]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

???
K?

W EF

K?E
F?

K
K?EF?


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

K

KK Kelvinator
WK
J
K J
KEF J
KKKK J
KKKK J

K
W
K K K

W

K (p-h)

K

(COP)
K

K
--

KW
W
W
K

Kp-h
K

K (p-h)
K

W
K
W
K

--

W
K

KK

K

W
K solids -

Kliquids Kgases -

(liquids)incompressible

relatively incompressible

pV = mRT

p = {Pa}

V={ m3}

T= {K}

m ={ kg}

R={J/kg K}

--

melting

boiling

condensation

freezing

WEF

T (C )

100C

(v g v f )

vg

vf

v(m3 / kg )

WEF
E F

(latent heat)

thermometer

--

K

WK

101.325 kPa

100C

WEF

KE
F

superheating

107C 107C

K 100C

subcooling
95C

K 100C 5C

--

Ep-h diagramF

T-sp-h
(T-s diagrams )J
WEF

KE + F

(latent heat of vaporization)

K
p

WEF
--

W p h
W ( p = c) J

K (bar ) (log p)

W (h = c) J

K (kJ / kg )

p-hWEF

--

W (kJ / kgK )

( s = c)

K (diagonally)

S =c

(s = c)WEF

--

W (T = c)

K C
T=c

p
T=c

c
T=

50C

20

50

T=c

50

20C

0
20

0C

WEF

--

W (v = c)

KK l / kg m 3 / kg

WEF

--

v=c

W dryness

fraction (x )

K dryness

fraction (x )

L =

x=

mv
m

x W

mv W

m W

E 0 x 1 F

x = 1 x = 0

10% x = 0.10

x = 0.90

K 90%

x =1

x=

WEF
--

(R134a)

R134ap-hWEF

KEp-hF

WEF

K C

bar W

v F

l / kg E v

h F

kJ / kg E h

kJ / kg L = h h (L)

--

p{bar}
1.020
1.067
1.116

v (l / kg}
0.726
0.728
0.730

T {C}
-26
-25
-24

v (l / kg}
188.56
180.67
173.18

h {kJ / kg}
166.35
167.59
168.84

h {kJ / kg}
381.71
382.34
382.97

L{kJ / kg}
215.37
214.75
214.13

WEF

(s )
K

WEF

F 20C E x = 0 F (R11)

WK 0 C E

K K

K K
50C K
K 0 C EF

W T = 20C (R11) K

p1 = 0.889 bar
h2 = 217.26 kJ / kg

(1)
K
WEF (2) 0 C

--

R 11

50
20

50C

50

20C

20

0C

EF p h WEF

p1 = 0.400 bar

x = h h

W (x)

h h
hx = 217.26 kJ / kg

x=

h = 390.63 kJ / kg
h = 200.00 kJ / kg

W
W

217.26 200.00
= 0.09
390.63 200.00

(x = 0.10)
W

p1 = 2.379 bar

50C

h1 = 244.61 kJ / kg
--

x = 0.25 (x)
W (x)

x=

244.61 200.00
= 0.23
390.63 200.00

( x = 1) 20C (R717)

K100C
K

p h

R 717

s=

100C

2
20C

EF p h WEF

K (2) (1) EF
W

v 2 = 0.178 m 3 / kg

p 2 = 10 bar

--

h2 = 1680 kJ / kg

K s = 1.75kJ / kgK h = 450kJ / kg (R12)

WE x = 0 F
KEF p1 v1 T1

KEF T2 h2 K
W

s = 1.95 kJ / kgK
h = 450 kJ / kg (1) K
K

(1)

p1 = 8 bar v1 = 0.028 m 3 / kg T1 = 80C

W x = 0 K

h2 = 230 kJ / kg T2 = 32C

--

g
g

F EF

KEF

KEsaturation temperature

KE x F

(x-0)

K(x=1)

W Ep-hF

--

W p h E

Temperature

Pr essure

bar

m 3 / kg

kJ / kg

kJ / kgK

R11

60

1.85
450

R 22
R 717
R502

0.12
30

1.90

0 .5

R134a

400

2 .5

W E

Temperature Pressure

R 22

50

R 22
R 717
R 717

l / kg

bar

l / kg

kJ / kg

kJ / kg

2.455

20
17.346

R134a
R134a

W E
K R502 R717 R 22 R12 R11 R134a

x = 1 x = 0
K ( L)

(s = c)

s = 1.76 kJ / kgK T = 0C ( R134a) E
K v h 10bar

T = 40C x = 0.2 ( R717) E

WK 7 K
--

K v h K
K v h T K
W R22 p h E
F 20 C x = 0 K
W p h K 20 C E h = c

( x = 1) 20 C K
W p h K 40 C ( S = c)
K

--

Vapor Compression Cycle

EsinkF

K KEsourceF
K
K
.(refrigerantsF

--

Condenser
3

Compressor

Expansion
valve

1
4

Evaporator

(flow diagram)WEF

:(compressor) K
K

KKKKK

--

: (Condenser)

KE Tcond

> Tenv

F

KEF
W(expansion valve) K

WEF
F

E throttling

(Evaporator) K

K
--

Simple Vapor Compression Cycle (VCC)

Rankine Cycle.

Process 1-2: Isentropic Compression (S=c) 1 2

(x=1)
(1) EF

K
KE2F
W(2)(1)

Wc = m& ( h2 h1 )

Wc = {kW }

h1 = {kJ / kg} (1)

h2 = {kJ / kg} (2)

EF 2 3
region (@ P=c )

(3)(2)
Process 2-3 Heat Rejection to hot

K (3)

W(Qc)

Qc = m& (h2 h3 )

Qc = {kW }

h3 = {kJ / kg} E3F

h2 = {kJ / kg} (2)
--

E
F 3 4
h=c)

Process 3-4 Throttling Process (@

K 3 4 K(4)

W
h4 = h3
Process 3-4 Heat addition at cold EF 4 1
region (@ P=c)
4 1
K

E
KE1F
WEF

Qe = m& ( h1 h4 )

Qe = {kW }

h1 = {kJ / kg} (1)

h4 = {kJ / kg} EF

--

p=c

2
c

pc

S=

h=c
p=c

pe

4
RE
h3 = h4

wc
h1

h2

(state diagram)WEF

st

1 Law Analysis

Key Relation

Wc = m& ( h2 h1 )

h4 = h3

Component

Process

S 2 = S1

compressor

1-2

p3 = p 2

Condenser

2-3

h4 = h3

expansion valve

3-4

evaporator

4-1

Qc = m& (h2 h3 )
Qe = m& ( h1 h4 )

p4 = p1

WEF

--

0 x 1

WEF

Performance of VCC

Refrigeration effect (RE)J

(1)(4)
K

RE = h2 h1
Input Work (Wc)

K
Wc = m& h
W( WcF
Wc = m& ( h2 h1 )
Evaporator load (Qe)
(kW)

KEF(cooling load)

K
--

(24 288000 BTUEF

W12000 BTU/hhours)
(Ton of Refrigeration, T.R.)
W(QeF
Qe = m& ( h2 h4 )
(COP )
(Coefficient of Performance, COP)

COP =

Qe RE h1 h4
=
=
Wc wc
h2 h1

(m& )
W (m& )

m& =

Qe
RE

Qe =

RE =

W
(V& ) E m& =

Qe
RE

W (v1 )
V& = m& v1
F v (reciprocating)

WEF (V&s ) E85%65%

V& m& v1
V&s =
=

--

20C R134a

K 30C
W 1kg / s K ( x = 1)

(qc )

(COP)

( wc )

( RE )

p=c

2
c

pc

S=

h=c

pe

p=c

4
RE

h3 = h4

WEF

h1 = 385.48 kJ / kg
h2 = 417 kJ / kg

--

wc
h1

h2

wc = h2 h1 = 417 385.48 = 31.52 kJ / kg

W (qc )
qc = h2 h3 = 417.00 241.63 = 175.37kJ / kg
W (RE )
RE = h1 h4 = h1 h3 = 385.48 241.63 = 143.85kJ / kg

W (COP )

COP =

RE 143.85 kJ / kg
=
= 4.56
31.52 kJ / kg
wc

K. 25 TR R134a

WK 1.00MPa 0.25MPa

hp kW

K80%
p

p=c

2
c

pc

S=

h=c

pe

p=c

4
RE
h3 = h4

EF
--

wc
h1

h2

P4 = P1 = 0.25 MPa,

P2 = P3 = 1.00 MPa

W 1,2 & 3 P h
h3 = h4 = 256 kJ / kg
h2 = 426 kJ / kg
h1 = 396 kJ / kg
RE = h1 h4 = 396 256 = 140 kJ / kg
W ( RE )

m& =

Qe 25 3.5
=
= 0.625 kg / s W (m& )
RE
140

Wc = m& (h2 h1 ) = 0.625(426 396)

