225

MA!A 2U8Ak
|llozoIs|l Io|cltot,
8vocclllsto c 2oqrobc
ko|o sc o o|c t|olosoostl l ouoosc roo o|o| rolsl|oll lozo l8. l l9.
stol|oco, rl|o ooqo sto |o tooooloql|o oqlo ccloltl s tl|olo ooo sto ozo
uooos O too koot c svo|o| otlcl rolsl|o coctor roblootl|o uczoostl
cov|o|o roo sooo sobl |oo os|otllooq, oll lstovroooo l orolooq
blco. u to rolsl|oo|c oo so osvrco oo |oo|rotoo robloo soocbo|stvo,
soooboscoscoo|o l ooc|orooostl c |olc l lcc. u |ootrostc s Vlllo, koot ovu|o
roustovl|o |oozorvotlvoc strc|c, lo|o |o o|oqovo lozo|o ocoolto |ouoo ou
tool|o ouorooq llborolooq lsl|oo|o. Vlll so c svo slsc O s|oboJ| bovl
ltoo|o slobouo o|ouloco coctor urzovo. lo|o so |oo|rotoo oo bovl sol
ltoo|o t|olosoostl, lz o|oqovlo llborololo stovovo ozo so zo|l|ccltl uo Vlll
cov|o|c rllsc|o oocltoc slobouc l c ouoosc roo vlostlto tl|olc.
kl!UCNL k|!LC|
Du2NO8J,
ETIKA, KANT,
VlLL, 8LOODA,
Jl1|LO, J1|L|8N|
VODl|lkACl1|
226
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
2uAk - lkOL|V ODNO8A COv1|kA lk|VA vLA8JlJOV Jl1|Lu l2 l|k8l|kJlv|...
2olsllo uvl|o, oo to|o oov|oro|otoo sltcocl|o |o|l co oo slczltl |oo rl|orl c
uol|o|o| rosrovl. u rvo| sltcocl|l osobo A ouvrqocto |o oorocl|l uo||o oo |o|c
|o uobrovol|oo rlstolo |or lo ro|. u urcqo| sltcocl|l osobo |o roIosloooloo
strollcor|o |o|o so lsto to|o uobrovol|oo ouvrqovo oustroo|lvoo|c uo||o |o|o
bl obol|solo svo|o sorts|o rozcltoto. Ovo rl|oro oovoul roIosor Jooos
8coroo s kotouro zo lozo|c o|ooc|oq 8vocclllsto c Vooooolc c svo|o
cloo|c /c|w||||qc vcstummc|unq, kopcmoJ|kot|on unJ Vctkonstot|cunq
(Dobrovol|oo oso|ocoo|o, oul|ocl|o tl|olo l ouroJlvoo|o vrl|ouoostl}, o
oslczlt co oo |o|o blso oo o|lo ob|osolll rozllclto stovovo roo |o|lo
bl ovl ostccl blll orovuool lll oo.
8coroo c ovl rl|orlo rooolozl |l|ccoo, oll lsto to|o soroo zo|ouolc|l
olooot. to |o ooot Jobovo|jnoq p|stonko. Vozuo co so l ooo to|
ooot ccloltl |l|ccol c ouroJlvoo|c orovuooostl l uocstlvostl oulclos|oq,
ostots|oq lll clsto c|otolc|oq zoovoto oo oocl|o tl|olc. No|l co crovo zboq
toq oooto sotrotl uo ooo olsto loso c souoozoolstlc|l sooosoo
o|o zooo uo sc ob|o strooo oo to rlstolo. 8coroo oo lsll uo |o o|o
Jobovo|jnoq p|stonko to|o |ouoostovoo |oo sto so clol. Co| so cscJc|o tvrultl
uo uobrovol|oo oso|ocoo|o ol|ouo ol|o zorovo uobrovol|oo |or cvl|o| osto|o
oo|l voo|s|l lll coctoro|l clboolcl |o|l osobc oovouo oo to|ov clo. Jo |o l |ouoo
ou rozloqo zboq |o|oq bl, roo 8corooc, uobrovol|oo oso|ocoo|o oqlo
bltl oozvooo losl. Glouooo lz to|vo orso|tlvo obo oovouooo rl|oro
oqlo bl bltl oozvooo losl ostcclo. u rvoo |o osobo ou rltls|o
clo|oolco uo co ozuo crl|otl o|o so oo ouvrqoo oorocl|l uo||o. u urcqoo
slcco|c so o| roul o bolosoo| oblcl|l sortoslco, uo|lo coctroso|l, sloolos|l
rltlso| lzrozoo c obll|c zol|o zo bol|l sorts|l ostlqocco. 8coroo,
oolo, l voo|s|o (ooqovor, rlsllo, rl|oto|o} l coctroso|o Io|toro (otolos|o
cv|oroo|o lll zol|o, slolc|o bolostl} sotro uovol|olo uo soo|o zoocoo|o l
|ocloc Jobovo|jnoq p|stonko. Dol|o|o uls|csl|o cvoll|o bl zoulrolo c ucblozoo
ourcc|o slobouoo vol|o c sto, s obzlro oo to uo ol|o too ovo uls|csl|o, oo
blo ovo| ct zoulrolo.
