Smart Street Lighting System - Project Report

Owner : Power Control Research Group
Ref : PCRG_12_0001
Project : SMART STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM

Version : A
Document : Project Report

Date : 04 SEP 14
FileName : Project Report.doc

Page : 1/8

2014 PCRG All rights reserved

POWER CONTROL RESEARCH GROUP
SMART STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM

NO PART OF THIS DIGITAL CONTENT MAY BE COPIED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT THE PRIOR
PERMISSION OF THE AUTHORS. VIOLATORS ARE LIABLE TO BE LEGALLY PROSECUTED.
ANY BREACH OF THE ABOVE MAY BE DULY REPORTED TO akshayoorjabiz@gmail.com
THE AUTHORS MAY BE CONTACTED THROUGH www.akshayoorja.biz


Ref : PCRG_12_0001

Version : A

Date : 04 SEP 14

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CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. PURPOSE
3. OBJECTIVES
4. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODELLING

5. CONCLUSIONS
6. TESTING RESULTS
6.1.1 Case 1
6.1.2 Case 2
7. REFERENCES


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Version : A

Date : 04 SEP 14

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1. INTRODUCTION
As a matter of fact, the trending demand of alternative sources of energy is required to the
growing demands of the people. This can be achieved in two ways: (1) Finding an
alternative resource to supply the power, and (2) By reducing the energy consumption of the
present resources available. This project, hereby, supports the second statement. This
document provides details about the study and implementation of streets with controlled
lighting based on microcontroller. The illumination of the roads is done by power LEDs
instead of the halogen lamps. Proper program and maintenance has been implemented to
every combination of vehicles in a particular street at night. Roads under construction are
illuminated continuously at night. Heavy traffic conditions are also considered accordingly.
2. PURPOSE
The sole purpose of this project is to reduce the power consumption across a street. This
kind of project is mainly appropriate in urban cities where most of the power is wasted in
lighting up the streets when there is a minimum traffic flow during late nights.

3. OBJECTIVES
To provide lighting to the streets such that minimum possible power is consumed
during nights.
To manage the traffic flow smoothly and efficiently during night.
To replace the conventional halogen lamps with the power LEDs in the lighting
system.
4. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT MODELLING
The equivalent circuit can be divided into five parts, namely:
1. Microcontroller.
2. IR transmitter-receiver pair.
3. LDR circuit.
4. LM324 assembly.
5. Power LED.
Microcontroller
The microcontroller is the heart of the circuit. The one which is used in this project is
ATmega32 development board. Following are the features of the mentioned development
board.


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Pin diagram of ATmega32

The port B pins are used as input pins from the LM324, whereas port D pins are used as
output pins for the power LEDs. The port A channel has been used for LDR sensor.

IR Transmitter-Receiver Pair
The infrared transmitter LED is connected across a 5V supply in series with a resistor of 270
ohm, while the infrared receiver photo-diode is inversely connected across the 5V supply
through a resistance of 10K. The IR transmitter-receiver module that is implemented in the
model has a range of 10cm. The purpose of the IR pair is to sense the vehicles and
correspondingly light the required power LEDs. In a practical implementation,IR sensors
must have a sufficient range to detect vehicles. The IR sensors are placed just before the
LED posts to light the streets just before the vehicle reaches a particular point on the street.


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LDR Circuit
The LDR circuit is the light-dependent sensor which increases the resistance of path as the
intensity of the incident light decreases. This property is used in the project to distinguish
between day and night. As the intensity of the light comes down during night, the resistance
thereby increases, thus, indicating it by switching off the indication LED.
This module gives an analog output to the ADC channel of the microcontroller which
digitizes it and performs the required function after comparing its value with the reference
set in the microcontroller program.

