Original Title:
Physics
Principles and Problems
By:
Paul W. Zitzewitz
Todd George Elliott
David G. Haase
Kathleen A. Harper
Michael R. Herzog
Jane Bray Nelson
Jim Nelson
Charles A. Schuler
Margaret K. Zorn

www.macmillanmh.com

English Edition Copyright 2008 the McGrawHill CompaniesInc

All rights reserved
Arabic Edition is published by Obeikan under agreement with
The McGrawHill CompaniesInc 2008

. :

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44


5
6 ......................................
5-1 7 ........................................

5-215 ........................................
5-3 22 .........................

6
36 ................................
6-1 37 ...............................

6-2 43 ...................................

6-3 47 ..................................

7
58 ...............................................
7-1 59 ......................

7-2 68 ...................

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1997



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 5-1 Vectors

2N2 N2 N

)(

J200 gK

1 N
N M
E
G F
H
GI H
JL I
K
M
L

2
3

.
70 cm
.
15 cm

200 g
.
: .

.120

120

.

200 g

2 N

2N + 2 N = 2 N

.

.


ABA .
C
B
D
CE
D
F
.
.

.



.

5-1

Vectors Revisited

.
40 N . 5-1
.
80 N .
Vectors in Multiple Dimensions

5-2

.

.5-2 5-2a

. 5-2b .
.

.
5-2c

. .
.

- A B
- .R
R2= A2 + B2

" A B
".

90
.



"

".
R2= A2 + B2- 2AB Cos

R = A = B
sin sin a sin b

"

".

25 km .15 Km
90 .135

A B .

A = 25 km 1= 90

?=R

B = 15 km 2 = 135

.90

R2 = A2 + B2

A B

R = A2 + B2
R = (25km)2 + (15km)2
R = 29km

135 .
)R2 = A2 + B2 - 2AB (cos 2
)R = A2 + B2 - 2AB (cos 2

A B .

)R = (25km)2 +(15)2- 2(25km) (15km)(cos 2

R = 37km

.
.

. . .
9


1 125 km 65 km .
.

2 .250 m 90
.60.0 m .
3 4.5 km 45 .6.4 km

4 5 mm
.4 mm
Components of Vectors

5-3

(a)
A

(b)x

- - 5-3a
.
) (
x 5-3a
y 90
x x .

x
.
x
y .
y .x
x
x
y .x
.
A 5-3b
5 x 4 .y
Ax Ay .
Ax x Ay .y Ax
Ay .A
x .y
.

A= Ax+ Ay

10

 .



.

x
.
. 5-3b .A



.
x.
Ax
Ax = Acos
=
A

= cos

Ay
Ay = Asin
=
A

= sin

x 90

.5-4

Algebraic Addition of Vectors

. . C B A
x y
) ( x
. Rx = Ax + Bx + Cy :

5-4

Rx 55

Ry C B A


C B A
R Rx
y

.CBA

)
(y :

Ry = Ay + By + Cy
.5-5 Rx Ry

R2 = Rx2 + Ry2

:
x

Ry
)
Rx

( = tan-1

" y x

".

11

 tan-1 .
>0 0 90
<0 0 . -90

:
.
1

2 x
Ax = Acos y
Ay = Asin
x.

3 x
.Rx

4 y
.Ry
5
.
6
.

Ry
)
Rx

R = Rx2 + Ry2

( = tan-1

= sin

Ry
=
R

Rx
R

Ry
Rx

= cos

= tan
=

12

15.0 km 40

.
5.0 km

R .
A .B

A = 5.0 km
R =15.0 km 40 .

?=B

=140

Rx = R cos = (15.0 km) (cos 140) = -11.5 km

Ry = R sin = (15.0 km) sin 140 = 9.64 km

Ay = 5.0 km, Ax = 0.0 km

Ax Rx Ay Ry

R A .B

Bx = Rx - Ax = -11.5 km - 0.0 km = -11.5 km

By = Ry - Ay = 9.64 km - 5.0 km = 4.6 km

B .B

Bx By

.B

B = Bx2 + By2
= (-11.5km)2 + (4.6km)2

By

Bx By

Bx

Bx

= 12km
= tan-1

) = tan-1 ( 4.6km
-11.5km

) (158

= -22

B BX By
22 .