= 18.75 kW
18.75
=
0.746

W (Wc )

= 25.13 hp

v = 80 % = 0.80

Ep-hF v1 = 80 L / kg = 0.080 m 3 / kg (1)

V&s =

mv1

0.625 0.080
= 0.0625 m 3 / s
0.80

(hermetic)

(irreversible)

K (12)

(isentropic efficiency)

--

p=c

2
c

pc

S=

h=c
p=c

pe

4
RE

wc

h3 = h4

h1

h2

h2

EF

WE s F

s =

h2 h1
<1
h2 h1

pc

pe

S=

p=c

pe

WEF
--

p=c

4 4

3
h=c

pe

h=c

pc

p=c

p=c

S=

pc

( pe ) ( pe ) EF
(RE )

( pc ) ( pc )

(COP) (Wc )

K (m& )

(Tc ) (Te ) EF

oC

0
=4
c

40

=
Tc

30

0
=3
c

=
Tc

COP

K (COP)

Te

Te

WEF

(Wc )
(Tc )
(Te )

K (COP)

W
EF

R11 50 C

COP
J

wc
kJ / kg

RE
kJ / kg

5.35
4.05
2.63

28.23
36.37
51.65

151.16
146.02
135.74

10
0
-20

EF
--

TE

EF

EF EF

R11 50 C

COP
J

wc
kJ / kg

RE
kJ / kg

2.63
3.48
4.58

51.65
41.65
33.65

135.74
145.03
154.16

TC
C
50
40
30

EF

E71F 5K
E53FK

Condenser

Compressor

Heat
exchanger

Expansion
valve
4

Evaporator

--

W
KR11 32C , 15C

K 7 K

K kW

WEF

WE1234F -

Te = 15C R11

h2 = 417 kJ / kg (2) p h

h3 = h4 = 228 kJ / kg

h1 = 382.92 kJ / kg

(T3 = 32C ) (3) p h

RE = h1 h4

= 382.92 228 = 154.92 kJ / kg

--

wc = h2 h1 kg

= 417 382.92 = 34.08 kJ / kg

RE 154.92
=
= 4.55
COP =
34.08
wc

E1256F 7 K

T5 = 32 7 = 25C
W 6 5 p h

h5 = h6 = 222 kJ / kg

RE = h1 h6

= 382.92 222 = 160.92 kJ / kg

RE 160.92
COP =
=
= 4.72
wc
34.08
Q
m& = e = 1
RE 160.92

= 6.2 10 3 kg / kg = 6.2 g / kg

(COP f COP) ( RE f RE ) W

R 22
1kg / s
K 11.88bar 2.455bar
W

7 K -

--

WEF

11.88 bar 2.455 bar

K R 22 30C , 20C
WJ

Te = 20C R 22

h2 = 437.0 kJ / kg (2) p h

h3 = h4 = 236.70 kJ / kg

h1 = 397.07 kJ / kg

Tc = 30C R 22

RE = h1 h4

= 397.07 236.70 = 160.37 kJ / kg

wc = h2 h1 kg

= 437.0 397.07 = 39.93 kJ / kg

RE 160.37
COP =
=
= 4.016
wc
39.93

W 7 K
--

T 7

= 13C (7) T7 = 20 + 7 = 13C

( 7 ) (8) 2.455 bar

K p h 11.88 bar

W (7 8)

h 7 = 400 kJ / kg h8 = 443 kJ / kg

RE = h7 h4

= 400.0 236.7 = 163.3 kJ / kg

wc =h 8 h7 kg

= 443 400 = 43kJ / kg

RE 163.3
=
= 3.798
COP =
43
wc

( RE f RE )
K ( COP < COP )

--

10
5

8
9

WEF
(78910-11-56)(1234)

WK

(89) (68) (11-5)W

K(10-11)

K
n (polytropic) (9-10)

EF
K

(10 20 kPa)

K1K

--

KJ

(x=1) -

K(x=0)

WJ

EFG

EFG

EFG
EFG

KF

KJ

--

K 50C
10C K ( R 22) J

KE
F
K

K (COP)

5.3 103 kJ / min .(R134a)-7C

WK 32C
K (COP) -

K 30C 24C K E c p

water

= 4.18 kJ / kgK F

R22 20C
7 K 40C 70 kW
K
W

50C , 20C (R717)

K
KK

K kW

F 4C W

KR12E
F 45C E
--

K1 m 3 / hr K 37C 24.5C
W

11.669

bar 2.2634 bar (R717)

W1 kg/s

K(i)

10 K J

(ii)

K 40 C 10 C R12
K

60 C

K1 kg/s

21.5 bar

5 bar R22

85 C

K[
2
[ 2 T.R ]

K 30 C 5 C 0.80

kg/s

14.7 bar
W12 K

--

K
K

K
E c p

= 1.005

kJ
kg K

--

RefrigerantsW

WK
KNon-poisonous -

.Non-explosive

KNon-corrosive KNon-flammable K K -

KEF K -

K -

K K

K kg K

E
F

K
K 30C 15C
W

--

KEFWGroup I R-502 R-22 R-12W

R-R-40 (Methyl chloride) WGroup II

R-170
WGroup II

764 (Sulfur dioxide)

R-290 (Propane)(Ethane)

WPrimary Refrigerants K

PRIMARY

R-502 R-12R-12

KREFRIGERANTS
:Secondary Refrigerants K

K(methyalcohol) (brines)

Identifying Primary Refrigerants

(R)

K(ASHRAE)

WEF
EChlorofluorocarbons CFCs F
KR114

R12 R11WKEF

EHydrochlorofluorocarbons or HCFCs)

. R-22 or R-123WK

Hydrofluorocarbons or HFCs

. R-134aW

KW

--

K
K
K
K

Flurocarbons :

J Z

HZ

R22, ., R11
ZHZ
J Z

J Z

W
Dichlorofluromethane 12
ZHZ

ZJ Z

Z
W

F
F

Cl

Cl

CCl 2 F2

R12

R12

--

W
Monochlorofuromethane R22

ZHZ
ZJ Z

F
F

Cl

R22

CHClF2

R12

W
Trichloromonofluromethane R11
ZHZ

ZJ Z
Z

Cl
F

Cl

Cl

R11

CCl3 F

--

( )HFC

(CF3CH 2 F ) Tetrafluroethane
ZJ ZJ Z

ZHZHZ
ZZ

R134a (CF3CH 2 F )

R134a

Inorganic Refrigerants
R(700+mwt)700H

WEF

NH 3 EF

ZH

R 717

WEF
ZHZ

CO 2

R 744

--

WEF

H 2 O

ZHZ

R 718

EFK

R11

(CCl 3 F )

Trichloromonofluoromethane

R12

(CCl 2 F2 )

Dichlorodifluoromethane

(CClF3 )

Monochlorotrifluoromethane

R13
R134a
R22
R40
R502

R717

(CF3CH 2 F )

Tetrafluroethane

Orange

White

Pale Blue

Purple

Green

(CHClF2 )

Monochlorodifluoromethane

(CH 3 Cl )

Monochlorotrifluoromethane

(48.8%R22+ 51.2%R115)

Orchid

Ammonia

Silver

( NH 3 )

WEF

--

Thermodynamic Properties
Temperature & Pressure

W(boiling point)

(C )

R11
R12
R13
R134a
R22
R40
R502
R717

23.7
-29.4
-81.4
-26.1
-40.8
-11.8
-46.0
-33.0

WEF
J

R13

K
J Cascade systems

(v)(p)(T) R134a
W (h)

T {C}

p{bar}

v (l / kg}

v (l / kg}

h {kJ / kg}

h {kJ / kg}

L{kJ / kg}

-26
-25
-24

1.020
1.067
1.116

0.726
0.728
0.730

188.56
180.67
173.18

166.35
167.59
168.84

381.71
382.34
382.97

215.37
214.75
214.13

R134a

WEF

--

Specific volume (v)

J
15C
WJ

R11
R12
R13
R40
R134a
R22
R502
R717

(x=1)

(l / kg )

766.73
91.45
279.3
120.15
77.70
50.02
507.9

WEF

R11
R12
R134a
R22
R40
R502
R717

(kJ / kg )
195.30
159.55
208.29
217.00

156.61
1311.3

(kJ / kg )
156.73
117.16
146.96
162.47
349.058
104.39
1104.68

(kg / min/ kW )
0.383
0.512
0.408
0.369
0.172
0.575
0.054

WEF
30C 15C

15C

--

Physical Properties

K
W

Oil Miscibility

K

K

R11

R12

R13

R40

R134a

R22

R717

WEF

--

WOdor

R11

slightly ethereal

R12

slightly ethereal

R22

slightly ethereal

R502

slightly ethereal

R717

pungent

WEF

W(safety)

E F

K
W

R11

R12

R13

R40

R134a

R22

R502

R717

WEF

--

R11

R12

R40

R134a

R22

R502

R717

WEF

W
EF

E
F

WK
W K

W(ppm)

(ppm)
15

(ppm)

R134a

100

30

R22

50

15

R502

WEF
--

K
K

W K

R13B1
2
5
10
21
40

R502
40
69
115
180
278

R500
48
81
129
200
293

R22
120
195
308
472
690

C
-40
-20
0
20
40

R12
1.7
3.8
8.3
17
32

WEF

WEF

K

K
40MPa

80MPa 180MPa
K

K --

(Relief valve) K

(Check valve )

K
W
KEF
KEF

EF



K
K

EF

KE

K
K

How to Choose a Leak Detector?

