Lecture 4 Rasterdataprocessingterrainanalysis

Raster Data Processing
and Terrain Analysis

By
Julius M. Bagate
Day 3, Introduction to Geographic Information Systems with GIS, !" #ollege of $rchitecture, Diliman ue%on #ity

&aster Data
$ spatial data model that defines space as an

array of e'ually si%ed cells arranged in rows
and columns, and composed of single or
multiple (ands.
)ach cell contains an attri(ute *alue and

location coordinates.
&aster coordinates are contained in the

ordering of the matri+.
Groups of cells that share the same *alue

represent the same type of geographic feature.
http,--support.esri.com-en-.nowledge(ase-GISDictionary-term-raster

&aster Data
a raster consists of a matri+ of cells /or pi+els0

organi%ed into rows and columns /or a grid0
where each cell contains a *alue representing
information, such as temperature.
&asters are digital aerial photographs, imagery

from satellites, digital pictures, or e*en scanned
maps
http,--we(help.esri.com-arcgisdes.top-1.2-inde+.cfm3
4opic5ame67hat8is8raster8data93:

&aster Data

&aster Data
http,--www.automation;
dri*e.com-)<-=>;?3;=3-pic=@A.Bpg

http,--www.inno*ati*egis.com-(asis-
mapanalysis-4opic3=-4opic3=.htm
&aster Data

Data "erspecti*es

General #haracteristics of
&aster Data
)ach cell-pi+el has a *alue
Calues represent phenomenon
#ategory /land;use class, grassland, forest, road0
Magnitude /gra*ity, noise pollution, percent rainfall0
Deight-Distance /surface ele*ation amsl

Ederi*ati*es, slope, aspect, watershed propertiesF
Spectral *alue /reflectance, color0

&aster Data
#ell *alues can (e
"ositi*e or negati*e
Integer /(est for categorical-discrete data0
:loating "oint /(est for continuous surfaces0
5oData /a(sence of data0

&aster Data
http,--we(help.esri.com-arcgisdes.top-1
.2-inde+.cfm3

&aster Data
.2-inde+.cfm3
#an (e stored as list of cell *alues
)g. A=, GH, @2, H>, 3H, etc.

&aster Data
.2-inde+.cfm3
$rea or surface represented (y each cell

consists of the same width and height
$n e'ual portion of the entire surface

represented (y the raster.

&aster Data
.2-inde+.cfm3
Dimensions of the cells can (e as large or small

as needed to represent the surface

&aster Data
.2-inde+.cfm3
Iocation of each cell is defined (y the row or

column where it is located with the raster matri+

&aster Data
.2-inde+.cfm3
)+tent of the raster is defined (y the top,

(ottom, left and right coordinates of the
rectangular areas co*ered (y the raster

&aster Data
http,--www.automation;dri*e.com-)<-=>;?3;
=3-=HG3.gif

&aster Data
http,--www.inno*ati*egis.com-(asis-papers-o
ther-asprschapter-

&aster Data &epresentation
dri*e.com-raster;data


#haracteristics of &aster Data

Discrete *s. #ontinuous Data
Discrete
has known and definable boundaries. It is

easy to define precisely where the object
begins and ends
Lake, roads, parcels

Continuous Surface
represents phenomena in which each location

on the surface is a measure of the
concentration level or its relationship from a
fixed point in space or from an emitting
source

Continuous ata
referred to as field, nondiscrete, or surface

data. !ne type
derived from those characteristics that define

a surface, in which each location is measured
from a fixed registration point.
"g. elevation
fixed point being sea level
"g. aspect
the fixed point being direction# north,

east, south, and west.


phenomena that progressively vary as

they move across a surface from a source
fluid and air movement.
iffusion or any other locomotion in which the phenomenon

moves from areas with high concentration to those with less
concentration until the concentration level evens out.
salt concentration moving through either the ground or

water,
contamination level moving away from a ha$ardous spill

or a nuclear reactor,
and heat from a forest fire.


http,--www.geoassociates.net-

http,--www.geoassociates.net-

http,--www.antipollution.asia-we(-"#;"uff.html

http,--www.antipollution.asia-we(-"#;"uff.html

concentration surface is governed by the

inherent characteristics of the moving
phenomenon
movement of the noise from a bomb blast is governed by the

inherent characteristics of noise and the medium it moves
through.

%ode of locomotion can also limit and

directly affect the surface concentration
of a feature, as is the case with seed
dispersal from a plant.
&he means of locomotion, whether it be bees, man, wind, or

water, all affect the surface concentration of seed dispersal for
the plant.
!ther locomotion surfaces include dispersal of animal

populations, potential customers of a store'cars being the
means of locomotion and time being the limiting factor'and
the spreading of a disease.

