TESTNAME: PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014(COPY)B

TESTID: 305752
GRADE: 0911
SUBJECT: LifeandPhysicalSciences
TESTCATEGORY: SchoolAssessment

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 1 of 21

Student:
Class:
Date:
Instructions
Readeachquestionandallanswers.Choosethecorrectanswer.Reviewyourtestattheendbeforesubmitting.
1.
Whichisproducedfromnitrogencyclingthroughnatureandisessential
toorganisms?
A.
lipids
B.
proteins
C.
nucleicacids
D.
carbohydrates

2.
Whichbestdescribeshowcarbonmovesthroughouttheenvironment?
A.
Carbondioxideisonlyreleasedduringphotosynthesis.
B.
Thecarboncycleendswhendeadmaterialsaredeposited.
C.
Plantsandanimalshelpcyclecarbonthroughouttheenvironment.
D.
Onlyplantshavetheabilitytomovecarbonthroughoutthe
environment.

3.
Whichorganismschangenitrogenfromanatmosphericgasintoauseful
form?
A.
fungi
B.
plants
C.
animals
D.
bacteria

4.
Whichorganismwouldmostlikelybefoundatthetopofanenergy
pyramid?
A.
eagle
B.
frog
C.
grass
D.
grasshopper

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 2 of 21

5.
Nutrientsandenergyflowthroughanecosystemandarerequiredforthe
survivaloftheecosystem.Whichbestexplainstherelationshipbetween
nutrientsandenergy?
A.
Bothmoveinthesamedirectionwithintheecosystem,withboth
beinglostasheat.
B.
Energyandnutrientsmoveinoppositedirectionswithinthe
ecosystem,withbothbeingrecycled.
C.
Bothmoveinthesamedirectionwithintheecosystem,withenergy
beinglostasheatandnutrientsbeingrecycled.
D.
Energyandnutrientsmoveinoppositedirectionswithinthe
ecosystem,withenergybeinglostasheatandnutrientsbeing
recycled.

6.
Thediagrambelowrepresentsaforestfoodweb.
Whichgrouphasthegreatestamountofbiomass?
A.
Hawk
B.
Plant
C.
Snake
D.
Wolf

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 3 of 21

7.
Whydoesatmosphericcarbondioxideincreaseasaresultofdeforestation?
A.
Grassoftenreplacesforests.
B.
Farmersplantcornandsoybeans.
C.
Therearefewertreestoabsorbit.
D.
Thetreesshadethesoilfromthesun.

8. Adiagramofthecarboncycleisshown.
Whichofthefollowingprocessesispartofthecarboncycle?
A. Decomposersputcarbonintothesoilbybreakingdownorganicmaterial.
B. Factoriesremovecarbonfromtheatmospherebyburningmaterials.
C. Plantsputcarbonbackintotheatmospherethroughtheprocessofphotosynthesis.
D. Animalsremovecarbonfromtheatmospherethroughtheprocessofrespiration.

9.
Whichbehaviormostlikelyinvolvesimprinting?
A.
Amayflybuildsanestandlayseggs.
B.
Aswanraisedasaducklingactslikeaduck.
C.
Anewfoalbeginstonurseimmediatelyafterbirth.
D.
Aseaturtlelayshereggsonlandandreturnstotheocean.

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 4 of 21

10. Birdsthatdonotreceiveadequatenutritionduringdevelopmentsinglessoftenandforshorterperiodsof
timeasadultbirds.Whichbestdescribestheoutcomeofnutritionalstressinthesesongbirds?
A. Theyarelesslikelytowardoffpredators.
B. Theyarelesslikelytoobtaingoodnestingsites.
C. Theyarelesslikelytofindadequatefoodsupplies.
D. Theyarelesslikelytoattractmatesandpassontheirgenes.