ECFCs F

K
K
--

K

W
K -

KWsystem size -

W KKKKKK
KW -

KWW -

--

CCl3 F Trichloromonofluromethane R11
K

23.7C

K -

K -

K K -

K K -

KHalide torchEF -

K (CCl 2 F2 ) Dichlorodifluoromethane R12

K K 29.4C -

K K -

68C

Halide torchEF -

K (R134a)- (CF3CH 2 F ) Tetrafluroethane

K R12 HFC -

K K K 26.1C -

--

K (ODP = 0) KR12 -

K 25C -

light blue K -

K(molecular sieve) (silicone gel) -

(florescent dyes) KKKK

(CHClF2 ) Monochlorodifluoromethane

(R22) EF
40.8C

K -

K 9C Halide torchEF -

K
W

60% R22 K

KR1260%

KR12R22 -

R12EF R22 KR22

--

40C 29C R12R22

R12
K

R502 {CHClF2 + C 2 ClF5 }( R 22 + R115) EF

KR11551.2% + R2248.8% -

K K -

KE 51C 18C F -

K K -

K 46C -

KR22R12 (condensing R12R22 Kpressure)

K -

K(R22)
K(orchid) -

R717( NH 3 FEF

K K K -

K -

--

kg K

K 33C -

K R22R12EF K -

SO2 ( R 764)

K K -

K (CH 3Cl R 40) K 10C -

K ( H 2 SO3 ) K ( H 2 SO 4)

(CO2 R744)
K -

K -

K
K --

K -

(56.6C )
78.7C KEF

CH 3 Cl R 40

K 23.7C K K

K -

K
E F K

--

R134a,R22

R134a,R22,R502

R134a

gryogenic

R13,R502

R22,R500

R134a,R22

R11,R134a.R22

R11,R134a

R22,CO2(SOLID)

N2

R11

CO2,N2

R11

WEF

--

R11

Centrifugal
Centrifugal

R12

Reciprocating
Rotary

R22

200-2000TR

KK

Reciprocating
Centrifugal

R500

Reciprocating

R502

Reciprocating

R503

Reciprocating

R13

Reciprocating

R113

Centrifugal

50 Hz

90C

90C

WEF

--

W
W
0C

50 C

pc
)
pe

(r =

(kJ / m )

( p c , bar )

(COP )

R11

CCl 3 F

443

5.9

2.4

5.53

R21

CHFCl 2

636

5.68

4.0

4.64

R22

CHCl 2 F

3671

3.88

19.3

5.14

R114

C 2 Cl 2 F7

784

5.06

4.5

4.61

R717

NH 3

42.75

4.96

20.6

5.53

WEF

Secondary Refrigerants

K(methyalcohol) (brines)

K
W

--

K (c p = 4.18kJ / kg )

(CFCs)
UV radiation

W UV radiation

WEF
C+Cl2+F2

K E

KEF E
K Cl2O (O3 ) E

K Cl2O E

--

K Cl2 + O2 E
3Cl2 + O3 = 3Cl2O

((ODP)

ozone depletion potential)

W
R=22ODP=0.5

(Global

R=11ODP=1 -

Wwarming Potential, GWP)

GWP= 1 for CO2
GWP=0.05 for CFCs

Montreal Protocol

(CFCs)
W

1986-2000R12,R11 -

W(CFCs) KR222015-2030 K -

K2005 -

KR134a K -

--

Alternative Refrigerants

(HCFCs)(HFCs)

WK

F
E

R12

R134a

R22

R 407c
( R 32 + R125 + R134a )

R12

R22

R 410a
( R 32 + R125)

R 413 A
( R 218 + R134a + R 600 A)
R 417 a

( R134a + R600a )

WEF
(greenhouse

effect)

WK
WHCs

K
K

Ammonia ( NH 3 ) R717

KGWP=0ODP=0K

--

Carbon dioxide (CO2 ) R 744

GWPODP=0
(low

energy

efficiency)

K (Tcritical = 31.3 C )

Air (R729)
K

Water (H2O) R718

(T > 0 C )
(specific

vapor volume)

K(Lithium Bromide) K

--

Brines

K
W
Calcium chloride(CaCl2)

17C
Sodium Chloride(NaCl)

21C

K

(Antifreeze solutions)

GlycerineJ

AlcoholJ

Propylene Glycol J

--

Ethylene Glycol

K
(CFC's)

(HCFC's)

(HFC's)

700 ASHRAE

XYZK

ZR

X

K

K(EPA)

--

K E
W E

R12 R22 E
K

KR12R22 E

R11 E

KR12

KR12R22 E

K E
K(CFCs) E
KR-22

W E
R-502, R-11, R-12, R-22, R-717

R744 , R40, R502, R134a, R123

R12 , R11, R22, R134a

W E
W E
W E
R717, R11, R502, R134a, R718

W E
R11
E
R-12 E

R-717
E

R502
E

K E
K

--

EF E
W
R11
E
R-12 E

R-717
E

R-502
E

Brine Solution E
E
K E

K E

--

Wp-h

K K

(p-h)

K K

K K

R11 50 C 0 C

p-hK36.5 kW
W

K K

K K

K K

K K

40 C 20 C R134a

K 70 C

J
K

--

K
K

R718R744R134aR11R22

W
R717R134aR11R22

( x) K
K (m) (mv ) =

x=

mv
m

--

(COP ) K

K ( wc ) ( RE )

(Qe ) (COP)
K (Wc )

RE Qe
=
wc Wc

COP =

RE

RE

Wc

Wc

--

p=c

2
c

pc

S=

h=c
p=c

pe

4
RE

wc

h3 = h4

h1

h2

50 C 0 C R11(p-h)
WE41F

h1 = 391 kJ / kg

h2 = 423 kJ / kg

h3 = h4 = 245 kJ / kg

RE = h1 h4

= 391 245 = 146 kJ / kg

m& =

(RE)K

(m& ) K

Qe

RE
36.5
=
146

= 0.25 kg / s

K (Wc ) K

Wc = m& (h2 h1 )
= 0.25 (423 391)

= 8 Kw

(COP)K

--

COP =

Qe
Wc

36.5
=
8

= 4.56

(p-h)

h1 = 385.5 kJ / kg

h2 = 422 kJ / kg

h2 = 429 kJ / kg

h3 = h4 = 256 kJ / kg

RE = h1 h4
= 385.5 256

= 129.5 kJ / kg

m& =

(RE)

(m& )

Qe

RE
1
=
129.5

= 0.0077 kg / s / kW

Wc = m& (h2 h1 )
= 0.0077 (429 385.5)

(Wc ) kW

= 0.336 kW / kW

2
S=

h=c

pe

p=c

pc

p=c

4
RE
h3 = h4

wc
h1

h2

h2

--

(COP)
COP =

Qe
Wc

1
=
0.336

COP =

= 2.98

h1 h4
h2 h1

385.5 256 129.5

=
=
429 385.5 43.5

isent =

= 2.98

h2 h1

( isent )

h2 h1

422 385.5
=
100
429 385.5

= 84%

J
J

J
J

kg K

K 33C --

KR22R12 K

CHClF2

R22

CClF2

R11

CF 3CH 2 F

R134a

CO2

R744

H 2O

R718

R22

R11

R134a

R717

(CFCs)J

--

WE
C+Cl2+F2

KE

KE O3 FE

K Cl2O (O3 ) E
K Cl2O E
K Cl2 + O2 E
3Cl2 + O3 = 3Cl2O

KKKKK
K

--


]<gj]<]<j<^]<]

1500

(Air

Conditioning)

Stuart Cramer1906

1911K

Carrier

(Psychrometric Chart )

K
K

E
F

K(1924)
KKK

W
K
KEF

EF(steady

state)

--

K
W
W

K
K

K
KEF

W
K
W
K

--

Psychrometry

K
KKK

Psychrometry

Atmospheric air

KK
Dry air

E F78%K

K1%21%
Moist air

Properties of Humid Air

pV = mRT

--

Daltons Law

p = pa + pv

p =
p a =

p v =

(Specific Humidity )