"ither continuous or discrete
( continuum is created in representing features
Soil types, edge of forests, boundaries of

wetlands, geographic markets form &) ad
campaigns


http,--we(help.esri.com-arcgisdes.top-1.2-inde+.cfm34opic5ame67hat8is8raster8data93:
4hematic /discrete0 data
Iand use, soils
#ontinuous data
4emperature, ele*ation, spectral data /Satellite

images, aerial photographs0
"ictures
Scanned maps or drawings /(uilding photographs0

!ses of &aster Data
http,--we(help.esri.com-arcgisdes.top-1.2-inde+.cfm34opic5ame67hat8is8raster8data93:
$s (asemaps
Bac.ground display for other feature layers
Jrthophotos from aerial photography, satellite imagery

and scanned maps.

!ses of &aster Data
$s (asemaps
http,--emilms.fema.go*-is122-GISsummary.htm

!ses of &aster Data
http,--we(help.esri.com-arcgisdes.top-1.2-inde+.cfm3
$s surface maps
&asters are well suited for representing data that

changes continuously across a landscape /surface0.
"ro*ide and effecti*e method of storing continuity

as a surface.
"ro*ide regularly spaced representation of

surfaces.
)le*ation
&ainfall
4emperature
#oncentration
"opulation Density

!ses of &aster Data
)le*ation data
*reen# shows lower elevation
red, pink, and white cells# higher elevation

!ses of &aster Data
$s 4hematic Maps
can be derived from analy$ing other data
classifying a satellite image by land+cover categories
groups the values of multispectral data into classes

,such as vegetation type- and assigns a categorical
value.
&hematic maps can also result from geoprocessing operations

that combine data from various sources, such as vector, raster,
and terrain data.
process data through a geoprocessing model to create a

raster dataset that maps suitability for a specific activity.

!ses of &aster Data

!ses of &aster Data
$s $ttri(utes of a feature
may be digital photographs, scanned documents,

or scanned drawings related to a geographic
object or location

7hy store data as rasters
simple data structure'( matrix of cells with values

representing a coordinate and sometimes linked to
an attribute table
powerful format for advanced spatial and statistical

analysis
ability to represent continuous surfaces and to

perform surface analysis
ability to uniformly store points, lines, polygons,

and surfaces
ability to perform fast overlays with complex

datasets

#a*eats, store data as rasters
Spatial inaccuracies due to limits imposed by the

raster dataset cell dimensions
.otentially very large datasets.
/esolution increases as the si$e of the cell

decreases0
1ormally cost also increases in both disk space

and processing speeds.
changing cells to one+half the current si$e

re2uires as much as four times the storage
space, depending on the type of data and
storage techni2ues used.

#a*eats, store data as rasters
loss of precision that accompanies restructuring

data to a regularly spaced raster+cell boundary

Manipulating &asters

Map $lge(ra
Map $lge(ra is math applied to rasters, a

practice thatKs possi(le (ecause rasters are
geographically referenced arrays of num(ers.
If you stac. rasters on top of each other as if

they were a mathematical sandwich, you can
perform simple arithmetic to the most
sophisticated algorithms with them.

Map $lge(ra

Map $lge(ra
Map $lge(ra is an analysis language (ased loosely on the map

alge(ra concepts presented (y Dr. Dana 4omlin in his (oo. entitled
Geographic Information Systems and Cartographic Modeling /4omlin,
?11=0.
Map $lge(ra is a high;le*el computational language used for

performing cartographic spatial analysis using raster data

Map $lge(ra
http,--www.inno*ati*egis.com-(
asis-mapanalysis-4opic3=-4opi
c3=.htm

Map $lge(ra
c3=.htm

Map $lge(raLSpatial Jperations
c3=.htm

4errain $nalysis
#ollection, analysis, e*aluation, and

interpretation of geographic information on the
natural and manmade features of the terrain,
com(ined with other rele*ant factors, to predict
the effect of the terrain on military operations.

4errain $nalysis
asis-mapanalysis-topic??-topic?
?.htm

4errain $nalysis
http,--wwwH.ncsu.edu-Mhmitaso
-gmsla(-*i%-img-nc?8f.gif

4errain $nalysis
http,--ac.o.net-(log-ma.ing;worlds;3;
thats;no;moon-

4errain $nalysis
thats;no;moon-

4errain $nalysis
thats;no;moon-

D)M
A digital
elevation model
is a digital model
or 3D
representation of
a terrain's
surface
commonly for a
planet (including
Earth), moon, or
asteroid
created from
terrain elevation
data.

D4M
Digital terrain model represents the bare

ground surface without any objects like
plants and buildings (see the fi gure on the
right)

D4M
http,--crystal.isgs
.uiuc.edu-nsdiho
me-we(docs-ilh
mp-county-dsm;
dtm;images.html

DSM
Digital surface model represents the

earth's surface and includes all objects on
it

DSM
http,--crystal.isgs
.uiuc.edu-nsdiho
me-we(docs-ilh
mp-county-dsm;
dtm;images.html

D4M *s DSM

4errain Deri*ati*es
Slope is the steepness or the degree of incline

of a surface.