.
.

B RX A B .90
13

5-10 )

( :
5 0.40 km 60
0.50 km .
6
. 3.20 kg
. 5-6


x y ) . :
(.
7 8.0 km

5-6

10.0 km
8 .13.0
2.28 N
9 .
10 x x

5-1
11

.

K
12 5-7
.L

5-7
13 M .5-7

14
.5-7
14

15
.

.

16

.

obeikaneduction.com

5-2

Friction

.
.

.

.
:
.
..
.
Static and Kinetic Friction
.

.
.

.
.
5-8a .5-8b


5-8c
.

.
c

5-8

15

.
.

.
. .

.
5-9
.

.

5-9

.5-10
.
.
.

. .
.k

fk = k FN :

" .

.

.


.
:

fs s FN

"
".

16

FN f . 5-1
.


.

s
. s FN
.

5-8c
.

5-10

5-1

0.80

0.65

0.60

0.40

0.50

0.20

0.78

0.58

0.15

0.06

17

25.0 Kg 1.0 m/s

.
v = a
.

m = 25.0 kg

? = Fp

v = 1.0 m/s

a = 0 m/s2

a = 0.0 m/s
) k = 0.20(5-1

F = 0 N

) (y .
= -mg
Fg = mg

g m

FN = -Fg

)= -(25.0kg) (-9.80m/s2
= 245 N

) (x

k m g

fk = k mg

)= (0.20) (25.0kg) (9.80m/s2

= 49 N
Fp = 49 N

3
) kg.m/s2 (N
.
.25.0 kg

17 36 N 52N .
.
134 N
18 .
0.55
19 52 N . 0.12
650 N
20 .
5.8 N
5-1 .
18

4
3
25.0kg

v .a

FP .3

m = 25.0 kg K = 0.20

?=a

v = 1.0 m/s Fp = 2(49N) = 98 N

y .

Fg = mg

FN = Fg = mg

) (x .
F = ma

F = F - f
p
k
ma = Fp - fk
Fp - f
a= m k

.fk

FN = mg

fk=Kmg

fk = k FN
)= k (mg

fk a

)Fp - k (mg
m

=a

g k mFp

)98 N -(0.20) (25.0kg) (9.80 m/s2

25.0 kg

=a

= 2.0m/s2

.m/s2
) (.
.

19

)Scannig tunneling
(microscope
.


.

.


.

21 1.4 kg .1.25 m/s2

41 kg .
22
2
65 N 0.12 m/s

15.8 m
23

.5.8 m/s
0.13
24 4
2.0 m/s

25 23 m/s
.
60.0 m
0.41
2400 kg

: )
(.
:
.

:
.

20

 5-2
26
.
27 25 kg
.
0.15

28
0.35 m .
2.3 g
0.24

29
40.0 kg 0.43

30
.

31 13 kg
20 N .
0.26
25N

.m/s2

21

 5-3

5-11

:


.

.
Equilibrium

.


.
.
.
.

5-11a .
.
5-11b .A B C
.

.
.

.
. 5-12
.
5-12

- R =

22

F1 = 61.0 N 17 .

F3

F2 = 38.0 N 64 .

F2

F1

F3 = 54.0 N 8 .

F10

F5

F7

F9

F4 = 93.0 N 53 .

F4

F8

F5 = 65.0 N 21 .

F6

F6 = 102.0 N 15 .
F7 = 26.0 N .

F8 = 77.0 N 22 .

F9 = 51.0 N 33 .

F10 = 82.0 N 5 .

Motion Along an Inclined Plane

.
5-13a

)(
5-13b .

) (+y
. 5-13c .

) .(x
cba5-13

23

5
562 N 30.0
. .
+y
+x
Fgx

x .

Fg Fgx Fgy .

Fg = 562 N, = 30.0

Fgy

Fg

+x

+y

? = Fgx = ? , Fgy

Fgx Fgy .