1 kgEF

K
=

mv
ma

mv = kg

m a = kg
W

p vVv

R v Tv
pV
m a = a a
R a Ta
m
pV
RT
= v = v v a a
m a R v Tv p a V a
mv =

Vmixture = Va = Vv
Tmixture = Ta = Tv

m v p v Ra
=

m a Rv p a

WEpF

p = p a + p v

--

p a = p p v

Ra
R
18
=
= 0.622 W
Rv 28.9 R

mv
pv
= 0.622
ma
p pv

KE p v F
p v

K
Relative Humidity(RH)

WK

10 g / m3

20 g / m3

22C

22C

RH=50%

RH=100%

WEF

K 22C 10 g / m 3

20 g / m 3

RH =

10
= 0.50 = 50%
20

K
--

25.6 g / m3

10 g / m3

27C

27C

RH=39%

RH=100%

WEF
25.6 g / m 3 27C

10 g / m 3 20 g / m 3
W
RH =

10
= 0.39 = 39%
25.6

W
RH =

mv
mg

pv p g T

0 RH 1 RH =

pv
pg

h = ha + h fg = c p T + h fg

Dry Bulb Temperature (db)

K

--

Wet Bulb Temperature (wb)

K

(adiabatic saturation temperature)

KK

(wb)(db)

W(sling psychrometer)

WEF

--

K
W K(db)

WEF
(wb)

WEF

--

(RH)

0%
10
%
50

%
20

KWEF
E F EF kg / kg

g / kg kg
K

KK

WEF

--

(v) K m 3 / kg
90
0.

ec
Sp

c
ifi

e
m
lu
o
v
5
8
0.

0
0.8

0.75

WEF
( h)

120
90

60
120

20

90

20

60

KWEF
--

Dew point -

WEF

K

WEF

--

W
K dp RH K 24C( wb ) 32C( db )

50%

24C
20.4C

32C

WEF

K 32C K 32C -

K 24C -

K KEAF -

E RH = 50% F EAFE dp F
E dp = 20.4 0 C F

K
W

KE wb F RH = 60% 23C( db )

23 C K RH = 60%

wb = 18 C

--

W
E FK v = 0.89 m

kg

35 C( db )
KE h F

35 C K v = 0.89 m

kg

K K 0.0130.012

v = 0.89 m

kg

35 C( db )

2O 0.012
= 0.0122 kgH
kgair

WF
E2

K h = 67kJ / kg

--

W
WK RH = 50 % 22 C( db )
K dp h v wb

22 C J

WK RH = 50%

db

wb

RH

22

15.6

50

kgH 2O
kgair

0.0084

m3

kg
0.847

dp

kJ / kg
43.5

11.4

WEF

--

Psychrometric Processes
Sensible Heating or Cooling

E FEF

KEF
K

db

WEF

WEF

--

db

WK

RH

wb

db

dp

WEF

= = = W
W

Q = m& ( h2 h1 )

Q = m& c p T

m& = E = F

c p = 1.006 kJ / kgK

E cpa

= 1.0 kJ / kgK F

T = {K }

1.5 m 3 / s

K 20C 21C( db ), 15C( wb )

85C

( cp

water

= 4.18 kJ / kgK ) K 75C

W
W

h A = 41.5kJ / kg h B = 61.5kJ / kg

v A = 0.844m 3 / kg

--

m& a =

V&
1 .5
=
= 1.78kg / s (m& a )
v A 0.844

T = 20C

21oC

15 oC

db

WEF

(Qcc )

Qcc = m& (h B h A ) = 1.78(61.5 41.5) = 35.6kW

Qcc = m& a c p T

= 1.78 1.0 20 = 35.6 kw

W (m& w )

(35.6 kW)Z

m& w c p

water

m& w =
m& w =

cp

Tw = 35.6
35.6
Tw

water

35.6
= 0.85kg / s
4.18 10

--

Evaporative Cooling

(adiabatic processF

WK
K -

K K EFK

B
A

db

WEF
W

dp

RH

wb

db

WEF

CA100%
saturation efficiency ( s )
KB

--

K90%80%

w A wB
w A wC

s =

T A TB
T A TC

W
3

K310C(wb)450C(db) 15 m
s

W90%
-

s =

wB w A
wC w A

wA= 0.0226 kg
kg

WC=0.028

kg
kg

wB

wB 0.0226

0.0289 0.0226
kg
= 0.02827
kg

0 .9 =

T A TB

T A TC
45 TB

0.90 =
45 32.5

s =

TB=33.75 C

--

Steam injection

Steam supply

db

WEF

KEF

150kg 1kg RH = 50% 210 C (db) 100 0 C

KK

kg

kg
1
kg
w =
= 0.0067

150
kg
w1 = 0.0079

w2 = w1 + w

= 0.0079 + 0.0067 = 0.0146

kg
kg

Qair = ma c p Ta
--

= 1.006(t 21)

= 0.0067 1.972(100 t )

Qv = mv c pv t v

0.2C t = 22.2C Q v Q air

Cooling &dehumidification
W

A
ADP

db

WEF

KC

(ADP)C
AC B
--

(contact factor)ACAB

AB

AC

16

T A TB
T A TC

C
32 0C(db), 22 0C(wb)

K5 0CK
K K

K 1kg
W

22

16

WEF

ADP

32

db

W(1)

db1= 32 0C, wb1=22 0C , RH1=40%, w1 =0.0123 kg/kg ,

,v1=0.882 m3/kg
dp1=17.2 0C
h1=63.7 hJ/kg

W(2)

J Db2= 16 0C, wb2=13.2 0C , RH2=73%, w2 =0.0083 kg/kg ,

h2=37 hJ/kg
,v2=0.83 m3/kg
dp2=11.2 0C

W --

T1 T2
32 16
=
T1 T ADP
32 5
16
=
= 0.59(59%)
27

(m& w )

m& w = m& a ( w1 w 2 )

m& w = 1(0.0123 0.0083) 3600

=14.4 kg/hr =14.4 L/hr/kg

(Qcc)

Qcc = m& a (h1 h2 )

= (63.7-37) = 26.7 kW /kg

Adiabatic Mixing

EF

(AHU)K
K

m2)(m1)

(3)(m3)

--

m1

m3

m2

3
2

db

WEF
W

m1 + m2 = m3

m1 w1

+ m2 w2 = m3 w3

m1 h1 + m2 h2 = m3 h3

m1 w3 w2
=
m2
w1 w3

m1 h3 h2
=
m2 h1 h3

(1) (2) (3)

K(m2)(m1)

W(3)

T3 =

m1T1 + m2T2
m1 + m2
--

m1h1 + m2 h2
m1 + m2
m w + m2 w2
w3 = 1 1
m1 + m2
h3 =

60 C (db),32 C ( wb)
K2

kg3 kgK 5C (db) ,0.5 C ( wb)

32C ( wb) 60 C (db) _(1)

0.5C ( wb) 5C (db) _(2)

(3)

3:2(2)(1)
W

T3 (db) = 38.5C w3 = 0.0118 kg kg h3 = 69 kJ kg

(3)W

T3 =

T3 =

m1T1 + m2T2
m1 + m2

3 60 + 2 5
= 38C
3+ 2

W
2m 3 s 1 1C (db),100% RH 1m 3 s 1
K 22C ,50% RH
KW

W_
1C (db),100% RH _(1)
v1 = 0.774 m 3 kg

22C ,50% RH _(2)

v2 = 0.847 m 3 kg
--

1
= 1.291kg s (m& 1 )
0.774
2
m& 2 =
= 2.361 kg s ( m& 2 )
0.847
m& 3 = m& 1 + m& 2 = 1.291 + 2.361 = 3.652 kg s E m& 3 F

m& 1 =

W(3)

(3) T3 =

m& 1T1 + m& 2T2 1.291 (1) + 2.361 22

=
= 13.87C
m& 1 + m& 2
3.652

WK
( RH ) 3 = 65% w3 = 0.0066 kg kg
h3 = 30.5 kJ kg v3 = 0.822 m 3 kg
Supply Air Conditions
EFEF

Wroom total cooling load (RTCL)
Sensible heat(Qs)

EF

KK
W

Qs = m& a c p T

m& a = {kg / s}

c p = {kJ / kgK }

T = {C}

Latent heat(Ql)

Ql = m& a h fg w = m& a h

--

h fg = {kJ / kg}

w = {kg / kg}

h = {kJ / kg}

K
W
K Ql = 6.4kW Qs = 16kW

Qs = m& a c p t

Qs
16
TR TS =
=
= 10.6C
m& a c p 1.5 1.006

TR TS = 10.6C

TS = 25 10.6 = 14.4C

Ql = m& a h fg w W
= w R w S =
h fg

Ql

m& a h fg

= 2500 kJ kg

= w R w S =

Ql
6.4
=
= 0.0017 kg kg
m& a h fg 1.5 2500

W w R = 0.012 kg kg
S = R = 0.0102 0.0017 = 0.0085 kg kg
(S)
K

1.5kg / s 25C (db),50% RH

--

(S)

( db)

(m& )

