Fllsafat Ilmu

F I L S A F A T I
L M U
JILID 1
UHAR SUHARSAPUTRA, Drs.,M.Pd.
PENGANTAR FILSAFAT ILMU/UHAR SUHARSAPUTRA
1
UNIVERSITAS KUNINGAN
2004
DAFTAR ISI
Hal
KATA PENGANTAR
DAFTAR ISI i
BAB 1. MANUSIA, BERFIKIR, DAN PENGETAHUAN
A. Ma!a "#!$adi Ma!%sia 1
&. Ma!a &#r'ir (
). Ma!a P#!*#+a,%a! 11
D. &#r'ir da! P#!*#+a,%a! 1-
BAB 2. F I L S A F A T
A. P#!*#r+ia! Filsa.a+ 1(
&. )iri/0iri Filsa.a+ 20
). 12$# Filsa.a+ 22
D. Sis+i"a+ia Filsa.a+ 2-
E. )a2a!*/0a2a!* Filsa.a+ 23
F. P#!d#a+a! dala" "#"4#la$ari Filsa.a+ 25
G. S%d%+ 4a!da!* +#r,ada4 Filsa.a+ -0
H. S#$ara, si!*a+ Filsa.a+ -1
BAB 3. ILMU PENGETAHUAN
A. P#!*#r+ia! Il"% 6Il"% P#!*#+a,%a!7 42
&. )iri/0iri Il"% 48
). F%!*si da! T%$%a! Il"% 45
D. S+r%+%r Il"% 30
1. .a+a da! K9!s#4 32
2. *#!#ralisasi da! T#9ri 33
-. 4r949sasi da! As%"si 3:
4. d#'!isi;&a+asa! 81
3. 4aradi*"a 84
E. 12$# Il"% 83
F. P#"2a*ia!;4#!*#l9"49a! Il"% 88
G. P#!$#lasa! Il"% 6s0i#!+i'0 #<4la!a+i9!7 (0
H. Sia4 Il"ia, (1
BAB 4. F I L S A F A T I L M U
A. 1ri#!+asi Filsa.a+ Il"% (4
&. P#r#"2a!*a! Filsa.a+ Il"% (5
). )iri/0iri Il"% "9d#r! 54
D. Paradi*"a Il"% "9d#r! "#!%r%+ 2#2#ra4a Alira! 53
E. H%2%!*a! Filsa.a+ d#!*a! Il"% 55
F. P#!*#r+ia! Filsa.a+ Il"% :0
G. &ida!* a$ia! da! "asala,/"asala, Filsa.a+ Il"% :4
H. K#2#!ara! Il"% :(
I. K#+#r2a+asa! Il"% 100
2
J. Ma!.aa+ "#"4#la$ari Filsa.a+ Il"% 10-
DAFTAR PUSTAKA 104
& A & 1
MANUSIA, &ERFIKIR DAN PENGETAHUAN
Tanpa saudara andun!n"a P#n!#$a%uan, Aa& 'Ins$ru(#n )#r*+r Manus+a, )a!a+an s+
(+s+n "an! $a )#ru(a%, s#dan!an P#n!#$a%uan $anpa aa& s#p#r$+ ru(a% "an! $a
$#r-a!a. Ba%an, .+n$a, K#ad+&an, dan K#)a+an aan $#r)a$as #!unaann"a -+a aa& $a
%ad+r 6Ka,lil Gi2ra!7
P#n!#$a%uan (#rupaan sua$u #a"aan dan #s#(purnaan. ..S#s#/ran! "an! $a%u &#)+%
)an"a ada&a% &#)+% )a+ a&au d+)and+n! d#n!an "an! $+da $a%u apa0apa 6L9%is L#a,=7
M#n!#$a%u+ (#rupaan #!+a$an "an! (#n-ad+an su)-# )#r/(un+as+ S#1ara d+na(+
d#n!an #s+s$#ns+ dan /dra$ dar+ 2ada3 )#nda0)#nda 6Sar+r#7
A. MAKNA MENJADI MANUSIA
K#(a(puan (anus+a un$u (#n!!unaan aa& da&a(
(#(a%a(+ &+n!un!ann"a (#rupaan p/$#ns+ dasar "an!
(#(un!+nan (anus+a B#r*+r, d#n!an B#r*+r (anus+a (#n-ad+
(a(pu (#&auan p#ru)a%an da&a( d+r+n"a, dan (#(an!
s#)a!+an )#sar p#ru)a%an da&a( d+r+ (anus+a (#rupaan a+)a$
dar+ a$+4+$as B#r*+r, /&#% ar#na +$u san!a$ 5a-ar apa)+&a B#r*+r
(#rupaan /ns#p un1+ da&a( s#$+ap d+sursus (#n!#na+
#duduan (anus+a d+ (ua )u(+, +n+ )#rar$+ )a%5a $anpa B#r*+r,
#(anus+aan (anus+a pun $+da pun"a (ana )a%an (un!+n $a
aan p#rna% ada.
B#r*+r -u!a (#()#r+ #(un!+nan (anus+a un$u
(#(p#r/&#% p#n!#$a%uan, da&a( $a%apan s#&an-u$n"a
p#n!#$a%uan +$u dapa$ (#n-ad+ 6/ndas+ p#n$+n! )a!+ #!+a$an
)#r*+r "an! &#)+% (#nda&a(. K#$+a Ada( d+1+p$aan dan
#(ud+an ALLAH (#n!a-aran na(a0na(a, pada dasarn"a
(#n!+nd+as+an )a%5a Ada( 'Manus+a, (#rupaan Ma%&u "an!
)+sa B#r*+r dan )#rp#n!#$a%uan, dan d#n!an p#n!#$a%uan +$u
3
Ada( dapa$ (#&an-u$an #%+dupann"a d+ Dun+a. Da&a( /n$#s
"an! &#)+% &uas, p#r+n$a% Iqra ')a1a&a%, "an! $#r$uan! da&a( A&
7ur8an dapa$ d+pa%a(+ da&a( a+$an d#n!an d/r/n!an Tu%an pada
Manus+a un$u )#rp#n!#$a%uan d+sa(p+n! a$a Yatafakkarun
')#r*+r&a%9!unaan aa&, "an! )an"a $#rs#)ar da&a( A& 7ur8an.
S#(ua +n+ d+(asudan a!ar (anus+a dapa$ )#ru)a% dar+ $+da
$a%u (#n-ad+ $a%u, d#n!an $a%u d+a )#r)ua$, d#n!an )#r)ua$ d+a
)#ra(a& )a!+ #%+dupan. s#(ua +n+ p#ndasarann"a ada&a%
p#n!!unaan aa& (#&a&u+ #!+a$an )#r*+r. D#n!an )#r*+r (anus+a
(a(pu (#n!/&a% p#n!#$a%uan, d#n!an p#n!/&a%an $#rs#)u$,
p#(++ran (anus+a (#n-ad+ (a+n (#nda&a( dan (a+n )#r(ana,
d#n!an p#n!#$a%uan (anus+a (#n!a-aran, d#n!an )#rp++r
(anus+a (#n!#()an!an, dan d#n!an (#n!a(a&an s#r$a
(#n!ap&+as+ann"a (anus+a (a(pu (#&auan p#ru)a%an dan
p#n+n!a$an # ara% #%+dupan "an! &#)+% )a+, s#(ua +$u $#&a%
(#()a5a #(a-uan "an! )#sar da&a( )#r)a!a+ )+dan! #%+dupan
(anus+a 'sudu$ pandan! p/s+$+69n/r(a$+6,.
D#n!an d#(++an #(a(puan un$u )#ru)a% dan p#ru)a%an
"an! $#r-ad+ pada (anus+a (#rupaan (ana p// "an!
$#randun! da&a( #!+a$an B#r*+r dan )#rp#n!#$a%uan.
D+s#)a)an #(a(puan B#r*+r&a%, (aa (anus+a dapa$
)#r#()an! &#)+% -au% d+)and+n! (a%&u &a+nn"a, s#%+n!!a dapa$
$#r)#)as dar+ #(and#!an 6un!s+ #%a&+6a%an d+ (ua )u(+,
)a%an d#n!an B#r*+r (anus+a (a(pu (#n!#sp&/ras+, (#(+&+%
dan (#n#$apan #pu$usan0#pu$usan p#n$+n! un$u
#%+dupann"a.
P#rn"a$aan d+ a$as pada dasarn"a (#n!!a()aran
#a!un!an (anus+a )#ra+$an d#n!an ara$#r+s$+ #s+s$#ns+a&
(anus+a s#)a!a+ upa"a (#(ana+ #%+dupann"a dan s#)a!a+
4
)a!+an dar+ A&a( +n+. Da&a( /n$#s p#r)and+n!an d#n!an )a!+an0
)a!+an a&a( &a+nn"a, para a%&+ $#&a% )an"a (#n!a-+ p#r)#daan
an$ara (anus+a d#n!an (a%&u0(a%&u &a+nn"a $#ru$a(a d#n!an
(a%&u "an! a!a d#a$ d#n!an (anus+a "a+$u %#5an. S#1ara
u(u( /(paras+ (anus+a d#n!an %#5an dapa$ d+&+%a$ dar+ sudu$
pandan! Na$ura&+s9)+/&/!+s dan sudu$ pandan! s/s+/ps+/&/!+s.
S#1ara )+/&/!+s pada dasarn"a (anus+a $+da )an"a )#r)#da
d#n!an %#5an, )a%an Ernst Haeckel '1:34 ; 1<1<,
(#n!#(uaan )a%5a (anus+a da&a( s#!a&a %a& sun!!u%0
sun!!u% ada&a% )+na$an! )#ruas $u&an! )#&aan!, "an+ )+na$an!
(#n"usu+, d#(+(++an -u!a Lamettrie '1=>< ; 1=?1, (#n"a$aan
)a%5a $+da&a% $#rdapa$ p#r)#daan an$ara )+na$an! dan (anus+a
dan ar#nan"a )a%5a (anus+a +$u ada&a% sua$u (#s+n.
Ka&au (anus+a +$u sa(a d#n!an %#5an, $ap+ #napa (anus+a
)+sa )#r(as"araa$ dan )#rp#rada)an "an! $+da )+sa d+&auan
/&#% %#5an @, p#r$an"aan +n+ $#&a% (#&a%+ran )#r)a!a+ p#(anaan
$#n$an! (anus+a, s#p#r$+ (anus+a ada&a% (a%&u "an!
)#r(as"araa$ 'S/s+/&/!+s,, (anus+a ada&a% (a%&u "an!
)#r)uda"a 'An$r/p/&/!+s,, (anus+a ada&a% %#5an "an! #$a5a,
sadar d+r+, dan (#rasa (a&u 'Ps+/&/!+s,, s#(ua +$u a&au d+1#r(a$+
$+da &a+n ar#na (anus+a ada&a% %#5an "an! )#r*+r9)#rna&ar (the
animal that reason) a$au Homo Sapien.
D#n!an (#(a%a(+ ura+an d+ a$as, na(pa )a%5a ada sudu$
pandan! "an! 1#nd#run! (#r#nda%an (anus+a, dan ada "an!
(#n!a!un!ann"a, s#(ua sudu$ pandan! $#rs#)u$ (#(an!
d+p#r&uan un$u (#n-a!a #s#+()an!an (#(ana+ (anus+a.
Blaise Pascal '1A23 ; 1AA2, (#n"a$aan )a%5a ada&a% )#r)a%a"a
)+&a +$a (#nun-uan (anus+a s#)a!a+ (a%&u "an! (#(pun"a+
s+6a$0s+6a$ )+na$an! d#n!an $+da (#nun-uan #)#saran (anus+a
5
s#)a!a+ (anus+a. S#)a&+n"a ada&a% )a%a"a un$u (#nun-uan
(anus+a s#)a!a+ (a%&u "an! )#sar d#n!an $+da (#nun-uan
#r#nda%an, dan &#)+% )#r)a%a"a &a!+ )+&a +$a $+da (#nun-uan
sudu$ #)#saran dan #&#(a%ann"a sa(a s#a&+ 'Ras-+d+. 1<=> B :,.
Guna (#(a%a(+ &#)+% -au% s+apa +$u (anus+a, )#r+u$ +n+ aan
d+#(uaan )#)#rapa d#*n+s+ "an! d+#(uaan /&#% para a%&+ B
P&a$/ '42= ; 34:,. Da&a( pandan!an P&a$/ (anus+a d+&+%a$
s#1ara dua&+s$+ "a+$u unsur -asad dan unsur -+5a, -asad
aan (usna% s#dan!an -+5a $+da, -+5a (#(pun"a+ $+!a
6un!s+ '#ua$an, "a+$u logystikon ')#r*+r9ras+/na&,
thymoeies 'K#)#ran+an,, dan epithymetikon 'K#+n!+nan,
!ristoteles '3:4 ; 322 SM,. Manus+a +$u ada&a% %#5an
"an! )#raa& s#%a$, "an! (#n!#&uaran p#ndapa$n"a,
"an! )#r)+1ara )#rdasaran aa& *+rann"a. Manus+a +$u
ada&a% %#5an "an! )#rp/&+$+ 'C//n P/&+$+1/n9P/&+$+1a&
An+(a&,, %#5an "an! (#()an!un (as"araa$ d+ a$as
6a(+&+06a(+&+ (#n-ad+ p#n!#&/(p/an +(p#rs/na& dar+ pada
a(pun! dan n#!ara.
I"nu Sina '<:> 01>3= M,. (anus+a ada&a% (a%&u "an!
(#(pun"a+ #san!!upan B 1, (aan, 2, $u()u%, 3, )#r0
#()an! )+a, 4, p#n!a(a$an %a&0%a& "an! +s$+(#5a, ?,
p#r!#raan d+ )a5a% #uasaan, A, #$a%uan
'p#n!#$a%uan $#n$an!, %a&0%a& "an! u(u(, dan =,
#%#nda )#)as. M#nuru$ d+a, $u()u%an %an"a
(#(pun"a+ #san!!upan 1, 2, dan 3, s#r$a %#5an
(#(pun"a+ #san!!upan 1, 2, 3, 4, dan ?.
I"nu #halun '1332 ; 14>A,. Manus+a ada&a% %#5an
d#n!an #san!!upan )#rp++r, #san!!upan +n+ (#rupaan
su()#r dar+ #s#(purnaan dan pun1a dar+ s#!a&a
#(u&"aan dan #$+n!!+an d+ a$as (a%&u0(a%&u &a+n.
I"nu $iska%aih. M#n"a$aan )a%5a (anus+a ada&a%
(a%&u "an! (#(pun"a+ #ua$an0#ua$an "a+$u B 1, A&
7u55a$u& AD&+"a% '#ua$an )#r*+r9aa&,, 2, A& 7u55a$u&
G/d%)+""a% 'Mara%, 3, A& 7u55a$u S"a%5+"a% 'sa%5a$,.
Harol H. &itus (#n"a$aan B $an is an animal organism'
it is true "ut he is a"le to stuy himself as organism an to
compare an interpret li(ing forms an to inquire a"out
the meaning of human e)istence. S#&an-u$n"a D+a
6
(#n"#)u$an )#)#rapa 6a$/r "an! )#ra+$an 'men*ai
karakteristik + pen) d#n!an (anus+a s#)a!a+ pr+)ad+ "a+$u B
i. Self conscioueness
ii. ,e-ecti(e thinking' a"stract thought' or the po%er of
generali.ation
iii. Ethical iscrimination an the po%er of choice
i(. !esthetic appreciation
(. /orship an faith in a higher po%er
(i. 0reati(ity of a ne% orer
/illiam E. Hocking (#n"a$aan B $an can "e e1ne as
the animal %ho thinks in term of totalities.
0.E.$. 2oa. M#n"a$aan B e(ery thing an e(ery creature
in the %orl e)cept man acts as it must' or act as it
please' man alone act on occasion as he ought
,.3. Beerling. M#n"a$aan )a%5a (anus+a +$u $uan!
)#r$an"a.
Dar+ ura+an dan )#r)a!a+ d#*n+s+ $#rs#)u$ d+ a$as dapa$&a% d+$ar+
)#)#rapa #s+(pu&an $#n$an! s+apa +$u (anus+a "a+$u B
1. S#1ara *s+a&, (anus+a s#-#n+s %#5an -u!a
2. Manus+a pun"a #(a(puan un$u )#r$an"a
3. Manus+a pun"a #(a(puan un$u )#rp#n!#$a%uan
4. Manus+a pun"a #(auan )#)as
?. Manus+a )+sa )#rpr+&au s#sua+ n/r(a ')#r(/ra&,
A. Manus+a ada&a% (a%&u "an! )#r(as"araa$ dan
)#r)uda"a
=. Manus+a pun"a #(a(puan )#r*+r r#E#$+6 da&a(
$/$a&+$as d#n!an sadar d+r+
:. Manus+a ada&a% (a%&u "an! pun"a #(a(puan un$u
p#r1a"a pada Tu%an
apa)+&a d+)a!anan d#n!an (#n!a1u pada p#ndapa$ d+ a$as aan
na(pa s#)a!a+ )#r+u$ B
7
MANUSIA
HE>ANI;&ASARI
INSANI;MANUSIA>
I
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$!#!9 BE,3I#I,
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BE,#E$B!97BI!# BE,B84!Y!5BE,E&I#
!5
BE,&8H!9
7am"ar :.:. 4imensi;imensi manusia
D#n!an d#(++an na(pan"a $#rdapa$ p#r)#daan s#a&+!us
p#rsa(aan an$ara (anus+a d#n!an (a%&u &a+n %ususn"a
%#5an, s#1ara *s+a&9)+/&/!+s p#r)#daan (anus+a d#n!an %#5an
&#)+% )#rs+6a$ !radua& dan $+da pr+ns+p+&, s#dan!an da&a( asp#
#(a(puan )#r*+r, )#r(as"araa$ dan )#r)uda"a, s#r$a )#r$u%an
p#r)#daann"a san!a$ asas+9pr+ns+p+&, +n+ )#rar$+ -+a (anus+a da&a(
#%+dupann"a %an"a )#u$a$ da&a( urusan0urusan *s+ )+/&/!+s
s#p#r$+ (aan, (+nu(, )#r+s$+ra%a$, (aa #duduann"a $+da&a%
-au% )#r)#da d#n!an %#5an, sa$u0sa$un"a "an! )+sa (#n!an!a$
(anus+a &#)+% $+n!!+ ada&a% p#n!!unaan aa& un$u )#r*+r dan
)#rp#n!#$a%uan s#r$a (#n!ap&+as+an p#n!#$a%uann"a )a!+
#p#n$+n!an #%+dupan s#%+n!!a )#r#()an!&a% (as"araa$
)#rada) dan )#r)uda"a, d+sa(p+n! +$u #(a(puan $#rs#)u$ $#&a%
(#nd/r/n! (anus+a un$u )#r*+r $#n$an! s#sua$u "an! (#&#)+%+
p#n!a&a(ann"a s#p#r$+ #"a+nan pada Tu%an "an! (#rupaan +n$+
dar+ s#&uru% a-aran A!a(a. F&#% ar#na +$u 1ar+&a% +&(u dan
)#r*+r&a% $#rus a!ar p/s+s+ +$a s#)a!a+ (anus+a (#n-ad+ s#(a+n
8
-au% dar+ p/s+s+ %#5an da&a( /ns$#&as+ #%+dupan d+ a&a( +n+.
M#s+pun d#(++an p#n!!a()aran d+ a$as %arus d+pandan! s#)a!a+
sua$u p#nd#a$an sa-a da&a( (#()#r+ (ana (anus+a, s#)a)
(anus+a +$u s#nd+r+ (#rupaan (a%&u "an! san!a$ (u&$+ d+(#ns+,
s#%+n!!a !a()aran "an! s#u$u%n"a aan $#rus (#n-ad+ p#r%a$+an
dan a-+an "an! (#nar+, un$u +$u $+da )#r&#)+%an apa)+&a Louis
Leahy )#rp#ndapa$ )a%5a (anus+a +$u s#)a!a+ (a%&u parad/sa&
dan s#)ua% (+s$#r+, %a& +n+ (#nun-uan )#$apa /(p&#s n"a
(#(ana+ (anus+a d#n!an s#&uru% d+(#ns+n"a.
&. MAKNA &ERFIKIR
S#(ua ara$#r+s$+ (anus+a "an! (#n!!a()ar!aan
#$+n!!+an dan #a!un!an pada dasarn"a (#rupaan a+)a$ dar+
anu!ra% aa& "an! d+(+&++n"a, s#r$a p#(an6aa$ann"a un$u
#!+a$an )#r*+r, )a%an Tu%an pun (#()#r+an $u!as
#%a&+6a%an '"an! $#r)+n!a+ da&a( p#r+n$a% dan &aran!an, d+
(ua )u(+ pada (anus+a $+da $#r&#pas dar+ apas+$as aa& un$u
)#r*+r, )#rp#n!#$a%uan, s#r$a (#()ua$ #pu$usan un$u
(#&auan dan a$au $+da (#&auan "an! $an!!un!-a5a)n"a
+n%#r#n pada (anus+a, s#%+n!!a p#r&u d+(+n$a+
p#r$an!!un!-a5a)an.
Sutan &akir !lis*ah"ana. M#n"a$aan )a%5a p++ran (#()#r+
(anus+a p#n!#$a%uan "an! dapa$ d+paa+n"a s#)a!a+ p#d/(an
da&a( p#r)ua$ann"a, s#dan!an #(auan&a% "an! (#n-ad+
p#nd/r/n! p#r)ua$an (#r#a. F&#% ar#na +$u )#r*+r (#rupaan
a$r+)u$ p#n$+n! "an! (#n-ad+an (anus+a s#)a!a+ (anus+a, )#r*+r
ada&a% 6/ndas+ dan #(auan ada&a% p#nd/r/n!n"a.
Ka&au )#r*+r 'p#n!!unaan #ua$an aa&, (#rupaan sa&a%
sa$u 1+r+ p#n$+n! "an! (#()#daan (anus+a d#n!an %#5an,
9
s#aran! apa "an! d+(asud )#r*+r, apaa% s#$+ap p#n!!unaan
aa& dapa$ d+a$#!/r+an )#r*+r, a$aua% p#n!!unaan aa& d#n!an
1ara $#r$#n$u sa-a "an! d+s#)u$ )#r*+r. Para a%&+ $#&a% (#n1/)a
(#nd#*n+s+an (ana )#r*+r d#n!an ru(usann"a s#nd+r+0s#nd+r+,
na(un "an! -#&as $anpa aa& na(pan"a #!+a$an )#r*+r $+da
(un!+n dapa$ d+&auan, d#(++an -u!a p#(+&+an aa& s#1ara
*s+a& $+da s#r$a (#r$a (#n!+nd+as+an #!+a$a )#r*+r.
M#nuru$ 2.$. Bochenski )#r*+r ada&a% p#r#()an!an +d# dan
/ns#p, d#*n+s+ +n+ na(pa san!a$ s#d#r%ana na(un su)s$ans+n"a
1uup (#nda&a(, )#r*+r )uan&a% #!+a$an *s+ na(un
(#rupaan #!+a$an (#n$a&, )+&a s#s#/ran! s#1ara (#n$a& s#dan!
(#n!+a$an d+r+ d#n!an s#sua$u dan s#sua$u +$u $#rus )#r-a&an
da&a( +n!a$ann"a, (aa /ran! $#rs#)u$ )+sa d+a$aan s#dan!
)#r*+r. G+a d#(++an )#rar$+ )a%5a )#r*+r (#rupaan upa"a
un$u (#n1apa+ p#n!#$a%uan. Upa"a (#n!+a$an d+r+ d#n!an
s#sua$u (#rupaan upa"a un$u (#n-ad+an s#sua$u +$u ada da&a(
d+r+ '!a()aran (#n$a&, s#s#/ran!, dan -+a +$u $#r-ad+ $a%u&a% d+a,
+n+ )#rar$+ )a%5a d#n!an )#r*+r (anus+a aan (a(pu
(#(p#r/&#% p#n!#$a%uan, dan d#n!an p#n!#$a%uan +$u (anus+a
(#n-ad+ &#)+% (a(pu un$u (#&an-u$an $u!as #%a&+6a%ann"a d+
(ua )u(+ s#r$a (a(pu (#(p/s+s+an d+r+ &#)+% $+n!!+ d+)and+n!
(a%&u &a+nn"a.
S#(#n$ara +$u Partap Sing $ehra (#()#r+an d#*n+s+ )#r*+r
'p#(++ran, "a+$u (#n1ar+ s#sua$u "an! )#&u( d+#$a%u+
)#rdasaran s#sua$u "an! suda% d+#$a%u+. D#*n+s+ +n+
(#n!+nd+as+an )a%5a sua$u #!+a$an )#r*+r )aru (un!+n
$#r-ad+ -+a aa&9p++ran s#s#/ran! $#&a% (#n!#$a%u+ s#sua$u,
#(ud+an s#sua$u +$u d+p#r!unaan un$u (#n!#$a%u+ s#sua$u
"an! &a+n, s#sua$u "an! d+#$a%u+ +$u )+sa (#rupaan da$a, /ns#p
10
a$au s#)ua% +d#a, dan %a& +n+ #(ud+an )#r#()an! a$au
d+#()an!an s#%+n!!a d+p#r/&#% sua$u "an! #(ud+an d+#$a%u+
a$au )+sa -u!a d+s#)u$ #s+(pu&an. D#n!an d#(++an #dua d#*n+s+
"an! d+#(uaan a%&+ $#rs#)u$ pada dasarn"a )#rs+6a$ sa&+n!
(#&#n!ap+. B#r*+r (#rupaan upa"a un$u (#(p#r/&#%
p#n!#$a%uan dan d#n!an p#n!#$a%uan $#rs#)u$ pr/s#s )#r*+r
dapa$ $#rus )#r&an-u$ !una (#(p#r/&#% p#n!#$a%uan "an! )aru,
dan pr/s#s +$u $+da )#r%#n$+ s#&a(a upa"a p#n1ar+an p#n!#$a%uan
$#rus d+&auan.
M#nuru$ 2u*us S Suriasumantri B#r*+r (#rupaan sua$u
pr/s#s "an! (#()ua%an p#n!#$a%uan. Pr/s#s +n+ (#rupaan
s#ran!a+an !#ra p#(++ran da&a( (#n!+u$+ -a&an p#(++ran
$#r$#n$u "an! a%+rn"a sa(pa+ pada s#)ua% #s+(pu&an "an!
)#rupa p#n!#$a%uan. D#n!an d#(++an )#r*+r (#(pun"a+ !radas+
"an! )#r)#da dar+ )#r*+r s#d#r%ana sa(pa+ )#r*+r "an! su&+$, dar+
)#r*+r %an"a un$u (#n!+a$an su)-# dan /)-# sa(pa+ d#n!an
)#r*+r "an! (#nun$u$ #s+(pu&an )#rdasaran +a$an $#rs#)u$.
S#(#n$ara +$u Partap Sing $ehra (#n"a$aan )a%5a pr/s#s )#r*+r
(#n1aup %a&0%a& s#)a!a+ )#r+u$ "a+$u B
./n1#p$+/n 'p#()#n$uan !a!asan,
Gud!#(#n$ '(#n#n$uan s#sua$u,
R#as/n+n! 'P#r$+()an!an p#(++ran9p#na&aran,
)+&a s#s#/ran! (#n!a$aan )a%5a d+a s#dan! )#r*+r $#n$an!
s#sua$u, +n+ (un!+n )#rar$+ )a%5a d+a s#dan! (#()#n$u
!a!asan u(u( $#n$an! s#sua$u, a$au s#dan! (#n#n$uan s#sua$u,
a$au s#dan! (#(p#r$+()an!an '(#n1ar+ ar!u(#n$as+, )#ra+$an
d#n!an s#sua$u $#rs#)u$.
11
.aupan pr/s#s )#r*+r s#)a!a+(ana d+s#)u$an d+ a$as
(#n!!a()aran )#n$u su)s$ans+ p#n1apa+an #s+(pu&an, da&a(
s#$+ap 1aupan $#r)#n$an! sua$u pr/s#s 'uru$an, )#r*+r $#r$#n$u
s#sua+ d#n!an su)s$ans+n"a. M#nuru$ 2ohn 4e%ey pr/s#s )#r*+r
(#(pu"a+ uru$an0uru$an 'pr/s#s, s#)a!a+ )#r+u$ B
T+()u& rasa su&+$, )a+ da&a( )#n$u adap$as+ $#r%adap
a&a$, su&+$ (#n!#na+ s+6a$, a$aupun da&a( (#n#ran!an
%a&0%a& "an! (un1u& s#1ara $+)a0$+)a.
K#(ud+an rasa su&+$ $#rs#)u$ d+)#r+ d#*n+s+ da&a( )#n$u
p#r(asa&a%an.
T+()u& sua$u #(un!+nan p#(#1a%an "an! )#rupa r#a0
r#a, %+p/$#sa, +n6#r#ns+ a$au $#/r+.
Id#0+d# p#(#1a%an d+ura+an s#1ara ras+/na& (#&a&u+
p#()#n$uan +(p&+as+ d#n!an -a&an (#n!u(pu&an )u$+0
)u$+ 'da$a,.
M#n!ua$an p#()u$+an $#n$an! +d#0+d# d+ a$as dan
(#n"+(pu&ann"a )a+ (#&a&u+ #$#ran!an0#$#ran!an
a$aupun p#r1/)aan0p#r1/)aan.
S#(#n$ara +$u #elly (#n!#(uaan )a%5a pr/s#s )#r*+r
(#n!+u$+ &an!a%0&an!a% s#)a!a+ )#r+u$ B
T+()u& rasa su&+$
Rasa su&+$ $#rs#)u$ d+d#*n+s+an
M#n1ar+ sua$u p#(#1a%an s#(#n$ara
M#na()a% #$#ran!an $#r%adap p#(#1a%an $ad+ "an!
(#nu-u #pada #p#r1a"aan )a%5a p#(#1a%an $#rs#)u$
ada&a% )#nar.
M#&auan p#(#1a%an &#)+% &an-u$ d#n!an 4#r+*as+
#sp#r+(#n$a&
12
M#n!adaan p#n#&+$+an $#r%adap p#n#(uan0p#n#(uan
#sp#r+(#n$a& (#nu-u p#(#1a%an s#1ara (#n$a& un$u
d+$#r+(a a$au d+$/&a s#%+n!!a #()a&+ (#n+()u&an rasa
su&+$.
M#()#r+an sua$u pandan!an # d#pan a$au !a()aran
(#n$a& $#n$an! s+$uas+ "an! aan da$an! un$u dapa$
(#n!!unaan p#(#1a%an $#rs#)u$ s#1ara $#pa$.
Uru$an &an!a% 'pr/s#s, )#r*+r s#p#r$+ $#rs#)u$ d+ a$as &#)+%
(#n!!a()aran sua$u 1ara "er1kir ilmiah, "an! pada dasarn"a
(#rupaan !radas+ $#r$#n$u d+sa(p+n! "er1kir "iasa "an!
s#d#r%ana s#r$a "er1kir raikal 1loso1s, na(un uru$an $#rs#)u$
dapa$ (#()an$u )a!a+(ana s#s#/ran! )#r*+r d#n!an 1ara "an!
)#nar, )a+ un$u %a&0%a& "an! s#d#r%ana dan /nr+$ (aupun %a&0
%a& "an! ru(+$ dan a)s$ra, dan s#(ua +n+ d+p#n!aru%+ /&#%
p#n!#$a%uan "an! d+(+&++ /&#% /ran! "an! )#r*+r $#rs#)u$.
). MAKNA PENGETAHUAN
B#r*+r (#ns"ara$an adan"a p#n!#$a%uan '#no%lege, a$au
s#sua$u "an! d+#$a%u+ a!ar p#n1apa+an p#n!#$a%uan )aru &a+nn"a
dapa$ )#rpr/s#s d#n!an )#nar, s#aran! apa "an! d+(asud
d#n!an p#n!#$a%uan @, (#nuru$ Lange(el p#n!#$a%uan +a&a%
#sa$uan su)-# "an! (#n!#$a%u+ dan /)-# "an! d+#$a%u+, d+
$#(pa$ &a+n d+a (#n!#(uaan )a%5a p#n!#$a%uan (#rupaan
#sa$uan su)-# "an! (#n!#$a%u+ d#n!an /)-# "an! d+#$a%u+,
sua$u #sa$uan da&a( (ana /)-# +$u d+pandan! /&#% su)-#
s#)a!a+ d+#na&+n"a. D#n!an d#(++an p#n!#$a%uan s#&a&u
)#ra+$an d#n!an /)-# "an! d+#$a%u+, s#dan!an 3ei"leman
(#n"#)u$n"a %u)un!an su)-# dan /)-# '#no%lege < relation
"et%een o"*ect an su"*ect,. Su)-# ada&a% +nd+4+du "an! pun"a
13
#(a(puan (#n!#$a%u+ ')#raa&, dan /)-# ada&a% )#nda0)#nda
a$au %a&0%a& "an! +n!+n d+#$a%u+. Ind+4+du '(anus+a, (#rupaan
sua$u r#a&+$as dan )#nda0)#nda (#rupaan r#a&+$as "an! &a+n,
%u)un!an #duan"a (#rupaan pr/s#s un$u (#n!#$a%u+ dan )+&a
)#rsa$u -ad+&a% p#n!#$a%uan )a!+ (anus+a. D+ s+n+ $#r&+%a$ )a%5a
su)-# (#s$+ )#rpar$+s+pas+ a$+6 da&a( pr/s#s p#n"a$uan s#dan!