Fg

)Fgx = -Fg (sin

)= - (562 N) (sin 30.0
= -281 N

Fg = 562 N, = 30.0

)Fgy = -Fg (cos

)= -(562 N) (cos 30.0

= -487 N

.
.
.Fg

32 .60
.
0.44 kg .
33

.15

.
50 kg .
34 5-14

5-14
449 N

35 35 . 43 kg

36


24

62 kg .37

0.15 5.0 s

.
v a
F x .5-13

m = 62 kg , = 37

fk

? = a = ? , vf

k = 0.15 , vi = 0.0 m/s

t = 5.0 s

:y

) (y ay = 0.0 m/s2

Fy = may = 0.0 N

Fn

Fgy y

F y = 0.0N Fg = mg cos
y

:x

FN - Fgy = Fy
)FN = Fgy = mg (cos

.a

fk x

F x , Fgx , fk

a = ax , FN = mg cos

Fx = Fgx - fk
max = mg (sin ) - k FN
)max = mg (sin ) - k mg (cos

m
)a = g (sin - k cos ) = (9.80 m/s2) (sin 37 - (0.15) cos 37

vi a t :

t, a, vi

a = 4.7m/s2
vf = vi + at
)= 0.0 + (4.7 m/s2) (5.0s
= 24m/s

vf m/s a .m/s2
vf a x .

) (37
.
25

.5
37

4.0 s

N
N
A B A
C D
B E
C D
F G
E H
F G
I H
KJ
L I
J
M
K
L M
38 6

31

39 45 kg .45
500 g
.45

0.25
.

1 .
40 6

5.0 s




.
2
.

3
.

.
x .
y x .

.


.

x
y .

x y
.
.

26

 5-3
41


90 .

42
10
8.0
10.0
. 1300 N

63 kg
43
14.0 .
512 N

0.27

44 .

5-15a
5-15b .
b

5-15

45


.

obeikaneduction.com

27

.
. .
fk fk = kFN k FN
. fs

fs = sFN s FN .
.sFN FP

.FP=fk
FP
.

s .k
s .k
.

.

H
J K
I
L
J
M
K N
L M N

G
I

1m
.

28

H
F

D
F G
E

.

2
.
3
.

4
1 2 . 3
5
.
A
B
A
C6 D
B E
C

.

7

.



.1

)FN(N

)fs (N

)fk (N

1
)FN (N

fs (N)
1

4
tan

2
)FN (N

fk (N)
1

8 6 7.
9 6 7

.
.2
10 9.
11

.

.

.


. 4

1 fs, max

1 .3
2 fk

2 . 3
3 3
s
.

4 3
k .
5 tan .4

1 s k .
.

.
.
3 tan

( s .k
4 ) tan

obeikaneducation.com

29




.

.
.
.

.





.



. .
.
600N .
.2 .

.1200N
. 1


.
.
2

.


.
.


.
.

.





.

30

5-1

.90
R2= A2 +B2

.90
R2 = A2 +B2 - 2AB cos
R = A = B
sin sin a sin b

.
Ax
Ax = Acos
= cos
=
A

Ay
Ay = Asin
=
A

= sin

Ry
) = tan-1 ( R
x

x y .

5-2

.
.
.
fk =k FN

fs s FN .

5-3

.

.


.

obeikaneduction.com

31

46


.
.

IV
2

58 .

III
1

II
1

56 x
30
x y
y
57

59 :

I
1

.a .

.b

47

48 60 15 mm
.30 m/s
.

20 m/s
49

61
. .
0 180
50

51
) F1-F2
(

52


53
.

54


.

62 50 km/h
60 .
x y
.
:
x y

63
.5-16
E .a

F .b

A .c

55

.
32

5-16

obeikaneduction.com

 5 -
64 65 km
45 km .

65


.5-16

.a

.c

.b

DA

.d

CA

DC
EF

66 30 m 30 m .


.

67
5-18

71
33.0 N 90.0 x
44.0 N 60.0
.x

72 215 N
35 .
.

73

.5-19
16.0 kg 8.0 kg
.0.23
:
.a .b . .

5-18

68 12 kg
.30 N

69 225 kg
.710 N
0.20 .

5-19

74 5-21 .