S1
S2
S3

1.5

S4

kg kg

kg s

( )

14.4

0.0085

2.5

18.6

0.0092

3.0

19.7

0.0093

3.5

20.5

0.0095

WEF

S4

S3

S1

S2

db

WEF

S1 , S2 , S3 , S4 , R (S)
Sensible heat factor (SHF)

Room Sensible Heat Ratio line (RSHR)

Sensible heat factor (SHF)

Wsensible heat factor (SHF)

--

SHF =

Qs
Qs
=
Qt Qs + Ql

KSERF
(SHF)

W
KK 8KW
9c
K

R @ 24C (db),50% RH RJ

Ql = 2kW Qs = 8kW J

Qt = Qs + Ql = 8 + 2 = 10kW
SHF =

Qs 8
=
= 0.80
Qt 10

RS 9C J

15C (db) R 9C R

KSHF=0.80 -

RSHF S 15C (db)

(15C (db),13C ) KS Basic Air Conditioning Cycle

L K

--

open air conditioning KKKK

KEcycle)

S
R

WEF

M
ADP

db

WEF
--

RM
75%K MKO
M E
F25%E F

KR25%

M 36C (db) 24C (db) (db)

mO TO + m R TR
mO + m R
0.25 36 + 0.75 24
TM =
= 27C (db)
0.25 + 0.75

TM =

= 100%
EFADP
(SHF)
SK


K(ADP)M

--

21%78% K -

KK -

K -

K K

1 kg EF

K
(db)

(wb)

(RH)

E )
(v )

( h)

Dew point

--

W
W K

F EFE

K (SHF)
K

--

db

wb

RH
%

22

16

20

kgH 2O
kgair

m 3 / kg

dp

kJ / k

0.010

45
11

21

0.0134
0.0084

20
80

15

30

0.88
50

90
50

0.86
0.015

25

K 10 C 30C (db), w = 0.0102kg / kg J

= () = () = () W

db

wb

RH

dp

15C (db) 16kg / s EFJ

KK15C 0.005kg

200kg / hr

H 2O / kg

EF

KK

20C (db),50% RH

45 C( db ) , 30 C ( wb ) 1.5 m 3 / s J

WKEF
K J

--

30 C ( db

), w = 0 . 0102 kg / kg

1.5m 3 / s J

K 5 C K 10 C ( db )
W

30C (db), 24C ( wb) ELF 720 m 3 / min J

K15C (db),90% RH W
KL/ hr

37C (db) 12C (db),20% RH J

K RH = 90%

38C (db) 45C (db),25C (wb) 0.5m 3 / s J

90%

0.2kg / s 35C (db),30C (wb) 2kg / s

KK. 10 C , 100 RH

15kg / s

40C (db),25C (wb)

10kg / s

WK 20C (db),50% RH

KIIIIII
K 4C (db),50% RH
. 24C (db),50% RH

40 %K
KK60 %EF

0.8kg / s EAHUF
K 24C (db), 50% 2.4kg / s 40C (db), 28C ( wb)
--

K ADP = 8C
W = 80%

1.5kg / s
K 20C (db), 50% RH 4.5kg / s 4C (db), 80% RH F
K19C (db) 35C (db)
W

K 20C (db), 100% RH 32C (db), 28C ( wb) 1.0m 3 / s

K

(R)(S)
WK T = 9 K

SHF = 80% i

5C (db), 50% RH ii

1.5

kW

14

kW 21C (db), 50% RH J

K12C

K6 kW54 kWJ
K10C . 25C (db), 50% RH
W

--

2850 L/s 32C (db),23C ( wb) 540 L/s

K90 % RH. 24C (db),50% RH
WK70 %

iiI

KivKiii

K J
WK 5kg / s 0.70

24C (db), 50% RH

40C (db),10% RH

0.008 kg / kg ( dry air )

. 60% RH

1/3

KJ
W 5kg / s 0.90

24C (db),50% RH
4C (db),0C ( wb)
34C (db)

1 : 3ELF

EF

--

K
950 L/s

K 27C (db),45% RH 35C (db),25C ( wb)

WK90 %0.8
ii I
KL/hr iii

. 24C (db),50% RH 5.5

kW

K1/3
K 35C (db),27C ( wb)
10C

K
WK15C (db)

EFii
Kiv

iii

--

THERMAL LOADS
Human Thermal Comfort

K

KPerspiration slows downK

K

W Fanger KK

Q& = Q& skin Q& respiration

= (Q& C Q& R Q& E ) skin + (Q& C Q& E ) respiration
(Q& skin ) (-) (+)
(Q& E ) (Q& R ) (Q& C ) (Q& respiration )

metabolic heat

generation

WK

(dry bulb temperature)

(mean radiant temperature)

--

(relative humidity)

(air velocity)

(clothes insulation)

(level of activity)

(db)

E F

E
F
K
30 36 EF

Effective Temperature

E100% F
K15-25 fpm

68 0F(20 0C)

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80

F
78
76
75
74
73
72
71
70

C
25.6
24.4
23.9
23.3
22.8
22.2
21.7
21.1

EFWEF

--

71 0F (22 0C)
W

%
25
30
40
50
60
70

F
80
79
78
77
75
74

C
26.7
26.1
25.6
25.0
23.9
23.3

WEF
E F

comfort zone

60

RH

%
30

[ 21.2C]

RH

Humidity Ratio

we

re
rtu
e
p
em
t
lb
bu

[ 26.7C]

dry bulb temperature

WEF
--

30 ft / min (ASHRAE)
K 30 ft / min
WMean

radiant temperature

K
(relative humidity)
EF

(clothes

insulation)

EFK

EFEF
(level of activity)

115 W87 W

K 440 W
K

K1000 ppm

(Indoor Air Quality, IAQ)

--

Thermal Load Calculation

W K

W
K

W External loads

Wall loads

Solar gains OR Sun Loads -ii

J

Infiltration

Load
-iii

KVentilation Load.

WInternal Loads

K Sensible

Loads (Qs )

--

Latent Loads

(Ql )

W
Qw J
K Qrad J

Qi J

Qv J

Qm J
W QT
QT = Qrad + Qi Qw Qv Qm

E F QT

> 0

EF QT

< 0

Design Conditions

K97.5%

W Outdoor Design Conditions

dry-bulb temperature (db) 43C

wet-bulb temperature (wb) 26C

a
b-

--

dry-bulb temperature ( db) 3C

0C bwet-bulb temperature ( wb)

a-

hr
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

Jan.
db
wb
15.38 12.44
14.44 12.06
13.72 11.83
13.17 11.61
13.00 11.50
13.33 11.67
14.22 12.00
15.83 12.67
18.17 13.50
20.83 14.50
23.83 15.56
26.67 16.56
28.83 17.28
30.22 17.72
30.78 17.89
30.22 17.72
29.00 17.33
27.06 16.67
24.72 15.89
22.44 15.11
20.44 14.39
18.67 13.72
17.28 13.22
16.22 12.78

Feb.
db
wb
17.00 14.22
16.11 13.89
15.39 13.61
14.83 13.39
14.67 13.33
15.00 13.44
15.89 13.78
17.50 14.39
19.83 15.22
22.50 16.17
25.50 17.17
28.33 18.06
30.50 18.72
31.89 19.17
32.44 19.33
31.89 19.17
30.76 18.78
28.72 18.17
26.39 17.44
24.11 16.67
22.11 16.00
20.33 15.39
18.94 14.94
17.89 14.50

Mar.
db
wb
20.33 17.28
19.44 17.00
18.72 16.72
18.17 16.56
18.00 16.50
18.33 16.61
19.22 16.89
20.83 17.44
23.17 18.17
25.83 19.00
28.83 19.49
31.67 20.72
33.83 21.33
35.22 21.72
35.78 21.89
35.22 21.72
34.00 21.39
32.06 20.83
29.72 20.22
27.44 19.50
25.44 18.89
23.67 18.33
22.28 17.89
21.22 17.56

Apr.
db
wb
22.89 18.61
22.00 18.33
21.28 18.11
20.72 17.89
20.56 17.89
20.89 17.94
21.78 18.28
23.39 18.78
25.72 19.44
28.39 20.28
31.39 21.11
34.22 21.89
36.39 22.50
37.78 22.83
38.33 23.00
37.78 22.83
36.11 22.56
34.61 22.00
32.28 21.39
30.00 20.72
28.00 20.17
26.22 19.61
24.83 19.22
23.78 18.89

May
db
wb
25.67 20.56
24.78 20.06
24.06 19.83
23.50 19.67
23.33 19.61
23.67 19.72
24.56 20.00
26.17 20.44
28.50 21.11
31.17 21.89
34.17 22.67
37.00 23.39
39.17 23.94
40.56 24.33
41.11 24.44
40.56 24.33
38.89 24.00
37.39 23.50
35.06 22.89
32.78 22.28
30.78 21.78
29.00 21.28
27.61 20.89
26.56 20.56