/)-# pun %arus )#rpar$+s+pas+ da&a( #adaann"a, su)-#
(#rupaan sua$u r#a&+$as d#(++an -u!a /)-#, # dua r#a&+$as +n+
)#rpr/s#s da&a( sua$u +n$#ras+ par$+s+pa$+6, $anpa s#(ua +n+
(us$a%+& p#n!#$a%uan $#r-ad+, %a& +n+ s#-a&an d#n!an p#ndapa$ $a)
Scheler "an! (#n"a$aan )a%5a p#n!#$a%uan s#)a!a+ par$+s+pas+
/&#% sua$u r#a&+$a da&a( sua$u r#a&+$a "an! &a+n, $#$ap+ $anpa
(/d+*as+0(/d+*as+ da&a( ua&+$as "an! &a+n +$u. S#)a&+n"a
su)-# "an! (#n!#$a%u+ +$u d+p#n!aru%+ /&#% /)-# "an!
d+#$a%u+n"a.
P#n!#$a%uan pada %a+a$n"a (#rupaan s#!#nap apa
"an! d+#$a%u+ $#n$an! /)-# $#r$#n$u, $#r(asu # da&a(n"a +&(u
'2u*un S Suriasumantri',, P#n!#$a%uan $#n$an! /)-# s#&a&u
(#&+)a$an dua unsur "an+ unsur r#pr#s#n$as+ $#$ap dan $a
$#r&u+san s#r$a unsur p#naps+ran /ns#p "an! (#nun-uan r#sp/n
p#(++ran. Unsur /ns#p d+s#)u$ unsur 6/r(a& s#dan! unsur $#$ap
ada&a% unsur (a$#r+a& a$au +s+ '$aurice $anel"aum,. In$#ras+
an$ara /)-# d#n!an su)-# "an! (#na6s+ran, (#n-ad+an
p#(a%a(an su)-# '(anus+a, a$as /)-# (#n-ad+ -#&as, $#rara% dan
s+s$+(a$+s s#%+n!!a dapa$ (#()an$u (#(#1a%an )#r)a!a+
(asa&a% "an! d+%adap+. P#n!#$a%uan $u()u% s#-a&an d#n!an
)#r$a()a%n"a p#n!a&a(an, un$u +$u d+p#r&uan +n6/r(as+ "an!
)#r(ana !una (#n!!a&+ p#(++ran un$u (#n!%adap+ r#a&+$as
dun+a d+(ana s#/ran! +$u %+dup 'Harol H &itus,.
14
D. &ERFIKIR DAN PENGETAHUAN
B#r*+r dan p#n!#$a%uan (#rupaan dua %a& "an! (#n-ad+
1+r+ #u$a(aan (anus+a, $anpa p#n!#$a%uan (anus+a aan su&+$
)#r*+r dan $anpa )#r*+r p#n!#$a%uan &#)+% &an-u$ $+da (un!+n
dapa$ d+1apa+, /&#% ar#na +$u na(pan"a )#r*+r dan p#n!#$a%uan
(#(pun"a+ %u)un!an "an! s+6a$n"a s+&+a&, )+&a d+!a()aran

Gambar 1.2. Hubungan berfkir dengan pengetahuan
G#ra s+ru&#r an$ara )#r*+r dan p#n!#$a%uan aan $#rus
(#()#sar (#n!+n!a$ p#n!#$a%uan pada dasarn"a )#rs+6a$
au(u&a$+$, s#(a+n )an"a p#n!#$a%uan "an! d+(+&++ s#s#/ran!
s#(a+n ru(+$ a$+4+$as )#r*+r, d#(++an -u!a s#(a+n ru(+$
a$+4+$as )#r*+r s#(a+n a"a au(u&as+ p#n!#$a%uan. S#(a+n
au(u&a$+6 p#n!#$a%uan (anus+a s#(a+n ru(+$, na(un s#(a+n
(#(un!+nan un$u (#&+%a$ p/&a u(u( s#r$a (#ns+s$+(a$+s+rn"a
da&a( sua$u #ran!a $#r$#n$u, s#%+n!!a &a%+r&a% p#n!#$a%uan
+&(+a% '+&(u,, d+sa(p+n! +$u $#rdapa$ pu&a /ran!0/ran! "an! $+da
%an"a puas d#n!an (#n!#$a%u+, (#r#a +n+ (#n1/)a (#(++ran
%a#a$ dan #)#naran "an! d+#$a%u+n"a s#1ara rad+a& dan
(#nda&a(, (aa &a%+r&a% p#n!#$a%uan *&sa6a$, /&#% ar#na +$u
15
&ERFIKIR
PENGETAHUA
N
B#r*+r9P#n!#$a%uan I&(+a%

B#r*+r9P#n!#$a%uan B+asa

)#r*+r dan p#n!#$a%uan d+&+%a$ dar+ 1+r+ pr/s#sn"a dapa$ d+)a!+ #
da&a( B
B#r*+r )+asa dan s#d#r%ana (#n!%as+&an p#n!#$a%uan
)+asa 'p#n!#$a%uan #s+s$#ns+a&,
B#r*+r s+s$#(a$+s 6a$ua& $#n$an! /)-# $#r$#n$u
(#n!%as+&an p#n!#$a%uan +&(+a% '+&(u,
B#r*+r rad+a& $#n$an! %a#a$ s#sua$u (#n!%as+&an
p#n!#$a%uan *&/s/*s '*&sa6a$,
S#(ua -#n+s )#r*+r dan p#n!#$a%uan $#rs#)u$ d+ a$as (#(pun"a+
p/+s+s+ dan (an6aa$n"a (as+n!0(as+n!, p#r)#daan %an"a&a%
)#rs+6a$ !radua&, s#)a) s#(uan"a $#$ap (#rupaan s+6a$ "an!
+n%#r#n d#n!an (anus+a. S+6a$ +n%#r#n )#r*+r dan )#rp#n!#$a%uan
pada (anus+a $#&a% (#n-ad+ p#nd/r/n! )a!+ upa"a0upa"a un$u
&#)+% (#(a%a(+ a+da%0a+da% )#r*+r )#nar '&/!+a,, dan s#(ua
+n+ (a+n (#(#r&uan #a%&+an, s#%+n!!a (a+n ru(+$ $+n!a$an
)#r*+r dan p#n!#$a%uan (a+n s#d++$ "an! (#(pun"a+
#(a(puan $#rs#)u$, na(un s#r#nda% apapun !radas+ )#rp++r dan
)#rp#n!#$a%uan "an! d+(+&++ s#s#/ran! $#$ap sa-a (#r#a )+sa
(#n!!unaan aa&n"a un$u )#r*+r un$u (#(p#r/&#%
p#n!#$a%uan, $#ru$a(a da&a( (#n!%adap+ (asa&a%0(asa&a%
#%+dupan, s#%+n!!a (anus+a dapa$ (#(p#r$a%anan %+dupn"a
'p#n!#$a%uan (a1a( +n+ d+s#)u$ p#n!#$a%uan #s+s$#ns+a&,.
Gradas+ )#r*+r dan )#rp#n!#$a%uan s#)a!a+ d+#(uaan
$#rda%u&u dapan d+)a!anan s#)a!a+ )#r+u$ B

B#r*+r9
P#n!#$a%uan
16
F+&/s/*s
'./((/n S#ns#,
Ga"2ar 1.-. Hirari *radasi 2#r'ir
B#rp#n!#$a%uan (#rupaan s"ara$ (u$&a )a!+ (anus+a
un$u (#(p#r$a%anan %+dupn"a, dan un$u +$u da&a( d+r+ (anus+a
$#&a% $#rdapa$ aa& "an! dapa$ d+p#r!unaan )#r*+r un$u &#)+%
(#nda&a(+ dan (#(p#r&uas p#n!#$a%uan. Pa&+n! $+da $#rdapa$
dua a&asan (#n!apa (anus+a (#(#r&uan p#n!#$a%uan9+&(u
"a+$u B
1. (anus+a $+da )+sa %+dup da&a( a&a( "an! )#&u(
$#r/&a%, s#(#n$ara )+na$an! s+ap %+dup d+ a&a( as&+
d#n!an )#r)a!a+ #(a(puan )a5aann"a.
2. (anus+a (#rupaan (a%&u "an! s#&a&u )#r$an"a )a+
+(p&+s+$ (aupun #sp&+s+$ dan #(a(puan )#r*+r s#r$a
p#n!#$a%uan (#rupaan sarana un$u (#n-a5a)n"a.
D#n!an d#(++an )#r*+r dan p#n!#$a%uan )a!+ (anus+a
(#rupaan +ns$ru(#n p#n$+n! un$u (#n!a$as+ )#r)a!a+ p#rs/a&a%
"an! d+%adap+ da&a( %+dupn"a d+ dun+a, $anpa +$u (un!+n "an!
aan $#r&+%a$ %an"a #(usna%an (anus+a (meski kenyataan
menun*ukan "ah%a engan "er1kir an pengetahuan manusia le"ih
17
mampu mem"uat kerusakan an memusnahkan iri seniri le"ih
cepat)
PERTAN?AAN UNTUK &AHAN DISKUSI
1. -#&asan (ana Manus+a@
2. -#&asan p#r)#daan (anua+a d#n!an %#5an@
3. apa "an! d+(asud d#n!an )#r*+r@
4. apa "an! d+(asud d#n!an p#n!#$a%uan@
?. -#&asan %u)un!an an$ara )#r*+r dan p#n!#$a%uan@
A. (#n!apa (anus+a p#r&u )#r*+r dan )#rp#n!#$a%uan@
=. s#)u$an dan-#&asan -#n+s0-#n+s )#r*+r dan p#n!#$a%uan@
:. (#n!apa (anus+a (#rupaan sa$u0sa$un"a (a%&u d+
dun+a "an! )+sa )#ra!a(a@
& A & 2
F I L S A F A T
Au $+da )/&#% (#n!a$aan )a%5a (#r#a )+-asana, s#)a)#)+-asanaan ada&a% s#sua$u
"an! &u%ur, dan %an"a d+(+&++ /&#% Tu%an s#nd+r+. S#)u$an "an! )#rsa%a-a, "a+$u "an!
s#&a"an"a d+)#r+an #pada (#r#a ada&a% p#n1+n$a #)+-asanaan a$au a%&+ F+&sa6a$
6S90ra+#s dala" P,a#dr%s ar=a Pla+97
A. PENGERTIAN FILSAFAT
S#1ara #$+(/&/!+s *&sa6a$ )#rasa& dar+ )a%asa Hunan+ dar+ a$a
2philo3 )#rar$+ 1+n$a dan3 sophia3 "an! )#rar$+ #)#naran,
s#(#n$ara +$u (#nuru$ I.,. Pu*a%i*atna '1<A3 B 1, 2Filo ar$+n"a
1+n$a da&a( ar$+ "an! s#&uas0&uasn"a, "a+$u +n!+n dan ar#na +n!+n
18
&a&u )#rusa%a (#n1apa+ "an! d++n!+nann"a +$u . Sofa ar$+n"a
#)+-asanaan , )+-asana ar$+n"a panda+, (#n!#r$+ d#n!an
(#nda&a(, -ad+ (#nuru$ na(an"a sa-a F+&sa6a$ )/&#% d+(anaan
+n!+n (#n!#r$+ d#n!an (#nda&a( a$au 1+n$a d#n!an
#)+-asanaan.
K#1+n$aan pada #)+-asanaan %arus&a% d+pandan! s#)a!a+
sua$u )#n$u pr/s#s, ar$+n"a s#!a&a upa"a p#(++ran un$u s#&a&u
(#n1ar+ %a&0%a& "an! )+-asana, )+-asana d+ da&a(n"a
(#n!andun! dua (ana "a+$u )a+ dan )#nar, )a+ ada&a% s#sua$u
"an! )#rd+(#ns+ #$+a, s#dan!an )#nar ada&a% s#sua$u "an!
)#rd+(#ns+ ras+/na&, -ad+ s#sua$u "an! )+-asana ada&a% s#sua$u
"an! #$+s dan &/!+s. D#n!an d#(++an )#r*&sa6a$ )#rar$+ s#&a&u
)#rusa%a un$u )#r*+r !una (#n1apa+ #)a+an dan #)#naran,
)#r*+r da&a( *&sa6a$ )uan s#()aran! )#r*+r na(un )#rp++r
s#1ara rad+a& sa(pa+ # aar0aarn"a, /&#% ar#na +$u (#s+pun
)#r*&sa6a$ (#n!andun! #!+a$an )#r*+r, $ap+ $+da s#$+ap #!+a$an
)#r*+r )#rar$+ *&sa6a$ a$au )#r*&sa6a$. Sutan &akir !lis*ah"ana
'1<:1, (#n"a$aan )a%5a p##r-aan )#r*&sa6a$ +$u +a&a% )#r*+r,
dan %an"a (anus+a "an! $#&a% $+)a d+ $+n!a$ )#r*+r, "an!
)#r*&sa6a$. Guna &#)+% (#(a%a(+ (#n!#na+ (ana *&sa6a$ )#r+u$
+n+ aan d+#(uaan d#*n+s+ *&sa6a$ "an! d+#(uaan /&#% para
a%&+ B
1. Plato salah seorang muri Socrates yang hiup antara =>? +
@=? Se"elum $asehi mengartikan 1lsafat se"agai pengetahuan
tentang segala yang aa' serta pengetahuan yang "erminat
mencapai ke"enaran yang asli.
2. Aristoteles (@A> + @>> S.$) muri Plato' mene1nisikan 1lsafat
se"agai ilmu pengetahuan yang meliputi ke"enaran yang
19
terkanung i alamnya ilmu;ilmu meta1sika' logika' retorika'
etika' ekonomi' politik an estetika. 4ia *uga "erpenapat
"ah%a 1lsafat itu menyeliiki se"a" an asas segala "ena.
3. Cicero (:BC + =@ S.$). 1lsafat aalah pengetahuan tentang
sesuatu yang maha agung an usaha;usaha mencapai hal
terse"ut.
4. Al Farabi (A?B + DEB $). seorang 3ilsuf $uslim mene1niikan
3ilsafat se"agai ilmu pengetahuan tentang alam mau*u'
"agaimana hakikatnya yang se"enarnya.
5. Immanuel ant (:?>= + :AB=). $ene1nisikan 3ilsafat se"agai
ilmu pokok an pangkal segala pengetahuan yang mencakup i
alamnya empat persoalan yaitu <
a. $eta1sika (apa yang apat kita ketahui).
". Etika (apa yang "oleh kita ker*akan).
c. !gama ( sampai imanakah pengharapan kita)
. !ntropologi (apakah yang inamakan manusia).
6. H.C !ebb alam "ukunya History of Philosophy menyatakan
"ah%a 1lsafat menganung pengertian penyeliikan. &iak
hanya penyeliikan hal;hal yang khusus an tertentu sa*a'
"ahkan le"ih;le"ih mengenai sifat + hakekat "aik ari unia kita'
maupun ari cara hiup yang seharusnya kita selenggarakan i
unia ini.
7. Harold H. "itus alam "ukunya Li(ing Issues in Philosophy
mengemukakan "e"erapa pengertian 1lsafat yaitu <
a. Philosophy is an attitue to%ar life an uni(erse (3ilsafat
aalah sikap terhaap kehiupan an alam semesta).
". Philosophy is a metho of re-ecti(e thinking an
reasone inquiry (3ilsafat aalah suatu metoe "er1kir
re-ektif an pengka*ian secara rasional)
20
c. Philosophy is a group of pro"lems (3ilsafat aalah
sekelompok masalah)
. Philosophy is a group of systems of thought (3ilsafat
aalah serangkaian sistem "er1kir)
Dar+ )#)#rapa p#n!#r$+an d+ a$as na(pa )a%5a ada a%&+
"an! (#n#anan pada su)$ans+ dar+ apa "an! d+*+ran da&a(
)#r*&sa6a$ s#p#r$+ p#ndapa$ P&a$/ dan p#ndapa$ A& Fara)+,
Ar+s$/$#&#s &#)+% (#n#anan pada 1aupan apa "an! d+*+ran
da&a( *&sa6a$ d#(++an -u!a Kan$ s#$#&a% (#n"#)u$an s+6a$
*&sa6a$n"a +$u s#nd+r+ s#)a!a+ +&(u p//, s#(#n$ara +$u .+1#r/
d+sa(p+n! (#n#anan pada su)s$ans+ -u!a pada upa"a0upa"a
p#n1apa+ann"a. D#(++an -u!a H.0. /e"" (#&+%a$ *&sa6a$ s#)a!a+
upa"a p#n"#&+d+an $#n$an! su)s$ans+ "an! )a+ s#)a!a+ sua$u
#%arusan da&a( %+dup d+ dun+a. D#*n+s+ "an! na(pan"a &#)+%
(#n"#&uru% ada&a% "an! d+#(uaan /&#% T+$us, "an!
(#n#anan pada d+(#ns+0d+(#ns+ *&sa6a$ dar+ (u&a+ s+ap, (#$/d#
)#r*+r, su)s$ans+ (asa&a%, s#r$a s+s$#( )#r*+r.
M#s+pun d#(++an, )+&a d+p#r%a$+an s#1ara s#sa(a,
na(pa p#n!#r$+an0p#n!#r$+an $#rs#)u$ &#)+% )#rs+6a$ sa&+n!
(#&#n!ap+, s#%+n!!a dapa$ d+a$aan )a%5a )#r*&sa6a$ )#rar$+
p#n"#&#d+an $#n$an! !panya, Bagaimananya, dan untuk apanya,
da&a( /n$#s 1+r+01+r+ )#r*+r *&sa6a$, "an! )+&a d+a+$an d#n!an
$#r(+n/&/!+ *&sa6a$ $#r1aup da&a( ontologi 'apan"a,, epistemologi
')a!a+(anan"a,, dan a)iologi 'un$u apan"a,
&. )IRI/)IRI FILSAFAT
B+&a d+&+%a$ dar+ a$+4+$asn"a *&sa6a$ (#rupaan sua$u 1ara
)#r*+r "an! (#(pun"a+ ara$#r+s$+ $#r$#n$u. M#nuru$ Sutan
21
&akir !lis*ah"ana s"ara$0s"ara$ )#r*+r "an! d+s#)u$ )#r*&sa6a$
"a+$u B a) Ber1kir engan teliti' an ") Ber1kir menurut aturan yang
pasti. Dua 1+r+ $#rs#)u$ (#nandaan )#r*+r "an! +nsa6, dan )#r*+r
"an! d#(++an&a% "an! d+s#)u$ )#r*&sa6a$. S#(#n$ara +$u Sii
7a.al"a '1<=A, (#n"a$aan )a%5a 1+r+ )#r0F+&sa6a$ a$au )#r*+r
F+&sa6a$ ada&a% B radial, sis+#"a+i, dan %!i@#rsal. ,aikal
)#r(ana )#r*+r sa(pa+ # aar0aarn"a 'Rad+I ar$+n"a aar,,
$+da $an!!un!0$an!!un! sa(pa+ d#n!an )#r)a!a+ /ns#5#ns+n"a
d#n!an $+da $#r)#&#n!!u /&#% )#r)a!a+ p#(++ran "an! suda%
d+$#r+(a u(u(' Sistematik ar$+n"a )#r*+r s#1ara $#ra$ur dan &/!+s
d#n!an uru$an0uru$an "an! ras+/na& dan dapa$
d+p#r$an!!un!-a5a)an, 8ni(ersal ar$+n"a )#r*+r s#1ara
(#n"#&uru% $+da pada )a!+an0)a!+an %usus "an! s+6a$n"a
$#r)a$as.
S#(#n$ara +$u Suarto '1<<A, (#n"a$aan )a%5a 1+r+01+r+
)#r*+r F+&sa6a$ ada&a% B
a. M#+9dis B (#n!!unaan (#$/d#, 1ara, "an! &aJ+(
d+!unaan /&#% *&su6 'a%&+ *&sa6a$, da&a( pr/s#s )#r*+r
). Sis+#"a+is B )#r*+r da&a( sua$u #$#ra+$an an$ar unsur0
unsur da&a( sua$u #s#&uru%an s#%+n!!a $#rsusun sua$u
p/&a p#(++ran F+&su*s.
1. K9,#r#! B d+an$ara unsur0unsur "an! d+p++ran $+da
$#r-ad+ s#sua$u "an! )#r$#n$an!an dan $#rsusun s#1ara
&/!+s
d. Rasi9!al B (#ndasaran pada a+da% )#r*+r "an! )#nar
dan &/!+s 's#sua+ d#n!an a+da% &/!+a,
22
#. K9"4r#,#!si. B )#r*+r $#n$an! s#sua$u dar+ )#r)a!a+
sudu$ '(u&$+d+(#ns+,.
6. Radial B )#r*+r s#1ara (#nda&a( sa(pa+ # aar0
aarn"a a$au sa(pa+ pada $+n!a$an #s#ns+ "an! s#da&a(0
da&a(n"a
!. U!i@#rsal B (ua$an #)#narann"a )#rs+6a$ un+4#rsa&,
(#n!ara% pada r#a&+$as #%+dupan (anus+a s#1ara
#s#&uru%an
D#n!an d#(++an )#r*&sa6a$ a$au )#r*+r *&sa6a$ )uan&a%
s#()aran! )#r*+r $ap+ )#r*+r d#n!an (#n!a1u pada a+da%0
a+da% $#r$#n$u s#1ara d+s+p&+n dan (#nda&a(. Pada dasarn"a
(anus+a ada&a% homo sapien, %a& +n+ $+da s#r$a (#r$a s#(ua
(anus+a (#n-ad+ F+&su6, s#)a) )#r*+r *&sa6a$ (#(#r&uan &a$+%an
dan p#()+asaan "an! $#rus (#n#rus da&a( #!+a$an )#r*+r
s#%+n!!a s#$+ap (asa&a%9su)s$ans+ (#ndapa$ p#n1#r(a$an "an!
(#nda&a( un$u (#n1apa+ #)#naran -a5a)an d#n!an 1ara "an!
)#nar s#)a!a+ (an+6#s$as+ #1+n$aan pada #)#naran.
). 1&JEK FILSAFAT
Pada dasarn"a *&sa6a$ a$au )#r*&sa6a$ )uan&a% s#sua$u "an!
as+n! dan $#r&#pas dar+ #%+dupan s#%ar+0%ar+, ar#na s#!a&a
s#sua$u "an! ada dan "an! (un!+n s#r$a dapa$ d+*+ran )+sa
(#n-ad+ /)-# *&sa6a$ apa)+&a s#&a&u d+p#r$an"aan, d+*+ran s#1ara
rad+a& !una (#n1apa+ #)#naran. Louis #attsoF (#n"#)u$an
)a%5a &apan!an #r-a *&sa6a$ +$u )uan (a+n &uasn"a "a+$u (#&+pu$+
s#!a&a p#n!#$a%uan (anus+a s#r$a s#!a&a s#sua$u "an! +n!+n
d+#$a%u+ (anus+a, Lange(el '1<??, (#n"a$aan )a%5a *&sa6a$ +$u
)#rpan!a& pada p#(++ran #s#&uru%an s#r5a s#a&+an s#1ara
23
rad+a& dan (#nuru$ s+s$#(, s#(#n$ara +$u $uler '1<AA,
(#n-#&asan )a%5a $+ap0$+ap (anus+a "an! (u&a+ )#r*+r $#n$an!
d+r+ s#nd+r+ dan $#n$an! $#(pa$0$#(pa$n"a da&a( dun+a aan
(#n!%adap+ )#)#rapa p#rs/a&an "an! )#!+$u p#n$+n!, s#%+n!!a
p#rs/a&an0p#rs/a&an +$u )/&#% d+)#r+ na(a p#rs/a&an0p#rs/a&an
p// "a+$u B 1, Adaa% A&&a% dan s+apaan A&&a% +$u @, 2, apa
dan s+apaa% (anus+a @, dan 3, Apaa% %a#a$ dar+ s#!a&a
r#a&+$as, apaa% (anan"a, dan apaa% +n$+sar+n"a @. L#)+% -au%
E.0. E%ing da&a( )uun"a 3unamental Guestions of Philosophy
'1<A2, (#n"a$aan )a%5a p#r$an"aan0p#r$an"aan p// *&sa6a$
'secara tersirat menun*ukan o"*ek 1lsafat, +a&a% B &ruth (ke"enaran)'
$atter (materi)' $in (pikiran)' &he ,elation of matter an min
(hu"ungan antara materi an pikiran)' Space an &ime (ruang an
%aktu)' 0ause (se"a";se"a")' 3reeom (ke"e"asan)' $onism
(ersus Pluralism (ser"a tunggal la%an ser"a *amak)' an 7o
(&uhan)
P#ndapa$0p#ndapa$ $#rs#)u$ d+ a$as (#n!!a()aran )#$apa
&uas dan (#n1aupn"a /)-# *&sa6a$ )a+ d+&+%a$ dar+ su)s$ans+
(asa&a% (aupun sudu$ pandan! n"a $#r%adap (asa&a%, s#%+n!!a
dapa$ d+s+(pu&an )a%5a /)-# *&sa6a$ ada&a% s#!a&a s#sua$u "an!
(au-ud da&a( sudu$ pandan! dan a-+an "an! (#nda&a( 'rad+a&,.
S#1ara &#)+% s+s$#(a$+s para a%&+ (#()a!+ /)-# *&sa6a$ # da&a(
/)-# (a$#r+a& dan /)"# 6/r(a&. F)"# (a$#r+a& ada&a% /)-# "an!
s#1ara 5u-udn"a dapa$ d+-ad+an )a%an $#&aa%an da&a( )#r*+r,
s#dan!an /)"# 6/r(a& ada&a% /)-# "an! (#n"an!u$ sudu$
pandan! da&a( (#&+%a$ /)"# (a$#r+a& $#r$#n$u.
M#nuru$ Enang Saefuin !nshori '1<:1, /)-# (a$#r+a&
*&sa6a$ ada&a% sar5a "an! ada 's#!a&a s#sua$u "an! )#r5u-ud,,
24
"an! pada !ar+s )#sarn"a dapa$ d+)a!+ a$as $+!a p#rs/a&an p//
"a+$u B 1,. Ha#a$ Tu%anK 2,. Ha#a$ A&a(K dan 3,. Ha#a$
(anus+a, s#dan!an /)-# 6/r(a& *&sa6a$ +a&a% usa%a (#n1ar+
#$#ran!an s#1ara rad+a& $#r%adap /)-# (a$#r+a& *&sa6a$. D#n!an
d#(++an /)-# (a$#r+a& *&sa6a$ (#n!a1u pada su)s$ans+ "an! ada
dan (un!+n ada "an! dapa$ d+*+ran /&#% (anus+a, s#dan!an
/)-# 6/r(a& *&sa6a$ (#n!!a()aran $#n$an! 1ara dan s+6a$ )#r*+r
$#r%adap /)-# (a$#r+a& $#rs#)u$, d#n!an a$a &a+n /)-# 6/r(a&
*&sa6a$ (#n!a1u pada sudu$ pandan! "an! d+!unaan da&a(
(#(++ran /)-# (a$#r+a& *&sa6a$.
D. SISTIMATIKA FILSAFAT
adapun B+dan!0)+dan! a-+an9s+s$+(a$+a *&sa6a$ an$ara &a+n
ada&a% B
1. 6ntologi. B+dan! *&sa6a$ "an! (#n#&+$+ %a+a$ 5u-ud9ada
'/n L )#+n!9adaK &/!/s L p#(++ran9 +&(u9$#/r+,.
2. Epistemologi. F+&sa6a$ "an! (#n"#&+d++ $#n$an! su()#r,
s"ara$ s#r$a pr/s#s $#r-ad+n"a p#n!#$a%uan '#p+s$#(# L
p#n!#$a%uan9n/5&#d!#K &/!/s L +&(u9$#/r+9p#(++ran,
3. !)iologi. B+dan! *&sa6a$ "an! (#n#&aa% $#n$an! %a+a$
n+&a+0n+&a+ 'aI+/s L 4a&u#K &/!/s L $#/r+9+&(u9p#(++ran,
S#(#n$ara +$u (#nuru$ Ga%ra& Ad+an, P#nd#a$an *&sa6a$
(#&a&u+ s+s$+(a$+a dapa$ d+&auan d#n!an (#n!a1u pada
$+!a
p#rn"a$aan "an! d+#(uaan /&#% Immanuel #ant "a+$u B
:. !pa yang apat saya ketahui H
>. !pa yang apat saya harapkan H
25
@. !pa yang apat saya lakukan H
#$+!a p#r$an"aan $#rs#)u$ (#n!%as+&an $+!a 5+&a"a% )#sar
*&sa6a$ "a+$u 5+&a"a% p#n!#$a%uan, 5+&a"a% ada, dan 5+&a"a% n+&a+.
K#$+!a 5+&a"a% )#sar $#rs#)u$ #(ud+an d+)a!+ &a!+ #da&a(
5+&a"a%05+&a"a% )a!+an "an! &#)+% sp#s+*. M+&a"a% n+&a+ (#n1aup
n+&a+ etika '#)a+an, dan n+&a+ estetika '#+nda%an,, 5+&a"a% !a
d+#&/(p/an # da&a( 6ntologi dan $eta1sika, dan 5+&a"a%
p#n!#$a%uan d+)a!+ # da&a( #(pa$ 5+&a"a% "a+$u 1lsafat Ilmu'
Epistemologi' $etoologi' dan Logika. &#)+% &an-u$ #$+!a
5+&a"a% $#rs#)u$ d+s#(aan s)) B
FNTFLFGI METAFISIKA
FILSAFAT ILMU
ETIKA
EPISTEMFLFGI
METFDFLFGI
LFGIKA ESTETIKA
Gambar 2.1. Skema !ila#ah Filsa$at
26
A D A
N I L A
I
PENGETAHUAN
M
E. )A&ANG/)A&ANG FILSAFAT
D#n!an (#(a%a(+ B+dan!0)+dan! a-+an9s+s$+(a$+a *&sa6a$,
na(pa )a%5a )#$apa &uas 1aupan *&sa6a$ (#n!+n!a$ s#!a&a
s#sua$u "an! ada dapa$ d+-ad+an su)s$ans+ )a!+ p#(++ran *&sa6a$,
na(un d#(++an da&a( p#r#()an!ann"a para a%&+ (#n1/)a
(#n!#&/(p/an 1a)an!01a)an! F+&sa6a$ #da&a( )#)#rapa
p#n!#&/(p/an s#%+n!!a na(pa &#)+% 6/us dan s+s$#(a$+s.
P#n1a)an!an +n+ pada dasarn"a (#rupaan p#r#()an!an
s#&an-u$n"a dar+ p#()+dan!an9s+s$#(a$+a *&sa6a$, s#+r+n! (a+n
)#r#()an!n"a p#(++ran (anus+a da&a( (#&+%a$ su)s$ans+ /)-#
(a$#r+a& *&sa6a$ d#n!an $+$+ $#an p#n#&aa%an "an! )#r4ar+as+.
B#r+u$ +n+ aan d+#(uaan p#ndapa$ )#)#rapa paar $#n$an!
1a)an!01a)an! *&sa6a$.
:. Plato (=>? + @=? S.$). mem"eakan lapangan atau "iang;"iang
3ilsafat kealam < :) 4ialektika (yang menganung persoalan iea;
iea atau pengertian;pengertian umum)' >) 3isika (yang menganung
persoalan unia materi)' @) Etika (yang menganung persoalan "aik
an "uruk).
>. Aristoteles (@A> + @>> S.$)."erpenapat "ah%a 3ilsafat apat i"agi
ke alam empat ca"ang yaitu <
a. Logika. $erupakan ilmu penahuluan "agi 3ilsafat
". 3ilsafat &eoritis. Yang mencakup tiga "iang< :) 3isika' >)
$atematika' @) $eta1sika.