70 40.0 N 5.0 kg

6.0 m/s2 .
.a
.b

5-21

33

 5 -
75 50.0kg
. 0.30
0.10:

975kg 25 m/s .


.

.a .
.b 79 .

.c .
70 m 27 .
.d


3.0 m/s2
135 kg .20 kg :
76 20.0 kg


:

0.40 30.0
:
.
.
.
.
.a .a
.b 0.25 m/s .b
8.0
.

77
.5-22
.
.0.50
55 km/h

80
.
.

81

.

.

5-22

78
.
:
:
34

82

:
.a
57.83 kg .c

4.7 g + 85.26 g

0.608 km + 1.07 km .b

186.4 kg

60.8 s 12.2 s .d

83 1.5 h
10 km/ h 30 min
.15km/h

obeikaneduction.com

1 1.00 103 kg .
) 18.0
( 8 102 N

250 N A

1.58 103 N C

1.52 103 B

9.0
9.0

1.60 103 N

1.00103 kg

2
.800.0 Km/h

A
B
C
D

80.0 km/h

804 km /h , 5.7
858 Km/h ,3.8

859 km /h , 4.0

880 km/ h , 45

30.0 kg

.
90.0 kg


0.15
1. 8 102 N

3.1 102 N B

2.1 103 N C
D

1.4 104 N

) (y 95.3N

57.1 .
51.8 N

114 N C

80.0 N B

175 N

5
18 N 34 .
F
A

10 N

15 N B

21.7 N C
D

34

32 N

6

42 m .
0.36
50.0 km/h
95 kg


A

3.00 m

4.00 m

8.12 m C
D

27.3 m

7 310 m


.10 km / h
2.7 min
8 41.2 kg
.52.4
0.72

.
35

.

.

.


36

obeikaneducation.com

 6-1 Projectile Motion

1 N
N M
E
G F
H
HGI
J K
I
JL
K
M
L

.
2
0.1s .
3 :
.

A B.
A
C
B
D
CE D
F

.



.

37

Independence of Motion in Two Dimensions

N
A
B
A
C
D
B E
C
D
F
G
E H
F
G
I H
KJ
I
L
J M
K
L
M N

.

) (

1
.


.

.



.

2
. .

3 .

4 .

6-1
2 m/s .

.
.

.
.

6-1

38

6-2a

y
x .

.

6-2b
.

6-2

x
y
6-2a


6-2b

1 ) ( x ) .(y


2

.g 3-3
.
3 .
ax=0
.
) . .(2-4

4
. .

39


5.0 m/s . 78.4 m
1
.a

.b

.c

2 .
. 0.6 m

0.4m
Projectiles Launched at an Angle


.

. 6-3a
.
.
y

x


. 6-3b

. R
. .

6-3
vy vx

a a

a a
a a

40

4.5 m/s 66 .

.
.

yi=0.0 m i = 66

? = ymax

vi=4.5 m/s ay = -g

?=t

vi

v
v

)vyi = (4.5m/s) (sin66

i = 66 vi = 4.5 m/s

= 4.1 m/s

vy = vyi + ayt
vy = vyi - gt
ay= -g
vyi - vy
t
4.1m/s - 0.0m/s
=t
=
2
g

9.80 m/s

ay= -g yi = 0.0

vyi=visin i

vyi

.t

(-9.80m/s2) (0.42 s)2

t =042 s vyi = 4.1 m/s

g = 9.80 m/s2 vy = 0.0 m/s

1
2

1
a t2
2 y

(0.42 s)+

(-9.80m/s2) (0.42 s)2

1
2

= 0.42 s
y max = yi + vyit +

y max = 0.0m+(4.1m/s) (0.42 s)+

= 0.86 m

= +

= 2t

)= 2(0.42 s
= 0.84 s

.

.
41


27.0 m/s
3

30.0 .6-4


.

. a .

. b .

6-4

. c .

4 3 60.0

5 50.0 m 7.0 m/s 53.0 .

.

.
.



.
.

6-1
6

.



.
7

50.0
11.0m/s

.
42

8
28m
15.0m/s 20.0 .

