
d
u |w]
#!ere: =
lu
polc
,
Z = totol ormoturc conJuctors
= slots
conJuctors
slot

P = gcncrotor polcs (olwos c:cn)
u =
2nN
u
, = ongulor :clocit j
roJs
s
, [
N = ormoturc spccJ |rpm]
o = porollcl potbs in ormoturc winJing
SEPERATLY EXCITED
:

= R

+I

Ji

Jt
; I

= I

= Ku -I
u
Ji
u
Jt
-i
u
R
u

I

= Ku -i
u
R
u

I
u
= Ki
u
+[
Ju
Jt
+I
Io

I
u
= Ki
u
+I
Io

I

=
I

R
c
+R

_ ; I
I
= I
u

I
I
=
I

R
L
, =
e
u
R
u
+R
L
, =
Ku
R
u
+R
L
,
e
u
= I

+ I
u
R
u
= Ku
K JcpcnJs on I

= e
u
- I
u
R
u
= e
u
- I
L
R
u

SHUNT
$o Load:
e
u
= I

(R
u
+R
c
+R

)
I

= I

R
c
+R

e
u
= (I

)
Loaded:
I

= I
L
R
L
= e
u
-I
u
R
u

I
u
= I
L
+I

I
L
=
P
L
I
L
, ; I

=
I

_
%oltage "ill not &uild if:
'( T!ere is no residual magnetism present
)( Field connected opposes permanent magnetism
*( R

R
ccuI

e
u
= I

+ I
u
R
u
= I

R
c
+R

+I
u
R
u

SERIES
I
u
= I
L
= I

= e
u
- I
L
(R
u
+ R

)
EFFICIENCY
P

= I
uppIcd
u + I

P
o
= I

I
L

p =
P
o
P

, =
I

I
L
I
uppIcd
u +I

_
LOSSES
P
S1RAL0SS

P
MLCAICALL0SS
= winJing & riction
P
MAL1IL0SS
= corc losscs
P
LLLC1RICALL0SS
= I
u
2
R
u
+ I

2
R

P
ARMA1RLL0SS
= e
u
I
u
= I
d
u
P
ARMA1RLCL0SS
= P
u
= I
u
2
R
u

P
S1ILLCL0SS
= P

= I

P
BRSL0SS
= I
B
I
u

P
R01L0SS
= P
C0RL
+P
MLC
=
u
I
u
= (I

-I
u
R
u
)I
u

P
R01
- colculotcJ ot no looJ conJitions
DC MOTORS
SEPARATELY EXCITED
:

= R

+I

Ji

Jt
; I

= I

= Ku +I
u
Ji
u
Jt
+i
u
R
u

I

= e
u
+ I
u
R
u
= Ku +I
u
R
u

I
L0A
= Ki
u
-[
Ju
Jt
-I
L0SS
= Ki
u
- I
L0SS

e
u
= Ku = I

I = I
cuI
= KI
u

SPEED CONTROL
u =
I

-I
u
R
u
K
, =
I

K
-
IR
u
(K)
2

u =
I

K
-
I(R
u
+R
d
)
(K)
2

I = I
L0SS
+ I
L0A

SHUNT
I

= I

R
c
+R

= e
u
+I
u
R
u
= Ku+i
u
R
u

I
L0A
= KI
u
-I
L0SS

e
u
= Ku = I

I = I
I1LRAL
= KI
u

u =
I

K
-
IR
u
(K)
2

u =
I

K
-
I(R
u
+R
d
)
(K)
2

BLOCKED ROTOR
R
u
=
I
u
I
u
, ; R

=
I

_
SERIES
I = KI
u
= KI
L

e
u
= Ku = (I

)|

= e
u
+ I
u
(R
u
+R

) = Ku+I
u
(R
u
+R

)
I
L0A
= KI
L
- I
L0SS

I = I
L0SS
+ I
L0A

u =
I

K
-
I(R
u
+R

)
(K)
2

or lincr rongc o mog cur:c I
L
< I
u(RA1L)

K = K

I
L
2

K = _K

I
I = K

I
L
2

I
LvLL0PL
=
P
LvLL0PL
u
,
INDUCTION MOTORS
P = 2n ; wbcrc P = polcs, n
= stotor slots or polcs or pboscs
Sync!ronous Speed: N

=
12u
P
,

=
P
2

2nN

u

%slip = [
N

-N
N

, 1uu%
Rotor speed: N = (1 - s)N

= sN

X
2BR
=

; blockcJ rotor lcokogc I

X
2
= sX
2BR

e
2BR
= 4.44
m
N

; wbcrc N

= rotor tuns,
m
= max lu
e
2
= se
2BR

I
2

=
e
2BR

R
2
s
+ ]X
2BR
=
se
2BR

R
2
+]sX
2BR

R
2
s
= R
2
+
R
2
s
(1 - s)
R
i
2
= _
N
1
N
2
]
2
R
i
2
; X
i
2BR
= _
N
1
N
2
]
2
X
2BR

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS
P
0C-3q
= P
ouI
= w
1
+w
2

P
0C-1q
=
P
0C-3q
S
,
P
0C-1q
=
P
0C-3q
-SI
0C
2
R
1
- P
mcc
S

P
L-1q
= P
0C-1q-
I
0C
2
R
1
- P
mcc-Io-1q

R
c
=
I
0C
2
P
L-1q
; I
0C-1q
=
I
L
VS

#!ere: I
0C
= I linc to ncutrol = I
RA1L

cos 0
0C
=
P
L-1q
I
0C
I
0C
_
X
m
=
I
0C
I
0C
sin 0
0C
=
I
0C
2
_I
0C
2
I
0C
2
-P
L-1q
2

k =
N
uo
N
oo
,
WOUND ROTOR
k = _
I

I
m
I
m
I

; wbcrc
I
m
= mcosurcJ I
uo
or I
oo
= I

I
m
= mcosurcJ I
oo
or I
uo
= I

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST
R
cq
= R
1
+R'
2
= R
1
+k
2
R
2
=
P
SC-1q
I
SC
2 _
|Z
SC
| =
I
SC
I
SC
, ; I
SC-1q
=
I
SC
VS
_
X
cq
= X
1
+k
2
X
2BR
= _|Z
SC
|
2
-R
i
cq
2