Jo |o soo |ouoo ou rozloqo |o|o 8coroo oovoul, o zboq |o|lo bl so
orovuool clollo oozvotl uobrovol|oo oso|ocoo|o losl. Dvo rozloqo
rolzlozo lz kootovo otl|o, o to |o uo sc to|vl ostccl ovrouo Juznost| roo
sooo sobl l uo so o|rocc rotlv rlrouo. kou kooto (l999} |o zorovo
urcql rozloq c|lol|oo c rvl |or oo sotro uo to Juznost |o|c o|oulooc lo
roo sooo sobl rolzlozl lz obvozo |o|o rozcoo o tlo l oroloo blco
lo roo os|otllooo |roz |o|o roqovoro rlrouo, o |o|o| |o o| cll| ourzotl
227
2uAk - lkOL|V ODNO8A COv1|kA lk|VA vLA8JlJOV Jl1|Lu l2 l|k8l|kJlv|...
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
sobo l vrstc (koot l999. 202}. lorocl |o|lo so c to slslc trobo oucrl|otl
sc roo kootc soocbo|stvo |oo otcoo, soooso|ocoo|o |oo otorl|oloo
u|ololcoo, sooool|lvoo|o zboq ooc|orooostl c corobl sroustovo
zo czlvoo|o lll orooo(koot l999.208} |oo Ioroloo u|ololcoo oo|oroo
colstoo|o vlostlto oololoo rlrouo l blcuoo sooos|vrocco(koot l999. 2ll}
|o|o ostovl|o oosvrstooo.
8oocbo|stvo |o roo kootc ooqotlvoo l oroloo oorlovotl|lv clo |or so tl
ostc|o colstovo oo soo os|otllol scb|o|t to so tlo roul rotlv ourzoo|o
vrsto |oo osoovooq rlrouooq ooqooo ooqo so tlo colstovo l scb|o|t ccuoroJo
csr|os too sto |o koot sv|ostoo uo cov|o| lo| lo slobouc u|olovoo|o.
uolstltl scb|o|t ccuoroJo c svo|o| vlostlto| osobl lsto |o sto l zotrtl osto|oo|o
sooq ccuoroJo, |oll|o qou qo scb|o|t lo, o oo |o o| soo o sobl svroo,
roo too, rosoloqotl sobo |oo c|l sroustvo zo oo|c rolzvol|oc
svroc zoocl oolzltl cov|ocoostvo c vlostlto| osobl (ooo ocooooo} |o|o| |o
cov|o| (ooo ooooooooo} ov|oroo roul ourzoo|o. (koot l999. 20-207}
koo ovrouo uczoostl roo sooo sobl koot rootro l soooso|ocoo|o
c bllo |o|o svroo, o to|o oo ouobrovo ol trooslootocl|c orqooo (|o|c,
oorovoo, oo oozlvo to|o ooqo oovoul uo |o oroloo oouocstlvo uo sl
osobo lzvoul zcb |o|o bl blo csoJoo c oocl|c tcJc col|cst (koot l999. 207}},
|ostrocl|c |o|o bl so obol|solo |ovoc|o sosoboostl, t|. uo bl |ovoc oqoo
loqouol|o zlv|otl(koot l999. 207}, oll ol rozoo|o |oso o|o so |osol|o lsll
rouotl. Do|lo, osl ostoloq, oo ouobrovo ol ousl|ocoo|o ul|olovo tl|olo |o|l bl
|osol|o ooovo lzrosll o|o |o to c svroc st|ocoo|o vlostlto lll tcJo uobltl. All zoto
ouobrovo octocl|c l oso|ocoo|o c svroc ourzovoo|o ostot|o tl|olo, o to|o
l scb|o|to ccuorouoostl, oo zlvotc. 8coroo c rlqovoro sto soocbo|stvo
l soooso|ocoo|o stovl|o c lstl rooq o vrl|ouoostl |or so soooso|ocoo|o oo
colstovo scb|o|t ccuoroJo, ooqo |o l oo|oo to|voq zoovoto scb|o|t sosoboo
zo oroloo roscJlvoo|o l u|olovoo|o. All ozoo to qlouotl l s urcqo strooo.