9
.
) ( g 1
6

vx.a

.b

ymax .c

R .d

6-2

Circular Motion

.
Describing Circular Motion

.
r .6-5a
.
.r 6-5b r1
r2 .
. r2 r1 r

r

d
t

= v

= .v
t
. 6-6a

6-6a

v2 v1 .
v v2 v1 .6-6b
v
.
a =t v



.

v
v v

v
va

v
a

r6-5

v
v

6-6

43





.


35,800 km

.

.

Centripetal Acceleration

6-5a

.6-5b r2 r1 v2 v1 .

v
v

r
r

t:
v

v
r
= v
t
t
1 r
1 v
:
=
r t
v t
v a
= :
r v

vt

r
rt

=a

) (

) (

.
a ac

v2
r

= ac

6-7 T
2r

2r
T

= .v :

) (

2r
2
4 r
T
=
= ac
2
T
r

.


.6-7 .

:
F = mac

44

tang

.
.

6-7

13 g 0.93 m
.1.18 s .

.
.
.tang
: c

r =0.93 m T=1.18 s m=13 g

? = FT

a v

4 r
T2
)42 (0.93m
= ac
(1.18s)2

= ac

T = 1.18s r = 0.39 m

aC = 26m/s2 m = 0.013 kg

m/s2 .N

aC = 26m/s2
F T = mac
)F T = (0.013kg) (26m/s2
=0.34 N

.
45


10 8.8 m/s .25 m

11 22 m/s 56 m .

12 201 m/s . km

5.0 m/s2

A Nonexistent Force

.
6-8 .

.

. .

6-8

6-2

13


14


:
.a
.b

15 40.0 g
0.6 m
2.2 m/s

46

16

.

.
17 7.3 kg
0.75 m
2.5 m/s

18
.

 6-3 Relative Velocity

20 m/s

20 m/s
20 m/s
.

. 1m/s
20 m/s
.

:

6-9a

21 m/s
.

6-9b
19 m/s

.


.vt/e vy/t

. vy/e

a
v

v
v
b
v
v
v

vy/e = vy/t + vt/e

va/c = va/b + vb/c

a c
a

b b .c

h . r
T . .
s .
T r m .h

0.50 m/s

6-9

47

6-10

6-10 .

. .

4 m/s
0.75 m/s .

.

.

vb/w = 4.0m/s

m/w

m/b

? = vm/w

b/w

vm/b = 0.75m/s

(vm/w)2 = (vm/b)2 + (vb/w)2

vb/s,vm/b

(vb/w)2 + (vm/b)2

= vm/w

(0.75m/s)2 + (4.0m/s)2

= vm/w

vm/w = 4.1 m/s

vm/b
= tan-1
vb/w

) (

vb/w,v m/b

4.1m/s 11o

) ( 4.0m/s

.m/s
.

.
48

0.75m/s

= tan-1

= 11



15.0 m/s

19
2.0 m/s

20 2.5 m/s .
0.5 m/s .

21 150 km/h 75 km/h

.
.

.

6-3
22
3 m/s .2 m/s


.

23
13 m/s
5.0m/s .

24
175 km/h

85 km/h .

25

235 km/h
65 km/h
.


26

49

.
.

.1

.

.2

.3

.

LF M
G N
H

D
J K
E

50

C
I

G
A H
B

.4
B A
ED C
.

.5
.
.6
.

1
cm

2
cm

1

.
2

1
2
3

.


.
.

.

cm

1


2

3

1

.
2

51


.ISS
.


.

ISS
.




.



.


.

.

.


.
.

.

.



.

52

!

.
.



.


.

.
.

.1
.

.2

.

.3

61

.


.

.

62

.
v2
r

= ac

.T
2

4 r
T2

= ac

.
F = mac

.

63

.
va/c = va/b + vb/c

obeikaneduction.com

53

27
:

.

30
.

.
.a

. b .

31

32

28 6-11
:
.a

.b

.c

.d

33

.20 m/s
.

24 m/s
34

45
3.0s


35




36

6 -11

29
.

54

.a

.b

obeikaneduction.com

 6 -

37



. .

38
64m 8.0 m/s

39 6-12

1.225 m
0.400 m .