27
c. 3ilsafat Praktis. $encakup tiga "iang yaitu :) Etika' >) Ekonomi' @)
Politik.
. Poetika (kesenian)
3. Al Ki!di. M#()a!+ F+&sa6a$ # da&a( $+!a )+dan! "a+$u B
a. Ilmu &ha"iiyat (3isika);;merupakan tingkatan terenah
". Ilmu ,iyahi (matematika)Imerupakan tingkatan
menengah
c. Ilmu ,u"u"iyat (#etuhanan)Imerupakan tingkatan
tertinggi
4. Al Fara2i. M#()a!+ F+&sa6a$ # da&a( dua )a!+an "a+$u B
a. 3ilsafat &eori. $eliputi matematika' 3isika' an $eta1sika.
". 3ilsafat Praktis. $eliputi etika an politik
5. H. D# V9s. M#n!!/&/n!an F+&sa6a$ # da&a( B
a. $eta1sika (pemikiran i luar ke"enaan)
". Logika (cara "er1kir "enar)
c. !*aran tentang Ilmu Pengetahuan
. 3ilsafat !lam
e. 3ilsafat #e"uayaan
f. 3ilsafat se*arah
g. Etika (masalah "aik an "uruk)
h. Estetika (masalah keinahan' seni)
i. !ntropologi (masalah yang "erkaitan engan manusia)
6. Has2%lla, &ar= '1<=:,. M#n"a$aan )a%5a d+ Ja(an
(/d#rn +n+ p#()a!+an91a)an! *&sa6a$ $#rd+r+
a. 3ilsafat &eoritis yang teriri ari< logika' $eta1sika' 1lsafat
alam' 1lsafat manusia.
". 3ilsafat praktis. &eriri ari < etika' 1lsafat !gama' 1lsafat
ke"uayaan
7. Pr9..H.Is"a%! '2>>>,. M#()a!+ 1a)an!01a)an! F+&sa6a$
s#)a!a+ )#r+u$ B
a. Epistemologi (1lsafat pengetahuan)
". Etika (1lsafat moral.
c. Estetika (1lsafat seni)
. $eta1sika
e. Politik (1lsafat pemerintahan5negara)
f. 3ilsafat !gama
g. 3ilsafat peniikan
28
h. 3ilsafat ilmu
i. 3ilsafat hukum
*. 3ilsafat se*arah
k. 3ilsafat matematika
8. Ri0,ard A. H94i!. M#()a%as F+&sa6a$ # da&a( $u-u%
1a)an! p#n#&aa%an "a+$u B
a. Etics (etika)
". Political Philosophy (1lsafat politik)
c. $etaphisics (meta1sika)
. Philosophy of ,eligion (1lsafat !gama)
e. &heory of #no%lege (teori pengetahuan)
f. Logics (logika)
9. Al2%r#= )as+#ll. M#()a!+ *&sa6a$ # da&a( B
. #etuhanan (theological pro"lem)
e. $eta1sika (methaphysical pro"lem)
f. Epistemologi (epistemological pro"lem)
g. Etika (ethical pro"lem)
h. Politik (political pro"lem)
i. Se*arah (historical pro"lem)
10. E!da!* Sai.%ddi! A!s,9ri. M#()a!+ 1a)an!01a)an!
*&sa6a$ s#)a!a+ )#r+u$ B
a. $eta1sika. 3ilsafat tentang hakekat yang aa i"alik 1sika'
tentang hakekat yang "ersifat transenen' i luar atau i atas
*angkauan pengalaman manusia.
". Logika. 3ilsafat tentang pikiran yang "enar an yang salah.
c. Etika. 3ilsafat tentang tingkah laku yang "aik an yang "uruk.
. Estetika. 3ilsafat tentang kreasi yang inah an yang *elek
e. Epistemologi. 3ilsafat tentang ilmu pengetahuan
f. 3ilsafat;1lsafat khusus lainnya seperti< 1lsafat hukum' 1lsafat
se*arah' 1lsafat alam' 1lsafat agama' 1lsafat manusia' 1lsafat
peniikan an lain se"againya
P#n1a)an!an *&sa6a$ s#)a!a+(ana $#rs#)u$ d+ a$as a(a$
p#n$+n! d+pa%a(+ !una (#&+%a$ p#r#()an!an #&uasan dar+
29
su)s$ans+ "an! d+a-+ dan d+$#&aa% da&a( *&sa6a$, dan s#1ara $#/r+$+s
%a& +$u (as+% (un!+n )#r#()an! s#-a&an d#n!an #(#nda&a(an
p#n!a-+an $#r%adap /)-# (a$#r+ *&sa6a$.
F. PENDEKATAN DALAM MEMPELAJARI FILSAFAT
Upa"a (#(a%a(+ apa "an! d+(asud d#n!an *&sa6a$ dapa$
d+&auan (#&a&u+ )#r)a!a+ p#nd#a$an, s#1ara u(u(, p#nd#a$an
"an! d+a()+& dapa$ d+a$#!/r+an )#rdasaran sudu$ pandan!
$#r%adap *&sa6a$, "an+ *&sa6a$ s#)a!a+ pr/du dan *&sa6a$ s#)a!a+
pr/s#s. S#)a!a+ pr/du ar$+n"a (#&+%a$ *&sa6a$ s#)a!a+ u(pu&an
p#(++ran dan p#ndapa$ "an! d+#(uaan /&#% *&su6, s#dan!an
s#)a!a+ pr/s#s, *&sa6a$ s#)a!a+ sua$u )#n$u91ara )#r*+r "an!
s#sua+ d#n!an a+da%0a+da% )#r*+r *&sa6a$.
M#nuru$ 4onny 7ahral !ian '2>>2,, $#rdapa$ #(pa$
p#nd#a$an da&a( (#&+%a$9(#(a%a(+ *&sa6a$ "a+$uB
A. P#nd#a$an D#*n+s+.
B. P#nd#a$an S+s$+(a$+a.
.. P#nd#a$an T//%
D. P#nd#a$an S#-ara%
Pendekatan %efnisi. Da&a( p#nd#a$an +n+ *&sa6a$ d+1/)a
d+6a%a(+ (#&a&u+ )#r)a!a+ d#*n+s+ "an! d+#(uaan /&#% para
a%&+, dan da&a( %u)un!an +n+ p#n#&usuran asa& a$a (#n-ad+
p#n$+n!, (#n!+n!a$ a$a *&sa6a$ +$u s#nd+r+ pada dasarn"a
(#rupaan r+s$a&+sas+9r#pr#s#n$as+ dar+ /ns#p0/ns#p "an!
$#rdapa$ da&a( d#*n+s+ +$u s#nd+r+, s#%+n!!a p#(a%a(an a$as a$a
*&sa6a$ +$u s#nd+r+ aan san!a$ (#()an$u da&a( (#(a%a(+ d#*n+s+
*&sa6a$.
30
Pendekatan Sistimatika. F)-# (a$#r+a& F+&sa6a$ ada&a%
s#r5a "an! ada d#n!an )#r)a!a+ 4ar+as+ su)s$ans+ dan $+n!a$an.
F)-# (a$#r+a& +n+ )+sa d+$#&aa% dar+ )#r)a!a+ sudu$ s#sua+ d#n!an
6/us #$#ran!an "an! d++n!+nan. Nar+as+ 6/us $#&aa%an "an!
(#n!a1u pada /)-# 6/r(a& (#&a%+ran )#r)a!a+ )+dan! a-+an
da&a( *&sa6a$ "an! (#n!!a()aran s+s$+(a$+a,
Pendekatan "okoh. Pada u(u(n"a para *&su6 -aran!
(#()a%as s#1ara $un$as s#&uru% 5+&a"a% *&sa6a$, s#/ran! *&su6
)+asan"a (#(pun"a+ 6/us u$a(a da&a( p#(++ran *&sa6a$n"a.
Da&a( p#nd#a$an +n+ s#s#/ran! (#n1/)a (#nda&a(+ *&sa6a$
(#&a&u+ p#n#&aa%an pada p#(++ran0p#(++ran "an! d+#(uaan
/&#% para F+&su6, "an! $#radan! (#(pun"a+ #%asan $#rs#nd+r+,
s#%+n!!a (#()#n$u sua$u a&+ran *&sa6a$ $#r$#n$u, /&#% ar#na +$u
p#nd#a$an $//% -u!a dapa$ d+#&/(p/an s#)a!a+ p#nd#a$an
A&+ran, (#s+pun $+da s#(ua F+&su6 (#(+&++ a&+ran $#rs#nd+r+.
Pendekatan Se&arah. P#nd#a$an +n+ )#rusa%a (#(a%a(+
*&sa6a$ d#n!an (#&+%a$ asp# s#-ara% dan p#r#()an!an p#(++ran
*&sa6a$ dar+ 5a$u # 5a$u d#n!an (#&+%a$ #1#nd#run!an0
#1#nd#run!an u(u( s#sua+ d#n!an s#(an!a$ Ja(ann"a,
#(ud+an d+&auan p#r+/d+sas+ un$u (#&+%a$ p#r#()an!an
p#(++ran *&sa6a$ s#1ara r/n/&/!+s.
Dar+ p#nd#a$an0p#nd#a$an $#rs#)u$ d+ a$as, na(pa s#a&+
)a%5a un$u (#(a%a(+ *&sa6a$ s#s#/ran! dapa$ (#(asu+n"a
(#&a&u+ #(pa$ p+n$u, na(un d#(++an )a!+ p#(u&a, p+n$u0p+n$u
$#rs#)u$ %arus d+&a&u+ s#1ara $#ruru$, (#n!+n!a$ p+n$u p#nd#a$an
T//% dan p#nd#a$an H+s$/r+s p#r&u d+dasar+ d#n!an p#(a%a(an
a5a& $#n$an! *&sa6a$ "an! dapa$ d+p#r/&#% (#&a&u+ p+n$u p#nd#a$an
d#*n+s+ dan p#nd#a$an s+s$#(a$+a.
31
G. SUDUT PANDANG TERHADAP FILSAFAT
T#rdapa$ $+!a sudu$ pandan! da&a( (#&+%a$ F+&sa6a$, sudu$
pandan! +n+ (#n!!a()aran 4ar+as+ p#(a%a(an da&a(
(#n!!unaan a$a F+&sa6a$, s#%+n!!a da&a( p#n!!unaann"a
(#(pun"a+ /n/$as+ "an! )#r)#da. Adapun sudu$ pandan!
$#rs#)u$ ada&a% B
:. 3ilsafat se"agai metoe "er1kir (Philosophy as a metho of
thought)
>. 3ilsafat se"agai panangan hiup (Philosophy as a %ay of
life)
@. 3ilsafat se"agai Ilmu (Philosophy as a science)
F+&sa6a$ s#)a!a+ (#$/d# )#r*+r )#rar$+ *&sa6a$ d+pandan! s#)a!a+
sua$u 1ara (anus+a da&a( (#(++ran $#n$an! s#!a&a s#sua$u
s#1ara rad+a& dan (#n"#&uru%, F+&sa6a$ s#)a!a+ pandan!an %+dup
(#n!a1u pada sua$u #"a+nan "an! (#n-ad+ dasar da&a(
#%+dupan )a+ +n$#&#$ua&, #(/s+/na&, (aupun pra$+a&,
s#dan!an *&sa6a$ s#)a!a+ I&(u ar$+n"a (#&+%a$ *&sa6a$ s#)a!a+
sua$u d+s+p&+n +&(u "an! (#(pun"a+ ara$#r+s$+ "an! %as s#sua+
d#n!an s+6a$ sua$u +&(u.
H. SEJARAH SINGKAT FILSAFAT
S#-ara% *&sa6a$ dapa$ d+p#r+/d+sas+ # da&a( #(pa$ p#r+/d#
'Sudar$/. 1<<A, "a+$u B
1. Ta%ap9(asa Hunan+ un/ 'A)ad #0A S.M sa(pa+ a%+r a)ad
#03 S.M,
2. Ta%ap9(asa A)ad P#r$#n!a%an 'a%+r a)ad #03 S.M
sa(pa+ a5a& a)ad #01? Mas#%+,
32
3. Ta%ap9(asa M/d#rn 'a%+r a)ad #01? M sa(pa+ a)ad #01<
Mas#%+,
4. Ta%ap9(asa d#5asa +n+9*&sa6a$ /n$#(p/r#r 'a)ad #02>
Mas#%+,
s#(#n$ara +$u #. Bertens da&a( )uun"a ,ingkasan Se*arah 3ilsafat
'1<=A, (#n"usun $/p+0$/p+ p#()a%asann"a s#)a!+ )#r+u$ B
1. Masa Pur)a Hunan+
2. Masa Pa$r+s$+ dan A)ad p#r$#n!a%an
3. Masa M/d#rn
P#()a!+an p#r+/d+sas+ "an! na(pan"a &#)+% r+n1+, d+#(uaan
/&#% Susane #. Langer 'D/nn" Ga%ra& Ad+an, 2>>2, "an! (#()a!+
s#-ara% *&sa6a$ # da&a( #na( $a%apan "a+$u B
1. Hunan+ Kun/ 'O A>> SM,
2. F+&su60*&su6 Manus+a Hunan+
3. A)ad P#r$#n!a%an '3>> SM ;13>>M,
4. F+&sa6a$ M/d#rn '1=01< M,
?. P/s+$+4+s(# 'A)ad 2> M,
A. A&a( S+()/&+s
#(ud+an 7ahral !ian (#na()a%an #pada #na( $a%apan
$#rs#)u$ d#n!an sa$u $a%apan &a!+ "a+$u Post $oernisme.
M#s+pun $#rdapa$ p#r)#daan da&a( p#r+/d+sas+ s#-ara% *&sa6a$,
na(un s#(ua +$u na(pan"a &#)+% (#nun-uan p#r+n1+an d#n!an
(#n!!unaan s+6a$ p#(++ran s#r$a p#n!aru%n"a da&a( #%+dupan
(as"araa$.
'asa (unani uno. Pada $a%ap a5a& #&a%+rann"a *&sa6a$
(#na(paan d+r+ s#)a!+ sua$u )#n$u (+$/&/!+, s#r$a d/n!#n!0
d/n!#n! "an! d+p#r1a"a+ /&#% Ban!sa Hunan+, )aru s#suda% &hales
33
'A240?4: S.M, (#n!#(uaan p#r$an"aan an#% pada 5a$u +$u,
*&sa6a$ )#ru)a% (#n-ad+ sua$u )#n$u p#(++ran ras+/na& '&/!/s,.
P#r$an"aan T%a&#s "an! (#n!!a()aran rasa #+n!+n$a%uan
)uan&a% p#r$an"aan )+asa s#p#r$+ apa rasa /p+ @, a$au pada $a%un
#)#rapa $ana(an /p+ )#r)ua% @, p#r$an"aan T%a&#s "an!
(#rupaan p#r$an"aan *&sa6a$, ar#na (#(pun"a+ )/)/$ "an!
da&a( s#sua$u "an! ultimate ')#r(ana da&a(, "an!
(#(p#r$an"aan $#n$an! !pa se"enarnya "ahan alam semesta ini
'/hat is the nature of the %orl stuF @,, a$as p#r$an"aan +n+ +ndra
$+da )+sa (#n-a5a)n"a, sa+ns -u!a $#rd+a(, na(un F+&su6 )#rusa%a
(#n-a5a)n"a. T%a&#s (#n-a5a) A+r '/ater is the "asic principle of
the uni(erse,, da&a( pandan!an &hales a+r (#rupaan pr+ns+p dasar
a&a( s#(#s$a, ar#na a+r dapa$ )#ru)a% (#n-ad+ )#r)a!a+ 5u-ud
K#(ud+an s+&+% )#r!an$+ F+&su6 (#()#r+an -a5a)an $#r%adap
)a%an dasar 'Ar1%#, dar+ s#(#s$a ra"a +n+ d#n!an ar!u(#n$as+n"a
(as+n!0(as+n!. !na)imanros 'A1>0?4> S.M, (#n!a$aan Ar1%# +s
$/ !peiron, Ap#+r/n ada&a% s#sua$u "an! pa&+n! a5a& dan a)ad+,
Pythagoras '?:>0?>> S.M, (#n"a$aan )a%5a %a#a$ a&a(
s#(#s$a ada&a% "ilangan, 4emokritos '4A>03=> S.M, )#rp#ndapa$
%a#a$ a&a( s#(#s$a ada&a% !tom' !na)imenes '?:?0?2: S.M,
(#n"a$aan uara, dan Herakleitos '?4404:4 S.M, (#n-a5a) asa&
%a#a$ a&a( s#(#s$a ada&a% api' d+a )#rp#ndapa$ )a%5a d+ dun+a
+n+ $a ada "an! $#$ap, s#(uan"a (#n!a&+r . Nar+as+ -a5a)an "an!
d+#(uaan para *&su6 (#nanda+ d+na(+a p#(++ran "an!
(#n1/)a (#nd/)ra d/(+nas+ (+$/&/!+, (#r#a (u&a+ s#1ara +n$#ns
(#(++ran $#n$an! A&a(9Dun+a, s#%+n!!a s#r+n! d+-u&u+ s#)a!a+
Philosopher a$au a%&+ $#n$an! F+&sa6a$ A&a( '9atural Philosopher,,
34
aum Sofs
"an! da&a( p#r#()an!an s#&an-u$n"a (#&a%+ran I&(u0+&(u
#a&a(an.
Pada p#r#()an!an s#&an-u$n"a, d+sa(p+n! p#(++ran
$#n$an! A&a(, para a%&+ *+r Hunan+ pun )an"a "an! )#rupa"a
(#(++ran $#n$an! %+dup +$a '(anus+a, d+ Dun+a. Dar+ $+$+ $/&a
+n+ &a%+r &a% F+&sa6a$ (/ra& 'a$au *&sa6a$ s/s+a&, "an! pada $a%apan
)#r+u$n"a (#nd/r/n! &a%+rn"a I&(u0+&(u s/s+a&. D+an$ara *&su6
$#r#na& "an! )an"a (#n1ura%an p#r%a$+ann"a pada #%+dupan
(anus+a ada&a% Socrates '4=>03<< S.M,, d+a san!a$ (#n#n$an!
a-aran au( S/*s
Han! 1#nd#run! (#(p#r(a+nan #)#naran, S/1ra$#s
)#rusa%a
(#"a+nan )a%5a #)#naran dan #)a+an s#)a!a+ n+&a+0n+&a+ "an!
#aum So1s aalah golongan yang tiak lagi memikirkan alam'
malainkan melatih kemahiran manusia alam "erpiato'
"erargumentasi untuk mempertahankan ke"enaran' akan tetapi
"agi mereka ke"enaran itu sifatnya relatif tergantung
kemampuan "erargumentasi. Salah seorang tokohnya aalah
Protagoras yang "erpenapat "ah%a 'an is the measure o$
all things
/)-#$+6 "an! %arus d+$#r+(a dan d+-un-un! $+n!!+ /&#% s#(ua /ran!.
D+a (#n!a-uan p#r$an"aan pada s+apa sa-a "an! d+$#(u+ d+-a&an
un$u (#()uaan )a$+n 5ar!a A$%#na #pada #)#naran '"an!
)#nar, dan #)a+an '"an! )a+,. Dar+ pr+&aun"a +n+ p#(#r+n$a%
35
A$%#na (#n!an!!ap S/1ra$#s s#)a!a+ p#n!%asu$, dan a%+rn"a d+a
d+%uu( (a$+ d#n!an -a&an (#(+nu( ra1un.
S#suda% Socrates (#nn!!a&, *&sa6a$ Hunan+ $#rus )#r#()an!
d#n!an T//%n"a Plato '42=034= S.M,, sa&a% s#/ran! (ur+d
S/1ra$#s. D+an$ara p#(++ran Plato "an! p#n$+n! ada&a% )#ra+$an
d#n!an p#()a!+an r#&a+$as # da&a( dua )a!+an "a+$u
r#a&+$as9dun+a "an! %an"a $#r)ua )a!+ ras+/, dan dun+a "an!
$#r)ua )a!+ pan1a+ndra, dun+a p#r$a(a $#rd+r+ dar+ +d#a0+d#a, dan
dun+a # dua ada&a% dun+a -as(an+ 'pan1a+ndra,, dun+a +d# s+6a$n"a
s#(purna dan $#$ap, s#dan!an dun+a -as(an+ s#&a&u )#ru)a%.
D#n!an p#ndapa$n"a $#rs#)u$, (#nuru$ #ees Berten '1<=A,, P&a$/
)#r%as+& (#nda(a+an p#ndapa$n"a H#ra&#+$/s d#n!an
p#ndapa$n"a P#r(#n+d#s, (#nuru$ H#ra&#+$/s s#!a&a s#sua$u
s#&a&u )#ru)a%, +n+ )#nar a$a P&a$/, $ap+ %an"a )a!+ dun+a 2asmani
(Pancainra), s#(#n$ara (#nuru$ P#r(#n+d#s s#!a&a s#sua$u sa(a
s#a&+ s#(purna dan $+da dapa$ )#ru)a%, +n+ -u!a )#nar a$a P&a$/,
$ap+ %an"a )#r&au pada dun+a iea sa-a.
Da&a( s#-ara% F+&sa6a$ Hunan+, $#rdapa$ s#/ran! *&su6 "an!
san!a$ &#!#ndar+s "a+$u !ristoteles '3:40322 S.M,, s#/ran! "an!
p#rna% )#&a-ar d+ Aad#(+a P&a$/ d+ A$%#na. S#$#&a% P&a$/
(#n+n!!a& Ar+s$/$#&#s (#n-ad+ !uru pr+)ad+n"a !le)aner !gung
s#&a(a dua $a%un, s#suda% +$u d+a #()a&+ &a!+ # A$%#na dan
(#nd+r+an Lykeion' d+a san!a$ (#n!a!u(+ p#(++ran0p#(++ran
P&a$/ (#s+pun da&a( *&sa6a$, Ar+s$/$#&#s (#n!a()+& -a&an "an!
)#r)#da (!ristoteles pernah mengatakan;aa *uga yang "erpenapat "ah%a ini
"ukan ucapan !ristoteles; Amicus Plato) magis amica *eritas + Plato
memang saha"atku' tapi ke"enaran le"ih akra" "agiku + ungkapan ini terkaang
iter*emahkan "e"as men*ai JSaya mencintai Plato' tapi saya le"ih mencintai
ke"enaranK)
36
!ristoteles (#n!r+$+ $a-a( p#ndapa$ Plato $#n$an! +d#a0
+d#a, (#nuru$ D+a "an! u(u( dan $#$ap )uan&a% da&a( dun+a +d#a
aan $#$ap+ da&a( )#nda0)#nda -as(an+ +$u s#nd+r+, un$u +$u
Ar+s$/$#&#s (#n!#(uaan $#/r+ H+&#(/r*s(# 'H"&# L Ma$#r+,
M/rp%# L )#n$u,, (#nuru$ $#/r+ +n+, s#$+ap )#nda -as(an+ (#(+&++
dua %a& "a+$u )#n$u dan (a$#r+, s#)a!a+ 1/n$/%, s#)ua% pa$un!
pas$+ (#(+&++ dua %a& "a+$u (a$#r+ a$au )a%an )au pa$un!
(+sa&n"a a"u a$au )a$u, dan )#n$u (+sa&n"a )#n$u uda a$au
)#n$u (anus+a, #duan"a $+da (un!+n &#pas sa$u sa(a &a+n,
1/n$/% $#rs#)u$ %an"a&a% un$u (#(uda%an p#(a%a(an, s#)a)
da&a( pandan!an Ar+s$/$#&#s (a$#r+ dan )#n$u +$u (#rupaan
pr+ns+p0pr+ns+p (#$a*s+a un$u (#(p#ruu% d+(+n!+nann"a
I&(u p#n!#$a%uan a$as dasar )#n$u da&a( s#$+ap )#nda /nr+$.
T#/r+ %+&#(/r*s(# -u!a (#n-ad+ dasar )a!+ pandan!ann"a $#n$an!
(anus+a, (anus+a $#rd+r+ dar+ (a$#r+ dan )#n$u, )#n$u ada&a%
-+5a, dan ar#na )#n$u $+da p#rna% &#pas dar+ (a$#r+, (aa
/ns#5#ns+n"a ada&a% )a%5a apa)+&a (anus+a (a$+, -+5an"a
')#n$u, -u!a aan %an1ur.
D+sa(p+n! p#ndapa$ $#rs#)u$ Ar+s$/$#&#s -u!a d+#na& s#)a!a+
Bapa L/!+a "a+$u sua$u 1ara )#rp++r "an! $#ra$ur (#nuru$ uru$an
"an! $#pa$ a$au )#rdasaran %u)un!an s#)a) a+)a$. D+a ada&a%
"an! p#r$a(a a&+ (#()#n$an!an 1ara )#rp++r $#ra$ur da&a(
sua$u s+s$#(, "an! +n$+sar+n"a ada&a% Sylogisme (masalah ini akan
iuraikan khusus alam topik Logika) "a+$u (#nar+ #s+(pu&an dar+
#n"a$aan u(u( a$as %a& "an! %usus 'M/%a((ad Ha$$a, 1<A4,.
Abad Pertengahan. S#(#n-a (#n+n!!a&n"a Ar+s$/$#&#s,
*&sa6a$ $#rus )#r#()an! dan (#ndapa$ #duduan "an! $#$ap
p#n$+n! da&a( #%+dupan p#(++ran (anus+a (#s+pun d#n!an
37
1/ra dan $+$+ $#an "an! )#r)#da. P#r+/d# s#-a (#n+n!!a&n"a
Ar+s$/$#&#s 'a$au s#suda% (#n+n!!a&n"a !le)aner !gung '323 S.M,
sa(pa+ (#n-#&an! &a%+rn"a A!a(a Kr+s$#n /&#% 4roysen 'A%(ad
Ta6s+r. 1<<2, d+s#)u$ p#r+/d# H#&&#n+s$+ (Hellenisme aalah istilah yang
menun*ukan ke"uayaan ga"ungan antara "uaya Yunani an !sia #ecil' Siria'
$esopotamia' an $esir #uno). Da&a( (asa +n+ F+&sa6a$ d+$anda+ an$ara
&a+n d#n!an p#r%a$+an pada %a& "an! &#)+% ap&+a$+6, s#r$a uran!
(#(p#r%a$+an M#$a*s+a, d#n!an s#(an!a$ "an! E&#$+
(mensintesiskan penapat yang "erla%anan) dan )#r1/ra M+s$+.
M#nuru$ !. Epping. at al (1<:3,' 1+r+ (anus+a 'p#(++ran
*&sa6a$, a)ad p#r$#n!a%an ada&a% B
:. 0iri "er1lsafatnya ipimpin oleh 7ere*a
>. Ber1lsafat i alam lingkungan a*aran !ristoteles
@. "er1lsafat engan pertolongan !ugustinus
pada (asa +n+ *&sa6a$ 1#nd#run! #%+&an!an /$/n/(+n"a, p#(++ran
*&sa6a$ a)ad p#r$#n!a%an )#r1+r+an &eosentris '#)#naran )#rpusa$
pada 5a%"u Tu%an,, %a& +n+ $+da (#n!%#ranan (#n!+n!a$ pada
(asa +n+ p#n!aru% A!a(a Kr+s$#n san!a$ )#sar da&a( #%+dupan
(anus+a, $#r(asu da&a( )+dan! p#(++ran.
F+&sa6a$ a)ad p#r$#n!a%an s#r+n! -u!a d+s#)u$ *&sa6a$
scholastik' "an+ *&sa6a$ "an! (#(pun"a+ 1/ra s#(a$a0(a$a
)#rs+6a$ #a!a(aan, dan (#n!a)d+ pada $#/&/!+. Pada (asa +n+
(#(an! $#rdapa$ upa"a0upa"a para *&su6 un$u (#(aduan
an$ara p#(++ran Ras+/na& '$#ru$a(a p#(++ran0p#(++ran
Ar+s$/$#&#s, d#n!an Ma%"u Tu%an s#%+n!!a dapa$ d+pandan!
s#)a!a+ upa"a s+n$#sa an$ara #p#r1a"aan dan aa&. K#adaan +n+
pun $#r-ad+ d+a&an!an u(a$ Is&a( "an! (#n1/)a (#&+%a$ a-aran
38
Is&a( d#n!an sudu$ pandan! F+&sa6a$ 'ras+/na&,, %a& +n+
d+(un!+nan (#n!+n!a$ )#!+$u ua$n"a p#n!aru% p#(++ran0
p#(++ran a%&+ *&sa6a$ Hunan+9%#&&#n+s(# da&a( dun+a p#(++ran
saa$ +$u, s#%+n!!a #"a+nan A!a(a p#r&u d+1ar+an &andasan
*&/s/*sn"a a!ar (#n-ad+ sua$u #"a+nan "an! ras+/na&.
P#(++ran0p#(++ran "an! (#n1/)a (#&+%a$ A!a(a dar+
p#rsp#$+6 *&/s/*s $#r-ad+ )a+ d+ dun+a Is&a( (aupun Kr+s$#n,
s#%+n!!a para a%&+ (#n!#&/(p/an *&sa6a$ s/&as$+ # da&a(
*&sa6a$ s/&as$+ Is&a( dan *&sa6a$ s/&as$+ Kr+s$#n.
D+ dun+a Is&a( 'U(a$ Is&a(, &a%+r *&su60*&su6 $#r#na& s#p#r$+
!l #ini ':>10:A? M,, !l 3ara"i ':=>0<?> M,, I"nu Sina '<:>01>3=
M,, !l 7ha.ali '1>?:01111 M,, dan I"nu ,usy '112A011<:,,
s#(#n$ara +$u d+ dun+a Kr+s$#n &a%+r F+&su60*&su6 an$ara &a+n s#p#r$+
Peter !"elarus '1>=<011:>,, !l"ertus $agnus '12>3012:> M,, dan
&homas !quinas '122?012=4,. M#r#a +n+ d+sa(p+n! s#)a!a+ F+&su6
-u!a /ran!0/ran! "an! (#nda&a(+ a-aran a!a(an"a (as+n!0
(as+n!, s#%+n!!a 1/ra p#(++rann"a (#n!a1u pada upa"a
(#(p#r$a%anan #"a+nan a!a(a d#n!an -a&an *&/s/*s,
(#s+pun da&a( )an"a %a& $#radan! a-aran A!a(a d+-ad+an
Ha+( un$u (#(6/n+s )#nar $+dan"a sua$u %as+& p#(++ran
F+&sa6a$ 'P#(++ran Ras+/na&,.
'asa 'odern. Pada (asa +n+ p#(++ran *&/s/*s s#p#r$+
d+&a%+ran #()a&+ d+(ana s#)#&u(n"a d/(+nas+ !#r#-a san!a$
d/(+nan "an! )#ra+)a$ pada upa"a (#ns+nr/nan an$ara a-aran
!#r#-a d#n!an p#(++ran *&sa6a$. K#)an!+$an #()a&+ ras+/
(#5arna+ Ja(an (/d#rn d#n!an sa&a% s#/ran! p#&/p/rn"a ada&a%
4escartes, d+a )#r-asa da&a( (#r#%a)+&+$as+, (#n!/$/n/(+sas+
#()a&+ ras+/ "an! s#)#&u(n"a %an"a (#n-ad+ )uda #+(anan.
39
D+an$ara p#(++ran 4esacartes '1?<A01A?>, "an! p#n$+n!
ada&a% d+$u( #san!s+an, d#n!an (#n!a$aan 0ogito ergo sum,
"an! )+asa d+ar$+an sa"a )#r*+r, (aa sa"a ada. D#n!an
un!apan +n+ p/s+s+ ras+/9*+ran s#)a!a+ su()#r p#n!#$a%uan
(#n-ad+ s#(a+n ua$, a-arann"a pun"a p#n!aru% "an! 1uup
)#sar )a!+ p#r#()an!an +&(u p#n!#$a%uan, s#!a&a s#sua$u )+sa
d+san!s+an $ap+ su)-# "an! )#r*+r (#n!ua$an #pada
#pas$+an.
Da&a( p#r#()an!nn"a ar!u(#n D#s1ar$#s 'ras+/na&+s(#,
(#ndapa$ $an$an!an #ras dar+ para *&/s/6 p#n!anu$ E(p+r+s(#
s#p#r$+ Da4+d Hu(# '1=1101==A,, G/%n L/1# '1A3201=>4,. M#r#a
)#rp#ndapa$ )a%5a p#n!#$a%uan %an"a d+dapa$an dar+
p#n!a&a(an &#5a$ p#n!a(a$an #(p+r+s. P#r$#n$an!an $#rs#)u$
$#rus )#r&an-u$ sa(pa+ (un1u& I((anu#& Kan$ '1=2401:>4, "an!