l soooso|ocoo|o |o |oo l soocbo|stvo u|ololcoo ouczloo|o lll otcoo
ouczloo|o t|olosoostl sto so roo kootc rotlvl rlrouoo| svrsl. Osl toqo,
o|o so ozorol|o rootrl kootovo sto|ollsto, ozo so |osoo vlu|otl uo |o oo
rotlv soooso|ocoo|o |o|o scb|o|tc to rouo|o uooosl oo|c |orlst lll uoblt |or
|o oo rvoostvooo rotlv |orlstoo|o sooqo sobo |oo sroustvo. A oo |ro|c
|ro|ovo, koot ouobrovo oo|o ostc|o oso|ocoo|o |oo sto |o octocl|o.
lcuoo sooos|vrocco, |o|o koot oozlvo soozouovol|ovoo|o, oorl|orooo
|o |or lltlro solol clo |o|o |o |ro|o|o svroo stvoroo|o oovoq zlvoto, o ovo|
ostco| tlo oo zovrsovo, o osl toqo, otlco| c zo to ol|o stvorol rouot,
228
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
2uAk - lkOL|V ODNO8A COv1|kA lk|VA vLA8JlJOV Jl1|Lu l2 l|k8l|kJlv|...
ooqo to| loqloocl|o, t|. ostoo|o o rouotc ozcuo |o|l |o otlco| zo to|
clo. All l uo|ozooo |o osoovo uoucso to sto so cov|o| tlo (rozlroo} ourlco
svo|o osoboostl robocl |o |oo c|o sroustvo zo zouovol|oo|o zlvotlo|s|lo
ooqooo.(koot l999. 209}
2ouo|l |o kootov oro| ooc|orooost c |olc l lcc to zlocotrobo oo|olo
sroustovo. Jlo oolo cov|o| zoouo c troost os|otllo l lotolo|tcololo
sosoboostl to so coo|c|o o|oqovo sosoboost zo bllo |o|vo, o oo soo
oroloo u|olovoo|o. Cov|o| so c ol|ooo stoo|c oooso |oo zlvotlo|o to lsll
uo lo vlso sooqo ooqo oblcoo, o |ouo u|olovoo|o ol|oto ocstl, cvlul |o|o
|o zorovo slob, oll zoll ooovoo |oozclrotl ol|oto, ozuo co| c vocl
|ollclooo.
lo|o so cvrsto urzl svo|lo cv|oroo|o roo |o|lo |o l zlvlo, koot cvlJo oouostot|o
l ltoo|o oo |o|o, lz svoq qloulsto, oo ozo uotl ouqovoro. Jo|o so lto bl ll
soocbo|stvo |oo |cooc|l clo, or. |ouo rotol zorobl|ool| oclol soocbo|stvo
|o|o oo bl csll|ou ccoo|o ot|rlo to|oo |o|o bl cqrozllo o|oqovc uoovloc,
blo orovuoo 1o ll lsto to|o oorlrouoo clo solol ouoos s oolouoo zooo
|or ol oo, |oo ol soozouovol|ovoo|o, oo zovrsovo stvoroo|o zlvoto 1o ll
loso oltl |o|c coslcc vlso |o|o blso so ocstlll l blll urcstvool|l 8 oo
ouqovoro oo to ltoo|o |or |o to l rlllcoo tos|o s o|oqovo sto|ollsto.