.a

.b
v

42 615 kg
.14.3 s
.50.0 m

.a

.b

7.00 kg

43
1.8 m
6-13
1.0 s

6 -13
6 -12

40

12.4 m/s
0.32 m
.
41 30.0
49 m/s

.a
.b

44
.

80.0m
0.40

45
450 km
3.0
50 km/h

55

 6 -
46
6-14
3.0m/s 4.0 m/s
.
.a
.b
:
.

6 -14

47

53 6.0 m/s
.
.a .

.b

48 375 m/s

782 m/s

50 6-18

.

6 -18

51


.
.

52

.
.a

)(5 x 108 m) (4.2 x 107 m

.b

)(1.67 x 10-2 km) (8.5 x 10-6 km

.c

) (2.6 x 10 kg) /(9.4 x 10 m

.d

)(6.3 x 10-1 m)/ (3.8 x 102 s

49 1.13 kg
0.50 m
.2.4 m/s

.
56

obeikaneduction.com

1 1.60 m
41.0
.9.40 m/s
4.55 m A
5.90 m B

8.90 m
10.5 m

C
D

2
2.8 m
0.89 m/s
A
B

0.11 m/s2
0.28 m/s2

C
D

0.32 m/s2
2.2 m/s2

3 0.82 Kg
2.0 m

4.0 N
2.8 m/s A
3.1 m/s B

4.9 m/s C
9.8 m/s D

4 1000 kg

80.0 m .20.0 m/s

A
B

5.0 N
2.5102 N

5.0103 N C
1.0103 N D

5
10 km/h
.20 km/h

A
B

3 m/s
8 m/s

40 m/s C
100 m/s D

6

78o 18 m/s
125g

A
B

0.70 m
16 m

32 m C
33 m D

.A
.
.B
.

.C .

.D .

8 ) (
25 m/s 52 m
80 m .

9 5.6kg
86cm

. 1.8
s .

.


57

.


.


)(.


.


1995 .
1997



.

.
-

58

obeikaneducation.com

 7-1 Planetary Motion and Gravitation

1 N
N M
E
G
F
H G
I H
J
K
I
JL
K
M
L

2
3
4

.
1543

.

AB A
BC
.D
CE D
F


1560

.
.
- -

.

. 10 cm = 1 AU
AU
.1 AU = 1.5108 Km .
cm
.AU

.



.

.

.

)d (AU
) (

.
0.35
4

58

61
122
172
209
239
266
295
330
350

0.31
0.32
0.38
0.43
0.46
0.47
0.44
0.40
0.37

59

7-1


(a)Hven
(b)
(c)

Keplers Laws

.
.7-1

.

.
.

.7-2


.
200 200
2400
76 .

7-2

60



.



.7-3




. TB, TA rB, rA

:
:

= (TA)2
TB

)(rrA

Sun

7-3

.7-1
.
7-1

Kg

6.96108

1.991030

2.4410

3.3010

5.7910

6.05106

4.8710

1.0810

6.38106

5.981024

11

1.5010

3.40106

6.421023

2.281011

7.15107

1.901027

7.781011

6.03107

5.691026

1.431012

2.56107

8.681025

2.871012

2.48107

1.021026

4.501012

1.20106

1.2510

5.8710

23
24

22

10
11

12

61

.

1.8 4.2 .
16.7 . .
1

.
.

TC = 16.7

? = rc

TI = 1.8

rI = 4.2

2
.rc

= rc 3
)( rI
2

)(TTc

) rc3= rI3( Tc
I

rI Tc TI

) rc = rI3 ( TTcI

 rc = (4.2)3  16.7
1.8

rc = 3 6.4 103 3
rc = 19

3
rC .rI
.

62


1 7.15
.1

2 .
.

3 7-1 1.52
. .
4 27.3 .3.90105 km

.a 6.70103 km .
.b

5
.

Newtons Law of Universal Gravitation

1666 45

F

F 12
r .
r
F .

:

. 12
r
.

.

. :
F = G m12m2
r

1
2 .

63

(N)

F m1 m2

.
.
7- 4 ) (.