Jun.
db
wb
27.33 21.61
26.44 21.38
25.72 21.17
25.17 21.00
25.00 20.94
25.33 21.06
26.22 21.28
27.83 21.78
30.17 22.39
32.83 23.11
35.83 23.83
38.67 24.56
40.83 25.11
42.22 25.44
42.78 25.56
42.22 25.44
41.00 25.17
39.06 24.67
36.72 24.11
34.44 23.50
32.44 23.00
30.67 22.50
29.28 22.17
28.22 21.83

WEF
RIYADH COOLING DESIGN TEMPERATURE PROFILE

--

hr
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

July
db
27.09
27.00
26.28
25.72
25.56
25.89
26.78
28.39
30.72
33.39
36.39
39.22
41.39
42.78
43.33
42.78
41.56
39.61
37.28
35.00
33.00
31.22
29.83
28.78

wb
21.61
21.39
21.17
21.00
20.94
21.05
21.28
21.78
22.79
23.11
23.89
24.56
25.11
25.44
25.56
25.44
25.17
24.67
24.11
23.50
23.00
22.56
22.17
21.83

August
db
wb
27.89 21.61
27.00 21.39
26.28 21.17
25.72 21.00
25.56 20.44
25.89 21.05
26.78 21.28
28.39 21.78
30.72 22.39
33.39 23.11
36.39 23.89
39.22 24.56
41.39 25.11
42.78 25.44
43.33 25.66
42.78 25.44
41.56 25.17
39.61 24.67
37.28 24.11
35.00 23.50
33.00 23.00
31.22 22.56
29.83 22.17
28.78 21.83

Sept.
db
wb
26.44 20.56
25.56 20.33
24.83 20.11
24.28 19.94
24.11 19.89
24.44 20.00
25.33 20.24
26.94 20.72
29.28 21.39
31.94 22.11
34.94 22.89
37.78 23.67
39.94 24.17
41.33 24.56
41.89 24.67
41.33 24.56
40.11 24.22
38.17 23.72
35.83 23.17
33.56 22.56
31.56 22.00
29.78 21.50
28.39 21.11
27.33 20.83

Oct.
db
24.00
23.11
22.39
21.83
21.67
22.00
22.89
24.50
26.83
29.05
32.50
35.33
37.50
38.89
39.44
38.89
39.67
35.72
33.39
31.11
29.11
27.33
25.94
24.89

wb
19.00
18.72
18.50
18.33
18.28
18.39
18.67
19.17
19.83
20.61
21.50
22.22
22.83
23.22
23.33
23.22
22.89
22.33
21.72
21.11
20.50
20.00
19.61
19.28

Nov.
db
wb
19.78 16.89
18.89 16.56
18.17 16.33
17.61 16.17
17.44 16.11
17.78 16.22
18.67 16.50
20.28 17.06
22.61 17.78
25.28 18.67
28.27 19.56
31.11 20.39
33.28 21.00
34.67 21.39
35.22 21.56
34.67 21.39
33.44 21.06
31.50 20.50
29.17 19.83
26.89 19.17
24.89 18.50
23.11 17.94
21.72 17.50
20.67 17.17

Dec.
db
wb
16.44 13.78
15.56 13.44
14.83 13.17
14.82 13.00
14.11 12.94
14.44 13.06
15.33 13.38
16.94 14.00
19.28 14.83
21.94 15.78
24.94 16.78
27.78 17.72
29.94 18.39
31.33 18.83
31.89 19.00
31.33 18.83
30.11 18.44
28.17 17.83
25.83 17.11
23.56 16.33
21.56 15.61
19.78 15.00
18.39 14.50
17.33 14.11

WEF
RIYADH COOLING DESIGN TEMPERATURE PROFILE

:Indoor

Design Conditions

a : 23.5C 25.5C

b : 40 RH 60 RH

a : 21.5C 23.5C

b : 20 RH 30 RH

F
--

(Comfort Zones)

Cooling Load Calculations

WInitial Design Consideration
W

Building Characteristics
E F

building configuration

KK
K

EschedulingF
K

Space Heat Gains & Space Cooling Load

(time interval)

K
Space Cooling Load
W

(Qw )

(air-air

(steady

state)

(unsteady state)temperature)
K

(thermal

mass)
(decrement factor, f)(time lag ,)

--

W(air-to-air temperature)

Qw = U A To Ti

Ti = {C}

To = {C}

A = {m 2 } KKK

U = {W

m 2 K } KKKK

(U )
(ho ) (hi )

WEF
h{W / m 2 K }

10

EF

34

6.7 m/s

23

3.4 m/s

WEF

(U )

x
1
1 1
=
+ +
U ho hi
k

x = {m}

k = {W / mK}
{W / mK } k
E F

--

k = {W / mK }
0.72

(common brick)

1.30

(Face brick)

1.72

(Concrete)

1.10

(Tiles)

1.80

(Stone)

0.72

(Cement plaster)

0.80

(Gypsum plaster)

0.16

(Hard wood)

0.12

(Soft wood)

1.72

(Sand)

0.036

(Cork)

0.036

(Glass wool)

0.040

(Polystyrene)

0.023

(Polyurethane)

WEF

(insulants)
K

--

W
U

h0 = 20 W / m2 K
K hi = 10 W / m2 K
(5 mm)

(400 mm)

(50 mm)

(5 mm)

WEF

x x1 x 2 x3 x 4
=
+
+
+
W
k k1 k 2 k 3 k 4
x2 = 400 mm = 0.400 m x1

= x 4 = 5 mm = 0.005 m

x3 = 50mm = 0.050m
k1 = k4 = 0.80 W / mK EF
k2 = 0.72 W / mK

EF

k3 = 0.036 W / mK EF
x = 0 . 005 + 0 . 400 + 0 . 050 + 0 . 005 = 1 . 957
0 . 800

0 . 72

0 . 036
0 . 800
x
1
1 1
=
+ +
U ho hi
k

1
1
+ + 1.957 = 2.107
20 10

U =

1
= 0.475 W / m 2 K
2.107

Sol-air Temperture
--

(Two )
Tw = To + (I ) / h0
o

Ts = Tw To
o

(
)
= [W / m K ]

I = W / m2

ho

Ts = {K }

Ts = Tw To = (I ) / h0
o

W
O

T
O

T
WR

T
R

WEF

K (TW

f TO ) TO TW
O

Qsun = (UATs )
--

A = {m 2 }
U = {W m 2 K }

0.70 0.55

0.5 0.4

0.5 0.3

o.9 0.8

0.65

0.9

WEF

Qw = AU (Two Ti )
W

W (I )

--

HOR.

645.6

610.10

727.3

610.10

82.6

760.1

680.9

622.9

691.3

92.10

846.1

719.7

424.3

7222.7

104.0

881.8

708.1

258.5

708.4

114.7

884.3

679.7

158.3

685.10

131.1

875.1

655.4

139.0

664.2

166.1

868.2

660.4

100.1

662.0

131.1

860.9

682.9

249.4

674.3

119.8

824.4

698.6

448.9

823.7

107.8

749.3

663.6

609.1

646.3

95.8

646.3

587.9

720.7

592.7

83.9

596.5

756.6

756.6

570.9

77.6

WEF
(W m 2 )

--

HOR.
W
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
111.0
339.2
532.8
672.1
747.1
752.5
687.6
557.0
370.4
145.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
24.3
55.5
77.6
92.7
103.4
2150.0
448.6
629.6
709.3
556.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
267.0
529.0
688.8
791.9
845.2
849.0
802.9
707.1
556.7
317.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
489.9
707.4
649.4
479.2
251.3
104.7
94.6
80.4
59.3
29.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

N
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
24.3
55.5
77.6
92.7
100.9
101.5
94.6
80.4
59.3
29.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

Hour
0000
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300

(W m 2 ) WEF

--

HOR.
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.9
199.6
431.6
636.9
809.2
928.4
989.9
988.9
926.2
805.5
635.2
426.2
193.6
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
50.4
86.1
112.5
132.4
146.0
159.2
218.3
494.3
666.1
767.9
759.4
555.2
6.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

S
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
50.4
89.8
120.4
149.1
211.8
244.9
244.3
210.6
147.2
119.8
88.9
49.2
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

E
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
12.3
564.0
761.6
766.4
662.7
489.6
276.5
158.9
145.6
132.1
122.2
85.4
49.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

N
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.3
197.0
216.3
181.6
143.8
154.8
160.5
160.5
154.8
143.4
182.8
216.6
194.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0

Hour
0000
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500
0600
0700
0800
0900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300

(W m 2 ) WEF

KE F

KK

--

.(air-air temperature)

2m 1.5m 6 m 4 m 3 m

W (Qw ) K1.5m 1.2m

40C (db),30C ( wb) J

24C (db),50% RH

27C (db)

48C (db)

W (U )