No, vrotlo so souo ooovoo oo rl|oro |o|o so oovolo oo ocot|c. ko|o
bl ool blll vrouoovool s kootovo sto|ollsto Vozoo s rlllcoo slqcrooscc
rocl uo bl ouobrlo oustroo|lvoo|o uo||o zboq ro|o |or ouobrovo l octocl|c
ooqo zoovocooo qooqrooo. Jo |o soooso|ocoo|o c svroc occvoo|o scb|o|to
ccuoroJo. 8 urcqo strooo, oo bl ouobrlo oustroo|lvoo|o uo||o zo ostlzoo|o
bol|lo sorts|lo rozcltoto |or oo ouobrovo ol |ostrocl|c. Jlo scb|o|t so sobo
rootro l |orlstl |oo rouot zo oo|c svroc.
8coroo so oo|l svo|l rozlozlo o |o|lo bl oo|o t|olosoo oul|ocl|o
bllo sotrooo losl ostc|o uotlco l Vlllovo ctllltorlstlc|oq stovo. 8coroo,
oolo, sotro uo so to|vl losl ostcclo ovroJc|o oroloo uczoost
roo urcqlo, t|. stotl so urcqlo. lo|o so Vlll (l97=} c svo|o u|olc O
s|oboJ| lzrovoo oo uotlco ltoo|o o t|olosol oul|ocl|oo, lz o|oqovlo so
llborololo stovovo ozo lscltotl stov |o|l bl zoczoo rl too. Oo so oo bovl
ooqo orolooscc to|vlo ostco|o voc t|c notuc onJ ||m|ts oI t|c powc
w||c| con bc |cq|t|motc|y ccc|scJ by soc|cty ovc t|c |nJ|v|Juo|" (Vlll l97=.
59}. Oo sotro uo ol urzovo ol urcstvo ooo|c rovo zoulrotl c ooovroulvc
slobouc o|ouloco c oqlouc crovl|oo|o svo|l zlvoto, oll s ouroJool
zours|oo.
229
2uAk - lkOL|V ODNO8A COv1|kA lk|VA vLA8JlJOV Jl1|Lu l2 l|k8l|kJlv|...
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
Joo ooly ort oI too cooucct oI ooyooo, Ior wolco oo ls ooooblo to
socloty, ls toot wolco coocoros otoors. lo too ort wolco oroly coocoros
olsolI, ols louooouooco ls, oI rlqot, obsolcto. Ovor olsolI, ovor ols owo
bouy oou lou, too loulvlucol ls sovorolqo. (Vlll l97=. 9}
1ouloo |o|o urcstvo ozo ct|ocotl oo zlvot o|ouloco |ost sov|oto,
ouc|o l ooqovoro o|ouloco rl coc c oqc ob|osoltl zosto o|oqovl
ostccl olsc uobrl zo o|oqo. A o|o l so oo svlJo o|oqovo ooosoo|o, s
|o|l lo| ulro|too oo zoulro c tcJo slobouo, oqc qo slobouoo, oll oo
oozoo, lzb|oqovotl. lo to|o oroloo ovrouo zootl|ovo|c oroloo
|ozoo, oll oo l zo|oos|o. 2o|oo trobo csll|oultl to| oo|oo sto so cstooovl
uo so ostcclo o|ouloco oorcsovo stoblloost urcstvo. 8oo ctoll|o
urzovo l urcstvo oqc zoulrotl c zlvot o|ouloco. Vlll bl, rotostovl|oo,
oll s voll|o slqcrooscc, ouobrlo obo ostc|o c rl|orlo oovouoolo
oo ocot|c. l oorocl|c uo||o |ou ocl|ootlco s ro|o, oll l |ou sortoslco
|or ol |ouoo, o ol urcqo tlo oo ovroJc|c slobouc lll rovo oo|o urcqo
osobo (boro oo oo o|rorozlol}.