F 12
r

(m)

7-4

F m1m2

1F
4
1F
9

2 m1 m2

2F

3 m1 m2

3F

1r
2

4F

2 m1 3m2

6F

1r
3

9F

1m m
2 1 2

1
F
2

2r
3r

Universal Gravitation and Keplers Third Law

mp 7-5
r

ms

.

.
.7-5
F = mpac F mp

ac .

ac = 4 2r F = mpac
T
2
. F= mp42 r : T
T
2

.
:
m 42r
p
G msm
= p 2
2
r
T
2
4

2
T = (Gm )r3
s

64

4 )r3
(Gm
s
2

=T

r3
Gms

T =2

.

. 42
Gm .
s
.

Upsilon
: B 0.059 AU 4.6170
C 0.829 AU 241.5
D 2.53 AU 1284 .
) (1.00 AU
1
2 Upsilon .

rD

rB

rC

Upsilon

7-6

Measuring the Universal Gravitational Constant

. 100

.

1798
7-6 .

.

. G

.7-7
7-7
.

.

65

-

G G = 6.6710-11 N.m2/ kg2
m1 m2 ) (kg r) (m F ).(N
G " "
. G

.
7.26 Kg
0.30 m :
)(6.67 10-11 N.m2/kg2) (7.26kg) (7.26kg
2

)(0.30m

= Fg

Fg = 3.9 10-8N

m
.Fg = mg mE rE:
Fg = G mr E2m = mg
E

mE
rE2

g=G

mE

g rE2

= mE

G
2
Nm
G = 6.6710-11
rE = 6.38106 m g = 9.80 m/s2
kg2

(9.80 m/s2) (6.38 106 m)2

= 5.98 1024 kg
)(6.67 10-11 N.m2/kg2

= mE

.


.

66

 7-1
6

4.4951012 m


7-8


.7-8
1.991030 kg .
7

g
8
15 kg 35 cm

9
.

G
.
10

.
.a

.b

.

obeikaneduction.com

67

7-2

Using the Law of Universal Gravitation

1781 1830

.
. 1845

.

Orbits of Planets and Satellites

- - 7-9

.

.

.
.
.

.
150 km
.
.8.85 km 150 km

.
v1

v1 7-9


v2

v3

v2

v3

68


v2
ac = r :

.
mv2
F= r :

mE
:
G m2Em = m v
r
r

:
G mE
r

=v

.
:

r3
Gms

GoES-12

35,785 Km

.


.

T =2

:

r3
GmE

T =2

. mE
r

.
r
. v T
.

7 7-10

.

.

.
.

7-10
7
2200 kg

705 km

69

225 km .

5.971024 kg 6.38106 m

h = 2.25105 m

? =v

rE = 6.38106 m

? =T

mE = 5.971024 kg

G = 6.6710-11 N.m2/kg2

r = h + rE

h= 2.25105 m, rE= 6.38106 m

2
2
24
-11
)v = G mE = (6.67 10 N.m /kg ) (5.97 10 kg
r
6.61 106m

G , mE, r

=2.25105 m + 6.38106 m = 6.61106 m

G , mE, r

v = 7.76103 m/s
r3
GmE
(6.61 106 m)3
)(6.67 10-11 N.m2/kg2) (5.97 1024kg

T =2
= 2

T = 5.35103 s

3
m/s .

70

11 24 km .


12 .
.a 150 km .
.b ) (
.
13 7-1 .
.a 260 km .
.b .

Acceleration Due To Gravity

:
m

G mE m
=ma
r2
G mE
=a

r2
=F

a=g r=rE :
g rE2

mE
:

mE
rE2

= mE
G mE
r2

g=G

= a

g rE2

a = G G2
r
r
a = g ( E )2
r

. Fg

N
G
I H
J K
I
L
J
M
K N
L
M
.

:


.
1

2 :
.

3 .

4 .

71

 7-11

7-11
) (zero- g .
400 km .

g=8.7 m/s2
.
.

.


.

.
. .

The Gravitational Field

.
.

.
.
:

.
.

.

.g :
GM
r2

.
.
=g

F = mg

.
72

. m

F m g = F/m :
N/kg
. m/s2

9.80 N/kg
. g
.

.7-12

7-12

Two Kinds of Mass

"

-"
.
:

F
a

= m

7-13

T



T2

.713

.