)#r%as+& (#()ua$ s+n$#s+s an$ara ras+/na&+s(# d#n!an #(p+r+s(#,
Kan$ -u!a d+an!!ap s#)a!a+ $//% s#n$ra& da&a( Ja(an (/d#rn
d#n!an p#rn"a$aann"a "an! $#r#na& sapere aue')#ran+ )#r*+r
s#nd+r+,, p#rn"a$aan +n+ -#&as (a+n (#nd/r/n! upa"a0upa"a )#r*+r
(anus+a $anpa p#r&u $au$ $#r%adap #an!an dar+ G#r#-a.
Pandan!an #(p+r+s(# s#(a+n ua$ p#n!aru%n"a da&a(
1a)an! +&(u p#n!#$a%uan s#$#&a% (un1u&n"a pandan!an Au!us$
./($# '1=<:01:?=, $#n$an! P/s+$+4+s(#. Sa&a% sa$u )ua% p++rann"a
"an! san!a$ p#n$+n! dan )#rp#n!aru% ada&a% $#n$an! $+!a
$a%apan9$+n!a$an 1ara )#rp++r (anus+a da&a( )#r%adapan d#n!an
a&a( s#(#s$a "a+$u B $+n!a$an T#/&/!+, $+n!a$an M#$a*s+, dan
$+n!a$an P/s+$+6
&ingkatan &eologi 'Etat &heologique,. Pada $+n!a$an +n+
(anus+a )#&u( )+sa (#(a%a(+ %a&0%a& "an! )#ra+$an d#n!an
40
s#)a) a+)a$. S#!a&a #-ad+an d+a&a( s#(#s$a (#rupaan a+)a$
dar+ sua$u p#r)ua$an Tu%an dan (anus+a %an"a )#rs+6a$ pasra%, dan
"an! dapa$ d+&auan ada&a% (#(/%/n pada Tu%an a!ar d+-au%an
dar+ )#r)a!a+ )#n1ana. Ta%apan +n+ $#rd+r+ dar+ $+!a $a%apan &a!+
"an! )#r#4/&us+ "an+ dar+ $a%ap an+(+s(#, $a%ap p/&+$#+s(#,
sa(pa+ d#n!an $a%ap (/n/$#+s(#.
&ingkatan $eta1sik 'Etat $etaphisique,. Pada dasarn"a
$+n!a$an +n+ (#rupaan sua$u 4ar+as+ dar+ 1ara )#r*+r $#/&/!+s,
d+(ana Tu%an a$au D#5a0d#5a d+!an$+ d#n!an #ua$an0#ua$an
a)s$ra (+sa&n"a d#n!an +s$+&a% #ua$an a&a(. Da&a( $a%apan +n+
(anus+a (u&a+ (#n#(uan #)#ran+an dan (#rasa )a%5a
#ua$an "an! (#n+()u&an )#n1ana dapa$ d+1#!a% d#n!an
(#()#r+an )#r)a!a+ sa-+an0sa-+an s#)a!a+ p#n/&a )a&a9)#n1ana.
&ingkatan Positif 'Etat Positi(e,. Pada $a%apan +n+ (anus+a
suda% (#n#(uan p#n!#$a%uan "an! 1uup un$u (#n!uasa+
a&a(. G+a pada $a%apan p#r$a(a (anus+a s#&a&u d+%+n!!ap+ rasa
%a5a$+r )#r%adapan d#n!an a&a( s#(#s$a, pada $a%ap #dua
(anus+a (#n1/)a (#(p#n!aru%+ #ua$an "an! (#n!a$ur a&a(
s#(#s$a, (aa pada $a%apan p/s+$+6 (anus+a &#)+% p#r1a"a d+r+,
d#n!an d+$#(uann"a %uu(0%uu( a&a(, d#n!an )#a& +$u
(anus+a (a(pu (#nunduan9(#n!a$ur 'pernyataan ini
menginikasikan aanya pemisahan antara su"yek yang
mengetahui engan o"yek yang iketahui, a&a( s#r$a
(#(an6aa$ann"a un$u #p#n$+n!an (anus+a, $a%apan +n+
(#rupaan $a%apan d+(ana (anus+a da&a( %+dupn"a &#)+%
(#n!anda&an pada +&(u p#n!#$a%uan.
D#n!an (#(p#r%a$+an $a%apan0$a%apan s#p#r$+
d+#(uaan d+ a$as na(pa )a%5a +s$+&a% p/s+$+4+s(# (#n!a1u
pada $a%apan #$+!a '$a%apan p/s+$+69p#n!#$a%uan p/s+$+6, dar+
41
p#(++ran 0omte. Ta%apan p/s+$+6 (#rupaan $a%apan $#r$+n!!+, +n+
)#rar$+ dua $a%apan s#)#&u(n"a (#rupaan $a%apan "an! r#nda%
dan pr+(+$+6, /&#% ar#na +$u *&sa6a$ P/s+$+4+s(# (#rupaan *&sa6a$
"an! an$+ (#$a*s+, %an"a 6a$a06a$a sa-a "an! dapa$ d+$#r+(a.
S#!a&a s#sua$u "an! )uan 6a$a a$au !#-a&a '6#n/(+n, $+da
(#(pun"a+ ar$+, /&#% ar#na +$u "an! p#n$+n! dan pun"a ar$+ %an"a
sa$u "a+$u (#n!#$a%u+ '6a$a9!#-a&a, a!ar s+ap )#r$+nda 'sa(oir
pour pre(oir,.
Manus+a %arus (#n"#&+d++ dan (#n!a-+ )#r)a!a+ !#-a&a "an!
$#r-ad+ )#s#r$a %u)un!an0%u)un!ann"a d+an$ara !#-a&a0!#-a&a
$#rs#)u$ a!ar dapa$ (#ra(a&an apa "an! aan $#r-ad+, 0omte
(#n"#)u$ %u)un!an0%u)un!an $#rs#)u$ d#n!an /ns#p0/ns#p
dan %uu(0%uu( "an! )#rs+6a$ p/s+$+6 da&a( ar$+ )#r!una un$u
d+#$a%u+ ar#na )#nar0)#nar n"a$a )uan )#rs+6a$ sp#u&as+ s#p#r$+
da&a( (#$a*s+a.
P#n!aru% p/s+$+4+s(# "an! san!a$ )#sar da&a( Ja(an
(/d#rn sa(pa+ s#aran! +n+, $#&a% (#n!undan! para p#(++r un$u
(#(p#r$an"aann"a, #&a%+ran p/s$ (/d#rn+s(# "an! naras+
a5a&n"a d+#(uaan /&#% 4aniel Bell da&a( )uun"a &he cultural
contraiction of capitalism, "an! sa&a% sa$u p// *+rann"a ada&a%
)a%5a #$+a ap+$a&+s(# "an! (#n#anan #r-a #ras,
+nd+4+dua&+$as, dan pr#s$as+ $#&a% )#ru)a% (#n-ad+ %#d/n+s
/nsu(#r+s$+s.
P/s$(/d#rn+s(# pada dasarn"a (#rupaan pandan!an "an!
$+da9uran! (#(p#r1a"a+ naras+0naras+ un+4#rsa& s#r$a #sa(aan
da&a( s#!a&a %a&, 6a%a( +n+ &#)+% (#()#r+an $#(pa$ pada naras+0
naras+ #1+& dan &/a& "an! )#rar$+ &#)+% (#n#anan pada
#)#ra!a(an da&a( (#(ana+ #%+dupan.
42
1. -#&asan p#n!#r$+an *&sa6a$@
2. -#&asan p#nd#a$an0p#nd#a$an da&a( (#(p#&a-ar+
*&sa6a$@
3. -#&asan (#$/d# )#r*+r *&sa6a$@
4. apa "an! d+(asud d#n!an )#r*+r rad+a&@
?. -#&asan /)-# *&sa6a$@
A. -#&asan apa "an! d+(asud d#n!an p/s+$+4+s(#@
=. -#&asan )a!a+(ana p#ndapa$ I((anu#& Kan$ $#n$an!
ras+/ dan p#n!a&a(an@
:. apaa% *&sa6a$ d+p#r&uan )a!+ #%+dupan (anus+a, 1/)a
-#&asan@
&A& -
ILMU PENGETAHUAN
T%#r# 1an )# n/ &+4+n! s1+#n1# un&#ss $%#r# +s a 5+d#spr#ad +ns$+n1$+4# 1/n4+1$+/n +n $%#
#I+I$#n1# /6 an /rd#r /6 $%+n!s, and +n par$+1u&ar, /6 an /rd#r /6 na$ur# 'Al.r#d N9r+,
>,i+#,#ad,
Baran! s+apa (#n!+n!+nan dun+a, %#nda&a% )#r+&(u, )aran! s+apa (#n!+n!+nan a%+ra$,
%#nda&a% )#r+&(u, dan )aran! s+apa (#n!+n!+nan #duan"a, %#nda&a% )#r+&(u 'Al
Hadis+,
A. PENGERTIAN ILMU 6ILMU PENGETAHUAN7
I&(u (#rupaan a$a "an! )#rasa& dar+ )a%asa Ara), (asdar
dar+ Palima + yaLlamu "an! )#rar$+ $a%u a$au (#n!#$a%u+,
s#(#n$ara +$u s#1ara +s$+&a% +&(u d+ar$+an s#)a!a+ Iroku syai "i
haqiqotih'(#n!#$a%u+ s#sua$u s#1ara %a++,. Da&a( )a%asa
In!!#r+s I&(u )+asan"a d+padanan d#n!an a$a science, s#dan!
p#n!#$a%uan d#n!an kno%lege. Da&a( )a%asa Ind/n#s+a a$a
s1+#n1#'"erasal ari "ahasa lati ari kata Scio) Scire yang "erarti
tahu, u(u(n"a d+ar$+an Ilmu $ap+ s#r+n! -u!a d+ar$+an d#n!an
43
Ilmu Pengetahuan, (#s+pun s#1ara /ns#p$ua& (#n!a1u pada
(ana "an! sa(a. Un$u &#)+% (#(a%a(+ p#n!#r$+an Il"%
6s0i#!0#7 d+ )a5a% +n+ aan d+#(uaan )#)#rapa p#n!#r$+an B
Ilmu aalah pengetahuan tentang sesuatu "iang yang
isusun secara "ersistem menurut metoe;metoe
tertentu yang apat igunakan untuk menerangkan ge*ala;
ge*ala tertentu i"iang (pengetahuan) itu (amus +esar
+ahasa Indonesia)
S0i#!0# +s n/5&#d!# arran!#d +n a s"s$#(, #sp#1+a&&"
/)$a+n#d )" /)s#r4a$+/n and $#s$+n! /6 6a1$ (An ,nglish
reader-s dictionar#)
Science is a systemati.e kno%lege o"taine "y stuy'
o"ser(ation' e)perimentK (!ebster-s super .e/ School
and 01ce %ictionar#)
Science is the complete an consistent escription of
facts an e)perience in the simplest possi"le termK(arl
Pearson)
Science is a sistemati.e kno%lege eri(es from
o"ser(ation' stuy' an e)perimentation carrie on in
orer to eterminethe nature or principles of %hat "eing
stuieK (Ashle# 'ontagu)
Science is the system of manLs kno%lege on nature'
society an thought. It re-ect the %orl in concepts'
categories an la%s' the correctness an truth of %hich
are (eri1e "y practical e)perience(2. A*anas#e*)
s#(#n$ara +$u &he Liang 7ie (#n"a$aan d+&+%a$ dar+ ruan!
&+n!upn"a p#n!#r$+an +&(u ada&a% s#)a!a+ )#r+u$ B
44
Ilmu merupakan se"uah istilah umum untuk menye"utkan
segenap pengetahuan ilmiah yang ipanang se"agai
suatu ke"ulatan. 2ai ilmu mengacu paa ilmu
seumumnya.
Ilmu menun*uk paa masing;masing "iang pengetahuan
ilmiah yang mempela*ari pokok soal tertentu' ilmu "erarti
ca"ang ilmu khusus
s#dan!an -+a d+&+%a$ dar+ s#!+ (anan"a &he Liang 7ie
(#n!#(uaan $+!a sudu$ pandan! )#ra+$an d#n!an p#(anaan
+&(u9+&(u p#n!#$a%uan "a+$u B
Ilmu se"agai pengetahuan' artinya ilmu aalah sesuatu
kumpulan yang sistematis' atau se"agai kelompok
pengetahuan teratur mengenai pokok soal atau su"*ect
matter. 4engan kata lain "ah%a pengetahuan menun*uk
paa sesuatu yang merupakan isi su"stantif yang
terkanung alam ilmu.
Ilmu se"agai akti(itas' artinya suatu akti(itas
mempela*ari sesuatu secara aktif' menggali' mencari'
menge*ar atau menyeliiki sampai pengetahuan itu
iperoleh. 2ai ilmu se"agai akti(itas ilmiah apat
"er%u*u penelaahan (Stuy)' penyeliikan (inquiry)'
usaha menemukan (attempt to 1n)' atau pencarian
(Search).
Ilmu se"agi metoe' artinya ilmu paa asarnya aalah
suatu metoe untuk menangani masalah;masalah' atau
suatu kegiatan penelaahan atau proses penelitian yang
mana ilmu itu menganung proseur' yakni serangkaian
45
cara an langkah tertentu yang me%u*ukan pola tetap.
,angkaian cara an langkah ini alam unia keilmuan
ikenal se"agai metoe
Harsoyo (#nd#*n+s+an +&(u d#n!an (#&+%a$ pada sudu$
pr/s#s %+s$/r+s dan p#nd#a$ann"a "a+$u B
I&(u (#rupaan au(u&as+ p#n!#$a%uan "an!
d+s+s$#(a$+san a$au #sa$uan p#n!#$a%uan "an!
$#r/r!an+sas+an
I&(u dapa$ pu&a d+&+%a$ s#)a!a+ sua$u p#nd#a$an a$au
sua$u (#$/d# p#nd#a$an $#r%adap s#&uru% dun+a #(p+r+s,
"a+$u dun+a "an! $#r+a$ /&#% 6a$/r ruan! dan 5a$u, dun+a
"an! pada pr+ns+pn"a dapa$ d+a(a$+ /&#% pan1a+ndra
(anus+a.
dar+ p#n!#r$+an d+ a$as na(pa )a%5a I&(u (#(an! (#n!andun!
ar$+ p#n!#$a%uan, $ap+ )uan s#()aran! p#n!#$a%uan (#&a+nan
p#n!#$a%uan d#n!an 1+r+01+r+ %usus "a+$u "an! $#rsusun s#1ara
s+s$#(a$+s, dan un$u (#n1apa+ %a& +$u d+p#r&uan upa"a (#n1ar+
p#n-#&asan a$au #$#ran!an, da&a( %u)un!an +n+ $oh Hatta
(#n"a$aan )a%5a P#n!#$a%uan "an! d+dapa$ d#n!an -a&an
#$#ran!an d+s#)u$ I&(u, d#n!an a$a &a+n +&(u ada&a% p#n!#$a%uan
"an! d+p#r/&#% (#&a&u+ upa"a (#n1ar+ #$#ran!an a$au p#n-#&asan.
L#)+% -au% d#n!an (#(p#r%a$+an p#n!#r$+an0p#n!#r$+an
I&(u s#)a)a!a+(ana d+un!apan d+ a$as, dapa$&a% d+$ar+
)#)#rapa #s+(pu&an )#ra+$an d#n!an p#n!#r$+an +&(u "a+$u B
I&(u ada&a% s#-#n+s p#n!#$a%uan
T#rsusun a$au d+susun s#1ara s+s$#(a$+s
S+s$+(a$+sas+ d+&auan d#n!an (#n!!unaan (#$/d#
$#r$#n$u
46
P#(#r/&#%ann"a d+&auan d#n!an 1ara s$ud+, /)s#r4as+,
#sp#r+(#n.
D#n!an d#(++an s#sua$u "an! )#rs+6a$ p#n!#$a%uan )+asa dapa$
(#n-ad+ sua$u p#n!#$a%uan +&(+a% )+&a $#&a% d+susun s#1ara
s+s$#(a$+s s#r$a (#(pun"a+ (#$/d# )#r*+r "an! -#&as, ar#na
pada dasarn"a +&(u "an! )#r#()an! d#5asa +n+ (#rupaan
au(u&as+ dar+ p#n!a&a(an9p#n!#$a%uan (anus+a "an! $#rus
d+*+ran, d+s+s$+(a$+sas+an, s#r$a d+/r!an+s+r s#%+n!!a $#r)#n$u
(#n-ad+ sua$u d+s+p&+n "an! (#(pun"a+ #%asan da&a( /)-#n"a
&. )IRI/)IRI ILMU 6ILMU PENGETAHUAN7
S#1ara u(u( dar+ p#n!#r$+an +&(u dapa$ d+#$a%u+ apa
s#)#narn"a "an! (#n-ad+ 1+r+ dar+ +&(u, (#s+pun un$u $+ap d#*n+s+
(#()#r+an $+$+ )#ra$ "an! )#r&a+nan. M#nuru$ &he Liang 7ie
s#1ara &#)+% %usus (#n"#)u$an 1+r+01+r+ +&(u s#)a!a+ )#r+u$ B
E(p+r+s ')#rdasaran p#n!a(a$an dan p#r1/)aan,
S+s$#(a$+s '$#rsusun s#1ara &/!+s s#r$a (#(pun"a+
%u)un!an sa&+n! )#r!an$un! dan $#ra$ur,
F)-#$+6 '$#r)#)as dar+ p#rsan!aan dan #suaan pr+)ad+,
Ana&+$+s '(#n!ura+an p#rs/a&an (#n-ad+ )a!+an0)a!+an
"an! $#r+n1+,
N#r+*a$+6 'dapa$ d+p#r+sa #)#narann"a,
S#(#n$ara +$u Beerling (#n"#)u$an 1+r+ +&(u 'p#n!#$a%uan +&(+a%,
ada&a% B
M#(pun"a+ dasar p#()#naran
B#rs+6a$ s+s$#(a$+
B#rs+6a$ +n$#rsu)-#$+6
I&(u p#r&u dasar #(p+r+s, apa)+&a s#s#/ran! (#()#r+an
#$#ran!an +&(+a% (aa #$#ran!an +$u %arus (#((un!+n$an
47
un$u d+a-+ dan d+a(a$+, -+a $+da (aa %a& +$u )uan&a% sua$u +&(u
a$au p#n!#$a%uan +&(+a%, (#&a+nan sua$u p#r+raan a$au
p#n!#$a%uan )+asa "an! &#)+% d+dasaran pada #"a+nan $anpa
p#du&+ apaa% 6a$an"a d#(++an a$au $+da. Upa"a0upa"a un$u
(#&+%a$ 6a$a06a$a (#(an! (#rupaan 1+r+ #(p+r+s dar+ +&(u,
na(un d#(++an )a!a+(ana 6a$a06a$a +$u d+)a1a a$au d+p#&a-ar+
-#&as (#(#r&uan 1ara "an! &/!+s dan s+s$#(a$+s, da&a( ar$+ uru$an
1ara )#r*+r dan (#n!a-+n"a $#r$a$a d#n!an &/!+s s#%+n!!a s#$+ap
/ran! dapa$ (#n!!unaann"a da&a( (#&+%a$ r#a&+$as 6a$ua& "an!
ada.
D+sa(p+n! +$u +&(u -u!a %arus /)-#$+6 da&a( ar$+ p#rasaan
sua0$+da sua, s#nan!0$+da s#nan! %arus d+%+ndar+, #s+(pu&an
a$au p#n-#&asan +&(+a% %arus (#n!a1u %an"a pada 6a$a "an! ada,
s#%+n!!a s#$+ap /ran! dapa$ (#&+%a$n"a s#1ara sa(a pu&a $anpa
(#&+)a$an p#rasaan pr+)ad+ "an! ada pada saa$ +$u. Ana&+$+s
(#rupaan 1+r+ +&(u &a+nn"a, ar$+n"a )a%5a p#n-#&asan +&(+a% p#r&u
$#rus (#n!ura+ (asa&a% s#1ara r+n1+ s#pan-an! %a& +$u (as+%
)#ra+$an d#n!an dun+a #(p+r+s, s#dan!an 4#r+*a$+6 )#rar$+ )a%5a
+&(u a$au p#n-#&asan +&(+a% %arus (#()#r+ #(un!+nan un$u
d+&auan p#n!u-+an d+ &apan!an s#%+n!!a #)#narann"a )+sa
)#nar0)#nar (#()#r+ #"a+nan.
Dar+ ura+an d+ a$as, na(pa )a%5a +&(u )+sa d+&+%a$ dar+ dua
sudu$ p#n+n-auan, "a+$u +&(u s#)a!a+ pr/du9%as+&, dan +&(u s#)a!a+
sua$u pr/s#s. S#)a!a+ pr/du +&(u (#rupaan u(pu&an
p#n!#$a%uan "an! $#rs+s$#(a$+s+r dan $#r/r!an+sas+an s#1ara &/!+s,
s#p#r$+ -+a +$a (#(p#&a-ar+ +&(u #/n/(+, s/s+/&/!+, )+/&/!+.
S#dan!an +&(u s#)a!a+ pr/s#s ada&a% +&(u d+&+%a$ dar+ upa"a
p#r/&#%ann"a (#&a&u+ 1ara01ara $#r$#n$u, da&a( %u)un!an +n+ +&(u
s#)a!a+ pr/s#s s#r+n! d+s#)u$ (#$/d/&/!+ da&a( ar$+ )a!a+(ana
48
1ara01ara "an! (#s$+ d+&auan un$u (#(p#r/&#% sua$u
#s+(pu&an a$au $#/r+ $#r$#n$u un$u (#ndapa$an,
(#(p#rua$9(#n/&a sua$u $#/r+ da&a( +&(u $#r$#n$u, d#n!an
d#(++an -+a (#&+%a$ +&(u s#)a!a+ pr/s#s, (aa d+p#r&uan upa"a
p#n#&+$+an un$u (#&+%a$ 6a$a06a$a, /ns#p "an! dapa$
(#()#n$u sua$u $#/r+ $#r$#n$u.
). FUNGSI DAN TUJUAN ILMU 6ILMU PENGETAHUAN7
La%+rn"a dan )#r#()an!n"a I&(u P#n!#$a%uan $#&a% )an"a
(#()a5a p#ru)a%an da&a( #%+dupan (anus+a, $#r&#)+% &a!+
d#n!an (a+n +n$#nsn"a p#n#rapan I&(u da&a( )#n$u T#n/&/!+
"an! $#&a% (#n-ad+an (anus+a &#)+% (a(pu (#(a%a(+ )#r)a!a+
!#-a&a s#r$a (#n!a$ur K#%+dupan s#1ara &#)+% #6#$+6 dan #*s+#n.
Ha& +$u )#rar$+ )a%5a +&(u (#(pun"a+ da(pa "an! )#sar )a!+
#%+dupan (anus+a, dan +n+ $+da $#r&#pas dar+ 6un!s+ dan $u-uan
+&(u +$u s#nd+r+
#erlinger da&a( (#&+%a$ 6un!s+ +&(u, $#r&#)+% da%u&u
(#n!#&/(p/an dua sudu$ pandan! $#n$an! +&(u "a+$u pandan!an
statis dan pandan!an inamis. Da&a( pandan!an s$a$+s, +&(u
(#rupaan a$+4+$as "an! (#()#r+ su()an!an )a!+ s+s$+(a$+sas+
+n6/r(as+ )a!+ dun+a, $u!as +&(u5an ada&a% (#n#(uan 6a$a )aru
dan (#na()a%ann"a pada u(pu&an +n6/r(as+ "an! suda% ada,
/&#% ar#na +$u +&(u d+an!!ap s#)a!a+ s#u(pu&an 6a$a, s#r$a
(#rupaan sua$u 1ara (#n-#&asan !#-a&a0!#-a&a "an! d+/)s#r4as+,
)#rar$+ )a%5a da&a( pandan!an +n+ p#n#anann"a $#r&#$a pada
#adaan p#n!#$a%uan9+&(u "an! ada s#aran! s#r$a upa"a
p#na()a%ann"a )a+ %uu(, pr+ns+p a$aupun $#/r+0$#/r+. Da&a(
pandan!an +n+, 6un!s+ +&(u &#)+% )#rs+6a$ pra$+s "an+ s#)a!a+
d+s+p&+n a$au a$+4+$as un$u (#(p#r)a++ s#sua$u, (#()ua$
49
#(a-uan, (#(p#&a-ar+ 6a$a s#r$a (#(a-uan p#n!#$a%uan un$u
(#(p#r)a++ s#sua$u ')+dan!0)+dan! #%+dupan,.
Pandan!an # dua $#n$an! +&(u ada&a% pandan!an d+na(+s
a$au pandan!an %#ur+s$+ 'ar$+ %#ur+s$+ ada&a% (#n#(uan,, da&a(
pandan!an +n+ +&(u d+&+%a$ &#)+% dar+ s##dar a$+4+$as,
p#n#anann"a $#ru$a(a pada $#/r+ dan s#(a /ns#p$ua& "an!
sa&+n! )#ra+$an "an! san!a$ p#n$+n! )a!+ p#n#&+$+an. Da&a(
pandan!an +n+ 6un!s+ +&(u ada&a% un$u (#()#n$u %uu(0%uu(
u(u( "an! (#&+n!up+ pr+&au dar+ #-ad+an0#-ad+an #(p+r+s a$au
/)-# #(p+r+s "an! (#n-ad+ p#r%a$+ann"a s#%+n!!a (#()#r+an
#(a(puan (#n!%u)un!an )#r)a!a+ #-ad+an "an! $#rp+sa%0
p+sa% s#r$a dapa$ s#1ara $#pa$ (#(pr#d+s+ #-ad+an0#-ad+an (asa
da$an!, s#p#r$+ d+#(uaan /&#% Braith%aite da&a( )uun"a
Scienti1c E)planation )a%5a the function of scienceM is to
esta"lish general la%s co(ering the "eha(iour of the empirical
e(ents or o"*ects %ith %hich the science in question is concerne'
an there"y to ena"le us to connect together our kno%lege of the
separately kno%n e(ents' an to make relia"le preictions of
e(ents as yet unkno%n.
D#n!an (#(p#r%a$+an p#n-#&asan d+ a$as na(pan"a +&(u
(#(pun"a+ 6un!s+ "an! a(a$ p#n$+n! )a!+ #%+dupan (anus+a,
I&(u dapa$ (#()an$u un$u (#(a%a(+, (#n-#&asan, (#n!a$ur
dan (#(pr#d+s+ )#r)a!a+ #-ad+an )a+ "an! )#rs+6a$ #a&a(an
(aupun s/s+a& "an! $#r-ad+ da&a( #%+dupan (anus+a. S#$+ap
(asa&a% "an! d+%adap+ (anus+a s#&a&u d+upa"aan un$u
d+p#1a%an a!ar dapa$ d+pa%a(+, dan s#$#&a% +$u (anus+a (#n-ad+
(a(pu un$u (#n!a$urn"a s#r$a dapa$ (#(pr#d+s+ 'sa(pa+ )a$as
$#r$#n$u, #(un!+nan0#(un!+nan "an! aan $#r-ad+ )#rdasaran
p#(a%a(an "an! d+(+&++n"a, dan d#n!an #(a(puan pr#d+s+
50
$#rs#)u$ (aa p#r+raan (asa d#pan dapa$ d+d#sa+n d#n!an )a+
(#s+pun %a& +$u )#rs+6a$ pr/)a)+&+s$+, (#n!+n!a$ da&a(
#n"a$aann"a s#r+n! $#r-ad+ %a&0%a& "an! )#rs+6a$ unpr#d+1$a)&#.
D#n!an dasar 6un!s+ $#rs#)u$, (aa dapa$&a% d+6a%a(+
$#n$an! $u-uan dar+ +&(u, apa s#)#narn"a "an! +n!+n d+1apa+ /&#%
+&(u. Shelon 7. Le(y (#n"a$aan )a%5a science has three
primary goals. &he 1rst is to "e a"le to unerstan %hat is o"ser(e
in the %orl. &he secon is to "e a"le to preict the e(ents an
relationships of the real %orl. &he thir is to control aspects of the
real %orl' s#(#n$ara +$u #erlinger (#n"a$aan )a%5a the "asic
aim of science is theory.d#n!an d#(++an dapa$&a% d+a$aan )a%5a
$u-uan dar+ +&(u ada&a% un$u (#(a%a(+, (#(pr#d+s+, dan
(#n!a$ur )#r)a!a+ asp# #-ad+an d+ dun+a, d+sa(p+n! un$u
(#n#(uan a$au (#(6/r(u&as+an $#/r+, dan $#/r+ +$u s#nd+r+ pada
dasarn"a (#rupaan sua$u p#n-#&asan $#n$an! s#sua$u s#%+n!!a
dapa$ d+p#r/&#% #6a%a(an, dan d#n!an #pa%a(an (aa pr#d+s+
#-ad+an dapa$ d+&auan d#n!an pr/)a)+&+$as "an! 1uup $+n!!+,
asa&an $#/r+ $#rs#)u$ $#&a% $#ru-+ #)#narann"a
D. STRUKTUR ILMU
S$ru$ur +&(u (#n!!a()aran )a!a+(ana +&(u +$u
$#rs+s$+(a$+s+r da&a( sua$u &+n!un!an ')/undar+#s,, d+ (ana
#$#ra+$an an$ara unsur0unsur na(pa s#1ara -#&as. M#nuru$
Sa(age N !mstrong, s$ru$ur +&(u (#rupaan ! scheme that has
"een e(ie to illustrate relationship among facts' concepts' an
generali.ation. D#n!an d#(++an s$ru$ur +&(u (#rupaan +&us$ras+
%u)un!an an$ara 6a$a, /ns#p s#r$a !#n#ra&+sas+, #$#ra+$an
$#rs#)u$ (#()#n$u sua$u )an!un s$ru$ur +&(u, s#(#n$ara +$u
(#nuru$ H.E. #usmana s$ru$ur +&(u ada&a% s#p#ran!a$
51
p#r$an"aan un1+ dan (#$/da p#n#&+$+an "an! aan (#()an$u
(#(p#r/&#% -a5a)ann"a, s#r$a )#r)a!a+ 6a$a, /ns#p, !#n#ra&+sas+
dan $#/r+ "an! (#(+&++ ara$#r+s$+ "an! %as "an! aan
(#n!an$ar +$a un$u (#(a%a(+ +d#0+d# p// dar+ sua$u d+s+p&+n
+&(u "an! )#rsan!u$an.
D#n!an d#(++an na(pa dar+ dua p#ndapa$ d+ a$as )a%5a
$#rdapa$ dua %a& p// da&a( sua$u s$ru$ur +&(u "a+$u B
! "oy of #no%lege '#ran!a +&(u, "an! $#rd+r+ dar+
6a$a, /ns#p, !#n#ra&+sas+, dan $#/r+ "an! (#n-ad+ 1+r+
%as )a!+ +&(u "an! )#rsan!u$an s#sua+ d#n!an
)/undar" "an! d+(+&++n"a
! moe of inquiry. A$au 1ara p#n!a-+an9p#n#&+$+an "an!
(#n!andun! p#r$an"aan dan (#$/d# p#n#&+$+an !una
(#(p#r/&#% -a5a)an a$as p#r(asa&a%an "an! )#ra+$an
d#n!an +&(u $#rs#)u$.
K#ran!a +&(u $#rd+r+ dar+ unsur0unsur "an! )#r%u)un!an, dar+
(u&a+ "an! /nr+$ "a+$u 6a$a sa(pa+ &#4#& "an! a)s$ra "a+$u $#/r+,
(a+n # 6a$a (a+n sp#s+*, s#(#n$ara (a+n (#n!ara% # $#/r+
(a+n a)s$ra ar#na &#)+% )#rs+6a$ u(u(. B+&a d+!a()aran aan

TEFRI
GENERALISASI
KFNSEP0KFNSEP
FAKTA0FAKTA
Gambar 2.1. +agan Stuktur Ilmu
52
Increasing
transfer
(alue
Increasing
speci1city
Dar+ !a()ar $#rs#)u$ na(pa )a%5a )a!+an "an! pa&+n!
dasar ada&a% 6a$a06a$a, 6a$a06a$a $#rs#)u$ aan (#n-ad+ )a%an
a$au d+!unaan un$u (#n!#()an!an /ns#p0/ns#p, )+&a
/ns#p0/ns#p (#nun-uan 1+r+ #u(u(an (aa $#r)#n$u&a%
!#n#ra&+sas+, un$u #(ud+an dapa$ d+6/r(u&as+an (#n-ad+ $#/r+.