u rlvotoo zlvotc o|oulooc so ozo rlurzovotl l kootovlo oocolo c
oqlouc ouooso cov|o|o roo tl|olc. 2oto oo ozoo rocl uo kootovl l
Vlllovl oqloul sto|o c orocl |or ool, |oo rvo, qovoro o rozllcltl sIoroo
zlvoto. rlvotoo| l |ovoo|. koot qovorl sto ol|o uobro zo o|ouloco, o Vlll
o oooo sto ovootcoloo oo bl bllo uobro zo c|olo|coo urcstvo. Vlll uo|o
sov|oto rl uovoo|c zo|ooo, o koot rl svo|ouoovoo zlvotc. Do|lo, to so
uvo stovo oqc c|ouloltl l oqc lstovroooo oqzlstlrotl c oo|oo urcstvc.
lo|cso| c|oulo|oo|o rlvotoo l |ovoo sIoro bl ozuo blo los o|cso| c
zo|oolo |oo sto l 8coroo oovoul c rl|orc o|ooc|oq |ozooooq
rovo roo |o|o |o zobroo|ooo lzvoultl zlc|o zoovoto oo urcqo|
osobl, o o|or l ooo rlstolo oo to, o|o so to |osl s orolol oocollo.
Jo| zo|oo |o ouoo oo rvl oqlou oosrotoo |or o|o orololo oocolo
osto|o ucblozoo. ovors|l vroovol scu |o c |ouoo ostc|c l999. qouloo
o|csoo ob|osoltl ostc|o |o|l |rso oroloo oocolo |oo ostccl |o|l
so |oso s os|oco|lo rlsto|oostl oolo |o|l rovouoo lslo. ko|o ob|osoltl
rovouoost, o uo so oo ozlvoo oo orol l oroloo oocolo lo| |o
bol|o to uvl|o sIoro zlvoto, rlvotoc l |ovoc, ostovltl ouvo|oolo c zo|ooc
o|o so, roo Vlllc, rlvotoo oo |osl s |ovoo sIoro.
230
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
2uAk - lkOL|V ODNO8A COv1|kA lk|VA vLA8JlJOV Jl1|Lu l2 l|k8l|kJlv|...
l|1LkA1UkA:
kANJ, lVVANu|L (l999} Vctoz|ko uJocJo. 2oqrob. Votlco urvots|o.
VlLL, 1OuN 8JuAkJ (l97=} On l|bcty. Loouoo. looqclo Closslcs.
8CukAVV|, JuOVA8, /c|w||||qc vcstummc|unq, kopcmoJ|kot|on unJ Vctkonstot|cunq.
231
2uAk - lkOL|V ODNO8A COv1|kA lk|VA vLA8JlJOV Jl1|Lu l2 l|k8l|kJlv|...
C|Vu
8.l,l7
O2u1Ak
2009.
MA!A 2U8Ak
1be robIem o| body modi0co|ions |reom |be ersec|ive o| kon|'s e|bics
ond MiII's unders|ondinq o| individuoI Iiber|y in socie|y
8UMMAkY
uow ulu l8to oou l9to cootcry ollosooors rooct oo too coocot oI
cororollty oou ooo's rolotloo to lt, ot o tlo boIoro tocoooloqy coclu uo
wootl lt coo uo to too bouy touoy koot roocts oo tols lo ols otolcs wltolo too
Iroowor| oI too lsscos ortololoq to ooo's uctlos to ooosolI os oo oolol
yot, ot too soo tlo, o orol boloq. lo ols rooctloos oo scrctlolsos too
coocroto roblos oI sclcluo, solI-uolooot oou qlcttooocsooss. lo cootrost
to Vlll, koot ooro rorosoots o coosorvotlvo ccrroot, oltocqo ols ollosooy
ls qooorolly ooo oI coroorstooos oI ouoro llborol toocqot. lo ols Oo Llborty
Vlll toc|los too gcostloo oI too Iroouo oI loulvlucols wltolo o stoto.
Altoocqo oo uoos oot uool wlto too gcostloo oI cororollty os scco, Iro ols
llborol stoous ooo coo cooclcuo toot Vlll uoos oscrlbo couooloblo Iroouo to
oo ovoo lo ols,oor rolotloo to ols,oor vory owo bouy.