4errain Deri*ati*es
http,--ipf.o*.ing*.it-MorphoCesu*io8we(-gallery-MorphoCesu*io8file-Gallery-Ces8Gallery.htm

4errain Deri*ati*es

4errain Deri*ati*es

4errain Deri*ati*es

4errain Deri*ati*es

4errain Deri*ati*es

4errain Deri*ati*es

4errain Deri*ati*es

4errain Deri*ati*es
Aspect is the orientation of slope, measured

clockwise in degrees from 0 to 360, where 0 is
north-facing, 90 is east-facing, 180 is south-facing,
and !0 is west-facing.

4errain Deri*ati*es
http,--www.per.clw.csiro.
au-topog-tour-?.@.html

4errain Deri*ati*es
http,--wwwH.ncsu.edu-M
hmitaso-gmsla(-*i%-img-
nc38f.gif

4errain Deri*ati*es
"illshading is a techni#ue used to $isuali%e terrain

as shaded relief, illuminating it with a h&pothetical
light source.
'he illumination $alue for each raster cell is

determined (& its orientation to the light source,
which is (ased on slope and aspect.

4errain Deri*ati*es

4errain Deri*ati*es
)ur$ature -
http,--(logs.esri.com-esri-arc
gis-2=?=-?=-2G-understandi
ng;cur*ature;rasters-

4errain Deri*ati*es
*rofile )ur$ature

4errain Deri*ati*es
*rofile )ur$ature

4errain Deri*ati*es
*rofile )ur$ature
http,--wwwH.ncsu.edu-Mhmit
aso-gmsla(-*i%-img-ncH8f.gi
f

4errain Deri*ati*es
*rofile )ur$ature
f

4errain Deri*ati*es
*lan )ur$ature

4errain Deri*ati*es
*lan )ur$ature
f

4errain Deri*ati*es
*lan )ur$ature
f

4errain Deri*ati*es
*lan )ur$ature
f

&aster to Cector #on*ersion

Spatial $nalysis
http,--www.inno*ati*egis.com-(asis-
papers-other-asprschapter-

Suita(ility $nalysis with &asters

Lecture 4 Rasterdataprocessingterrainanalysis

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Lecture 4 Rasterdataprocessingterrainanalysis

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Raster Data Processing

and Terrain Analysis

$ spatial data model that defines space as an

)ach cell contains an attri(ute *alue and

&aster coordinates are contained in the

Groups of cells that share the same *alue

a raster consists of a matri+ of cells /or pi+els0

&asters are digital aerial photographs, imagery

)ach cell-pi+el has a *alue

Calues represent phenomenon

#ategory /land;use class, grassland, forest, road0

Magnitude /gra*ity, noise pollution, percent rainfall0

Deight-Distance /surface ele*ation amsl

Spectral *alue /reflectance, color0

#ell *alues can (e

Integer /(est for categorical-discrete data0

:loating "oint /(est for continuous surfaces0

5oData /a(sence of data0

#an (e stored as list of cell *alues

)g. A=, GH, @2, H>, 3H, etc.

$rea or surface represented (y each cell

$n e'ual portion of the entire surface

Dimensions of the cells can (e as large or small

Iocation of each cell is defined (y the row or

)+tent of the raster is defined (y the top,

has known and definable boundaries. It is

Lake, roads, parcels

represents phenomena in which each location

referred to as field, nondiscrete, or surface

derived from those characteristics that define

fixed point being sea level

the fixed point being direction# north,

phenomena that progressively vary as

fluid and air movement.

iffusion or any other locomotion in which the phenomenon

salt concentration moving through either the ground or

contamination level moving away from a ha$ardous spill

and heat from a forest fire.

concentration surface is governed by the

movement of the noise from a bomb blast is governed by the

%ode of locomotion can also limit and

&he means of locomotion, whether it be bees, man, wind, or

!ther locomotion surfaces include dispersal of animal

"ither continuous or discrete

( continuum is created in representing features

Soil types, edge of forests, boundaries of

4hematic /discrete0 data

Iand use, soils

4emperature, ele*ation, spectral data /Satellite

Scanned maps or drawings /(uilding photographs0

Bac.ground display for other feature layers

Jrthophotos from aerial photography, satellite imagery

&asters are well suited for representing data that

"ro*ide and effecti*e method of storing continuity

"ro*ide regularly spaced representation of

can be derived from analy$ing other data

classifying a satellite image by land+cover categories

groups the values of multispectral data into classes

&hematic maps can also result from geoprocessing operations

process data through a geoprocessing model to create a

may be digital photographs, scanned documents,

simple data structure'( matrix of cells with values

powerful format for advanced spatial and statistical

"roide and effectie method of storing continuity