Fa$a06a$a san!a$ d+)a$as+ /&#% n+&a+ $rans6#r 5a$u, $#(pa$ dan
#-ad+an. K/ns#p dan !#n#ra&+sas+ (#(+&++ n+&a+ $rans6#r "an! &#)+%
&uas dan da&a(, s#(#n$ara +$u $#/r+ (#(pun"a+ -an!auan "an!
&#)+% un+4#rsa&, ar#na 1#nd#run! d+an!!ap )#r&au u(u( $anpa
$#r+a$ /&#% 5a$u dan $#(pa$, s#%+n!!a )+sa )#r&au un+4#rsa&
ar$+n"a )+sa )#r&au d+(ana sa-a (hal ini se"enarnya "anyak ikritisi
para akhli). Na(un d#(++an #)#r&auann"a (#(an! p#r&u -u!a
(#(p#r%a$+an -#n+s +&(un"a.
1. Fakta dan onsep.
3akta (#rupaan Builing Blocks un$u (#n!#()an!an
/ns#p, !#n#ra&+sas+ 'Schuncke < facts are "uiling "locks from
%hich concept an generali.ation are constructe, dan $#/r+.
M#nuru$ Bertran ,ussel 6a$a ada&a% s#!a&a s#sua$u "an! )#rada
d+ dun+a, +n+ )#rar$+ !#-a&a apapun )a+ !#-a&a a&a( (aupun !#-a&a
%u(an (#rupaan 6a$a "an! )+sa (#n-ad+ )a%an )au )a!+
p#()#n$uan /ns#p0/ns#p, na(un d#(++an ar#na &uasn"a,
(aa $+ap0$+ap +&(u aan (#n"#&#s+ 6a$a06a$a $#rs#)u$ s#sua+
d#n!an /r+#n$as+ +&(un"a.
Fa$a (#(pun"a+ p#ranan "an! p#n$+n! )a!+ $#/r+, dan
(#(pun"a+ +n$#ras+ "an! $#$ap d#n!an $#/r+, (#nuru$ $oh. 9a.ir
p#ranan 6a$a $#r%adap $#/r+ ada&a% B
Fa$a (#n/&/n! (#(praarsa+ $#/r+
53
Fa$a (#()#r+ -a&an da&a( (#n!u)a% a$au
(#(6/r(u&as+an $#/r+ )aru
Fa$a dapa$ (#()ua$ p#n/&aan $#r%adap $#/r+
Fa$a (#(p#r$#ran! dan (#()#r+ d#*n+s+ #()a&+
$#r%adap $#/r+.
#onsep ada&a% &a)#& a$au p#na(aan "an! dapa$ (#()an$u
s#s#/ran! (#()ua$ ar$+ +n6/r(as+ da&a( p#n!#r$+an "an! &#)+% &uas
s#r$a (#(un!+nan d+&auan p#n"#d#r%anaan a$as 6a$a06a$a
s#%+n!!a pr/s#s )#r*+r dan p#(#1a%an (asa&a% &#)+% (uda%.
M#nuru$ Bruner /ns#p (#rupaan a)s$ras+ a$as #sa(aan a$au
#$#r%u)un!an dar+ s##&/(p/ )#nda a$au s+6a$.
M#nuru$ p#ndapa$ Bruner, 7oono% dan !ustin s#)a!a+(ana
d+u$+p /&#% Hami Hasan '1<<A, (#n"a$aan )a%5a da&a( +&(u0
+&(u s/s+a& d+#na& $+!a -#n+s /ns#p "a+$u B
a. K/ns#p /n-un!$+6. Ha+$u /ns#p "an! pa&+n! r#nda% "an!
(#n!!a()aran )#nda a$au s+6a$ "an! (#n-ad+ an!!/$a
/ns#p d#n!an $+n!a$ p#rsa(aan "an! $+n!!+ d#n!an
-u(&a% a$r+)u$ "an! )an"a. ./n$/% /n#p Buku Pengantar
$ana*emen Perkantoran "a+$u )uu "an! d+$u&+s un$u
(a%as+s5a "an! )aru )#&a-ar (ana-#(#n p#ran$/ran
/&#% p#n!aran! A, 5arna sa(pu& )+ru, $#)a&n"a 2>>
%a&a(an.
". K/ns#p d+s-un!$+6. Ada&a% /ns#p "an! (#(+&++ an!!/$a
d#n!an a$r+)u$ "an! (#(+&++ n+&a+ )#ra!a(, /ns#p -#n+s
+n+ pun"a #duduan &#)+% $+n!!+. S/n$/% /ns#p alat
kantor. A$r+)u$ un$u /ns#p +n+ 1uup )#ra!a( d#n!an
(as+n!0(as+n! pun"a )#n$u dan 6un!s+ %usus s#p#r$+
#r$as un$u d+paa+ (#nu&+s, (#s+n $+ un$u (#n!#$+,
p#r6/ra$/r, %#$#r "an! (#(pun"a+ 6un!s+ )#r)#da0)#da.
54
c. #onsep relasional. Ha+$u /ns#p "an! (#nun-uan
#)#rsa(aan an$ara an!!/$an"a da&a( sua$u a$r+)u$
)#rdasaran r+$#r+a "an! a)s$ra dan s#&a&u da&a(
%u)un!an d#n!an r+$#r+a $#r$#n$u. K/ns#p +n+ $#r)#n$u
ar#na adan"a r#&as+9%u)un!an "an! d+1+p$aan da&a(
p#n!#r$+an "an! d+andun!n"a. ./n$/% /ns#p 2arak.
K/ns#p +n+ d+#()an!an )#rdasaran #duduan dua $+$+,
"an! apa)+&a d+%+$un! s#1ara /)-#$+6 aan d+p#r/&#% an!a
"an! (#n!!a()aran p/s+s+ #dua $+$+ $#rs#)u$, s#%+n!!a
dapa$ d+#$a%u+ -au% d#a$n"a (contoh' tam"ahan ari Penulis)
S#(#n$ara +$u (#nuru$ So1an EFeni' -+a d+&+%a$ %u)un!ann"a
d#n!an r#a&+$as96a$a, aan d+$#(u+ dua -#n+s /ns#p "a+$u pertama
/ns#p0/ns#p "an! -#&as %u)un!ann"a d#n!an r#a&+$as 'M+sa&n"a B
M#-a, L#(ar+, Kurs+, dan keua /ns#p0/ns#p "an! &#)+% a)s$ra
dan &#)+% a)ur %u)un!ann"a d#n!an r#a&+$as '(+sa&n"a B E(/s+,
K#1#rdasan, K/(+$(#n,. S#(#n$ara +$u Prof. 4r. H. Bam"ang
Su%arno' $!. Guru B#sar 8PI Banung $#&a% &a(a (#ru(usan
p#n-a)aran0p#n-a)aran K/ns#p un$u #p#n$+n!an sua$u p#n#&+$+an
#da&a( $+!a $+n!a$an "a+$u konsep &eori' konsep empiris dan
konsep !nalitis, K/ns#p $#/r+ (#(pun"a+ $+n!a$ a)s$ars+ "an!
$+n!!+ dan (#rupaan p#n!#r$+an #s#ns+& dar+ sua$u 6#n/(#na,
/ns#p #(p+r+s (#rupaan !a()aran /ns#p "an! suda% dapa$
d+/)s#r4as+, s#(#n$ara /ns#p ana&+$+s (#rupaan /ns#p "an!
(#nun-uan apa dan )a!a+(ana /ns#p #(p+r+s $#rs#)u$ dapa$
d+#$a%u+ un$u #p#r&uan ana&+sa, s#)a!a+ 1/n$/% dapa$ d+&+%a$
da&a( $a)#& )#r+u$B
Ta2#l -.1.
P#!$a2ara! K9!s#4
No Konsep Teori Konsep Empiris Konsep Analitis
55
1. P#nd+d+an
0 Asa& S#/&a%
0 Ma$u (#n"#&#sa+an SLA
0 I-aJa% $#ra%+r "an! d+(+&++
Ga5a)an r#sp/nd#n
$#n$an! asa&
s#/&a%, 5a$u
(#n"#&#sa+an
s#/&a% dan +-aJa%
$#ra%+r "an! d+(+&++
2. Generalisasi dan "eori 3"heor#4
7eneralisasi. Ada&a% #s+(pu&an u(u( "an! d+$ar+
)#rdasaran %a&0%a& %usus '+ndus+,, !#n#ra&+sas+ (#n!!a()aran
sua$u #$#r%u)un!an )#)#rapa /ns#p dan (#rupaan %as+& "an!
suda% $#ru-+ s#1ara #(p+r+s (empirical generali.ation), 7eneralisasi
empiris aalah pernyataan suatu hu"ungan "erasarkan inuksi
an ter"entuk "erasarkan o"ser(asi tentang aanya hu"ungan
terse"ut. #)#naran sua$u !#n#ra&+sas+ d+$#n$uan /&#% auras+
/ns#p dan r#6#r#ns+ pada 6a$a06a$a. G#n#ra&+sas+ "an! d+au+
#)#narann"a pada sa$u saa$ (#(un!+nan un$u d+(/d+*as+
)+&a d+p#r/&#% 6a$a )aru a$au )u$+0)u$+ )aru, )a%an (un!+n
-u!a d+$+n!!a&an -+a &#)+% )an"a )u$+ "an! (#n!+n!ar+n"a .
G#n#ra&+sas+ )#r)#da d#n!an $#/r+ s#)a) $#/r+ (#(pun"a+
$+n!a$ #)#r&auan &#)+% un+4#rsa& dan &#)+% /(p&#s, s#%+n!!a
$#/r+ suda% dapa$ d+!unaan un$u (#n-#&asan dan )a%an
(#(pr#d+s+ #-ad+an0#-ad+an, p#rn"a$aan $#rs#)u$ (#nun-uan
)a%5a apa)+&a sua$u !#n#ra&+sas+ $#&a% )#r$a%an dar+ u-+ 4#r+*as+
(aa !#n#ra&+sas+ $#rs#)u$ dapa$ )#r#()an! (#n-ad+ $#/r+,
s#)a!a+(ana d+#(uaan /&#% 7oet. Q Le0ompte )a%5a $#/r+
ada&a% /(p/s+s+ "an! d+%as+&an dar+ p#n!#()an!an s#-u(&a%
pr/p/s+s+ a$au !#n#ra&+sas+ "an! d+an!!ap (#(+&++ #$#r%u)un!an
s#1ara s+s$#(a$+s. #erlinger da&a( Buun"a 3ounation of
Beha(ioural ,esearch (#nd#*n+s+an $#/r+ s#)a!a+ a set of
interrelate constructs (concepts)' e1nition' an proposition that
56
present a systematic (ie% of phenomena "y specifying relation
(aria"les' %ith the purpose of e)plaining an preicting the
phenomena. S#(#n$ara +$u #enneth 4. Bailey da&a( )uun"a
$ethos of Social ,esearch (#n"a$aan )a%5a $#/r+ (#rupaan
sua$u upa"a un$u (#n-#&asan !#-a&a0!#-a&a $#r$#n$u s#r$a %arus
dapa$ d+u-+, sua$u p#rn"a$aan "an! $+da dapa$ (#n-#&asan dan
(#(pr#d+s+ s#sua$u )uan&a% $#/r+, &#)+% -au% Bailey (#n"#)u$an
)a%5a /(p/n#n0/(p/n#n dasar dar+ $#/r+ ada&a% K/ns#p
'0oncept, dan 4ar+a)#& 'Oaria"le,.
T#/r+ $#rd+r+ dar+ s#u(pu&an /ns#p "an! u(u(n"a d++u$+
/&#% r#&as+ an$ar /ns#p s#%+n!!a $#r!a()ar %u)un!ann"a s#1ara
&/!+s da&a( sua$u #ran!a )#rp++r $#r$#n$u. K/ns#p pada
dasarn"a (#rupaan sua$u !a()aran (#n$a& a$au p#rs#ps+ "an!
(#n!!a()aran a$au (#nun-uan sua$u 6#n/(#na )a+ s#1ara
$un!!a& a$aupun da&a( sua$u /n$+nu(, /ns#p -u!a s#r+n!
d+ar$+an s#)a!a+ a)s$ras+ dar+ sua$u 6a$a "an! (#n-ad+ p#r%a$+an
I&(u, )a+ )#rupa #adaan, #-ad+an, +nd+4+du a$aupun #&/(p/.
U(u(n"a /ns#p $+da (un!+n9san!a$ su&+$ un$u d+/)s#r4as+
s#1ara &an!sun!, /&#% ar#na +$u un$u #p#r&uan p#n#&+$+an p#r&u
adan"a p#n-a)aran0p#n-a)aran # $+n!a$an "an! &#)+% /n!r+$
a!ar /)s#r4as+ dan p#n!uuran dapa$ d+&auan. Da&a( sua$u $#/r+,
/ns#p0/ns#p s#r+n! d+n"a$aan da&a( sua$u r#&as+ a$au %u)un!an
an$ara dua /ns#p a$au &#)+% "an! $#rsusun s#1ara &/!+s,
p#rn"a$aan "an! (#n!!a()aran %u)un!an an$ar /ns#p d+s#)u$
proposisi' d#n!an d#(++an /ns#p (#rupaan %+(punan "an!
(#()#n$u pr/p/s+s+, s#dan!an pr/p/s+s+ (#rupaan %+(punan
"an! (#()#n$u $#/r+.
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Adapun $#/r+ (#nuru$ R#d-a Mud"a%ard-/ dapa$ d+)a!+
(#nuru$ $+n!a$ann"a # da&a( $#/r+ +ndu, $#/r+ 6/r(a&, dan $#/r+
su)s$an$+6 d#n!an p#n-#&asan s#)a!a+ )#r+u$ B
a. T#/r+ +ndu dan (/d#&9parad+!(a $#/r+$+s. Ha+$u s+s$#(
p#rn"a$aan "an! sa&+n! )#r%u)un!an #ra$ dan /ns#p0
/ns#p a)s$ra "an! (#n!!a()aran, (#(pr#d+s+ a$au
(#n#ran!an s#1ara /(pr#%#ns+6 %a&0%a& "an! &uas
$#n$an! !#-a&a0!#-a&a "an! $+da dapa$ d+uur $+n!a$
#(un!+nannn"a '(+sa&n"a $#/r+0$#/r+ (ana-#(#n,. T#/r+
dapa$ d+#()an!an9d+-a)aran # da&a( (/d#&0(/d#&
$#/r+$+s "an! (#n!!a()aran s#p#ran!an asu(s+,
/ns#p a$au p#rn"a$aan "an! sa&+n! )#ra+$an #ra$ "an!
(#()#n$u s#)ua% pandan!an $#n$an! #%+dupan 'sua$u
(asa&a%,. M/d#& $#/r+$+s )+asan"a dapa$ d+n"a$aan s#1ara
4+sua& da&a( )#n$u )a!an.
". T#/r+ 6/r(a& dan $+n!a$ (#n#n!a%. Ha+$u p#rn"a$aan0
p#rn"a$aan "an! sa&+n! )#r%u)un!an, "an! d+ran1an!
un$u (#n#ran!an sua$u #&/(p/ $+n!a% &au s#1ara
s+n!a$ '(+sa&n"a $#/r+ (ana-#(#n (#nuru$ F.M. Ta"&/r,
c. T#/r+ su)s$an$+6. Ha+$u p#rn"a$aan0p#rn"a$aan a$au /ns#p0
/ns#p "an! sa&+n! )#r%u)un!an, "an! )#ra+$an d#n!an
asp#0asp# %usus $#n$an! sua$u #!+a$an '(+sa&n"a
6un!s+ p#r#n1anaan,
S#(#n$ara +$u 7oet. an Le0ompte (#()a!+ $#/r+ # da&a( #(pa$
-#n+s "a+$u B
a. Grand T%#/r" '$#/r+ )#sar,. Ha+$u s+s$#( "an! s#1ara #$a$
(#n!a+$an pr/p/s+s+0pr/p/s+s+ dan /ns#p0/ns#p "an!
a)s$ra s#%+n!!a dapa$ d+!unaan (#n!ura+an,
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(#n-#&asan dan (#(pr#d+s+ s#1ara /(pr#%#ns+6
s#-u(&a% 6#n/(#na )#sar s#1ara n/n0pr/)a)+&+$as.
). T%#/r+$+1a& (/d#& '(/d#& $#/r+$+s, "a+$u #$#r%u)un!an
"an! &/n!!ar '$+da #$a$, an$ara s#-u(&a% asu(s+, /ns#p,
dan pr/p/s+s+ "an! (#()#n$u pandan!an +&(u5an
$#n$an! dun+a.
1. F/r(a& and (+dd&#0ran!# $%#/r" '$#/r+ 6/r(a& dan $+n!a$
(#n#n!a%,. Ha+$u pr/p/s+s+ "an! )#r%u)un!an, "an!
d+#()an!an un$u (#n-#&asan )#)#rapa #&/(p/
$+n!a% &au (anus+a "an! a)s$ra.
d. Su)s$an$+4# $%#/r" '$#/r+ su)s$an$+6,. Ada&a% $#/r+ "an!
pa&+n! r#nda% $+n!a$an a)s$ras+ dan san!a$ $#r)a$as
da&a( #u(u(an !#n#ra&+sas+n"a 'Ha(+d Hasan. 1<<A,
T#/r+ pada dasarn"a (#rupaan a&a$ )a!+ +&(u 'tool of science,, dan
)#rp#ran da&a% %a&0%a& )#r+u$ 'M/%. NaJ+r. 1<:?, B
T#/r+ (#nd#*n+s+an /r+#n$as+ u$a(a +&(u d#n!an 1ara
(#()#r+an d#*n+s+ $#r%adap -#n+s0-#n+s da$a "an! aan
d+)ua$ a)s$ras+n"a
T#/r+ (#()#r+an r#n1ana /ns#p$ua&, d#n!an r#n1ana
(ana6#n/(#na06#n/(#na "an! r#&#4an d+s+s$#(a$+san,
d+&as+*as+an dan d+%u)un!0%u)un!an
T#/r+ (#()#r+ r+n!asan $#r%adap 6a$a da&a( )#n$u
!#n#ra&+sas+ #(p+r+s dan s+s$#( !#n#ra&+sas+
T#/r+ (#()#r+an pr#d+s+ $#r%adap 6a$a
T#/r+ (#(p#r-#&as 1#&a%01#&a% da&a( p#n!#$a%uan +$a
5. Proposisi dan asumsi
Proposisi. K/ns$rus+ s#)ua% $#/r+ $#r)#n$u dar+ pr/p/s+s+,
dan pr/p/s+s+ (#rupaan sua$u p#rn"a$aan (#n!#na+ sa$u a$au
&#)+% /ns#p94ar+a)#&, pr/p/s+s+ "an! (#n"a$aan 4ar+a)#& $un!!a&
59
d+s#)u$ pr/p/s+s+ un+4ar+a$#, )+&a (#n!%u)un!an dua 4ar+a)#&
d+s#)u$ pr/p/s+s+ (u&$+4ar+a$ s#dan! )+&a pr/p/s+s+ +$u
(#n!%u)un!an &#)+% dar+ dua 4ar+a)#& d+s#)u$ pr/p/s+s+
(u&$+4ar+a$. Adapun -#n+s0-#n+s pr/p/s+s+ 'su) $+p# pr/p/s+s+, ada&a% B
a. H+p/$#s+s. Ha+$u pr/p/s+s+ "an! d+n"a$aan un$u d+&auan
p#n!u-+an, (#nuru$ a(us M#)s$#r8s '1<A:, H"p/$%#s+s
ada&a% a tentati(e assumption mae in orer to ra% out
an testits logical or empirical consequences' sementara
itu Bailey (#nd#*n+s+an %+p/$#s+s s#)a!a+ a tentati(e
e)planation for %hich the e(ience necessary for testing'
d#n!an d#(++an %+p/$#s+s dapa$ d+pa%a(+ s#)a!a+
an!!apa a$au p#n-#&asan s#(#n$ara "an! (as+%
(#(#r&uan p#n!u-+an d+ &apan!an' -ad+ -+a +$a
)#rp#ndapa$ )a%5a $#rdapa$ %u)un!an an$ara
/ns#p94ar+a)#& R d#n!an 4ar+a)#& H, (aa p#r$a(a
d+n"a$aan s#)a!a+ %+p/$#s+s un$u #(ud+an (#n!u-+
%+p/$#s+s $#rs#)u$ d+ &apan!an 'da&a( p#n#&+$+an,, apaa%
6a$a &apan!an (#n#r+(a a$au (#n/&an"a. Adapun dasar
%+p/$#s+s dapa$ d+p#r/&#% dar+ )#r)a!a+ su()#r (+sa&n"a
dar+ p#n!a(a$an s#%ar+0%ar+, dar+ %as+& p#n#&+$+an "an!
suda% ada, dar+ ana&+s+s da$a &apan!an, a$au dar+ $#/r+.
). G#n#ra&+sas+ #(p+r+s. P#rn"a$aan %u)un!an "an! d+
dasaran pada %as+& p#n#&+$+an &apan!an '+ndus+,.
G#n#ra&+sas+ (#rupaan #u(u(an s+6a$ a$au p/&a "an!
d+s+(pu&an dar+ p#n#&+$+an a$as 6a$a06a$a "an! $#rdapa$
d+ &apan!an.
1. As+/(a. Pr/p/s+s+ "an! #)#narann"a (#n!a1u pada
pr/p/s+s+0pr/p/s+s+ &a+nn"a, as+/(a $#radan! d+s#)u$
$#/r+ d#du$+6, d#n!an /n/$as+ (a$#(a$+s dan pr/p/s+s+
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-#n+s +n+ )+asan"a (#(pun"a+ $+n!a$ a)s$ras+ "an! $+n!!+,
sandaran as+/(a ada&a% ras+/na& &/!+s )#rdasaran
%uu( )#r*+r "an! )#nar
d. P/s$u&a$. Pr/p/s+s+ "an! pun"a (ana %a(p+r sa(a
d#n!an as+/(a na(un #)#naran p#rn"a$aann"a $#&a%
$#ru-+ s#1ara #(p+r+s.
#. T#/r#(a. Pr/p/s+s+ "an! d+dasaran pada s#ran!a+an
as+/(a a$au p/s$u&a$
adapun ara$#r+s$+ dar+ pr/p/s+s+ $#rs#)u$ d+ a$as %u)un!ann"a
d#n!an p#r/&#%an dan #(un!+nan p#n!u-+ann"a dapa$ d+&+%a$ dar+
$a)#& )#r+u$ B
Ta2#l -.2.
Ti4# 4r949sisi, 4#r9l#,a! da! 4#!*%$ia!!=a
.ama proposisi Perolehan
Pengu&ian
langsung
H"p/$%#s+s
D#dus+ a$au
)#rdasaran da$a
B+sa
G#n#ra&+sas+ #(p+r+s B#rdasaran da$a B+sa
As+/(a B#nar ar#na d#*n+s+ T+da
P/s$u&a$ D+an!!ap )#nar T+da
T#/r#(a D#dus+ dar+ as+/(a
a$au p/s$u&a$
B+sa
4iaaptasi ari #enneth 4. Bailey (:DA>)
!sumsi )+asan"a d+padanan d#n!an +s$+&a% an!!apan dasar,
(#nuru$ K/(arudd+n '1<:: B 22,, )a%5a B 2Asu(s+ ada&a% s#sua$u
"an! d+an!!ap $+da )#rp#n!aru% a$au d+an!!ap /ns$an. Asu(s+
dapa$ )#r%u)un!an d#n!an s"ara$0s"ara$, /nd+s+0/nd+s+ dan
$u-uan. Asu(s+ (#()#r+an %a#a$, )#n$u dan ara% ar!u(#n$as+.
Dan asu(s+ )#r(asud (#()a$as+ (asa&a%.3 da&a( s#$+ap
-ud!(#n$ dan a$au #s+(pu&an da&a( )+dan! +&(u d+ da&a(n"a
$#rs+ra$ sua$u an!!apan dasar $#r$#n$u "an! (#n/pan! #ua$an
#s+(pu&an9-ud!(#n $#r$#n$u.
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Da&a( +&(u #/n/(+ d+#na& +s$+&a% 0eteris Pari"us ar$+n"a
#adaan &a+n d+an!!ap $#$ap, +n+ (#rupaan asu(s+ "an! dapa$
(#(p#rua$ sua$u #s+(pu&an a$au $#/r+, (+sa&n"a %uu(
p#r(+n$aan (#n"a$aan )a%5a )+&a p#r(+n$aan na+ (aa %ar!a
aan na+, %uu( +n+ -#&as $+da aan )#r&au )+&a (+sa&n"a
p#na5aran na+, un$u +$u 6a$/r p#na5aran na+ d+an!!ap $+da
ada a$au $+da )#rp#n!aru% $#r%adap %ar!a '1#$#r+s par+)us,, +n+
)#rar$+ )a%5a asu(s+ )+sa d+pandan! s#)a!a+ s"ara$ )#r&aun"a
sua$u #s+(pu&an 'a$au /nd+s+ $#r$#n$u, D#n!an d#(++an asu(s+
(#rupaan %a& "an! san!a$ p#n$+n! un$u d+pa%a(+, (#n!+n!a$
$+da s$+ap p#rn"a$aan9#s+(pu&an +&(+a% (#n"a$aan d#n!an
-#&as9#sp&+s+$ asu(s+n"a, (#s+pun s#)a+n"a da&a( p#nu&+san
ar"a +&(+a% s#p#r$+ sr+ps+ d+n"a$aan s#1ara #sp&+s+$.
6. %defnisi7batasan
I&(u %arus )#nar0)#nar )#r1+r+an #+&(+a%an, d+a p#r&u $#rus
(#&auan p#n!a-+an, (#n!u(pu&an /ns#p0/ns#p dan %uu(0
%uu(9pr+ns+p0pr+ns+p u(u(, $+da (#(+%a da&a(
(#n!#()an!an ruan! &+n!up p#n!#$a%uan. D+ da&a(n"a
d+#()an!an r#&as+ an$ar /ns#p94ar+a)#&, (#n#&+$+ 6a$a06a$a
un$u #(ud+an d+#()an!an !#n#ra&+sas+ dan $#/r+0$#/r+ s#r$a
p#r&u d+&auan upa"a 4#r+*as+ un$u (#n!u-+ 4a&+d+$as $#/r+9+&(u
d#n!an (#n!!unaan (#$/d#0(#$/d# $#r$#n$u s#sua+ d#n!an ara%
a-+ann"a, dan un$u (#n!%+ndar+ )#r)a!a+ p#ndapa$ "an! )+sa
(#n!a)uran a$as sua$u a$+4+$as +&(+a%, (aa /ns#p0
/ns#p94ar+a)#&04ar+a)#& p#r&u d+)#r+an p#()a$asan a$au d#*n+s+
s#)a!a+ /r+d/r un$u (#n1apa+ p#(a%a(an "an! $#pa$.
Is+ dar+ sua$u /ns#p )aru -#&as apa)+&a /ns#p $#rs#)u$
d+d#*n+s+an, d+sa(p+n! (#n!%+ndar+ sa&a% p#(a%a(an (#n!+n!a$
sua$u /ns#p $#radan! (#(pun"a+ )an"a (ana dan p#n!#r$+an.
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D#*n+s+ ada&a% p#rn"a$aan $#n$an! (ana a$au ar$+ "an!
$#randun! da&a( s#)ua% +s$+&a% a$au /ns#p. Da&a( s#$+ap ar"a
+&(+a% (#n#n$uan d#*n+s+ (#n-ad+ %a& "an! san!a$ p#n$+n!.
Apa)+&a d+$+n-au dar+ sudu$ )#n$u p#rn"a$aann"a (#nuru$ ,e*a
$uyahar*o'2>>1, d#*n+s+ dapa$ d+)#daan da&a( dua (a1a(
"a+$u B
1. D#*n+s+ /n/$a$+6. Ha+$u d#*n+s+ "an! (#n"a$aan s#1ara
-#&as9#sp&+s+$ $#n$an! +s+ "an! $#randun! da&a(
+s$+&a%9/ns#p "an! d+d#*n+s+an. D#*n+s+ /n/$a$+6 dapa$
d+)#daan # da&a( dua #&/(p/ "a+$u d#*n+s+
&#s+an9d#*n+s+ (#nuru$ a(us, dan d#*n+s+ s$+pu$a$+6
"a+$u d#*n+s+ "an! (#n"#)u$an s"ara$0s"ara$ "an!
(#n-ad+ (ana /ns#p $#rs#)u$, a$au #$#n$uan dar+ sua$u
p+%a (#n!#na+ ar$+ apa "an! %#ndan"a d+)#r+an. Da&a(
d#*n+s+ s$+pu&a$+6 $#rdapa$ )#)#rapa -#n+s d#*n+s+ "a+$u 1,
d#*n+s+ n/(+nan a$au d#*n+s+ 4#r)a& "a+$u d#*n+s+ "an!
(#(p#r#na&an +s$+&a%0+s$+&a% )aru da&a( (#n"a$aan
/ns#p "an! d+d#*n+s+anK 2, d#*n+s+ d#sr+p$+6 "a+$u
d#*n+s+ "an! (#n!!a()aran &#)+% &an-u$ dan r+n1+ dar+
d#*n+s+ &#s+a&K 3, d#*n+s+ /p#ras+/na&9d#*n+s+ #r-a "a+$u
d#*n+s+ "an! (#n!!a()aran pr/s#s #r-a a$au #!+a$an
"an! sp#s+* dan r+n1+ "an! d+p#r&uan un$u (#n1ap/pa+
$u-uan "an! (#n-ad+ (ana /ns#p "an! d+d#*n+s+anK
d#*n+s+ $#/r+$+s "a+$u d#*n+s+ "an! (#n"a$aan s#1ara
$#rsura$ ara$#r+s$+ "an! $#pa$ $#n$an! sus$u +s$+&a% a$au
/ns#p.
2. d#*n+s+ d#n/$a$+6. Ha+$u d#*n+s+ "an! (#n"a$aan s#1ara
$#rsura$ &uas p#n!#r$+an dar+ +s$+&a%9/ns#p "an!
d+d#*n+s+an, &uas p#n!#r$+an ada&a% %a&0%a& "an!
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(#rupaan )a!+an #&as dar+ /ns#p "an! d+d#*n+s+an.
.ara un$u (#nd#*n+s+an /ns#p s#1ara d#n/$a$+6 ada&a%
d#n!an -a&an (#n"#)u$an #s#&uru%an )a!+an a$au
sa&a%sa$u )a!+an "an! $#r(asu da&a( #&as dar+ /ns#p
"an! d+d#*n+s+an.
S#(#n$ara +$u (#nuru$ Has"ulah Bakry, $#rdapa$ &+(a (a1a(
d#*n+s+ "a+$u B
1. F)s$#ns+4# d#*n+$+/n, "a+$u d#*n+s+ "an! (#n#ran!an
s#sua$u s#1ara d#(+ns$ra$+6, (+sa&n"a Kurs+ ada&% +n+ 'a$au
+$u, sa()+& (#nun-u pada urs+n"a, /&#% ar#na d#(++an
(aa d#*n+s+ (a1a( +n+ s#r+n! -u!a d+s#)u$ d#(/ns$ra$+4#
d#*n+$+/n.
2. )+4#r)a& d#*n+$+/n. Ha+$u d#*n+s+ "an! (#n-#&asan s#sua$u
d#n!an (#()#r+an s+n/n+( n"a, (+sa&n"a sap+ ada&a%
&#()u.
3. #I$#ns+4# d#*n+$+/n, "a+$u d#*n+s+ "an! (#n#ran!an
s#sua$u d#n!an (#()#r+an 1/n$/%01/n$/%n"a, (+sa&n"a
+an ada&a% %#5an "an! %+dup da&a( a+r s#p#r$+ (u-a+r,
n+&a, !ura(#, dan s#)a!a+n"a.
4. ana&"$+1 d#*n+$+/n. Ha+$u d#*n+s+ "an! (#n#ran!an
s#sua$u d#n!an (#n!ura+an )a!+an0)a!+ann"a, (+sa&n"a
n#!ara ada&a% sua$u 5+&a"a% "an! pun"a p#(#r+n$a%an,
ra"a$ dan )a$as0)a$as da#ra%n"a.
?. d#s1r+p$+4# d#*n+$+/n, "a+$u d#*n+s+ "an! (#n#ran!an
s#sua$u d#n!an (#&u+san s+6a$0s+6a$n"a "an! (#n1/&/,
(+saa&n"a Ga-a% ada&a% )+na$an! "an! $u)u%n"a )#sar
s#p#r$+ !#r)/n!, a+n"a )#sar s#p#r$+ p/%/n n"+ur.