2.4 W m 2 K J

2.0 W m 2 K J

0.6 W m 2 K J

5 .6 W m 2 K

W
T

m2

W m2 K

1981.4

16

51.6

2.4

96.0

16

3.0

2.0

483.8

16

5.4

5.6

1382.4

24

24

2.4

43.2

03

24

0.6

3986.8

Qw

WEF

Qw = 3986.8 W = 3.987 kW

--

(Qrad )

WEF

HHZ
K
W
Qrad = A I (SC )
W
Qrad = [kW ]

I = W / m2

SC = [None ]

--

0.64

0.83

0.57

0.69

0.33

0.40

0.57

0.88

0.34

0.40

WEF
F
E

KK

--

WEF

W (Qv )

(building

K(infiltration)

quality)
K

20%K

K
--

3600 EFZ {m3 / s} WW

K


0.25 K

K(

0.50K

Crack method) (V& )

(p) (A)

A=

V& = ACp n

C=

p =
n= 0.4 p n f 1.0

E FK

EJ F

L/s/m

0.36

EF

1.00

EF

0.72

1.70

1.44

0.50

WEF

K3.35 m/sW
W

--

(L/s)

565

85

13

330

165

45

(2.73m 0.92m)

236

35

(2.00m 0.76m)

330

64

(2.13m 0.92m)

660

85

38

(2.13m 1.84m)

WEF

3.35 m/sW

Qvs =

Qvs

V&
c p (Ti To )
v o air

]
= [m / kg ]

V& = m 3 / s

vo

c p air = [1.006 kJ / kgK ]

ii

Qv =
l

(Q )J
vl

V
o h fg
vo i

o = [kg water / kg air ] W

i = [kg water / kg air ]

--

h fg = [2254 kJ / kg ]

K (Qv )
Qv = Qvs + Qvl =

V
h
vo

h = [kJ / kg ] W

(N)L

(Qv )

Qv =

N V h
3600 vo

[ ]

= m3

(ACH)

(ACH)

:(ACH)E

--

(ACH)

6-10

3-4

4-6

4-6

5-10

20

(ACH)WEF

WEF

--

(L/s)

2.5

3.5

12

12.0

14.0

7.5

7.5

3.5

2.5

WEF

9.5

7.5
7.0
3.5
5.0
14
14.0
24.0
12.5
10.0
6.0
5.0

24C (db), 50% RH 8 m 6

m 3m

ACH=5

40C ( db ),26C ( wb )

hO

hN

26

hR

O
R

24

40

WEF
--

hR = 48.5 kJ / kg

hO = 75.0kJ / kg

V ACH
V& =
3600

hN = 65.0kJ / g

v0 = 0.908 m3 / kg

(8 6 3) 5
V& =
3600

V& = 0.2 m / s
= 0.22 kg / s
3

m& =

V&
0.2
=
v0 0.908

Qv = m& (hN hR )
s

Qv s = 0.22 (65 48.5) = 3.63 kW

Qvl = 0.22 (75 65) = 2.2 kW

Qvl = m& (h0 h N )

Qv = Qvs + Qvl

Qv = 3.63 + 2.2 = 5.83 kW

Qv = m& (ho hR )

Qv = 0.22 (75.0 48.5) = 5.83 kW

(QL )

Q L = N P F (DF )

N =

P = [W ]

F = (F
=1.25 -1.30 for florescent lamps
= 1.0 for bulb lamps

DF =

--

25-

30%

KEFK

W
(W / m 2 )

60

45

40

20

17

15

WEF

--

W
20100 W 50
K40 W

W
Qlight = ( N1 P1 ) bulb + (1.25 N 2 P2 ) flourescent
= 50 100 + 1.25 20 40
= 5000 + 1000 = 6000 W = 6 kW
W

K 50 m 2

K100 WJ

K40 WJ
K

40 W / m 2

(I)

I = 50 40 = 2000 W
W(N1)100 W
N1 =

2000
= 20
100

2000W

(N2) 40 W

N2 =

2000
= 50
40

Qlight = (1.25 N 2 P2 ) flourescent

= 1.25 50 40 = 2500 W

--

Heat of Occupants
K

(37 0 C )
K
W

Kmetabolic

rate

97

31

66

117

45

72

J J

132

59

73

J J

132

59

73

146

73

73

162

81

81

220

139

81

220

139

81

292

204

88

425

255

170

425

255

170

(w)WEF

W
Q p = n q p (D.F .)
s

--

Q p = n q p (D.F .)
L

n =

( Diversity Factor )
K DF.=

q ps =
q pL =

100

(DF=1)K

q = 229 W q l = 139 W

Q p = 100 81 = 8100 W
s

= 81 W

Q pl = 100 139 = 13900 W

Q p = 100 220 = 22000 W = 22.0 kW

Q p = Q p + Q p
s

Q p = 8100 + 13900 = 22000 W = 22.0 kW

--

0.85 0.70

0.90 0.70

0.50 0.30

0.60 - 0.40

1.00 0.90

0.800.90

0.90 0.80

0.85o.95

WEF
Heat of Equipment

KKK

W (QE )

QE = (1 )E

E =

=
0.5

kW2

.70%

QE = (1 )E
= 2 (1 0.7) 0.5 = 0.30 kW

(Qm )
L

--

W
26C (db),50%RH 4.5m 3.0m 3.0m

43 C ( db ), 26 C ( wb )

K 1.6 W / m K 1.6 W / m K 1.6 W / m K 1.35 W / m K 6.42 W / m K

2

K 8C EF

K3 m24 m2
K10 L/sK 355 W / m2 K12C

72 W 360 W
KK45 W
4.5 m

3m

WEF

Qw = 1438.86W = 1.439kW EF

EFHZ

Qrad = A I (SC )

SC = 0.83

Qrad = A I (SC )

= 4 355 0.83 = 1178.6 W

Qsun = (UATs )

Qsun = (UATs )

--

= 1.35 6.5 12 = 105.3 W

Qsol = 1178.6 + 105.3 = 1283.9 W = 1.284 kW

QL = N P F
= 4 60 1.25 = 300W = 0.300kW
Q p = n q p (D.F .)
s

= 3 72 1 = 216 W

Q p = n q p (D.F .)
L

= 3 45 1 = 135 W

= 216 + 135 = 351W = 0.351kW

Q p = Q ps + Q pl

W
W

h0 = 81 kJ / kg v o = 0.916 m3 / kg

= 58 kJ / kg

V& = 3 10 = 30 L / s = 0.030 m3 / s
&

m& = V

vo

0.030
= 0.033 kg / s
0.916

Qv = m& (ho hi )

= 0.033(81 58) = 0.759 kW

= 1.439 + 1.284 + 0.300 + 0.351 + 0.759 = 4.133 kW

Q R = Qw + Qsol

+ Ql + Q p + Qv (Q R )

--

Qw{W }

Qw = UA(To Ti )

(To Ti )

A(m 2 )

U {W / m 2 K }

109.35

9.0

1.35

109.35

9.0

1.35

149.175

17

6.5

1.35

164.025

13.5

1.35

436.56

17

4.0

6.42

81.6

17

3.0

1.6

194.4

13.50

1.6

194.4

13.50

1.6

1438.86

WEF

--

Heating Load Calculation

W

KK

KE ho F

E
K

15 o C J

J
(adiabatic conditions )

(SHF)

SHF =

Qs
QT

Qs
Qs + Ql

Qs = {W }

Ql = {W }
QT = {W }
--

W
W

W
W

W
W
W

K 24C (db),50% RH

3 4.25m24m
WK 2m 2.5m

U = 0.7 W / m K
2

U = 0.5 W / m 2 K

U = 3.2 W / m 2 K

U = 1.6 W / m 2 K

100J
45 W72 WJ

5 L/sJ

10 W/m2J

10C (db),6C (db)

--

24

28

18

WEF

Qw = UA(To Ti )

EF (Qw )

Qw = 10713.5 W = 10.714 kW
QL = 10 28 18

Q p = n q p (D.F .)
= 5040W = 5.040kW

(D.F .)