11. Whichexampledescribesalearnedbehaviorinadog?
A. smellingtheairforodors
B. barkingwhendisturbed
C. sittingoncommand
D. digginginsoil

12.
Whichdescribesamutualisticrelationshipbetweentwodifferent
organisms?
A.
twoorganismsfightingoverlimitedresources
B.
twoorganismsbenefitingfrominteractingtogether
C.
oneorganismbenefitsbyeatingtheotherorganism
D.
oneorganismbenefitsattheexpenseoftheotherorganism

13. Thisfoodchainshowstheinteractionsbetweenorganismsfoundinapondecosystem.
AlgaeWaterBoatmanDivingBeetleFrogHeron
Whichorganismwouldbeaffectedfirstifalgaewasremovedfromtheecosystem?
A. Frog
B. Heron
C. DivingBeetle
D. WaterBoatman

14.
Largeaphidsdefendthebetterfeedingsitesonatreebykickingsmaller
aphidsoffofthebestleaves.Whichofthefollowingtermsbest
describestheinteractionbetweenthelargeaphidsandthesmallaphids?
A.
competition
B.
mutualism
C.
parasitism
D.
predation

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 5 of 21

15.
Whichisconsideredaparasite?
A.
flea
B.
fireant
C.
scorpion
D.
blackwidowspider

16.
Whichorganismwouldbeconsideredapredatorinafoodchain?
A.
bird
B.
grass
C.
fungi
D.
butterfly

17. Deerprovidefoodforwolves.Howdoesthisrelationshipalsobenefitthedeerherd?
A. byprotectingdeerfromotherpredators
B. bycontrollingthedeerpopulation
C. bydecreasingdiversitywithintheherd
D. byprotectingthedeerfromdisease

18.
Whichisanexampleofparasitism?
A.
afoxeatsarabbit
B.
abeestingsahuman
C.
abeetleeatsaroseplant
D.
afungusdecomposesadeadtree

19.
Mostofasnowleopardsdietconsistsofrabbit.Whatismostlikelyto
happenifthepopulationofsnowleopardsdoubles?
A.
Rabbitpopulationwilldouble.
B.
Snowleopardswillbecomeextinct.
C.
Rabbitpopulationwilldecreasebyhalf.
D.
Neitherthesnowleopardnortherabbitpopulationswillbeaffected.

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 6 of 21

20. Whichofthefollowingbestexplainswhatwilloccurwhenapopulationgrowslargerthanthecarrying
capacityofitsenvironment?
A. Theemigrationratewilldecrease.
B. Thecompetitionratewilldecrease.
C. Thebirthratewillincrease.
D. Thedeathratewillincrease.

21.
Whichisadensitydependentlimitingfactorthataffectspopulationsize?
A.
disease
B.
climate
C.
drought
D.
naturaldisasters

22. Aparticularspeciesofsnakewasaccidentallyintroducedintoaregionwhereithadnonaturalenemies.
Theseintroducedsnakesfedonbirdsandinsectsthatwerethefoodofnativesnakespecies.Overthenext
fewyears,theintroducedsnakepopulationgrewrapidlyinsize.Howwilltheintroducedsnakesmostlikely
impactthenativesnakepopulation?
A. Nativesnakeswillmatewiththeinvaderstoformanewspecies.
B. Nativesnakeswilladapttoeatingdifferentvarietiesoffood.
C. Thenativesnakepopulationwillincreaseasitmigratestonewareas.
D. Thenativesnakepopulationwilldecreaseascompetitionforfoodincreases.

23.
Whatroledoesaninvasivespeciesplayinanecosystem?
A.
Ithelpscreatediversity.
B.
Ittakesoveranecosystem.
C.
Ithelpshumansinsomeway.
D.
Itgeneratesthebestorganisms.

24.
Whichhumanactivitywillhavethegreatesteffectontheoccurrenceof
acidrain?
A.
increaseduseofpesticides
B.
increasedburningoffossilfuels
C.
decreasedsolidwasteproduction
D.
decreasedcuttingofforestedareas

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 7 of 21

25.
Whateffectdoeshabitatdestructionhaveonfoodwebs?
A.
Itreducestheamountofcompetitionamongstorganismsinan
ecosystem.
B.
Itincreasestheamountoffoodavailabletohigherorderconsumers
duetomigration.
C.
Itincreasestheoverallamountofenergyavailabletoeachtrophic
levelinafoodweb.
D.
Itdisruptsfoodwebsbyintroducingtoxicchemicalsintoan
ecosystemcausingbiologicalmagnification.