8. Paradigma
64
M#nuru$ M#)s$#r8s D+1$+/nar", parad+!(a ada&a%, p/&a,
1/n$/% a$au (/d#&, s#)a!a+ +s$+&a% da&a( )+dan! +&(u 's/s+a&,
parad+!(a ada&a% p#rsp#$+6 a$au #ran!a a1uan un$u
(#(andan! dun+a, "an! $#rd+r+ dar+ s#ran!a+an /ns#p dan
asu(s+. S#)#narn"a /ns#p parad+!(a )uan %a& "an! )aru,
na(un s#(a+n (#ndapa$ p#n#anan s#-a $#r)+$n"a )uu ar"a
&homas #uhn '1<A2, "an! )#r-udu& &he structure of scienti1c
re(olution' imana #uhn seniri (#nd#*n+s+an parad+!(a an$ara
&a+n s#)a!a+ #s#&uru%an /ns$#&as+ dar+pada #p#r1a"aan, n+&a+,
$#n/&/!+ dan s#)a!a+n"a "an! d+(+&++ )#rsa(a /&#% an!!/$a0
an!!/$a dar+ sua$u #&/(p/ $#r$#n$u. D#*n+s+ Ku%n +n+ )an"a
d+r+$+ ar#na d+an!!ap $+da -#&as, na(un pada #d+s+ #dua dar+
)uun"a #uhn (#()#r+an d#*n+s+ "an! &#)+% sp#s+* "an!
(#(p#rsa(aan parad+!(a d#n!an 1/n$/% '#I#(p&ars,. Kar"a
Ku%n da&a( p#r#()an!ann"a $#&a% (#()an!+$an d+sus+ d+
a&an!an para a%&+ (#n!#na+ parad+!(a da&a( %u)un!ann"a
d#n!an p#r#()an!an +&(u p#n!#$a%uan.
7eorge ,itter (#n"a$aan )a%5a parad+!(a (#rupaan 1+$ra
dasar )+dan! a-+an d+ da&a( sua$u +&(u 'funamental image of the
su"*ect matter %ithina science)' &#)+% &an-u$ d+a (#n!a$aan
)a%5a$#rdapa$ #(pa$ /(p/n#n p// "an! (#()#n$u sua$u
parad+!(a "a+$u B 0ontoh suatu penelitian alam "iang ka*ian'
Suatu citra tentang "iang ka*ian' &eori' serta $etoe an alat
penelitian. S#(#n$ara +$u Ba+&#" (#nd#*n+s+an parad+!(a s#)a!a+
-#nd#&a (#n$a& s#s#/ran! un$u (#&+%a$ dun+a.
D#n!an dasar p#n!#r$+an d+ a$as, (aa sua$u (asa&a% "an!
sa(a aan (#n!%as+&an ana&+s+s dan #s+(pu&an "#n! )#r)#da )+&a
parad+!(a "an! d+!unaan )#r)#da, s#)a!a+ 1/n$/% (asa&a%
K#(+s+na '&#daan p#ndudu,, (#nuru$ Ma&$%us %a& +$u $#r-ad+
65
ar#na p#ndudu )#r$a()a% (#nuru$ d#r#$ uur s#dan!an )a%an
(aanan )#r$a()a% (#nuru$ d#r#$ %+$un!, dan un$u
(#n!a$as+n"a p#r&u d+&auan p/pu&a$+/n 1/n$r/&K s#(#n$ara
(#nuru$ MarI, %a& +$u $#r-ad+ ar#na ap+$a&+s(# "an!
(#n!#sp&/$as+ (anus+a, dan un$u (#n!a$as+n"a ada&a% d#n!an
p#()#n$uan (as"araa$ s/s+a&+s. T#r-ad+n"a p#r)#daan $#rs#)u$
$+da &a+n ar#na p#r)#daan parad+!(a an$ara $althus d#n!an
$ar)
E. 1&JEK ILMU
S#$+ap +&(u (#(pun"a+ /)-#n"a s#nd+r+0s#nd+r+, /)-# +&(u
+$u s#nd+r+ aan (#n#n$uan $#n$an! #&/(p/ dan 1ara )a!a+(ana
+&(u +$u )##r-a da&a( (#(a+nan p#rann"a (#&+%a$ r#a&+$as.
S#1ara u(u( /)-# +&(u ada&a% a&a( dan (anus+a, na(un ar#na
a&a( +$u s#nd+r+ $#rd+r+ dar+ )#r)a!a+ /(p/n#n, dan (anus+apun
(#(pun"a+ #&uasan dan #da&a( "an! )#r)#da0)#da, (aa
(#n!&as+*as+an /)-# a(a$ d+p#r&uan. T#rdapa$ dua (a1a(
/)-# dar+ +&(u "a+$u /)-# (a$#r+a& dan /)-# 6/r(a&.
6"*ek material ada&a% s#&uru% )+dan! a$au )a%an "an!
d+-ad+an $#&aa%an +&(u, s#dan!an o"*ek formal ada&a% /)-# "an!
)#ra+$an d#n!an )a!a+(ana /)-# (a$#r+a& +$u d+$#&aa% /&#% sua$u
+&(u, p#r)#daan /)-# s#$+ap +&(u +$u&a% "an! (#()#daan +&(u
sa$u d#n!an &a+nn"a $#ru$a(a /)-# 6/r(a&n"a. M+sa&n"a +&(u
#/n/(+ dan s/s+/&/!+ (#(pun"a+ /)-# (a$#r+a& "an! sa(a "a+$u
(anus+a, na(un /)-# 6/r(a&n"a -#&as )#r)#da, #/n/(+ (#&+%a$
(anus+a da&a( a+$ann"a d#n!an upa"a (#(#nu%+ #)u$u%an
%+dupn"a, s#dan!an s/s+/&/!+ da&a( a+$ann"a d#n!an %u)un!an
an$ar (anus+a.
F. PEM&AGIAN;PENGEL1MP1KAN ILMU
66
S#(a+n &a(a p#n!#$a%uan (anus+a s#(a+n )#r#()an!,
d#(++an -u!a p#(++ran (anus+a s#(a+n $#rs#)ar da&a( )#r)a!a+
)+dan! #%+dupan, %a& +n+ $#&a% (#nd/r/n! para a%&+ un$u
(#n!&as+*as+an +&(u # da&a( )#)#rapa #&/(p/ d#n!an sudu$
pandan!n"a s#nd+r+0s#nd+r+, na(un s#ara u(u( p#()a!+an +&(u
&#)+% (#n!a1u pada /)"# 6/r(a& dar+ +&(u +$u s#nd+r+, s#dan!an
-#n+s0-#n+s d+ da&a( sua$u #&/(p/ (#n!a1u pada /)"#
6/r(a&n"a. Pada $a%ap a5a& p#r#()an!ann"a +&(u $#rd+r+ dar+ dua
)a!+an "a+$u B
1. $r+4+u( "an! $#rd+r+ dar+ B
a. !ra(a$+a, $a$a )a%asa a!ar /ran! )#r)+1ara )#nar
). d+a&#$+a, a!ar /ran! )#r*+r &/!+s
1. r#$/r+a, a!ar /ran! )#r)+1ara +nda%
2. Duadr+4+u( "an! $#rd+r+ dar+ B
a. ar+$(#$+a, +&(u %+$un!
). !#/(#$r+a, +&(u uur
1. (us+a, +&(u (us+
d. as$r/n/(+s, +&(u p#r)+n$an!an
pem"agian terse"ut i atas paa asarnya sesuai engan "iang;
"iang ilmu yang men*ai telaahan utama paa masanya' sehingga
ketika pengetahuan manusia "erkem"angan an lahir ilmu;ilmu
"aru maka pem"agian ilmupun turut "eru"ah' sementara itu
$ohamma Hatta (#()a!+ +&(u p#n!#$a%uan # da&a( B
a. +&(u a&a( '$#r)a!+ da&a( $#/r+$+a dan pra$+a,
). +&(u s/s+a& '-u!a $#r)a!+ da&a( $#/r+$+a dan pra$+a,
1. +&(u u&$ur '#)uda"aan,
s#(#n$ara +$u Stuart 0hase (#()a!+ +&(u p#n!#$a%uan s#)a!a+
)#r+u$ B
1. +&(u0+&(u p#n!#$a%uan a&a( 'na$ura& s1+#n1#s,
67
a. )+/&/!+
). an$r/p/&/!+ *s+
1. +&(u #d/$#ran
d. +&(u 6ar(as+
#. +&(u p#r$an+an
6. +&(u pas$+
!. +&(u a&a(
%. !#/&/!+
+. dan &a+n s#)a!a+n"a
2. I&(u0+&(u #(as"araa$an
a. I&(u %uu(
). I&(u #/n/(+
1. I&(u -+5a s/s+a&
d. I&(u )u(+ s/s+a&
#. S/s+/&/!+
6. An$r/p/&/!+ )uda"a an s/s+a&
!. I&(u s#-ara%
%. I&(u p/&+$+
+. I&(u p#nd+d+an
-. Pu)&+s+s$+ dan -urna&+s$+
. Dan &a+n s#)a!a+n"a
3. Hu(an+/ra
a. I&(u a!a(a
). I&(u *&sa6a$
1. I&(u )a%asa
d. I&(u s#n+
#. I&(u -+5a
6. Dan &a+n s#)a!a+n"a
68
da&a( p#()a!+an +&(u s#)a!a+(ana d+#(uaan d+ a$as' Enang
Saifuin !nshori (#n"a$aan )a%5a %a& +$u %#ndan"a -an!an
d+an!!ap $#!as d#(++an9(u$&a, s#)a) (un!+n sa-a ada +&(u "a!
(asu sa$u #&/(p/ na(un $#$ap )#rs#n$u%an d#n!an +&(u da&a(
#&/(p/ &a+nn"a.
!.$. !mpere )#rp#ndapa$ )a%5a p#()a!+an +&(u
p#n!#$a%uan s#)a+n"a d+dasaran pada /)-#n"a a$au sasaran
p#rs/a&ann"a, d+a (#()a!+ +&(u # da&a( dua #&/(p/ "a+$u B
1. +&(u "an! 1/s(/&/!+s, "a+$u +&(u "an! /)-# (a$#r+&n"a
)#rs+6a$ -asad+, (+sa&n"a *s+a, +(+a dan +&(u %a"a$.
2. +&(u "an! n//&/!+s, "a+$u +&(u "an! /)-# (a$#r+&n"a
)#rs+6a$ r/%an+a% s#p#r$+ +&(u -+5a.
Au!us$ ./($# (#()a!+ +&(u a$as dasar /(p&#s+$as /)-#
(a$#r+&n"a "an! $#rd+r+ dar+ B
1. +&(u pas$+
2. +&(u )+na$an!
3. +&(u a&a(
4. +&(u +(+a
?. +&(u %a"a$
A. s/s+/&/!+
Her"ert Spencer, (#()a!+ +&(u a$as dasar )#n$u
p#(++rann"a9/)-# 6/r(a&, a$au $u-uan "an! %#nda d+1apa+, d+a
(#()a!+ +&(u # da&a( dua #&/(p/ "a+$u B
1. +&(u (urn+ 'pur# s1+#n1#,. I&(u (urn+ ada&a( +&(u "an!
(asud p#n!a-+ann"a %an"a s#(a$a0(a$a (#(p#r/&#%
pr+ns+0pr+ns+p u(u( a$au $#/r+ )aru $anpa (#(p#r%a$+an
da(pa pra$+s dar+ +&(u +$u s#nd+r+, d#n!an a$a &a+n +&(u
un$u +&(u +$u s#nd+r+.
69
2. +&(u $#rapan 'app&+#d s1+#n1#,, +&(u "an! d+(asudan
un$u d+$#rapan da&a( #%+dupan para$+s d+ (as"araa$.
P#()a!+an +&(u s#)a!a+(ana d+#(uaan d+ a$as (#s$+
d+pandan! s#)a!a+ #ran!a dasar p#(a%a(an, %a& +n+ $+da &a+n
ar#na p#n!#$a%uan (anus+a $#rus )#r#()an! s#%+n!!a
(#(un!+nan $u()u%n"a +&(u0+&(u )aru, s#%+n!!a
p#n!#&/(p/an +&(u pun aan $#rus )#r$a()a% s#+r+n! d#n!an
p#r#()an!an $#rs#)u$, "an! -#&as )+&a d+&+%a$ dar+ /)-# (a$#r+&n"a
+&(u dapa$ d+#&/(p/an # da&a( dua #&/(p/ sa-a, "a+$u +&(u
"an! (#n!a-+9(#n#&aa% a&a( dan +&(u "an! (#n#&aa% (anus+a,
d#(#n$ara 4ar+as+ p#na(aann"a $#r!an$un! pada /)-# 6/r(a& dar+
+&(u +$u s#nd+r+.
G. PENJELASAN ILMIAH 6SCI,."IFIC ,9P:A.A"I0.7
S#sua+ d#n!an 6un!s+n"a un$u (#()#r+an p#n-#&asan
$#n$an! )#r)a!a+ !#-a&a, )a+ +$u !#-a&a a&a( (aupun !#-a&a s/s+a&,
(aa +&(u (#(pun"a+ p#ranan p#n$+n! da&a( (#()#r+an
p#(a%a(an $#n$an! )#r)a!a+ !#-a&a $#rs#)u$. S#(ua /ran! pun"a
#1#nd#run!an un$u (#n1/)a (#n-#&asan s#sua$u !#-a&a, na(un
$+da s#(ua p#n-#&asan $#rs#)u$ (#rupaan p#n-#&asan +&(+a%
's1+#n$+*1 #Ip&ana$+/n,, (#n!+n!a$ p#n-#&asan +&(+a% 'p#n-#&asan
"an! (#n!a1u pada +&(u,
P#n-#&asan +&(+a% ada&a% ada&a% p#rn"a$aan0p#rn"a$aan
(#n!#na+ (as+n!0(as+n! ara$#r+s$+ s#sua$u s#r$a %u)un!an0
%u)un!an "an! $#rdapa$ d+an$ara ara$#r+s$+ $#rs#)u$, "an!
d+p#r/&#% (#&a&u+ 1ara s+s$#(a$+s, &/!+s, dapa$ d+p#r$an!!un!
-a5a)an, s#r$a $#r)ua9dapa$ d+u-+ #)#narann"a. D#n!an
d#(++an p#n-#&asan +&(+a% (#rupaan p#n-#&asan "an! (#ru-u
pada sua$u #ran!a +&(u, )a+ +$u $#/r+ (aupun 6a$a "an! suda%
70
(#n!a&a(+ pr/s#s +ndus+. T#rdapa$ )#)#rapa -#n+s p#n-#&asan
+&(+a% "a+$u B
1. !#n#$+1 #Ip&ana$+/n. Ha+$u p#n-#&asan $#n$an! s#sua$u
!#-a&a d#n!an 1ara (#&a1a s#sua$u $#rs#)u$ dar+ a5a&n"a
a$au asa&n"a.
2. +n$#n$+/na& #Ip&ana$+/n. Ha+$u p#n-#&asan $#n$an! s#sua$u
!#-a&a d#n!an (#&+%a$ %a&0%a& "an! (#ndasar+n"a a$au
"an! (#n-ad+ $u-uann"a.
3. d+sp/s+$+/na& #Ip&ana$+/n. Ha+$u p#n-#&asan $#n$an! sua$u
!#-a&a d#n!an (#&+%a$ ara$#r+s$+ a$au s+6a$ dar+ !#-a&a
$#rs#)u$.
4. r#as/n+n! #Ip&ana$+/n '#Ip&ana$+/n $%r/u!% r#as/n,. Ha+$u
p#n-a&asan "an! d+%u)un!an d#n!an a&asan (#n!apa
s#sua$u +$u $#r-ad+ a$au s#sua$u +$u d+&auan.
?. 6un1$+/na& #Ip&ana$+/n. Ha+$u p#n-#&asan d#n!an (#&+%a$
sua$u !#-a&a da&a( /n$#s #s#&uru%an dar+ sua$u s+s$#(
a$au !#-a&a "an! &#)+% &uas
A. #Ip&ana$+/n $%r/u!% #(p+r+1a& !#n#ra&+Ja$+/n. Ha+$u
p#n-#&asan "an! d+)ua$ d#n!an 1ara (#n"+(pu&an
%u)un!an an$ara s#-u(&a% !#-a&a.
=. #Ip&ana$+/n $%r/u!% 6/r(a& $%#/r". Ha+$u p#n-#&asan "an!
(#n#anan pada adan"a a$uran , %uu( a$au pr+ns+p
"an! u(u(n"a $#r)#n$u (#(a&u+ d#dus+.
Da&a( (#()#r+an sua$u p#n-#&asan s#s#/ran! )+sa sa-a
(#n!!unaan )#r)a!a+ -#n+s p#n-#&asan un$u (a+n (#(p#rua$
71
ar!u(#n$as+n"a, dan %a& +n+ $#r!an$un! pada !#-a&a a$au (asa&a%
"an! +n!+n d+-#&asann"a.
H. SIKAP ILMIAH
S+ap +&(+a% (#rupaan s+ap "an! %arus d+(+&++ /&#%
+&(u5an, a$au para p#n1ar+ +&(u. M#nuru$ Hars/"/, s+ap +&(+a%
(#n1aup %a&0%a& s#)a!a+ )#r+u$ B
1. s+ap /)-#$+6 '/)-#$+4+$as,
2. s+ap s#r)a r#&a$+6
3. s+ap s#p$+s
4. #sa)aran +n$#$#&#$ua&
?. #s#d#r%anaan
A. s+ap $a (#(+%a pada #$+
s#(#n$ara +$uT+n+ Gan$+n+ da&a( )uun"a M#$/d/&/!+ R+s#$
(#n"#)u$an d#&apan 1+r+ dar+ s+ap +&(+a% "a+$u B
1. (#(pun"a+ d/r/n!an +n!+n $a%u, "an! (#nd/r/n!
#!#&+sa%an un$u (#n#&+$+ 6a$a06a$a )aru
2. $+da )#ra$ s#)#&a% dan )#rpandan!an &uas $#r%adap
#)#naran
3. ada #s#sua+an an$ara apa "an! d+/)s#r4as+ d#n!an
&ap/rann"a
4. #ras %a$+ dan ra-+n da&a( (#n1ar+ #)#naran
?. (#(pun"a+ s+6a$ ra!u, s#%+n!!a $#rus (#nd/r/n! upa"a
p#n1ar+an #)#naran9$+da p#s+(+s
A. r#nda% %a$+ dan $/&#ran $#r%adap %a& "an! d+#$a%u+ dan
"an! $+da d+#$a%u+
=. uran! (#(pun"a+ #$au$an
:. p++ran $#r)ua $#r%adap #)#naran0#)#naran )aru.
72
Dar+ p#ndapa$ d+ a$as dapa$ d+$ar+ )#)#rapa p// "an! (#n-ad+
1+r+ s+ap +&(+a% "a+$u B /)-#$+6, $#r)ua, ra-+n, sa)ar, $+da
s/()/n!, dan $+da (#(u$&aan sua$u #)#naran +&(+a%. In+ )#rar$+
)a%5a +&(u5an dan para p#n1ar+ +&(u p#r&u $#rus (#(upu s+ap
$#rs#)u$ da&a( )#r%adapan d#n!an +&(u, ar#na s#&a&u $#r-ad+
#(un!+nan )a%5a apa "an! suda% d+an!!ap )#nar %ar+ +n+
s#p#r$+ sua$u $#/r+, (un!+n sa-a pada sua$u 5a$u aan d+!an$+an
/&#% $#/r+ &a+n "an! (#(pun"a+ a$au (#nun-uan #)#naran )aru.
:. *elaskan secara rinci apa yang emaksu engan ilmuH
>. *elaskan pengertian ilmu ilihat ari ruang lingkupnya H
@. *elaskan apa yang imaksu engan Ilmu se"agai
akumulasi pengetahuan yang tersistematisir an
terorganisirH
=. *elaskan an "erikan contoh;contohnya "erkaitan engan
ciri;ciri ilmuH
E. 2elaskan apa yang imaksu engan fungsi ilmu untuk
mempreiksiH
C. *elaskan per"eaan antara fakta' konsep' generalisasi an
teoriH
?. *elaskan hu"ungan antara fakta engan teori' an "uat
gam"arnya H
A. *elaskan kenapa suatu konsep atau (aria"el perlu
ie1nisikanH
D. *elaskan apa yang imaksu engan asumsi an apa
perlunya alam suatu akti(itas ilmiah
73
:B. 2elaskan apa yang imaksu engan o"*ek material an
o"*ek formal ilmu
::. *elaskan apa yang imaksu engan pen*elasan ilmiah
serta se"utkan macam;macamnya "eserta contoh;
contohnya
:>. *elaskan masing;masing ciri sikap ilmiahH' serta *elaskan
sikap apa yang paling penting untuk imiliki oleh
seseorang yang seang menuntut ilmuH
& A & 4
F I L S A F A T I L M U
M#$/d#0(#$/d# dan p#n#(uan0p#n#(uan sa+ns (/d#rn $#&a% (#nd/(+nas+ dun+a, dan
*&sa6a$ %an"a d+an!!ap s#)a!a+ p#&a"an sa+ns. K#sus#san dan #(a-uan +&(+a% $#&a%
d+$#r+(a s#)a!a+ #)#naran, S /ns#ps+ dun+a +&(+a% (#nd+$# apa "an! )/&#% d+$#r+(a
s#1ara *&/s/*s, ar#na *&sa6a$ d+$urunan (#n-ad+ p#ran s#und#r, $u!as -us$+*as+ sa+ns
$+da &a!+ d+an!!ap #s#ns+a&. Sa+n (#n#n$uan apa "an! d+(asud d#n!an #)#naran, dan
$+da ada ruan! un$u (#(p#r$an"aan apaa% sa+n sa$u0sa$un"a #)anaran a$au %an"a
s#)ua% -a&an (#nu-u #)#naran.'R. Tri**, dala" Ra+i9!ali+= a!d S0i#!0#,
G. 1RIENTASI FILSAFAT ILMU
S#$#&a% (#n!#na& p#n!#r$+an dan (ana apa +$u *&sa6a$ dan
apa +$+ +&(u, (aa p#(a%a(an (#n!#na+ *&sa6a$ +&(u $+da aan
$#r&a&u (#n!a&a(+ #su&+$an. Ha& +n+ $+da )#rar$+ )a%5a da&a(
(#(ana+ *&sa6a$ +&(u $+n!!a& (#n!!a)un!an #dua p#n!#r$+an
$#rs#)u$, s#)a) s#)a!a+ sua$u +s$+&a%, *&sa6a$ +&(u $#&a% (#n!a&a(+
p#r#()an!an p#n!#r$+an s#r$a para a%&+ pun $#&a% (#()#r+an
p#n!#r$+an "an! )#r4ar+as+, na(un d#(++an p#(a%a(an $#n$an!
(ana *&sa6a$ dan (ana +&(u aan san!a$ (#()an$u da&a(
(#(a%a(+ p#n!#r$+an dan (ana *&sa6a$ +&(u 'Philosophy of
science,.
74
Pada dasarn"a *&sa6a$ +&(u (#rupaan a-+an *&/s/*s
$#r%adap %a&0%a& "an! )#ra+$an d#n!an +&(u, d#n!an a$a &a+n
*&sa6a$ +&(u (#rupaan upa"a p#n!a-+an dan p#nda&a(an
(#n!#na+ +&(u 'I&(u P#n!#$a%uan9Sa+ns,, )a+ +$u 1+r+ su)s$ans+n"a,
p#(#r/&#%ann"a, a$aupun (an6aa$ +&(u )a!+ #%+dupan (anus+a.
P#n!a-+an $#rs#)u$ $+da $#r&#pas dar+ a1uan p// *&sa6a$ "an!
$#r1aup da&a( )+dan! ontologi, epistemologi, dan a)iologi d#n!an
)#r)a!a+ p#n!#()an!an dan p#nda&a(an "an! d+&auan /&#% para
a%&+.
S#1ara %+s$/r+s *&sa6a$ d+pandan! s#)a!a+ the mother of
sciences a$au +ndu s#!a&a +&(u, %a& +n+ s#-a&an d#n!an p#n!auan
4escartes "an! (#n"a$aan )a%5a pr+ns+p0pr+ns+p dasar +&(u
d+a()+& dar+ *&sa6a$. F+&sa6a$ a&a( (#nd/r/n! &a%+rn"a +&(u0+&(u
#a&a(an, *&sa6a$ s/s+a& (#&a%+ran +&(u0+&(u s/s+a&, na(un da&a(
p#r#()an!ann"a d/(+nas+ +&(u san!a$ (#n/n-/&, )a%an ada
"an! (#n"a$aan $#&a% $#r-ad+ upa"a p#r1#ra+an an$ara *&sa6a$
d#n!an +&(u, (#s+ %a& +$u s#)#narn"a %an"a upa"a
(#n"#()un"+an asa& usu&n"a a$au p#rpaduann"a s#p#r$+ $#r&+%a$
dar+ un!apan Husein 9asr '1<<A, )a%5a B
meskipun sains moern meneklarasikan inepenensinya
ari aliran 1lsafat tertentu' namun ia seniri tetap
"erasarkan se"uah pemahaman 1loso1s partikular "aik
tentang karakteristik alam maupun pengetahuan kita
tentangnya' an unsur terpenting i alamnya aalah
0artesianisme yang tetap "ertahan se"agai "agian inheren
ari panangan unia ilmiah moern

d/(+nas+ +&(u $#ru$a(a ap&+as+n"a da&a( )#n$u $#n/&/!+ $#&a%
(#n-ad+an p#(++ran0p#(++ran *&/s/*s 1#nd#run! $#rp+n!!+ran,
75
%a& +n+ )#rda(pa pada 1ara )#r*+r "an! san!a$ pra!(a$+s0#(p+r+s
dan par$+a&, s#r$a 1#nd#run! (#n!an!!ap p#(++ran rad+a& *&/s/*s
s#)a!a+ s#sua$u "an! as+n! dan $#rasa $+da pra$+s, pada%a& +&(u
"an! )#r#()an! d#5asa +n+ d+ da&a(n"a $#rdapa$ p#(a%a(an
*&/s/*s "an! (#ndasar+n"a s#)a!a+(ana a$a 9asr .
P#r#()an!an +&(u (#(an! $#&a% )an"a p#n!aru%n"a )a!+
#%+dupan (anus+a, )#r)a!a+ #(uda%an %+dup $#&a% )an"a
d+rasaan, s#(ua +n+ $#&a% (#nu()u%an #"a+nan )a%5a +&(u
(#rupaan sua$u sarana "an! p#n$+n! )a!+ #%+dupan, )a%an
&#)+% -au% +&(u d+an!!ap s#)a!a+ dasar )a!+ sua$u uuran
#)#naran. Aan $#$ap+ #n"a$aan (#nun-uan )a%5a $+da s#(ua
(asa&a% dapa$ d+d#a$+ d#n!an p#nd#a$an +&(+a%, s#ua$ apapun
upa"a +$u d+&auan, s#p#r$+ a$a Leenhou%ers "an! (#n"a$aanB
/alaupun ilmu pengetahuan mencari pengertian menero"os
realitas seniri' pengertian itu hanya icari i tataran empiris
an eksperimental. Ilmu pengetahuan mem"atasi
kegiatannya hanya paa fenomena;fenomena' yang entah
langsung atau tiak langsung' ialami ari pancainra.
4engan kata lain ilmu pengetahuan tiak menero"os kepaa
inti o"*eknya yang sama sekali tersem"unyi ari o"ser(asi.
$aka ia tiak mem"eri *a%a"an prihal kausalitas yang paling
alam.
p#rn"a$aan d+ a$as (#n!+nd+as+an )a%5a ada&a% su&+$ )a%an
$+da (un!+n +&(u (a(pu (#n#()us )a$as0)a$as "an! (#n-ad+
5+&a"a%n"a "an! san!a$ )#r$u(pu pada 6a$a #(p+r+s, (#(an!
$+da )+sa d+an!!ap s#)a!a+ #!a!a&an )+&a d#(++an s#&a(a &a+(
#)#naran "an! d+sandan!n"a d+)#r&auan da&a( 5+&a"a%n"a
s#nd+r+, na(un -+a %a& +$u (#nu$up p+n$u r#E#s+ rad+a& $#r%adap
76
+&(u (aa %a& +n+ (un!+n )+sa (#n-ad+ an1a(an )a!+ upa"a
(#(a%a(+ #%+dupan s#1ara u$u% dan #a"aan d+(#ns+ d+
da&a(n"a.
M#s+pun da&a( $a%ap a5a& p#r#()an!an p#(++ran
(anus+a %ususn"a -a(an Hunan+ un/ 1+a& )aa& +&(u $#rpadu
da&a( *&sa6a$, na(un pada $a%ap s#&an-u$n"a $#rn"a$a $#&a%
(#&a%+ran )#r)a!a+ d+s+p&+n +&(u "an! (as+n!0(as+n! (#(pun"a+
asu(s+ *&/s/*sn"a '%ususn"a $#n$an! (anus+a, (as+n!0(as+n!.
I&(u #/n/(+ (#(andan! (anus+a s#)a!a+ homo economicus
"an+ (a%&u "an! (#(#n$+n!an d+r+ s#nd+r+ dan %#d/n+s,
s#(#n$ara s/s+/&/!+ (#(andan! (anus+a s#)a!a+ homo socius
"an+ (a%&u "an! s#&a&u +n!+n )#r/(un+as+ dan )##r-asa(a
d#n!an "an! &a+n, %a& +n+ (#nun-uan sua$u pandan!an (anus+a
"an! 6ra!(#n$ar+s dan /n$rad+$+6, (#(an! d+au+ )a%5a d#n!an
asu(s+ (/d#& +n+ +&(u0+&(u $#rus )#r#()an! dan (a+n
$#rsp#s+a&+sas+, dan d#n!an (a+n $#rsp#s+a&+sas+ (aa ana&+s+sn"a
(a+n $a-a(, na(un s#+r+n! d#n!an +$u %as+&0%as+& p#n#&+$+an +&(+a%
s#&a&u )#rusa%a un$u (a(pu (#()ua$ !#n#ra&+sas+, %a& +n+
na(pa s#p#r$+ contraictio in terminis (pertentanganalam istilah)
D#n!an d#(++an #s+s$#ns+ +&(u (#s$+n"a $+da d+pandan!
s#)a!a+ s#sua$u "an! suda% *na&, d+a p#r&u d+r+$+s+, d+a-+, )uan
un$u (#&#(a%ann"a $ap+ un$u (#(p/s+s+an s#1ara $#pa$
da&a( )a$as 5+&a"a%n"a, %a& +n+pun dapa$ (#()an$u $#r%+ndar dar+
(#(u$&aan +&(u dan (#n!an!!ap +&(u dan #)#naran +&(+a%
s#)a!a+ sa$u0sa$un"a #)#naran, d+sa(p+n! p#r&u $#rus d+upa"aan
un$u (#&+%a$ +&(u s#1ara +n$#!ra& )#r!and#n!an d#n!an d+(#ns+
dan )+dan! &a+n "an! %+dup dan )#r#()an! da&a( (#(p#rada)
(anus+a. Da&a( %u)un!an +n+ *&sa6a$ +&(u aan (#()uaan
77
5a5asan $#n$an! )a!a+(ana s#)#narn"a su)s$ans+ +&(u +$u, %a& +n+
ar#na *&sa6a$ +&(u (#rupaan p#n!a-+an &an-u$an, "an! (#nuru$
Beerleng' se"agai R#E#s+ s#und#r a$as +&&(u dan +n+ (#rupaan
s"ara$ (u$&a un$u (#n#n$an! )a%a"a "an! (#n-urus #pada
#adaan 1#ra+ )#ra+ s#r$a p#r$u()u%an "an! $+da s#+()an! dar+
+&(u0+&(u "an! ada, (#&a&u+ p#(a%a(an $#n$an! asas0asas, &a$ar
)#&aan! s#r$a %u)un!an "an! d+(+&++9d+&asanaan /&#% sua$u
#!+a$an +&(+a%.
H. PERKEM&ANGAN FILSAFAT ILMU
S#1ara u(u( dapa$ d+a$aan )a%5a s#-a p#ran! dun+a #
2, "an! $#&a% (#n!%an1uran #%+dupan (anus+a, para I&(u5an
(a+n (#n"adar+ )a%5a p#r#()an!an +&(u dan p#n1apa+ann"a
$#&a% (#n!a+)a$an )an"a p#nd#r+$aan (anus+a , +n+ $+da
$#r&#pas dar+ p#n!#()an!an +&(u dan $#n/&/!+ "an! $+da
d+&andas+ /&#% n+&a+0n+&a+ (/ra& s#r$a /(+$(#n #$+s dan a!a(+s pada
nas+) (anus+a , pada%a& !l"ert Einstein pada $a%un 1<3: da&a(
p#sann"a pada Ma%as+s5a .a&+6/rn+a Ins$+$u$# /6 T#1%n/&/!"