X
1
= X'
2BR

X
cq
2
,
- ConncctcJ R
1
=
R
m
2
,
A -ConncctcJ R
1
=
SR
m
2
,
P
C-L0SS
= SI
1
2
R
1

P
A-3q
= P
-3q
-P
C-L0SS
-P
C0RL-L0SS
= SI
i
2
2
R
i
2
s

P
d-3q
= SI
i
2
2
R
i
2
(1 -s)
s
= P
ug-3q
(1 -s)
P
o-3q
= P
d-3q
-P
MLC
-P
C0RL-L0SS

P
R-C-L0SS
P
d-MLC
=
s
1 -s

SPEED TORQUE CHARACTERISTIC
I
c
=
P
d-3q
u
m
_ ; u
m
= u

(1 -s)
I
c
=
S
u

I
i
2
2
R
i
2
s
; I
c-u
=
S
u

I
i
2
2
R
i
2

I'
2
=
I
1

[R
1
+
R
i
2
s
+](X
1
+X
2BR
)

I
c-omuI
=
SI
1
2
s
u

R
i
2

THEVENIN EQUIVALENT
I
1

=
]X
m
I
1

R
1
+](X
1
+X
m
)

Z
1
= R
1
+ ]X
1
=
]X
m
(R
1
+]X
1
)
R
1
+](X
1
+X
m
)

I
c-u
=
SI
1
2
R
i
2
u

(X
1
+X
i
2BR
)
2

s
m
=
R'
2
R
1
2
+(X
1
+X
i
2BR
)
2

I
c-mux
=
SI
1
2
2u

[R
1
+R
1
2
+(X
1
+X
i
2BR
)
2

INDUCTION MOTOR PERFORMANCE
$eglecting mec!anical and core losses:
P
o-3q
= P
d-3q
; p 1 -s
THREE PHASE THEORY
I
L
= Iinc Ioltogc = linc to linc :oltogc
I
P
= Pbosc Ioltogc = linc to ncutrol :oltogc
-ConncctcJ
I
L
= VSI
P

P
1
= VSI
L
I
L
cos 0
P
P
= I
P
I
P
cos 0
A -ConncctcJ
I
L
= VSI
P

I
L
= I
P

P
1
= VSI
L
I
L
cos 0
SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
+pen ,ircuit ,!aracteristic:
Plot I
0C
:s. I

I
0
-
0
S!ort ,ircuit ,!aracteristic:
sbort ormoturc, kccp I
0
constont
mcosurc I
u

|Z

| =

0
I
u

Resistance Measurement:
-conncctcJ
R
u(C)
=
R
mcucd
2
,
A -conncctcJ
R
u(C)
=
SR
mcucd
2

R
c
= 1.4R
u(C)

Ioltogc inJuccJ in pbosc o
e
u
=
m
sin ( t)
#!ere:

m
= 2nN
= lu pcr polc
= 2n
= rcqucnc o inJuccJ :oltogc
e
b
=
m
sin( t - 12u)
e
c
=
m
sin( t - 24u)

0
= K (rms or pcok)
PER-PHASE

= I

+I
u
(R
u
+ ]X

)
%IR =
|
0
| - |I

|
|I

|
1uu%
o = zbctwccn
0

& I

= powcr onglc
= zbctwccn I
u

& I

gcnncroll X

> R
u
Z

]X

Neg|ect|ng R

0
sin o = X

I
u
cos
P
d-1q
= I

I
d
cos =I

0
sin o
X

]
Inc|ud|ng R

-nity PF Load:

0
= (I

+ I
u
R
u
)
2
+ (I
u
X

)
2

Lagging PF Load:

0
= (I

cos ( ) + I
u
R
u
)
2
+ (I

sin ( ) + I
u
X

)
2

Leading PF Load:

0
= (I

cos ( ) + I
u
R
u
)
2
+ (I

sin ( ) - I
u
X

)
2

ctive and Reactive Po"er:

= I

+I
u
(R
u
+ ]X

) =
0
(cos o +] sin o)
I
u
=
1
|Z

|
2
|R
u
(
0
cos(o) -I

) + X

0
sin(o)
+]R
u

0
sin(o)
-]X

(
0
cos(o) -I

)]
wbcrc |Z
S
|
2
= R
u
2
+X

2

S

= I

I
u

= P +]
P =
1
|Z

|
2
|R
u
I

0
cos(o) - I

2
+X

0
sin(o)]
=
1
|Z

|
2
|-R
u
I

0
sin(o) +X

(I

0
cos(o) -I

2
)]
Ncglccting R
u

P
I

0
sin(o)
X

;
-I

2
+ I

0
cos(o)
X

I
I

0
sin(o)
u

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
I
d

SI

0
sin(o)
u

PER-PHASE
ncglccting R
u

P
d-1q
=
I

0
sin(o)
X

= constont
I
u
X

cos() =
0
sin(o) = constont
SALIENT-POLE MACHINES
I
d
= I
u
sin(o +)
I
q
= I
u
cos(o +)

0
= I

cos(o) + I
u
X
u

P
d-1q
=
I

0
sin(o)
X
d
+
I

2
2
_
1
X
q
-
1
X
d
_