26.
Maleandfemalerabbitswereplacedinadesertedhabitatwithagood
supplyofwaterandfood.Whichwillmostlikelyhappentotherabbit
population?
A.
Therabbitswillnotadjusttotheirnewhabitat.
B.
Predatorswillcomeintothehabitatandkillalloftherabbits.
C.
Naturallyoccurringbacteriawillinfecttherabbits,leavingthem
unabletoreproduce.
D.
Therabbitswillbreed,increasingthesizeofthepopulationuntilthe
carryingcapacityisreached.

27. Thepopulationsofblackrhinoceroseshavebeenimpactedbyhumaninteractionstothepointofbeing
endangered.Whichinteractionbestexplainswhytheblackrhinoisnowendangered?
A. overhunting
B. waterpollution
C. airbornediseases
D. increaseddeforestation

28. Manybirdslivinginacertaincoastalenvironmenthaveahighlevelconcentrationofpesticidesintheir
bodies.Whatisthemostlikelyconclusionthatcanbemadeaboutthepesticides?
A. Thepesticidesexistnaturallyintheenvironment.
B. Plantspickedupthepesticidesfromthecoastalsoils.
C. Highoceantidesbroughtthepesticidesintothenestingareas.
D. Thefishconsumedbythebirdsarecontaminatedwithpesticides.

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 8 of 21

29.
TheburningoffossilfuelshasgreatlyincreasedthelevelofCO inthe
atmosphere.IfthelevelofCO continuestorise,whichwillmostlikely
occurinanecosystem?
A.
AcidrainwillhaveamuchhigherpH.
B.
Theatmospherictemperaturewillincrease.
C.
Thelevelsofgroundwaterwillincreasesignificantly.
D.
Thenumberofproducersandconsumerswillincrease.

30.
Mosquitoesbreedinwaterandareresponsibleforthetransmissionof
malariatohumans.Whichcontrolmethodwouldbeleastlikelyto
negativelyimpactthenaturalenvironment?
A.
Putpesticidesintopondstokillmosquitolarvae.
B.
Sprayalightcoatofoiloverpondstopreventrespirationin
mosquitoes.
C.
Drainpondssothatmosquitoeggshavenowheretohatch.
D.
Stockpondswithfishspeciesandotherwildlifethatfeedon
mosquitolarvae.

31.
Whatistheincreaseinconcentrationsofharmfulsubstancesathigher
trophiclevelsreferredtoas?
A.
aquaculture
B.
bioaccumulation
C.
habitatfragmentation
D.
sustainabledevelopment

32.
Whichbestdescribestheimportanceoflipidstoorganisms?
A.
Theyprovidekeratininhairandouterlayersoftheskin.
B.
Theykeepcellularorganelleshydratedwithinanorganism.
C.
Theyprovidestorageforcellularwastewithinanorganism.
D.
Theyserveascellularmembranecomponentsandasconcentrated
energysources.

2
2

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 9 of 21

33.
Whichorganiccompoundsnecessaryforlifeareformedbyasugar
bondedtoaphosphategroupandanitrogenousbase?
A.
lipids
B.
proteins
C.
nucleicacids
D.
carbohydrates

34.
Whenusingtheiodinetesttodetermineifasubstancecontains
starches,whichreactionwillmostlikelyoccur?
A.
Thesubstancewillbubble.
B.
Thesubstancewillwarmup.
C.
Thesubstancewillturnclear.
D.
Thesubstancewillchangetoablueblackcolor.

35.
Astudentistryingtoidentifyfourorganicsubstances.Testsaredoneonthe
substancesandtheresultsareshownbelow.
BenedictsSolutionBiuretsSolutionBrownPaper LugolsSolution
Substance1 NR colorchange NR NR
Substance2 colorchange NR NR NR
Substance3 NR NR NR turnsblueblack
Substance4 NR NR shinyspots NR

TowhichgroupoforganiccompoundsdoesSubstance3mostlikelybelong?