(#n!a$aan 2 P#r%a$+an #pada (anus+a +$u s#nd+r+ dan nas+)n"a
%arus s#&a&u (#rupaan p#r%a$+an pada (asa&a% )#sar "an! $a
un-un! $#rp#1a%an dar+ p#n!a$uran #r-a dan p#(#ra$aan )#nda,
a!ar )ua% 1+p$aan dar+ p#(++ran +$a aan (#rupaan )#ra% dan
)uan u$uan $#r%adap #(anus+aan 'Gu-un S Sur+asu(an$r+,
1<<< B 24< ,.
Aan $#$ap+ p#n-a$u%an )/( d+ H+r/s+(a dan Na!asa+ $a%un
1<4? (#nun-uan )a%5a p#r#()an!an +p$# $#&a% (#n!a+)a$an
#s#n!saraan (anus+a , (#s+ d+sadar+ $+da s#(ua %as+&
p#n1apa+an +p$# d#(++an, na(un %a& +$u $#&a% (#n1/r#n! +&(u
dan (#n"+(pan! dar+ p#san !l"ert Einstein, s#%+n!!a %a& +$u $#&a%
78
(#n+()u&an #pr+%a$+nan *&/s/6 $#n$an! ara% #(a-uan
p#rada)an (anus+a s#)a!a+ a+)a$ p#r#()an!an +&(u 'Ip$#, .
Un$u +$u na(pan"a para *&/s/6 dan +&(uan p#r&u
(#r#nun!+ apa "an! d+#(uaan Harol H &itus da&a( )uun"a
L+4+n! Issu#s +n P+&/s/p%" '1<?<,, )#&+au (#n!u$+6 )#)#rapa
p#ndapa$ 1#nd++a5an s#p#r$+ 9orthrop "an! (#n!a$aan 2 it
%oul seem that the more ci(ili.e %e "ecome ' the more
incapa"le of maintaining ci(ili.ation %e are3, d#(++an -u!a
p#rn"a$aan Le%is $umfor "an! )#r)+1ara $#n$an! 2the in(isi"le
"reako%n in our ci(ilio.ation < erosion of (alue' the issipation of
human purpose' the enial of any ictinction "et%een goo an
"a' right or %rong' the re(ersion to su" human conuctK (Harol H
&itus' :DED < @)
Un!apan $#rs#)u$ d+ a$as %an"a un$u (#nun-uan )a%5a
(#(asu+ dasa5arsa 1<A>0an #1#nd#run!an (#(p#r$an"aan
(an6aa$ +&(u (#n-ad+ %a& "an! p#n$+n!, s#%+n!!a pada p#r+/d# +n+
'1<A>01<=>, d+(#ns+ as+/&/!+s (#n-ad+ p#r%a$+an para *&/s/6, %a&
+n+ $a &a+n un$u (#n+upan ru% #$+s dan a!a(+s pada +&(u, a!ar
p#(an6aa$ann"a dapa$ (#n-ad+ )#ra% )a!+ (anus+a dan
#(anus+aan , s#%+n!!a $#&aa% pada 6a$a #(p+r+s )#r#()an! #
p#n1ar+an (ana d+)a&+n"a a$au s#p#r$+ "an! d+#(uaan oleh
Prof. 4r. H. Ismaun' $.P '2>>> B 131, dar+ $#&aa% p/s+$+4+s$+ #
$#&aa% (#$a0s1+#n1# "an! d+(u&a+ s#-a $a%un 1<A?.
M#(asu+ $a%un 1<=>0an , p#n1ar+an (ana +&(u (u&a+
)#r#()an! %ususn"a d+ a&an!an p#(++r (us&+( , )a%an pada
dasa5arsa +n+ &a%+r !#raan +s&a(+sas+ +&(u, %a& +n+ $+da $#r&#pas
dar+ s+ap ap/&/!#$+ u(a$ +s&a( $#r%adap #(a-uan )ara$, sa(pa+0
sa(pa+ ada +d# un$u (#&auan s#u&ar+sas+, s#p#r$+ "an!
79
d+&/n$aran /&#% 9urcholis $a*i pada $a%un 1<=4 "an! #(ud+an
)an"a (#ndapa$ r#as+ #ras dar+ p#(++r0p#(++r Is&a( s#p#r$+
dar+ Prof. H.$ ,asyii an Enang Saifuin !nshori.
Mu&a+ a5a& $a%un 1<:>0an, (a+n )an"a ar"a 1#nd#+a5an
(us&+( "an! )#r)+1ara $#n$an! +n$#!ras+ +&(u dan a!a(a a$au
+s&a(+sas+ +&(u, s#p#r$+ $#r&+%a$ dar+ )#r)a!a+ ar"a (#r#a "an!
(#n1aup 4ar+as+ +&(u s#p#r$+ karya Ilyas Ba Yunus $#n$an!
S/s+/&/!+ Is&a(, s#r$a ar"a0ar"a d+)+dan! #/n/(+, seperti karya
Sye Haier 9aq(i Etika an Ilmu Ekonomi' karya 8mar 0hapra !l
GurLan' menu*u sistem moneter yang ail' dan ar"a0ar"a &a+nn"a ,
"an! pada +n$+n"a s#(ua +$u (#rupaan upa"a p#nu&+sn"a un$u
(#n-ad+an +&(u0+&(u $#rs#)u$ (#(pun"a+ &andasan n+&a+ +s&a(.
M#(asu+ $a%un 1<<>0an , %ususn"a d+ Ind/s#s+a
p#r)+n1an!an *&sa6a$ d+ra(a+an d#n!an 5a1ana p/s$ (/d#rn+s(#,
s#)a!a+ sua$u r+$+ $#r%adap (/d#rn+s(# "an! )#r)as+s
p/s+$+4+s(# "an! s#r+n! (#n!&a+( un+4#rsa&+$as +&(u, -u!a
d+sursus p/s$ (/d#rn+s(# (#(asu+ a-+an0a-+an a!a(a.
P/s$ (/d#rn+s(# "an! s#r+n! d+%u)un!an d#n!an $ichael
3occault dan 4erria d#n!an )#)#rapa /ns#p9parad+!(a "an!
/n$rad+$+6 d#n!an (/d#rn+s(# s#p#r$+ d#/ns$rus+,
d#s#n$ra&+sas+, n+%+&+s(# ds), "an! pada dasarn"a +n!+n
(#n#(pa$an naras+0naras+ #1+& #$+()an! naras+0naras+ )#sar,
na(un p/s$ (/d#rn+s(# (#ndapa$ r+$+ #ras dar+ Ernest 7ellner
da&a( )uun"a Post moernism' ,eason an ,eligion "an! $#r)+$
pada $a%un1<<2. D+a (#n"a$aan )a%5a p/s$ (/d#rn+s(# aan
(#n-urus pada r#&a$+4+s(# dan un$u +$u d+a (#n!a-uan /ns#p
6unda(#n$a&+s(# ras+/na&+s, ar#na ras+/na&+$as (#rupaan s$andar
"an! )#r&au &+n$as )uda"a.
80
D+sa(p+n! +$u !#raan (#n+upan n+&a+0n+&a+ a!a(a pada +&(u
(a+n )#r#()an!, )a%an un$u Ind/n#s+a d+sa()u$ %an!a$ /&#%
u&a(a dan (as"araa$ $#r&+%a$ dar+ )#rd+r+n"a BMI, "an! pada
dasarn"a %a& +n+ $+da $#r&#pas dar+ !#raan +s&a(+sas+ +&(u,
%ususn"a da&a( )+dan! +&(u #/n/(+.
Dan pada p#r+/d# +n+ pu&a $#n/&/!+ +n6/r(as+ san!a$ &uar
)+asa , )#ra+)a$ pada (a+n p&ura&n"a p#r)+n1an!an9d+sursus
*&sa6a$, s#%+n!!a su&+$ (#n#n$uan d+sursus (ana "an! pa&+n!
(#n/n-/&, %a& +n+ (un!+n s#sua+ d#n!an apa "an! d+!a()aran
/&#% !l(in &o-er se"agai &he thir /a(e' d+(ana +n6/r(as+ (a+n
1#pa$ (#(asu+ )#r)a!a+ )#&a%an dun+a "an! pada !+&+rann"a aan
(#n!a+)a$an #-u$an0#-u$an )uda"a $a $#r#1ua&+ )+dan!
p#(++ran *&sa6a$.
M#s+pun na(pan"a pr#()an!an F+&sa6a$ +&(u #ra$ a+$an
d#n!an d+(#ns+ aI+/&/!+ a$au n+&a+0n+&a+ p#(an6aa$an +&(u, na(un
da&a( p#r#()an!ann"a #adaan $#rs#)u$ $#&a% -u!a (#nd/r/n!
para a%&+ un$u &#)+% (#n1#r(a$+ apa s#)#narn"a +&(u +$u a$au
apa %a#a$ +&(u, (#n!+n!a$ d+(#ns+ /n$/&/!+s s#)#narn"a pun"a
a+$an d#n!an d+(#ns+0d+(#ns+ &a+nn"a s#p#r$+ /n$/&/!+ dan
#p+s$#(/&/!+, s#%+n!!a dua d+(#ns+ "an! $#ra%+r pun (#ndapa$
#4a&uas+ u&an! dan p#n!a-+an "an! s#r+us.
D+an$ara $/n!!a p#n$+n! da&a( )+dan! a-+an +&(u '*&sa6a$
+&(u, ada&a% $#r)+$n"a Buu &he Structure of Scienti1c ,e(olution
"an! d+$u&+s /&#% &homas S #uhn, "an! un$u p#r$a(a a&+n"a
$#r)+$ $a%un 1<A2, )uu +n+ (#rupaan s#)ua% ar"a "an!
(/nu(#n$a& (#n!#na+ p#r#()an!an s#-ara% dan *&sa6a$ sa+ns,
d+(ana d+da&a(n"a parad+!(a (#n-ad+ /ns#p s#n$ra&, d+sa(p+n!
/ns#p sa+ns9+&(u n/r(a&. Da&a( pandan!an Ku%n +&(u
81
p#n!#$a%uan $+da %an"a p#n!u(pu&an 6a$a un$u (#()u$+an
sua$u $#/r+, s#)a) s#&a&u ada an/(a&+ "an! dapa$ (#(a$a%an $#/r+
"an! $#&a% d/(+nan.
P#n1apa+an0p#n1apa+an (anus+a da&a( )+dan! p#(++ran
+&(+a% $#&a% (#n!%as+&an $#/r+0$#/r+, #(ud+an $#/r+0$#/r+
$#rsp#s+*as+an )#rdasaran ara$#r+s$+ $#r$#n$u # daLa(
sua$u I&(u. I&(u '$#/r+, $#rs#)u$ #(ud+an d+#()an!an , d+u-+
s#%+n!!a (#n-ad+ (apan dan (#n-ad+ dasar )a!+ r+s#$0r+s#$
s#&an-u$n"a , (aa I&(u 'sa+ns, $#rs#)u$ (#n-ad+ sa+ns n/r(a& "a+$u
r+s#$ "an! d#n!an $#!u% )#rdasar a$as sua$u p#n1apa+an +&(+a%
"an! &a&u, p#n1apa+an "an! /&#% (as"araa$ +&(+a% $#r$#n$u pada
sua$u #$+a d+n"a$aan s#)a!a+ p#()#r+ 6undas+ )a!+ pra$#
'r+s#$, s#&an-u$n"a ' T%/(as S Ku%n, 2>>> B1> , .
P#n1apa+an p#(++ran +&(+a% $#rs#)u$ dan $#r)#n$un"a sa+ns
"an! n/r(a& #(ud+an (#n-ad+ parad+!(a, "an! )#rar$+ 2apa "an!
d+(+&++ )#rsa(a /&#% an!!/$a sua$u (as"araa$ sa+ns dan
s#)a&+n"a (as"araa$ sa+ns $#rd+r+ a$as /ran! "an! (#(+&++ sua$u
parad+!(a $#r$#n$u ' T%/(as S Ku%n, 2>>> B 1=1 ,. Parad+!(a dar+
sa+ns "an! n/r(a& #(ud+an (#nd/r/n! r+s#$ n/r(a& "an!
1#nd#run! s#d++$ s#a&+ d+$u-uan un$u (#n!%as+&an p#n#(uan
)aru "an! /ns#p$ua& a$au "an! %#)a$ '. T%/(as S Ku%n, 2>>> B
134 ,. In+ )#ra+)a$ )a%5a sa+ns "an! n/r(a&, #!unaann"a san!a$
)#r(an6aa$ dan )#rs+6a$ u(u&a$+6. T#/r+ "an! (#(p#r/&#%
p#n!auan s/s+a& aan (#n-ad+ parad+!(a, dan /nd+s+ +n+
(#rupaan p#r+/d# +&(u n/r(a&. K#(a-uan +&(u )#ra5a& dar+
p#r-uan!an /(p#$+s+ )#r)a!a+ $#/r+ un$u (#ndapa$ p#n!auan
+n$#rsu)-#$+6 dar+ sua$u (as"araa$ +&(u. Da&a( p#r+/d# sa+n
n/r(a& +&(u %an"a&a% (#rupaan p#()#naran0p#()#naran s#sua+
82
d#n!an asu(s+0asu(s+ paarad+!(a "an! d+anu$ (as"araa$
$#rs#)u$, +n+ $+da &a+n d+ar#naan parad+!(a "an! )#r&au $#&a%
(#n-ad+ pa$/an )a!+ +&(u un$u (#&auan p#n#&+$+an,
(#(#1a%an (asa&a%, a$au )a%an (#n"#&#s+ (asa&a%0(asa&a%
"an! &a"a d+)+1araan dan d+a-+
Aan $#$ap+ d+da&a( p#r#()an!an s#&an-u$n"a +&(u5an
)an"a (#n#(uan %a&0%a& )aru "an! s#r+n! (#n!#-u$an, s#(ua
+n+ d+a5a&+ d#n!an #sadaran aan an/(a&+ a$as pr#d+s+0pr#d+s+
parad+!(a sa+ns n/r(a&, #(ud+an pandan!an "an! an/(a&+ +n+
d+#()an!an sa(pa+ a%+rn"a d+$#(uan parad+!(a )aru "an!
(ana p#ru)a%an +n+ s#r+n! san!a$ r#4/&us+/n#r. Parad+!(a )aru
$#rs#)u$ #(ud+an (#&a%+ran sa+n n/r(a& "an! )aru sa(pa+
d+$#(uan &a!+ parad+!(a )aru )#r+u$n"a. B+&a d+!a()aran
P#n1apa+an Manus+a da&a( p#(++ran +&(+a%
Sa+ns N/r(a&
Parad+!(a
An/(a&+
P#ru)a%an parad+!(a9 r#4/&us+ sa+ns
Sa+ns N/r(a& "an! )aru
Parad+!(a Baru
Gambar 6.2) Struktur perubahan ke;Ilmuan
83
P#n1apa+an sa+n n/r(a& dan parad+!(a )aru )uan&a% a%+r ,
$ap+ (#n-ad+ a5a& )a!+ pr/s#s p#ru)a%an parad+!(a dan r#4/&us+
sa+ns )#r+u$n"a, )+&a $#rdapa$ an/(a&+ a$as pr#d+s+ sa+ns n/r(a&
"an! )aru $#rs#)u$. P#ndapa$ Ku%n $#rs#)u$ pada dasarn"a
(#n!+nd+as+an )a%5a s#1ara su)s$ans+a& #)#naran +&(u
)uan&a% s#sua$u "an! $a $#r!/"a%an, sua$u parad+!(a "an!
)#r&au pada sua$u saa$, pada saa$ "an! &a+n )+sa $#r!an$+an
d#n!an parad+!(a )aru "an! $#&a% (#ndapa$ p#n!auan dar+
(as"araa$ +&(+a%, +$u )#rar$+ sua$u $#/r+ s+6a$n"a san!a$ $#n$a$+6
s#a&+.
I. )IRI/)IRI ILMU M1DERN
Da&a( )a) $#rda%u&u $#&a% d+#(uaan 1+r+01+r+ dar+ sua$u
+&(u, 1+r+01+r+ $#rs#)u$ pada pr+ns+pn"a (#rupaan sua$u "an!
n/r(a$+6 da&a( sua$u d+s+p&+n #+&(uan. Na(un da&a(
p#r#()an!ann"a +&(u %ususn"a $#n/&/!+ s#)a!a+ ap&+as+ dar+
+&(u $#&a% )an"a (#n!a&a(+ p#ru)a%an "an! san!a$a 1#pa$,
p#ru)a%an +n+ )#rda(pa pada pandan!an (as"araa$ $#n$an!
%a#a$ +&(u, p#r/&#%an +&(u, s#r$a (an6aa$n"a )a!+ (as"araa$,
s#%+n!!a +&(u 1#nd#run! d+an!!ap s#)a!a+ sa$u0sa$un"a #)#naran
da&a( (#ndasar+ )#r)a!a+ #)+-aan #(as"araa$an, s#r$a $#&a%
(#n-ad+ dasar p#n$+n! "an! (#(p#n!aru%+ p#n#n$uan pr+&au
(anus+a. K#adaan +n+ )#ra+)a$ pada ara$#r+sas+ 1+r+ +&(u (/d#rn,
adapun 1+r+01+r+ $#rs#)u$ ada&a% B
1. B#r$u(pu pada parad+!(a p/s+$+4+s(#. .+r+ +n+ $#r&+%a$ dar+
p#n!#()an!an +&(u dan $#n/&/!+ "an! uran! (#(p#r%a$+an
asp# n+&a+ )a+ #$+s (aupun a!a(+s, ar#na (#(an! sa&a% sa$u
as+/(a p/s+$+4+s(# ada&a% (alue free "an! (#nd/r/n!
$u()u%n"a pr+ns+p science for science.
84
2. M#nd/r/n! pada $u()u%n"a s+ap %#d/n+s(# dan
/nsu(#r+s(#. B#r)a!a+ p#n!#()an!an +&(u dan $#n/&/!+
s#&a&u (#n!a1u pada upa"a un$u (#n+n!a$an #n+(a$an
%+dup , (#s+pun %a& +$u dapa$ (#nd/r/n! !#rsan!n"a ru%an+
(anus+a a+)a$ (a+n (#(as"araa$n"a )uda"a /nsu(#r+s(#
"an! $#rus d+pupu /&#% (#d+a $#n/&/!+ (/d#rn s#p#r$+ +&an
)#sar0)#saran "an! dapa$ (#n1+p$aan #)u$u%an s#(u "an!
/&#% H#r)#r$ Mar1us# d+d#*n+s+an s#)a!a+ #)u$u%an "an!
d+$ana(an # da&a( (as+n!0(as+n! +nd+4+du d#(+ #p#n$+n!an
s/s+a& $#r$#n$u da&a( r#pr#s+n"a 'M. Sas$rapa$#d-a, 1<:2 B 12?,
3. P#r#()an!ann"a san!a$ 1#pa$ . P#n1apa+an sa+n ddan
$#n/&/!+ (/d#rn (#nun-uan p#r1#pa$an "an! (#na-u)an ,
)#ru)a% $+da da&a( 5a$u $a%unan &a!+ )a%an (un!+n da&a(
%+$un!an %ar+, +n+ -#&as san!a$ )#r)#da d#nn!an p#r#()an!an
+p$# s#)#&u(n"a "an! a&au (#nuru$ A&*n T/E#r dar+
!#&/()an! p#r$a(a 'r#4/&us+ p#r$an+an, (#(#r&uan 5a$u
r+)uan $a%un un$u (#n1apa+ !#&/()an! # dua 'r#4/&us+
+ndus$r+, d+(ana s#)a!a+(ana d+#$a%u+ !#&/()an! $#rs#)u$
$#r-ad+ a+)a$ p#n1apa+an sa+ns dan $#n/&/!+.
4. B#rs+6a$ #sp&/+$a$+6 $#r%adap &+n!un!an. B#r)a!a+ #rusaan
&+n!un!an %+dupd#5asa +n+ $+da $#r&#pas dar+ p#n1apa+an +p$#
"an! uran! (#(p#r%a$+an da(pa &+n!un!an.
J. PARADIGMA ILMU M1DERN MENURUT &E&ERAPA ALIRAN
S#1ara %+s$/r+s parad+!(a sa+ns $#&a% (#n!a&a(+ $a%apan0
$a%apan p#ru)a%an s#)a!a+(ana d+#(uaan /&#% S Nasu$+/n
da&a( "ukunya J$etoe penelitian naturalistik kualitatif (:DDC < @).
Ta%ap p#r$a(a d+s#)u$ (asa pra0p/s+$+4+s(#, "an! d+a5a&+ dar+
-a(an Ar+s$+$#&#s sa(pa+ Da4+d Hu(#, d+(ana ap&+as+n"a da&a(
85
p#n#&+$+an ada&a% (#n!a(a$+ s#1ara pas+6, $+da ada upa"a
(#(an+pu&as+ &+n!un!an dan (#&auan #sp#r+(#n $#r%adap
&+n!un!an . Ta%apan +n+ #(ud+an )#r!an$+ d#n!an $a%apan
p/s+$+4+s(#, d+(ana parad+!(a +n+ (#n-ad+ dasar )a!+ (#$/d#
+&(+a% d#n!an )#n$u p#n#&+$+an uan$+$a$+6 , "an! (#n1/)a (#n1ar+
pr+ns+p0pr+ns+p a$au %uu(0%uu( u(u( $#n$an! dun+a
#n"a$aan . Parad+!(a )#r+u$n"a "an! (un1u& ada&a% parad+!(a
p/s$ p/s+$+4+s(# s#)a!a+ r#as+ a$as p#nd+r+an p/s+$+4+s(#, d+(ana
da&a( pandan!an +n+, #)#naran )uan s#sua$u "an! $un!!a& '+$ +s
an +n1r#as+n! 1/(p&#I+$", s#)a!a+(ana d+"a+n+ p/s+$+4+s(#.
Na(un d#(++an parad+!(a "an! pa&+n! (#n/n-/& d+ -a(an
(/d#rn +n+ na(pan"a ada&a% p/s+$+4+s(#, (#s+pun ada )#)#rapa
s#(pa&an da&a( p/s+$+4+s(# +$u 'A%(ad Sanus+, Ma-a&a% Ma$a%ar+ B
12,. Un$u &#)+% (#n!#$a%u+)#r)a!a+ parad+!(a sa+ns (/d#rn,
p#nu&+s sa-+an $a)#& )#r+u$ "an! d+u$+p /&#% A%(ad Sanus+ da&a(
Ma-a&a% Ma$a%ar+ %a&a(an 12 s#)a!a+ )#r+u$ B
"abel 6.2. 'acam;macam Paradigma Ilmu
ALIRAN PARADIGMA
WACANA ILMU
SUMBER/DAYA /
POTENSI
PENGERTIAN
DAN TUGASNYA
BENTUK
PENGETAHUAN
DAN TUGASNYA
TITIK
BERAT
PADA
MODEL
VERIFIKASI
MODALITAS
MENYELURUH
ESENSI
ONTOLOGIS
POSITIVISTIK Akal sehat a!
"elak#ka!
$%se&'as(
E")(&(kal Stat(s*
t(k a! "e"(l(h
"et$a
+akta K$!s(ste!s( a!
Ke)ast(a! ,a!-
e")(&(kal.
&as($!al/l$-(s
O%,ek ,a!- s)es(+(k
a! te&#k#&
Real(tas ,a!-
"e"(sah/
kh#s#s
FORMALISTIK/
STRUKTURALISTIK
Nala& &e+lekt(+
a! Me!e"#ka!
Mak!a
E")(&(kal
stat(st(kal a!
Me!,#s#! +akta
"et$e K$!s(ste!s(
e")(&(kal
O%,ek ,a!- s)es(+(k
a! te&#k#&
Real(tas ,a!-
"ela!/#t
PENAFSIRAN
0INTERPRETATIF1
I!t#(s( a!
Me!e"#ka!
Met$a
Te$&(t(kal F(l$s$+(s
S#%,ekt('(tas
T&a!se!e!tal.
a! "e!/elaska!
te$&(
"ak!a K$hes( te$&(t(k Ie!t(tas $%,ek ,a!-
"as#k akal a!
ke"a")#a!
"e!t&a!s+$&"as(ka!
Real(tas ,a!-
"ela!/#t
TEORITIS I!t#(s( a!
Me!e"#ka! N(la(
Te$&(t(kal F(l$s$+(s
Me!e"#ka!
Mak!a
Te$&( K$hes( Te$&(t(k Ie!t(tas $%,ek ,a!-
"as#k akal a!
ka&akte&(st(k ,a!-
#!--#l
Real(tas ,a!-
"e!,at#
86
KRITIS I!t#(s( a!
Me!e"#ka!
Te$&(
Pe&s$!al S$s(al
a! Melak#ka!
O%se&'as(
N(la( K$!se!s#s
atas asa&
)e!-ala"a!
Ie!t(tas $%,ek ,a!-
"as#k akal a!
ka&akte&(st(k ,a!-
#!--#l
Real(tas ,a!-
"e!,at#
PENGAMAT
PARTISIPAN
Akal sehat a!
"e!e"#ka!
+akta
Pe&s$!al S$s(al
a! Me!e"#ka!
Fakta
O%se&'a
s(
K$!se!s#s
atas asa&
)e!-ala"a!
Ie!t(tas $%,ek ,a!-
"as#k akal a!
+#!-s( ,a!- khas
Real(tas ,a!-
"e"(sah
Parad+!(a0parad+!(a "an! $#r1an$u( da&a( $a)#& $#rs#)u$
(as+% dapa$ d+#&/(p/an pada a$#!/r+ "an! sa(a a$au
(#nd#a$+. D+&+%a$ dar+ #s#ns+ /n$/&/!+sn"a parad+!(a p/s+$+4+s$+
sa(a d#n!an p#n!a(a$ par$+s+pan "an+ )a%5a r#a&+$as +$u
$#rp+sa%, parad+!(a $#/r+$+s sa(a d#n!an parad+!(a r+$+s, s#dan!
parad+!(a 6/r(a&+s$+ s$ru$ura&+s sa(a d#n!an parad+!(a
+n$#rpr#$a$+6. D+&+%a$ dar+ su()#r, p/s+$+4+s$+ sa(a d#n!an
p#n!a(a$ par$+s+pan dan (#nd#a$+ parad+!(a +n$#rpr#$a$+6 s#r$a
6/r(a&+s$+ s$ru$ura&+s, s#dan!an parad+!(a $#/r+$+s sa(a d#n!an
parad+!(a r+$+s.
Dar+ s#!+ )#n$u p#n!#$a%uan, p/s+$+4+s$+ sa(a d#n!an
6/r(a&+s$+, +n$#rpr#$a$+6 sa(a d#n!an $#/r+$+s, s#dan!an
parad+!(a r+$+s sa(a d#n!an parad+!(a p#n!a(a$ par$+s+pan ,
d#(++an -u!a d+&+%a$ dar+ s#!+ (/d#& 4#r+*as+ )an"a
#sa(aann"a, %an"a dar+ $u!as dan $+$+ )#ra$ ##na( parad+!(a
+$u )#r)#da.
Na(un d#(++an parad+!(a "an! pa&+n! (#n/n-/& s#aran!
+n+ ada&a% parad+!(a p/s+$+4+s$+, d+(ana #n"a$aan (#nun-uan
parad+!(a +n+ )an"a (#()#r+an su()an!an )a!+ p#r#()an!an
$#n/&/!+ d#5asa +n+ , aan $#$ap+ $+da )#rar$+ parad+!(a &a+nn"a
$+da )#rp#ran , p#ranann"a $#$ap ada $#ru$a(a da&a( %a&0%a& "an!
$a dapa$ d+-#&asan /&#% parad+!(a p/s+$+4+s$+ , %a& +n+ $#r&+%a$
d#n!an )#r#()an!n"a parad+!(a na$ura&+s$+ "an! $#&a%
(#nd/r/n! )#r#()an!n"a p#n#&+$+an ua&+$a$+6 . /&#% ar#na +$u
87
na(pan"a parad+!(a0parad+!(a $#rs#)u$ $+da )#rs+6a$ sa&+n!
(#n!%+&an!an $ap+ &#)+% )#rs+pa$ sa&+n! (#&#n!ap+ , %a& +n+
d+dasar+ #"a+nan )#$apa /(p&#sn"a r#a&+$as dun+a dan
#%+dupan d+ da&a(n"a.
K. HU&UNGAN FILSAFAT DENGAN ILMU
M#s+pun s#1ara %+s$/r+s an$ara +&(u dan *&sa6a$ p#rna% (#rupaan
sua$u #sa$uan, na(un da&a( p#r#()an!ann"a (#n!a&a(+ d+4#r!#ns+,
d+(ana d/(+nas+ +&(u &#)+% ua$ (#(p#n!aru%+ p#(++ran (anus+a,
/nd+s+ +n+ (#nd/r/n! pada upa"a un$u (#(p/s+s+an # duan"a s#1ara
$#pa$ s#sua+ d#n!an )a$as 5+&a"a%n"a (as+n!0(as+n!, )uan un$u
(#n!+s/&as+n"a (#&a+nan un$u &#)+% -#rn+% (#&+%a$ %u)un!an #duan"a
da&a( /n$#s &#)+% (#(a%a(+ %aJana% +n$#&#$uan (anus+a
Harol H. &itus (#n!au+ #su&+$an un$u (#n"a$aan s#1ara $#!as
dan r+n!as (#n!#na+ %u)un!an an$ara +&(u dan *&sa6a$, ar#na $#rdapa$
p#rsa(aan s#a&+!us p#r)#daan an$ara +&(u dan *&sa6a$, d+sa(p+n!
d+a&an!an +&(u5an s#nd+r+ $#rdapa$ p#r)#daan pandan!an da&a( %a&
s+6a$ dan #$#r)a$asan +&(u, d+(++an -u!a d+a&an!an *&su6 $#rdapa$
p#r)#daan pandan!an da&a( (#()#r+an (ana dan $u!as *&sa6a$.
Adapaun p#rsa(aan '&#)+% $#pa$n"a p#rs#sua+an, an$ara +&(u
dan *&sa6a$ ada&a% )a%5a #duan"a (#n!!unaan )#r*+r r#E#$+6
da&a( upa"a (#n!%adap+9(#(a%a(+ 6a$a06a$a dun+a dan
#%+dupan, $#r%adap %a&0%a& $#rs#)u$ )a+ *&sa6a$ (aupun +&(u
)#rs+ap r+$+s, )#r*+ran $#r)ua s#r$a san!a$ /ns#rn pada
#)#naran, d+sa(p+n! p#r%a$+ann"a pada p#n!#$a%uan "an!
$#r/r!an+s+sr dan s+s$#(a$+s.
S#(#n$ara +$u p#r)#daan *&sa6a$ d#n!an +&(u &#)+% )#ra+$an
d#n!an $+$+ $#an, d+(ana +&(u (#n!a-+ )+dan! "an! $#r)a$as,
+&(u &#)+% )#rs+6a$ ana&+$+s dan d#sr+p$+6 da&a( p#nd#a$ann"a,
+&(u (#n!!unaan /)s#r4as+, #sp#r+(#n dan &as+*as+ da$a
88
p#n!a&a(an +ndra s#r$a )#rupa"a un$u (#n#(uan %uu(0%uu(
a$as !#-a&a0!#-a&a $#rs#)u$, s#dan!an *&sa6a$ )#rupa"a (#n!a-+
p#n!a&a(an s#1ara (#n"#&uru% s#%+n!!a &#)+% )#rs+6a$ +n&us+6 dan
(#n1aup %a&0%a& u(u( da&a( )#r)a!a+ )+dan! p#n!a&a(an
(anus+a, *&sa6a$ &#)+% )#rs+6a$ s+n$#$+s dan s+n/p$+s dan a&aupun
ana&+$+s (aa ana&+san"a (#(asu+ d+(#ns+ #%+dupan s#1ara
(#n"#&uru% dan u$u%, *&sa6a$ &#)+% $#r$ar+ pada p#r$an"aan
#napa dan )a!a+(ana da&a( (#(p#r$an"aan (asa&a% %u)un!an
an$ara 6a$a %usus d#n!an s#(a (asa&a% "an! &#)+% &uas, *&sa6a$
-u!a (#n!a-+ %u)un!an an$ara $#(uan0$#(uan +&(u d#n!an
&a+( a!a(a, (/ra& s#r$a s#n+.