.

.
.7-14

73

 m r
:
r2 F
Gm

7-14

74

.
= m

.
.

.
. .
.

 7-2
14

3.9105 km

.
6.01024 kg 2.01030 kg .
1.5108 km

.a
.

.b
7-15
.

.

7-15

15 7.31022 kg
1785 km

16

150 km
160 km
.
.a

.b

17
.

.
18


.

75

.
.
.
e .
.
.

.

.

.

D
F G
E .
H
F
G
H I
J K
I
L
J M
K
L M
A
B
C
D
E
F N
G
H

76

1 .
2
.
.
.C
3
4
.10 cm
:
)2e (10.0 cm
e+1

=d

C
5
.
A
B
A
C
D
B E
C

.
6 d cm
2
C .
d
7
2
C .
8
.
9 8- 6 .
10
) (e .

0.017

0.70

d
cm

1 A

. .
2 P

.
3 e :
A-B
A+P

) .(vA/vP



=
.
30


:
1
1
pvpt = AvAt
2
2

=d

4
.e
5 )(e = 0

6 .

7

1
.
2 )(e = 0.093

.

3 :

4

vp/vA

1

.
.
2

.
.

obeikaneducation.com

77

.


.

20
.

)( .

.
1917
-
-

.
.


:
.
2GM
c2

= Rs

: G
:M :c .
RS
.


.

:
.

78

.
.
)(
.

.

.

.
.


.

.

NGC 6240.

NGC 6240

:
2GM
Rs

=v

G :
M Rs
.
.c

Planetary Motion and Gravitation7-1

)(

.

.

.
T 2
r 3
)( TBA ) = (rBA

F = G m12m2 :
r

: ms .
4 2
2
T = (Gm )r3
s

7-2

v = G mE :
r

:
.

r3
GmE

T =2

g= Gm
2

.
r2F
Gm

= m

obeikaneduction.com

F
a

=m

79

:
19

30
.
7-18 .

20

21 ) (m2/s

) (m2/s

22

23

24

25
.

26 .

7 -18

31


32

7-19

.a .

.b .

.c .

27

28 g g=F/m .m/s2

29
g
80

c
7 -19

33

.

obeikaneduction.com

 6 -
34 G

35

36 300

. g
.
37

38
5.2 .
.

39 7-22
.G 5.9 kg
0.047 kg 0.055 m
.

7 -22

40 7-1
.

41 2.0 m
.7-23 8.0 kg
6.0 kg

42 6.8 kg
. 21.8 cm

43
1.00 m 5.5410-71 N
.

44 84
.
.

45 .2.6 m
.2.7510-12 N

46 m
.m2/s
2

.a ) (m2/s

.b ) (m2/s

3.9108 m
27.33 .

47 1.25 kg 8.35 N

48 7.341022 kg
3.8108 m
.5.971024 kg
.a .

.b .

7 -23

81

 7 -
49 91 kg
145.6 N

50 80kg
25%

51
7-1
.

52 7-1

175 km .

53

.

54
.

.a
m .
.m

.b

.c

7-23
.m

82

7 -23

.d

.
.e

.f " :
"

55
.

56
.

57
2:20
3:15 .
441.0 km/h

58 1.0 g
.
17.2 cm
0.63 cm/s

obeikaneduction.com

1 .
8.0106 m 1.0106 s
.2.0107 m

A

5.0105 s

4.0106 s

2.5106 s

1.3107 s

6.7104 km
2

2.0105 m/s
.

5

.


. 3.91021
kg 2.41026 kg
.2.01030 kg
6.0108 m
.1.51011 m

2.51018 kg

2.51023 kg

0.5

5.0

4.01020 kg

4.01028 kg

2.5

7.5

3 .
A 1.5102 kg B
4.5103 kg
6.8106 m

A
B

1.5102 s

2.2102 s

3.0102 s

4 9.0103 m/s

5.4106 m
A

1.2 102 s

1.2 103 s

6.0 102 s

1.2 109 s

S1

20
2105 Km S2
160 S2

.

.

.
83

84

85