A.
carbohydrates
B.
enzymes
C.
lipids
D.
proteins

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 10 of 21

36.
Alphaamylase,anenzymepresentinsaliva,breaksdownstarch.Which
fooddoesithelptodigest?
A.
milk
B.
candy
C.
steak
D.
potato

37.
Howarethestructuresofproteinsandcarbohydratessimilar?
A.
Theybothcontainsulfur.
B.
Theybothcontainaminoacids.
C.
Theybothcontainoxygen,hydrogen,andcarbon.
D.
Theybothcontainoxygen,hydrogen,nitrogen,andcarbon.

38.
Whichcarbohydrateisfoundinthecellwallsofplantcells?
A.
cellulose
B.
glucose
C.
glycogen
D.
starch

39.
Whichorganicmoleculeisprimarilyusedbycellsasasourceofenergy?
A.
aminoacid
B.
fattyacid
C.
glucose
D.
protein

40.
Whichisaleastlikelyprimaryfunctionofproteins?
A.
toactasanorganiccatalyst
B.
tosupplyshorttermenergy
C.
tobuildandrepairdamagedcells
D.
todefendagainstforeigninvaders

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 11 of 21

41.
Whichisacommoncharacteristicoflipids?
A.
Theycontainnitrogen.
B.
Theyaresolubleinwater.
C.
Theyareinsolubleinwater.
D.
Theyactasanorganiccatalyst.

42.
Amylaseisabiocatalystthathydrolyzesstarchintosimplesugar
moleculesinthepancreas.Whichbestdescribesamylase?
A.
lipid
B.
protein
C.
fattyacid
D.
carbohydrate

43. Whichstatementbestexplainswhyenzymesbindtospecificsubstrates?
A. Anenzymecanbeinhibitedsoitsactivesiteisaltered.
B. Anenzymefoldsdifferentlyinthepresenceofdifferentsubstrates.
C. Differentaminoacidsequencescausevariationsintheshapesofanenzymesactivesites.
D. Enzymesubstratebindingisbasedonsizesoonlylargeenzymescanbindtolargesubstrates.

44.
Whichisacharacteristicofanenzyme?
A.
notreusable
B.
increasesactivationenergy
C.
specifictoaparticularsubstrate
D.
notaffectedbypHortemperature

45.
Howcanexcessiveheataffectthefunctionofenzymes?
A.
HeatcanincreasethepHofenzymes.
B.
Heatcancauseenzymestobecomedenatured.
C.
Heatcancauseenzymestoabsorbcarbondioxide.
D.
Heatcanproducemoresubstrateforenzymereactions.

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 12 of 21

46.
Whyareenzymesconsideredreusable?
A.
Enzymesareconstantlyrenewedbyotherenzymes.
B.
Enzymesaremadeofunusuallystrongmaterials.
C.
Enzymesareconstantlyregeneratedbyrespiration.
D.
Enzymesarenotchangedwhentheycatalyzeachemicalreaction.

47. Amylaseisachemicalthatdecomposesstarchintomaltoseanddextrin.Whichbestdescribestheroleof
amylaseinthehumanbody?
A. asaninhibitorofinsulinproduction
B. asanenzymethataidsindigestion
C. asacatalystforproteinsynthesis
D. asareceptoroffattyacidchains

48. LookatthediagrambelowoftheprotistPhacus.
Whichstructurerepresentstheflagella?
A. Part1
B. Part2
C. Part3
D. Part4

49. Ateacherdemonstratesthestructureofacellusingthemodelshownbelow.
Whichstructureismostlikelyrepresentedbythegrape?
A. cellmembrane
B. cytoplasm
C. nucleus
D. cellwall

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 13 of 21

50. Adiagramofacellisshownbelow.
Inwhichstructureisproteinsynthesized?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4

51.
Cellsoftenmustuseactivetransporttomovesubstancesintooroutof
thecell.WheredotheygettheATPrequiredtoperformactivetransport?
A.
nucleus
B.
ribosome
C.
chloroplast
D.
mitochondria