LM324 Assembly
It is an integrated chip(IC) which consists of quad-op-amp (4 op amps),which acts as
comparator for the inputs on the inverting and non-inverting terminals. The basic purpose of
LM324 is to convert the analog value of output of IR sensors to a digital form i.e. 0V or
+5V,which can be detected by the input/output pins of microcontroller.

pin diagram of LM324
The output of the IR sensors is compared with a fixed voltage, across a potentiometer fixed
on the non-inverting terminal, whereas the output of IR sensors are connected to the
inverting terminal of the op-amp. The output of the op-amp would only be +Vcc=+5V or
Vcc=Gnd depending upon whether non-inverting or inverting terminal is greater than each
other respectively.LM324 has a capability of handling 4 outputs of the sensors thereby
reducing the complexity of the circuit.


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Representation of assembly

Power LEDs Circuit
The main objective of using power LEDs is to illuminate with minimum resources and less
power consuming elements. A reflector along with the power LED can illuminate an enough
amount of space,if a proper voltage level is given to the LEDs. The terminals of the power
LEDs are connected to the common ground and the PORTD pins(output) of the
microcontroller.
The problem at the very outset was that all the lights would be in OFF condition when there
is no traffic flow at all on a street at night, which was not that feasible considering the Indian
roads. The solution to that problem was given by PWM signals given as the output to the
pins which reduces the voltage level restricting it between 0-5V according to the duty cycle
percentage. Therefore the power LEDs are at DIM state when there is no traffic flow or
when the IR sensors are not sensing any vehicle.
When there is a vehicle passing an IR sensor, the latter will give the signal to the
microcontroller via LM324 to glow the power LED at its rated brightness. The power LED is
rated at 2.5V,300mA.

5. CONCLUSIONS
The idea of this project can be implemented in a large scale in many big cities, where most
of the street lights are consuming useful power. It is a step forward to allot the power
generated in a much better and systematic fashion across the roads. In this endeavour, a
nation can prosper with its energy efficiency and proper allotment to the required loads. This
is a sincere effort in managing the traffic flow at night and reducing the amount of energy
wasted in this procedure. Meticulous attention has been taken for the vehicle owners and
their safety also.
Sincere thanks to the guide of this project, Dr. XXXXXXXX and program manager of EEE.
Prof. XXXXXXXX. A special thank to XXXXXXXXXXXX who was always there to provide his
full support.


Ref : PCRG_12_0001

Version : A

Date : 04 SEP 14

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6. TEST RESULTS

6.1.1 Case 1 : when an IR pair senses the vehicle
In this case, the sensor detects the object and generates an analog output which is sent to
the inverting terminal of the op-amp(LM324). It is compared to a reference voltage set at
4.1V on the non-inverting terminal of the op-amp.
Usually when a sensor detects the vehicle, it generates a voltage less than 4.1V,which
tends to give the op-amp output equal to +Vcc=+5V. This output(HIGH) is sent to the
PORTB of the microcontroller and the LEDs are switched on accordingly as per the
program. The PORTD pins which are connected to the power LEDs is set HIGH in order to
glow them at rated value.
Voltage across the leds=3.5V
Current across the leds=290mA
Power consumed = 1Watt (approx)
6.1.2 Case 2 : when an IR pair does not sense the vehicle
In this case, when there is no traffic flow across a street, the sensor does not detect any
object and hence the output voltage of the sensor is higher than the reference voltage of
4.1V. This tends the output voltage of the op-amp to be Vcc=Gnd. This output
voltage(LOW) is sent to the PORTB of the microcontroller and hence accordingly PORTD is
set to operate the power LEDs.
The special attribute here is that when there is no object detected, the power LEDs will glow
at very less value than its rated requirement. This is achieved by setting the PORTD pins a
PWM signal(consecutive HIGHs and LOWs). The voltage level can be set by varying the
duty cycle of the PWM signals. The duty cycle chosen in the project is 5%.
Voltage across leds=0.3V (rms)
Current across leds=4mA
Power consumed=1.2mWatt

7. REFERENCES:
http://www.coregravity.com
http://www.engineersgarage.com
http://www.newbiehack.com
http://www.extremeelectronics.com

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