Dividing cells pass through a regular

sequence of cell growth and

division,known as
cell cycle.


cell division: the process by which a cell
divides into two daughter cells, each of
which has the same number of
chromosomes as the original.
The cell cycle consists of five major phases
G1,S,G2,Mitosis,and cytokinesis.
Before a cell can begin mitosis and actually
divide, it must replicate its chromosomes, and
synthesize the structures needed to carry out
mitosis and cytokinesis.These preparatory
processes occur during the G1,S,and G2
phases of the cell cycle, which are known
collectively as interphase.
Types of divisions
Three types of cell division occur:
1. Binary fission,
2. Mitosis, and
3. Meiosis.
Binary fission, the method used by prokaryotes,
produces two identical cells from one cell. The more
complex process of mitosis, which also produces two
genetically identical cells from a single cell, is used by
many unicellular eukaryotic organisms for
reproduction.
Multicellular organisms use mitosis for
1- Growth, 2- Cell repair, and 3-Cell replacement.

Cell Cycle


What is mitosis?

Mitosis is nuclear division plus cytokinesis and
produce two identical daughter cells by
replicating and dividing the original
chromosomes.
Mitosis deals only with the segregation of the
chromosomes and organelles into daughter
cells.
Replicated chromosomes consist of two
molecules of DNA known as chromatids. The
area where both chromatids are in contact with
each other is known as the centromere .
Steps Of Mitosis
1- prophase,2- prometaphase, 3-
metaphase, 4- anaphase, and 5-
telophase.
Interphase is often included in
discussions of mitosis, but interphase is
technically not part of mitosis, but rather
encompasses stages G1, S, and G2 of the
cell cycle.
Interphase



The kinetochore is the point where microtubules
of the spindle apparatus attach.
The kinetochores are on the outer sides of the centromere.
Prophase

Prophase is the first stage of mitosis proper. Chromatin
condenses (remember that chromatin/DNA replicate
during Interphase), the nuclear envelope dissolves,
centrioles (if present) divide and migrate, kinetochores
and kinetochore fibers form, and the spindle forms. The
chromatin, diffuse in interphase, condenses into
chromosomes. Each chromosome has duplicated and
now consists of two sister chromatids. At the end of
prophase, the nuclear envelope breaks down into
vesicles.

Prophase




Metaphase

Metaphase follows Prophase. The
chromosomes (which at this point consist of
chromatids held together by a centromere)
migrate to the equator of the spindle, where the
spindles attach to the kinetochore fibers
The chromosomes align at the equitorial plate and
are held in place by microtubules attached to the
mitotic spindle and to part of the centromere.

Prometaphase


Metaphase

Anaphase

Anaphase begins with the separation of the
centromeres, and the pulling of chromosomes
(we call them chromosomes after the
centromeres are separated) to opposite poles of
the spindle.
The centromeres divide. Sister chromatids
separate and move toward the corresponding
poles.

Anaphase


Telophase

Telophase is when the chromosomes reach the poles of
their respective spindles, the nuclear envelope reforms,
chromosomes uncoil into chromatin form, and the
nucleolus (which had disappeared during Prophase)
reform. Where there was one cell there are now two
smaller cells each with exactly the same genetic
information. These cells may then develop into different
adult forms via the processes of development. Daughter
chromosomes arrive at the poles and the microtubules
disappear. The condensed chromatin expands and the
nuclear envelope reappears. The cytoplasm divides,
(phase: Cytokinesis).


Telophase



Telophase 2