52.
Whichtwoorganellesaremostimportantintheproductionofproteinsin
acell?
A.
nucleusandribosomes
B.
ribosomesandlysosomes
C.
nucleusandmitochondria
D.
ribosomesandgolgibodies

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 14 of 21

53.
Whichorganelleanditsfunctionarecorrectlymatched?
A.
chromatinproducesenergy
B.
ribosomeassemblesproteins
C.
nucleusundergoescellularrespiration
D.
mitochondriondirectsproteinsynthesis

54.
Whattypeoforganiccompoundaremostcellwallscomposedof?
A.
carbohydrates
B.
lipids
C.
polypeptides
D.
proteins

55.
WhichcellularstructureisresponsibleforproducingATPduringaerobic
respiration?
A.
mitochondrion
B.
chloroplast
C.
nucleolus
D.
ribosome

56. Acellcompletesthesynthesizationofaproteinbyaddingacarbohydratetotheproteinsstructure.At
whichsiteinthecellisthecarbohydrateadded?
A. thenucleus
B. aribosome
C. amitochondrion
D. theGolgiapparatus

57. Whereareproteinssynthesized?
A. mitochondria
B. ribosomes
C. centrioles
D. lysosomes

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 15 of 21

58.
Whichorganellecontainsthemostproteinssuspendedinaphospholipid
layer?
A.
nucleus
B.
vacuoles
C.
cellwall
D.
plasmamembrane

59. Ofthefollowingtypesofcells,whichhasthehighestconcentrationofmitochondria?
A. bone
B. muscle
C. nerve
D. skin

60.
Theactivitiesofthisunicellularorganismaredirectedbywhichnumbered
organelle?
A.
1,nucleus
B.
2,chloroplast
C.
3,vacuole
D.
4,flagella

61.
Whichorganismsarebestdescribedasprokaryoticcells?
A.
bacteria
B.
protists
C.
plants
D.
fungi

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 16 of 21

62.
Whichismostlikelyfoundinprokaryoticcells?
A.
nucleus
B.
chloroplast
C.
mitochondrion
D.
plasmamembrane

63.
Usingamicroscope,ascientisthasidentifiedagroupofcells.Eachoval
shapedcellappearstohaveacellmembraneandseveralribosomesin
itscytoplasm.Inoneareaofthecells,acircularbandofDNAcanbe
observed.Whattypeofcellsarethese?
A.
eukaryoticprotists
B.
prokaryoticbacteria
C.
prokaryoticplantcells
D.
eukaryoticanimalcells

64.
Inprokaryotes,wheredothemetabolicfunctionstakeplaceinthecell?
A.
chromosomes
B.
ribosomes
C.
cytoplasm
D.
nucleus

65.
Whichisthebestcriteriatousewhenclassifyingcellsaseither
eukaryotesorprokaryotes?
A.
size
B.
diet
C.
methodofreproducing
D.
presenceofmembraneboundorganelles

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 17 of 21

66.
Whichisacharacteristicofprokaryotes?
A.
Prokaryoteshaveanucleus.
B.
ProkaryoteshavecircularDNA.
C.
Prokaryoteshavechloroplasts.
D.
Prokaryoteshavemitochondria.

67.
Whatisamajordifferencebetweenprokaryoticandeukaryoticcells?
A.
Eukaryoticcellsonlyhaveaflagellum.
B.
Prokaryoticcellsdonothaveacellmembrane.
C.
Eukaryoticcellsdonothavemembraneboundstructures.
D.
Prokaryoticcellsdonothavemembraneboundstructures.

68. AllorganismscontainDNAandRNA.WhatarethesubunitsofDNAandRNA?
A. simplesugars
B. aminoacids
C. carbohydrates
D. nucleotides

69. Whichstatementsexplaintheprimarydifferencebetweenthestructureofanucleicacidandthestructure
ofaprotein?
A. Anucleicacidhasalternatingbasepairs.Aproteinhasalternatingpeptides.
B. Nitrogenbasesformthebackboneofanucleicacid.Peptidesformthebackboneofaprotein.
C. Nucleotideslinktogethertoformanucleicacid.Aminoacidslinktogethertoformaprotein.
D. Anucleicacidisheldtogetherbythesugarphosphatecomplex.Aproteinisheldtogetherbythecarbon
carbonbonds.