= 100 72 1 = 7200W = 7.200 kW

Qp = n q p
L

--

= 100 45 1 = 4500 W = 4.500 kW

+ Q pl

= 7200 + 4500 = 11700 W = 11.700 kW

(To Ti )

Q p = Q ps

Qw {W }

A(m 2 )

U {W / m 2 K }

-749.7

-14

76.5

0.7

-749.7

-14

76.5

0.7

-957.95

-14

8.5

0.7

-83.3

-14

102

0.7

-4569.6

-14

102

3.2

-33.6

-14

15

1.6

-3528

-14

504

0.5

EF

-10713.5

WEF
W

W
%
50

hO

hN

RH

hR
R
6
O
10

N
24

WEF

--

hR = 48.5 kJ / kg v o = 0.807 m3 / kg

hO = 20.5 kJ / kg hN

= 34.5 kJ / kg

V& = 5 100 = 0500 L / s = 0.500m 3 / s

V& 0.500
=
= 0.62kg / s
v o 0.807
= m& (hO h N )

m& =
Qv s

= 0.62(20.5 34.5) = 8.680kW

Qv l = m& (h N h R )
= 0.62(34.5 48.5) = 8.680 kW
Qv = m& (hO hR )

= 0.62(20.5 48.5) = 17.36 kW

= 8.680 + 8.680 = 17.36 kW

Q v = Qv s

+ Qvl

(Q R T )
(kW)

(kW)

Q Rl

Q Rs

-10.714

(Qw )

5.040

(Q L )

4.500

7.200

(Q p )

-8.680

-8.680

(Qv )

-4.180

-7.154

(Q R T )

WEF

Q RT = Q Rs + Q Rl
= -7.154 -4.180=-11.334 kW

SHF =

QRS
7.154
=
= 0.63
QRT
11.334

--

WWJ

WJ

KJ
WJ

KK
WJ

K
double-glazing
K

--

1m 2m U

= 0.57W / m 2 K 4m 3m

K1.5m 0.75m U = 1.6W / m K

2

KU

= 3.2W / m 2 K

K T = 16 K

KACH=2 8m 6m 3m
K

K 60 W / m 2 8m 6m J
W40 W

m8 m10 m

24 oC K1.5 m23 m2

WK24 oC

40 oC

27 oC

7 oC
3 oC

W( U )

2.4 W/ m2 K

0.6W/ m2 K

2.0W/ m2 K

5.6W/ m2 K

300 W/m2

200 W/m2
--

F
KE
10

Room @ 24 C

Room @ 24 C

WKJ
24C (db),50% RH J
35C (db),26C ( wb) J

30J

400 WJ

3 mJ

W21.2m 3m

6J

K1.5m 1.2m 1.5m 3m

30C (db)
J

24C (db)

WJ

U = 1.6 W / m 2 K

U = 2.5 W / m 2 K EF

--

U = 1.5 W / m 2 K

U = 3.2 W / m 2 K
U = 1.8 W / m 2 K

10C (db),6C (db)

K
12 m

18 m

--

WEFE3F
EF20 %80 %E
EFE

EF E
12 C (db),10C ( wb) 35C (db), 30% RH E
EF

KE

EFE
12 C 12 C ,10C E
EF 10C

EFE

EFE
EF E

K (AHU)
40%60% K80%40 kW
WK

25C (db), 50% RH

10 C (db), 6 C ( wb)

35 C (db)

W
(i)

(ii)

(iii)

--

3 m 2 m
2 6 m 5 m 3 m
10KEF1.5 m 2 m
16K132 W

25C (db), 50% RH KACH=2K50 W

K 26 C (db) K10 C (db), 6 C ( wb)
WJ
1.6 W m 2 K

1.8 W m 2 K

3.2 W m 2 K

26 0C (db), 50% RH

250C (db) , 50% RH

--

WEFE3F

EF20 %80 %E
EFE

E3FE
12 C (db),10C ( wb) 35C (db), 30% RH E

E 3F

KEFE

E3FE

10C 12 C 12 C ,10C E

EF

E3FE

EFE
E3FE

W
TM =

m& O TO + m& R TR
m& O + m& R

0.4 10 + 0.6 25
0 .4 + 0 .6
= 16 C
=

16 C MROM

35 C FSR0.8SHF
E

--

M
O
10

25

16

35

MN NS
W

hs = 58.5 kJ / kg

hN = 39.5 kJ / kg

w N = 0.0092 kg / kg

wM = 0.0065 kg / kg

m& =
=

(m& )

Qs
c p T

40
= 4 kg / s
1 10

Qhc = m& h = m& (hS hN )

(Qhc )

= 4 (58.5 39.5)
= 76 kW

--

(m& w )

m& w = 3600m& ( wN wM )

= 3600 4 (0.0092 0.0065)

= 38.88 L / hr

26 0C (db), 50% RH

250C (db) , 50% RH

--

Qw = AUT

Qw

Qw

T = To Ti

T
C

U
W / m2 K

A
m2

-360

-15

1.6

15

19.2

01

12

1.6

-288

-15

12

1.6

-288

-15

1.6

12

-916.8

-288

-15

3.2

-288

-15

3.2

-576

-81

-1573.8

-15

1.8

Qw = 1573.8W 1.574 kW

Qp = N q p

(Q p )

= 10 132
= 1320 W

=1.320 kW

(QL )

QL = N F P
= 16 1.25 50
= 1000 W = 1.000 kW

--

(Qv )

V = 6 5 3
= 90 m 3

v0 = 0.806 m 3 / kg EF

hR = 50.5 kJ / kg

hO = 20 kJ / kg

m& =

(m& )

V
3600vO

90

3600 0.806
= 0.031 kg / s
=

Qv = m& (hO hR )

= 0.031(20 50.5)
= 0.9455 kW

EF

--

--

--

S4

S3

S1

S2

db

WE212F

--

--

--

--

--

REFERENCES

E
J F K

E J FK

FK

E FK

J
J

KK KK

EF

K
V. Paul Lang,1987 "Principles of Air Conditioning", 4th
Edition , Delmar.
Roy J.Dossat,1997"Principles of Refrigeration",4th
Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey,
Columbus, Ohio
T.D. Eastop & A.McConkey, 1996 "Applied
Thermodynamics for Engineering Technologist" 5th
Edition, Longman.
Edward G. Pita, 1998 "Air Conditioning Principles And
Systems" 3rd. Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey,
Columbus, Ohio.
Edward G. Pita, 1981 "Air Conditioning Principles And
Systems: An Energy Approach" 3rd. Edition, John Willey
& Sons, Inc.
W. P Jones, 1997 "Air Conditioning Applications And
Design" 2nd Edition, John Willey & Sons, Inc. New
York-Toronto.
Whitman. Johnson & Tomczyk, 2000 "Refrigeration And
Air Conditioning Technology" 4th Edition, Delmar.
Althouse. Turnquist. Bracciano, 1996 "Modern
--

.
.

.
.

Refrigeration And Air Conditioning" The GoodheartWillcox Company, Inc.

Faye & Parker, 1994 "Heating, Ventilating And Air
Conditioning" Analysis & Design. 4th Edition, , John
Willey & Sons, Inc.
Shan. K. Wang, 1994 "Handbook Of Air Conditioning
And Refrigeration" McGraw-Hill.
William C. Whitman, William M. Johnson,
1988"Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology ,
Concepts, Procedures and Troubleshooting Techniques",
Revised Edition, Delmar.

--

.
.

Mass flow rate

kg / s

m&

kg

Condensed water

kg / s

m& w

Air mass flow rate

kg / s

m& a

Total pressure

Pa

Pressure difference

Pa

Air pressure

Pa

pa

Vapor pressure

Pa

pv

Evaporator pressure

Pa

pe

Condenser pressure

Pa

pc

Universal gas constant

J Kmole kg

Specific Gas constant

J kgK

Specific heat

J kgK

cp

Compression work

Wc

Evaporator load

Qe

Qcc

Qhc

Qc

Qs

Ql

J kg

RE

COP

m3

Va

m3

Vv

mass

Cooling coil capacity

Heating coil capacity
Condenser heat
transfer
Sensible heat load
latent heat load
Refrigeration effect
Coefficient of
performance
Air vlome
Vapor volume

--

Air temperature

Ta

Vapor temperature

Tv

Dry bulb temperature

Tdb

Wet bulb temperture

Twb

Relative humidity

RH

Specific humidity

kg kg

Qt

TR

TR

Qc

EF

Qr

Qp

Ql

Qv

Qe

Qm

SHF

W m2 K

Total load
Ton of Refrigeration
Wall gains
(conductive heat
gains)
Radiation load
Heat gains from
people
Heat gains from lghts
Ventilation load
Heat gains from
equipment
Miscellaneous loads
Specific heat factor
Overall heat transfer
coefficient

Room or space
temperature

TR

Internal temperature

Ti

Outside temperature
Supply air
temperature
Temperature
difference
Radiation intensity

To

TS

W m2

I
--

W m2 K

hi

W m2 K

ho

kJ kg

SC

Qvs

Qvl

m 3 kg

vo

kJ kg

h fg

m3

m 3 s 1

n, N

Lamps factor

Diversity factor

DF

efficiency

Saturation efficiency

Contact factor

hr 1

ACH

J / kgK

S, s

Cooling load

CL

Dryness factor

Horsepower

hp

hp

Absorptivity factor
Internal heat transfer
coefficient
External heat transfer
coefficient
Enthalpy
Shading coefficient
Ventilation load sensible
Ventilation load latent
Specific volume@
outside conditions
Latent heat of
vaporization
volume
Discharge (volume
flow rate)
number

Air change per hour

Entropy

--

EFW

EF
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