,

?



,




,



()





()


(
)







,
,







(GPS )
()


0 , 0

E = jA grad V = j A + 2 grad div A

1
H=
rot A
0

1
(1 + jr )e
H=
I dl r0

2
4 C
r

Q'

j r

dl
r0

0
e j r
1
(1 + jr )e jr
+
E = j
r0
I dl
Q' dl

2
4 C
40 C
r
r


Prof. H. Hertz (1857-1894)

 ?

d <<








: , ,

.
.


(
)



,

,
/10


jr

e
1 0
E = j
I d sin
4 0
r
j r

1
e
H = j
I d sin
4
r

= jA
0 , 0

E
=
Z0

Z 0 = 0 / 0 377 120
Q

r >> d

d/2
d

H
M

r >>

Er

r+
r

r0 =ir

I
d/2 O
-Q

i E

r-

Q=

j
I

0
e j r
A
Id
4
r

 ?
,


,


, 1 / r


,
,




( )




z-


z-

 ?





,







()

 ()
0 e jrM
A=
4 rM

I dl e

jr 'i r

I dl e

rM

j r
0
e
I 0 l eff
A=
r
4

l eff

ir

0 , 0

1
=
I0

I
dl
r'

I0

jr 'i r

C
x


1 0
e j r
1 0
e j r
E = j
=j
I 0l eff
I 0F
4 0
2 0
r
r
H=

0
ir E
0

l eff = i r (i r l eff )

F = l eff / 2 = l eff /


,



,
,
,

 2-

 (directivity)


r


r

( )




( r)



dBi
: 1,5 (1,76 dBi).

-: 10 dBi
:
20-60 dBi

g d = 10 log10 D dBi

 (gain)



(gain)

Pzr
=
P0
G = D

g = 10 log10 G dBi




,


,




Pzr = P0 = R | I 0 |2


1 0
(d ) 2
R =
6

R = 20 (d ) 2

,
,
( )
. .
,
.

-
-
,


, -
-



( )

 -


,

,
:



( 3 dB )

 FM

f = 100 MHz

D = = 75 cm
= 3m
4

 /

,


,

 ?

?

 ?


,



F




,
,



,

Seff

2
=
G
4




( , -,
)


f = 2.4 GHz
= 12.5 cm

d = 90 cm
2

d
A = = 0.636 m 2
2
G<

A = 512

g < 10 log10 (512) = 27 dBi

Directional dish antenna with 25 dBi gain, working in

2.4 GHz frequency, horizontal or vertical polarization.
The dish is center fed and can be used for point to
point connections or subscriber units. CFD-24025
Price $182
http://www.itelite.net/

 :



r
P0 .

Pp
P0

10 log10

Pp
P0

G1 S eff2
4r

= g1 [dBi] + g 2 [dBi] 22 20 log10

 ?
r = 6 km

SP45/xx
211 EUR

SP60/xx
249 EUR

f = 5 GHz
g1 = 25 dBi
d1 = 45 cm
g1 + g 2 22 20 log10
10 log10

g 2 = 28 dBi
d 2 = 60 cm

= 6 cm

Pp
P0

6000
r
= 25 + 28 22 20 log10
= 69 dB

0.06

= 69 dB

Pp
P0

= 1.26 10 7





()
()


-

Pp
P0

G S rad
2

64 r

3 4


, ,


,
( -
VHF/UHF,
)
, (
FM ),
( )

( )




(,
, , , , -,
, )

( )
,


: (
10% )
:
(, )
:

:
, , ...
: , ,
, , WLAN, ...



: , , ,
,

( ,
radome radar dome) ,


I ( z) = I 0

sin ((l | z |) )
sin l

cos(l cos ) cos l

F=
i
sin l sin

l = /4

l =

cos( cos )
2
F=
i
sin

I
I0

,
1,64 (2,15 dBi)

.
()
-.
300 .





(-)


(-)

1 684 kHz,
-

230 m

 (, )
:
( )

()