70. Howarethefunctionsofacarbohydrateandalipidsimilar?
A. Bothareasourceofenergy.
B. Botharereplicatedduringmeiosis.
C. Bothlowertheactivationenergyofreactions.
D. Bothdissolvenutrientsinthedigestivesystem.

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 18 of 21

71.
Whyareenzymesessentialtoorganisms?
A.
Theyarecatalystsforbiochemicalreactionsincells.
B.
Theyprovideshorttermandlongtermenergyforthecells.
C.
Theyprovideinstructionsforproteinsynthesisanddeterminetraits.
D.
Theycreatesemipermeablebarriersinthecellthatseparatesthe
insideandoutsideofthecell.

72.
Whichexperimentcouldbeconductedtodetermineifbakedpotatochips
havelessfatthanfriedpotatochips?
A.
PlacepotatochipsinwaterandtestthepH.
B.
Placepotatochipsonapaperbagandtestforoilspots.
C.
Mixcrushedpotatochipswithiodinetoobservecolorchange.
D.
MixcrushedpotatochipswithBenedictssolutiontoobservecolor
change.

73.
Whichtypeoforganicmoleculeshouldapersonlimitinordertolose
weight?
A.
Carbohydrates,becausetheystoretwiceasmuchenergy/gram.If
theyarenotused,theywillcauseweightgain.
B.
Lipids,becausetheystoretwiceasmuchenergy/gram.Iftheyarenot
used,theywillcauseweightgain.
C.
Carbohydrates,becausetheyarenonpolarmoleculesandare
insolubleinwater.
D.
Lipids,becausetheyarenonpolarandsolubleinwater.

74.
Whichbestexplainsthefunctionofthesequenceofnucleotides?
A.
Itprovidesenergy.
B.
Itcarriesgeneticinformation.
C.
ItallowsDNAtobesuccessfullycopied.
D.
ItdeterminestheshapeoftheDNAmolecule.

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 19 of 21

75.
Whatisadifferencebetweensaturatedandunsaturatedfats?
A.
Saturatedfatsareliquidandunsaturatedfatsaresolid.
B.
Saturatedfatsaresolidandunsaturatedfatsareliquidatroom
temperature.
C.
Saturatedfatsarehealthierforyouthanunsaturatedfats.
D.
Saturatedfatscontaindoublecarbonbondsandunsaturatedfats
havesinglebonds.

76.
Whyisthelockandkeyanalogyoftenusedtodescribeenzyme
function?
A.
Eachenzymeisthesameasitssubstrate.
B.
Eachenzymewillfitwithonlyonespecifickindofsubstrate.
C.
Eachenzymecanonlybeusedonceinareactionandcannotbeused
again.
D.
Eachenzymehasitsownactivesitethatwillnotfitwithotheractive
sites.

77.
Howdoesanenzymespeedupchemicalreactions?
A.
byabsorbingenergy
B.
byreleasingenergy
C.
bydecreasingtheenergyneeded
D.
byincreasingtheenergyneeded

78.
Acertainenzymefoundinthehumangutdigestsproteins,butdoesnot
digestcarbohydrates.Whichbestexplainsthisdifferenceinreactions?
A.
ThepHoftheproteinisdifferentfromthepHofthecarbohydrate.
B.
Anenzymecanaffectonlyonetypeofsubstratebecauseofits
specificity.
C.
Thecarbohydratemoleculeistoolargefortheenzymetoattachto
itsactivesite.
D.
Theenzymecanaffectonlytheproteinreactionbecauseofthelarge
sizeoftheproteinmolecule.

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 20 of 21

79.
Whichisacarbohydrateconsistingofachainofmonosaccharide
molecules?
A.
aminoacid
B.
enzyme
C.
glycogen
D.
hemoglobin

PCHS_Biology_9weeks_Fall2014 (COPY)B Page 21 of 21