D#n!an (#(p#r%a$+an un!apan d+ a$as na(pa )a%5a
*&sa6a$ (#(pun"a+ )a$asan "an! &#)+% &uas dan (#n"#&uru%
#$+()an! +&(u, +n+ )#rar$+ )a%5a apa "an! suda% $+da )+sa
d+-a5a) /&#% +&(u, (aa *&sa6a$ )#rupa"a (#n1ar+ -a5a)ann"a,
)a%an +&(u +$u s#nd+r+ )+sa d+p#r$an"aan a$au d+-ad+an /)-#
a-+an *&sa6a$ 'F+&sa6a$ I&(u,, na(un d#(++an *&sa6a$ dan +&(u
(#(pun"a+ #sa(aan da&a( (#n!%adap+ /)-# a-+ann"a "an+
)#r*+r r#E#$+6 dan s+s$#(a$+s, (#s+ d#n!an $+$+ $#an
p#nd#a$an "an! )#r)#da.
4engan emikian' Ilmu (#n!a-+ %a&0%a& "an! )#rs+6a$ #(p+r+s dan
dapa$ d+)u$+an, 1lsafat (#n1/)a (#n1ar+ -a5a)an $#r%adap (asa&a%0
(asa&a% "an! $+da )+sa d+-a5a) /&#% I&(u dan -a5a)ann"a )#rs+6a$
sp#u&a$+6, s#dan!an !gama (#rupaan -a5a)an $#r%adap (asa&a%0
(asa&a% "an! $+da )+sa d+-a5a) /&#% *&sa6a$ dan -a5a)ann"a )#rs+6a$
(u$&a9d/!(a$+s. M#nuru$ Sii 7a.l"a '1<=A,, P#n!#$a%uan +&(u
&apan!ann"a s#!a&a s#sua$u "an! dapa$ d+$#&+$+ 'r+s#$ dan9a$au
#sp#r+(#n, K )a$asn"a sa(pa+ #pada "an! $+da a$au )#&u( dapa$
d+&auan p#n#&+$+an. P#n!#$a%uan *&sa6a$ B s#!a&a s#sua$u "an! dapa$
d+p++ran /&#% )ud+ 'ras+/, (anus+a "an! a&a(+ ')#rs+6a$ a&a(, dan n+s)+K
89
)a$asn"a +a&a% )a$as a&a( na(un d#(++an +a -u!a (#n1/)a (#(++ran
s#sua$u "an! d+&uar a&a(, "an! d+s#)u$ /&#% a!a(a 2&uhanK. S#(#n$ara
+$u 6emar !min Hoesin '1<A4, (#n!a$aan )a%5a +&(u (#()#r+an
#pada +$a p#n!#$a%uan, dan *&sa6a$ (#()#r+an %+(a$. Dar+ s+n+
na(pa -#&as )a%5a +&(u dan *&sa6a$ (#(pun"a+ 5+&a"a% a-+ann"a
s#nd+r+0s#nd+r+
M#s+pun *&sa6a$ +&(u (#(pun"a+ su)s$ans+n"a "an! %as,
na(un d+a (#rupaan )+dan! p#n!#$a%uan 1a(puran "an!
p#r#()an!ann"a $#r!an$un! pada %u)un!an $+()a& )a&+ dan
sa&+n! p#n!aru% an$ara *&sa6a$ dan +&(u, /&#% ar#na +$u
p#(a%a(an )+dan! *&sa6a$ dan p#(a%a(an +&(u (#n-ad+ san!a$
p#n$+n!, $#ru$a(a %u)un!ann"a "an! )#rs+6a$ $+()a& )a&+, (#s+
da&a( p#r#()an!ann"a *&sa6a$ +&(u +$u $#&a% (#n-ad+ d+s+p&+n
"an! $#rs#nd+r+ dan /$/n/( d+&+%a$ dar+ /)-# a-+an dan
$#&aa%ann"a
L. PENGERTIAN FILSAFAT ILMU
D+&+%a$ dar+ s#!+ a$an"a *&sa6a$ +&(u dapa$ d+(ana+ s#)a!a+
*&sa6a$ "an! )#ra+$an d#n!an a$au $#n$an! +&(u. F+&sa6a$ +&(u
(#rupaan )a!+an dar+ *&sa6a$ p#n!#$a%uan s#1ara u(u(, +n+
d+ar#naan +&(u +$u s#nd+r+ (#rupaan sua$u )#n$u p#n!#$a%uan
d#n!an ara$#r+s$+ %usus, na(un d#(++an un$u (#(a%a(+
s#1ara &#)+% %usus apa "an! d+(asud d#n!an *&sa6a$ +&(u, (aa
d+p#r&uan p#()a$asan "an! dapa$ (#n!!a()aran dan (#()#r+
(ana %usus $#n$an! +s$+&a% $#rs#)u$.
Para a%&+ $#&a% )an"a (#n!#(uaan d#*n+s+9p#n!#r$+an
*&sa6a$ +&(u d#n!an sudu$ pandan!n"a (as+n!0(as+n!, dan s#$+ap
sudu$ pandan! $#rs#)u$ a(a$ p#n$+n! !una p#(a%a(an "an!
/(pr#%#ns+6 $#n$an! (ana *&sa6a$ +&(u, )#r+u$ +n+ aan
d+#(uaan )#)#rapa d#*n+s+ *&sa6a$ +&(u B
90
&he philosophy of science is a part of philosophy %hich
attempts to o for science %hat philosophy in general oes
for the %hole of human e)perience (Peter 0a%s)
&he philosophy of science attemt' 1rst' to eluciate the
elements in(ol(e in the process of scienti1c inquiry;
o"ser(ational proceures' patterns of argument' methos
of representation an calculation' metaphysical
presupposition' an so on' an then to e(aluate the
grouns of their (aliity from the points of (ie% of formal
logic' practical methoology anf metaphysics (Ste(en ,.
&oulmin).
Philosophy of science questions an e(aluates the
methos of scienti1c thinking an tries to etermine the
(alue an signi1cance of scienti1c enterprise as a %hole
(L. /hite Beck)
Philosophy of science.. that philosophic iscipline %hich is
the systematic stuy of the nature of science' especially of
its methos' its concepts an presupposition' an its place
in the general scheme of intelectual iscipline (!.0.
Benyamin)
Philosophy of science.. the stuy of the inner logic of
scienti1c theories' an the relations "et%een e)periment
an theory' i.e of scienti1c metho ($ichael O. Berry)
P#n!#r$+an0p#n!#r$+an d+ a$as (#n!!a()aran 4ar+as+ pandan!an
)#)#rapa a%&+ $#n$an! (ana *&sa6a$ +&(u. Peter 0a% (#()#r+an
(ana *&sa6a$ +&(u s#)a!a+ )a!+an dar+ *&sa6a$ "an! #!+a$ann"a
(#n#&aa% +&(u da&a( /n$# #s#&uru%an p#n!a&a(an (anus+a,
Ste(en ,. &oulmin (#(ana+ *&sa6a$ +&(u s#)a!a+ sua$u d+s+p&+n
91
"an! d+ara%an un$u (#n-#&asan %a&0%a& "an! )#ra+$an d#n!an
pr/s#dur p#n#&+$+an +&(+a%, p#n#n$uan ar!u(#n, dan an!!apan0
an!!apan (#$a*s+ !una (#n+&a+ dasar0dasar 4a&+d+$as +&(u dar+
sudu$ pandan! &/!+a 6/r(a&, dan (#$/d/&/!+ pra$+s s#r$a
(#$a*s+a. S#(#n$ara +$u /hite Beck &#)+% (#&+%a$ *&sa6a$ +&(u
s#)a!a+ a-+an dan #4a&uas+ $#r%adap (#$/d# +&(+a% un$u dapa$
d+6a%a(+ (ana +&(u +$u s#nd+r+ s#1ara #s#&uru%an, (asa&a% a-+an
a$as (#$/d# +&(+a% -ua d+#(uaan /&#% $ichael O. Berry s#$#&a%
(#n!un!apan dua a-+an &a+nn"a "a+$u &/!+a $#/r+ +&(+a% s#r$a
%u)un!an an$ara $#/r+ dan #sp#r+(#n, d#(++an -u!a %a&n"a
Benyamin "an! (#(asuan (asa&a% (#$/d/&/!+ da&a( a-+an
*&sa6a$ +&(u d+sa(p+n! p/s+s+ +&(u +$u s#nd+r+ da&a( /ns$#&as+
u(u( d+s+p&+n +n$#&#$ua& '#+&(uan,.
M#nuru$ &he Liang 7ie' *&sa6a$ +&(u ada&a% s#!#nap
p#(++ran r#E#$+6 $#r%adap p#rs/a&an0p#rs/a&an (#n!#na+ s#!a&a
%a& "an! (#n"an!u$ &andasan +&(u (aupun %u)un!an +&(u
d#n!an s#!a&a s#!+ #%+dupan (anus+a. P#n!#r$+an +n+ san!a$
u(u( dan 1aupann"a &uas, %a& "an! p#n$+n! un$u d+6a%a(+
ada&a% )a%5a *&sa6a$ +&(u +$u (#rupaan $#&aa% #*&sa6a$an
$#r%adap %a&0%a& "an! )#ra+$an9(#n"an!u$ +&(u, dan )uan a-+an
d+ da&a( s$ru$ur +&(u +$u s#nd+r+. T#rdapa$ )#)#rapa +s$+&a% da&a(
pus$aa "an! d+padanan d#n!an F+&sa6a$ +&(u s#p#r$+ B &heory of
science' meta science' methoology' an science of science, s#(ua
+s$+&a% $#rs#)u$ na(pan"a (#nun-uan p#r)#daan da&a( $+$+
$#an p#()a%asan, na(un s#(ua +$u pada dasarn"a $#r1aup
da&a( a-+an *&sa6a$ +&(u .
S#(#n$ara +$u 7ahral !ian (#nd#*n+s+an *&sa6a$ +&(u
s#)a!a+ 1a)an! *&sa6a$ "an! (#n1/)a (#n!a-+ +&(u p#n!#$a%uan
'+&(u, dar+ s#!+ 1+r+01+r+ dan 1ara p#(#r/&#%ann"a. F+&sa6a$ +&(u
92
s#&a&u (#n!a-uan p#r$an"aan0p#r$an"aan "an! (#ndasar9rad+a&
$#r%adap +&(u s#p#r$+ $#n$an! apa 1+r+01+r+ sp#s+* "an!
(#n"#)a)an s#sua$u d+s#)u$ +&(u, s#r$a apa )#dan"a +&(u d#n!an
p#n!#$a%uan )+asa, dan )a!a+(ana 1ara p#(#r/&#%an +&(u,
p#r$an"aan 0 p#r$an"aan $#rs#)u$ d+(asudan un$u (#()/n!ar
s#r$a (#n!a-+ asu(s+0asu(s+ +&(u "an! )+asan"a d+$#r+(a )#!+$u
sa-a '$a#n 6/r !ran$#d,, D#n!an d#(++an *&sa6a$ +&(u (#rupaan
-a5a)an *&sa6a$ a$as p#r$an"aan +&(u a$au *&sa6a$ +&(u (#rupaan
upa"a p#n-#&asan dan p#n#&aa%an s#1ara (#nda&a( %a&0%a& "an!
)#ra+$an d#n!an +&(u, apa)+&a d+!a()aran %u)un!an $#rs#)u$
'en&a/ab
+ertan#a
Gambar 6.1. Hubungan Filsa$at) Ilmu dan Filsa$at Ilmu
S#1ara %+s$/r+s *&sa6a$ (#rupaan +ndu +&(u, da&a(
p#r#()an!ann"a +&(u (a+n $#rsp#s+*as+ dan (and+r+, na(un
(#n!+n!a$ )an"an"a (asa&a% #%+dupan "an! $+da )+sa d+-a5a)
/&#% +&(u, (aa *&sa6a$ (#n-ad+ $u(puan un$u (#n-a5a)n"a,
*&sa6a$ (#()#r+ p#n-#&asan a$au -a5a)an su)s$ans+a& dan rad+a&
a$as (asa&a% $#rs#)u$, s#(#n$ara +&(u $#rus (#n!#()an!aan
d+r+n"a da&a( )a$as0)a$as 5+&a"a%n"a, d#n!an $#$ap d+r+$+s+ s#1ara
rad+a&, pr/s#s a$au +n$#ras+ $#rs#)u$ pada dasarn"a (#rupaan
)+dan! a-+an F+&sa6a$ I&(u, /&#% ar#na +$u *&sa6a$ +&(u dapa$
d+pandan! s#)a!a+ upa"a (#n-#()a$an+ -uran! p#(+sa% an$ara
*&sa6a$ d#n!an +&(u, s#%+n!!a +&(u $+da (#n!an!!ap r#nda% pada
93
FILSAFAT FILSAFAT ILMU ILMU
*&sa6a$, dan *&sa6a$ $+da (#(andan! +&(u s#)a!a+ sua$u
p#(a%a(an a$as a&a( s#1ara dan!a&.
M. &IDANG KAJIAN DAN MASALAH/MASALAH DALAM
FILSAFAT ILMU
B+dan! a-+an *&sa6a$ +&(u ruan! &+n!upn"a $#rus (#n!a&a(+
p#r#()an!an, %a& +n+ $+da $#r&#pas d#n!an +n$#ras+ an$ara
*&sa6a$ dan +&(u "an! (a+n +n$#ns. B+dan! a-+an "an! (#n-ad+
$#&aa%an *&sa6a$ +&(u pun )#r#()an! dan d+an$ara para a%&+
$#r&+%a$ p#r)#daan da&a( (#n#n$uan &+n!up a-+an *&sa6a$ +&(u,
(#s+pun )+dan! a-+an +dun"a 1#nd#run! sa(a, s#dan!
p#r)#daan &#)+% $#r&+%a$ da&a( p#r+n1+an $/p+ $#&aa%an. B#r+u$ +n+
)#)#rapa p#ndapa$ a%&+ $#n$an! &+n!up a-+an *&sa6a$ +&(u B
1. E%ar $aen (#n"a$aan )a%5a &+n!up9)+dan! a-+an
*&sa6a$ +&(u ada&a%B
a. Pr/)a)+&+$as
). Indus+
1. H+p/$#s+s
>. Ernest 9agel
a. L/!+1a& pa$$#rn #I%+)+$#d )" #Ip&ana$+/n +n $%#
s1+#n1#s
). ./ns$ru1$+/n /6 s1+#n$+*1 1/n1#p$s
1. Na&+da$+/n /6 s1+#n$+*1 1/n1&us+/ns
@. ScheFer
a. T%# r/&# /6 s1+#n1# +n s/1+#$"
). T%# 5/r&d p+1$ur#d )" s1+#n1#
94
1. T%# 6/unda$+/ns /6 s1+#n1#
Dar+ )#)#rapa p#ndapa$ d+ a$as na(pa )a%5a s#(ua +$u &#)+%
)#rs+6a$ (#na()a% $#r%adap &+n!up a-+an *&sa6a$ +&(u, s#(#n$ara
+$u Gu-un S. Sur+asu(an$r+ (#n"a$aan )a%5a *&sa6a$ +&(u
(#rupaan )a!+an dar+ #p+s$#(/&/!" "an! s#1ara sp#s+* (#n!a-+
%a#a$ +&(u. Da&a( )#n$u p#r$an"aan, pada dasar *&sa6a$ +&(u
(#rupaan $#&a%aan )#ra+$an d#n!an /)-# apa "an! d+$#&aa% /&#%
+&(u '/n$/&/!+,, )a!a+(ana pr/s#s p#(#r/&#%an +&(u '#p+s$#(/&/!+,,
dan )a!a+(ana (an6aa$ +&(u 'aI+/&/!+,, /&#% ar#na +$u &+n!up
+ndu $#&aa%an *&sa6a$ +&(u ada&a% B
1. /n$/&/!+
2. #p+s$#(/&/!+
3. aI+/&/!+
/n$/&/!+ )#ra+$an $#n$an! apa /)"# "an! d+$#&aa% +&(u, da&a(
a-+an +n+ (#n1aup (asa&a% r#a&+$as dan p#na(paan 'r#a&+$" and
app#aran1#,, s#r$a )a!a+(ana %u)un!an # dua %a& $#rs#)u$
d#n!an su)-#9(anus+a. Ep+s$#(/&/!+ )#ra+$an d#n!an )a!a+(ana
pr/s#s d+p#r/&#%n"a +&(u, )a!a+(ana pr/s#durn"a un$u
(#(p#r/&#% p#n!#$a%uan +&(+a% "an! )#nar. AI+/&/!+ )#ra+$an
d#n!an apa (an6aa$ +&(u, )a!a+(ana %u)un!an #$+a d#n!an +&(u,
s#r$a )a!a+(ana (#n!ap&+as+an +&(u da&a( #%+dupan.
Ruan! &+n!up $#&aa%an *&sa6a$ +&(u s#)a!a+(ana
d+un!apan d+ a$as d+ da&a(n"a s#)#narn"a (#nun-uan (asa&a%0
(asa&a% "an! d+a-+ da&a( *&sa6a$ +&(u, (asa&a%0(asa&a% da&a(
*&sa6a$ +&(u pada dasarn"a (#nun-uan $/p+0$/p+ a-+an "an!
pas$+n"a dapa$ (asu # da&a( sa&a%sa$u &+n!up *&sa6a$ +&(u.
Adapun (asa&a%0(asa&a% "an! )#rada da&a( &+n!up *&sa6a$ +&(u
ada&a% 'Ismaun, B
95
1. (asa&a%0(asa&a% (#$a*s+s $#n$an! +&(u
2. (asa&a%0(asa&a% #p+s$#(/&/!+s $#n$an! +&(u
3. (asa&a%0(asa&a% (#$/d/&/!+s $#n$an! +&(u
4. (asa&a%0(asa&a% &/!+s $#n$an! +&(u
?. (asa&a%0(asa&a% #$+s $#n$an! +&(u
A. (asa&a%0(asa&a% $#n$an! #s$#$+a
(#$a*s+a (#rupaan $#&aa%an a$au $#/r+ $#n$an! "an! ada, +s$+&a%
(#$a*s+a +n+ $#radan! d+padanan d#n!an /n$/&/!+ -+a d#(++an,
ar#na s#)#narn"a (#$a*s+a -u!a (#n1aup $#&aa%an &a+nn"a
s#p#r$+ $#&aa%an $#n$an! )u$+0)u$+ adan"a Tu%an. Ep+s$#(/&/!+
(#rupaan $#/r+ p#n!#$a%uan da&a( ar$+ u(u( )a+ +$u a-+an
(#n!#na+ p#n!#$a%uan )+asa, p#n!#$a%uan +&(+a%, (aupun
p#n!#$a%uan *&/s/*s, (#$/d/&/!+ +&(u ada&a% $#&aa%an a$as
(#$/d# "an! d+p#r!unaan /&#% sua$u +&(u, )a+ d+&+%a$ dar+
s$ru$ur &/!+an"a, (aupun da&a( %a& 4a&+d+$as (#$/d#n"a. Masa&a%
&/!+s )#ra+$an d#n!an $#&aa%an (#n!#na+ a+da%0a+da% )#r*+r
)#nar, $#ru$a(a )#r#naan d#n!an (#$/d# d#dus+. Pr/)&#( #$+s
)#ra+$an d#n!an asp#0asp# (/ra& dar+ sua$u +&(u, apaa% +&(u
+$u %an"a un$u +&(u, a$aua% +&(u -u!a p#r&u (#(p#r%a$+an
#(an6aa$ann"a dan a+da%0a+da% (/ra& (as"araa$. S#(#n$ara
+$u (asa&a% #s$#$+s )#ra+$an d#n!an d+(#ns+ #+nda%an a$au n+&a+0
n+&a+ #+nda%an dar+ sua$u +&(u, $#ru$a(a )+&a )#ra+$an d#n!an
asp# ap&+as+n"a da&a( #%+dupan (as"araa$.
N. KE&ENARAN ILMU
I&(u pada dasarn"a (#rupaan upa"a (anus+a un$u
(#n-#&asan )#r)a!a+ 6#n/(#na #(p+r+s "an! $#r-ad+ d+ a&a( +n+,
$u-uan dar+ upa"a $#rs#)u$ ada&a% un$u (#(p#r/&#% sua$u
p#(a%a(an "an! )#nar a$as 6#n/(#na $#rs#)u$. T#rdapa$
96
#1#nd#run!an "an! ua$ s#-a )#r-a"an"a #()a&+ aa& p#(++ran
(anus+a ada&a% #"a+nan )a%5a +&(u (#rupaan sa$u0sa$un"a
su()#r #)anaran, s#!a&a s#sua$u p#n-#&asan "an! $+da dapa$
a$au $+da (un!+n d+u-+, d+$#&+$+, a$au d+/)s#r4as+ ada&a% s#sua$u
"an! $+da )#nar, dan ar#na +$u $+da pa$u$ d+p#r1a"a+.
Aan $#$ap+ #n"a$aan (#nun-uan )a%5a $+da s#(ua
(asa&a% dapa$ d+-a5a) d#n!an +&(u, )an"a s#a&+ %a&0%a& "an!
(#rupaan /ns#rn (anus+a, su&+$, a$au )a%an $+da (un!+n
d+-#&asan /&#% +&(u s#p#r$+ (asa&a% Tu%an, H+dup s#suda% (a$+,
dan %a&0%a& &a+n "an! )#rs+6a$ n/n ; #(p+r+s. F&#% ar#na +$u )+&a
(anus+a %an"a (#(p#r1a"a+ #)#naran +&(+a% s#)a!a+ sa$u0
sa$un"a #)#naran, (aa d+a $#&a% (#(p#rs#(p+$ #%+dupan
d#n!an %an"a (#n!+a$an d+r+ d#n!an dun+a #(p+r+s, un$u +$u
d+p#r&uan p#(a%a(an $#n$an! apa +$u #)#naran )a+ d+&+%a$ dar+
-a&urn"a '!radas+ )#r*+r, (aupun (a1a(n"a.
B+&a d+&+%a$ dar+ !radas+ )#r*+r #)#naran dapa$
d+#&/(p/an #da&a( #(pa$ !radas+ )#r*+r "a+$u B
1. ke"enaran "iasa. Ha+$u #)#naran "an! dasarn"a ada&a%
1/((/n s#ns# a$au aa& s#%a$. K#)#naran +n+ )+asan"a
(#n!a1u pada p#n!a&a(an +nd+4+dua& $+da $#r$a$a dan
sp/rad+s s#%+n!!a 1#nd#run! san!a$ su)-#$+6 s#sua+
d#n!an 4ar+as+ p#n!a&a(an "an! d+a&a(+n"a. Na(un
d#(++an s#s#/ran! )+sa (#n!an!!apn"a s#)a!a+
#)#naran apa)+&a $#&a% d+rasaan (an6aa$ pra$+sn"a )a!+
#%+dupan +nd+4+du9/ran! $#rs#)u$.
2. #e"enaran Ilmu. Ha+$u #)#naran "an! s+6a$n"a p/s+$+6
ar#na (#n!a1u pada 6a$a06a$a #(p+r+s, s#r$a
(#(un!+nan s#(ua /ran! un$u (#n!u-+n"a d#n!an
97
(#$/d# $#r$#n$u d#n!an %as+& "an! sa(a a$au pa&+n! $+da
r#&a$+6 sa(a.
3. #e"enaran 3ilsafat. K#)#naran (/d#& +n+ s+6a$n"a
sp#u&a$+6, (#n!+n!a$ su&+$9$+da (un!+n d+)u$+an
s#1ara #(p+r+s, na(un )+&a (#$/d# )#r*+rn"a d+6a%a(+
(aa s#s#/ran! aan (#n!au+ #)#narann"a. Sa$u %a&
"an! su&+$ ada&a% )a!a+(ana s#$+ap /ran! dapa$
(#(p#r1a"a+n"a, ar#na 1ara )#r*+r d+&+n!un!an
*&sa6a$pun san!a$ )#r4ar+as+.
4. ke"enaran !gama. Ha+$u #)#naran "an! d+dasaran
#pada +n6/r(as+ "an! da$an!n"a dar+ Tu%an (#&a&u+
u$usann"a, #)#naran +n+ s+6a$n"a d/!(a$+s, ar$+n"a #$+a
$+da ada #6a%a(an a$as s#sua$u %a& "an! )#ra+$an
d#n!an a!a(a, (aa /ran! $#rs#)u$ $#$ap %arus
(#(p#r1a"a+n"a s#)a!a+ sua$u #)#naran.
Dar+ ura+an d+ a$as na(pa )a%5a (as&a% #)#naran $+da&a%
s#d#r%ana, $+n!a$an0$+n!a$an9!radas+ )#r*+r aan (#n#n$uan
#)#naran apa "an! d+(+&++ a$au d+"a+n+n"a, d#(++an -u!a s+6a$
#)#narann"a -u!a )#r)#da. Ha& +n+ (#nun-uan )a%5a )+&a
s#s#/ran! )#r)+1ara (#n!#na+ s#sua$u %a&, dan apaa% %a& +$u
)#nar a$au $+da, (aa p#r$a(a0$a(a p#r&u d+ana&+s+s $#n$an!
$a$aran )#r*+rn"a, s#%+n!!a $+da s#r$a (#r$a (#n"a&a%an a$as
s#sua$u p#rn"a$aan, #1ua&+ apa)+&a p#()+1araann"a (#(an!
suda% (#n!a1u pada $a$aran )#r*+r $#r$#n$u.
Da&a( /n$#s I&(u, #)#naran pun (#ndapa$an p#r%a$+an
"an! sr+us, p#()+1araan (asa&a% +n+ )#ra+$an d#n!an 4a&+d+$as
p#n!#$a%uan9+&(u, apaa% p#n!#$a%uan "an! d+&++ s#s#/ran! +$u
)#nar94a&+d a$au $+da, un$u +$u para a%&+ (#n!#(uaan
98
)#r)a!a+ $#/r+ #)#naran 'T%#/r" /6 Tru$%,, "an! dapa$
d+a$#!/r+an # da&a( )#)#rapa -#n+s $#/r+ #)#naran "a+$u B
1. T#9ri 9r#s49!d#!si 'T%# ./rr#sp/nd#n1# $%#/r" /6
$ru$%,. M#nuru$ $#/r+ +n+ #)#naran, a$au s#sua$u +$u
d+a$aan )#nar apa)+&a $#rdapa$ #s#sua+an an$ara sua$u
p#rn"a$aan d#n!an 6a$an"a (a proposition ; or meaning ;
is true if there is a fact to %hich it correspon' if it
e)presses %hat is the case). M#nuru$ M%+$# Pa$r+1 Jtruth
is that %hich conforms to fact' %hich agrees %ith reality'
%hich correspons to the actual situation. &ruth' then can
"e e1ne as 1elity to o"*ecti(e realityK. S#(#n$ara +$u
(#nuru$ R/!#rs, #adaan )#nar '#)#naran, $#r&#$a
da&a( #s#sua+an an$ara #s#ns+ a$au ar$+ "an! +$a )#r+an
d#n!an #s#ns+ "an! $#rdapa$ d+ da&a( /)-#n"a. ./n$/% B
a&au s#s#/ran! (#n"a$aan )a%5a Kua&a&u(pur ada&a%
+)u/$a Ma&a"as+a, (aa p#rn"a$aan +$u )#nar a&u da&a(
#n"a$aann"a (#(an! +)u/$a Ma&a"as+a +$u Kua&a&u(pur.
2. T#9ri K9!sis+#!si 'T%# 1/%#r#n1# $%#/r" /6 $ru$%,.
M#nuru$ $#/r+ +n+ #)#naran ada&a% #a-#!an an$ara sua$u
p#rn"a$aan d#n!an p#rn"a$aan &a+nn"a "an! suda% d+au+
#)#narann"a, -ad+ sua$u pr/p/s+s+ +$u )#nar -+a
s#sua+9a-#! a$au /%#r#n d#n!an pr/p/s+s+ &a+nn"a "an!
)#nar. K#)#naran -#n+s +n+ )+asan"a (#n!a1u pada %uu(0
%uu( )#r*+r "an! )#nar. M+sa&n"a S#(ua (anus+a pas$+
(a$+, U%ar ada&a% Manus+a, (aa U%ar pas$+ (a$+,
#s+(pu&an u%ar pas$+ (a$+ san!a$ $#r!an$un! pada
#)#naran p#rn"a$aan p#r$a(a 's#(ua (anus+a pas$+
(a$+,.
99
3. T#9ri Pra*"a+is 'T%# Pra!(a$+1 $%#/r" /6 $ru$%,. M#nuru$
$#/r+ +n+ #)#naran ada&a% s#sua$u "an! dapa$ )#r&au,
a$au dapa$ (#()#r+an #puasan, d#n!an a$a &a+n
s#sua$u p#rn"a$aan a$au pr/p/s+s+ d+a$aan )#nar apa)+&a
dapa$ (#()#r+ (an6aa$ pra$+s )a!+ #%+dupan, s#sua$u
+$u )#nar )+&a )#r!una.
T#/r+0$#/r+ #)#naran $#rs#)u$ pada dasarn"a (#nun-uan $+$+
)#ra$ r+$#r+a "an! )#r)#da, $#/r+ /r#sp/nd#ns+ (#n!!unaan
r+$#r+a 6a$a, /&#% ar#na +$u $#/r+ +n+ )+sa d+s#)u$ $#/r+ #)#naran
#(p+r+s, $#/r+ /%#r#ns+ (#n!!unaan dasar *+ran s#)a!a+ r+$#r+a,
s#%+n!!a )+sa d+s#)u$ s#)a!a+ #)#naran ras+/na&, s#dan!an $#/r+
pra!(a$+s (#n!!unaan #!unaan s#)a!a+ r+$#r+a, s#%+n!!a )+sa
d+s#)u$ $#/r+ #)#naran pra$+s.
1. KETER&ATASAN ILMU
Hu)un!an an$ara *&sa6a$ d#n!an +&(u "an! dapa$ $#r+n$#!ras+
da&a( *&sa6a$ +&(u, d+(ana *&sa6a$ (#n1/)a (#n-a5a) p#r$an"aan0
p#r$an"aan "an! d+a-uan +&(u, (#nun-uan adan"a #$#r)a$asan
+&(u da&a( (#n-#&asan )#r)a!a+ 6#n/(#na #%+dupan. D+sa(p+n!
+$u d+&+n!un!an 5+&a"a% +&(u +$u s#nd+r+ s#r+n! $#r-ad+ s#sua$u "an!
d+an!!ap )#nar pada sa$u saa$ $#rn"a$a d+saa$ &a+n $#r)u$+ sa&a%,
s#%+n!!a $+()u& p#r$an"aan apaan #)#naran +&(u +$u s#sua$u
"an! (u$&a @, dan apaa% s#&uru% p#rs/a&an (anus+a dapa$
d+-#&asan /&#% +&(u @. p#r$an"aan0p#r$an"aan $#rs#)u$ s#)#narn"a
(#n!!a()aran )#$apa $#r)a$asn"a +&(u da&a( (#n!un!ap
(+s$#r+ #%+dupan s#r$a )#$apa $#n$a$+6n"a #)#naran +&(u.
Un$u (#n-a5a) p#r$an"aan d+ a$as, ada )a+n"a
d+un!apan p#ndapa$ para a%&+ )#ra+$an d#n!an #$#r)a$asan
+&(u, para a%&+ $#rs#)u$ an$ara &a+n ada&a% B
100
1. 2ean Paul Sartre (#n"a$aan )a%5a +&(u )uan&a% s#sua$u
"an! suda% s#&#sa+ $#r*+ran, s#sua$u %a& "an! $+da
p#rna% (u$&a, s#)a) s#&a&u aan d+s+s+%an /&#% %as+&0
%as+& p#n#&+$+an dan p#r1/)aan )aru "an! d+&auan
d#n!an (#$/d#0(#$/d# )aru a$au ar#na adan"a
p#r&#n!apan0p#r&#n!apan "an! &#)+% s#(purna, dan
p#n#(uan )aru $+u aan d+s+s+%an pu&a /&#% a%&+0a%&+
&a+nn"a.
2. 4.0 $uler (#n"a$aan )a%5a $+ap0$+ap a%&+ +&(u
(#n!%adap+ s/a&0s/a& "an! $a dapa$ d+p#1a%an d#n!an
(#&u&u (#(aa+ +&(u +$u s#nd+r+, ada s/a&0s/a& p// a$au
s/a&0s/a& dasar "an! (#&a(pau+ /(p#$#ns+ +&(u,
(+sa&n"a apaa% %uu( s#)a) a+)a$ +$u @, d+(anaa%
)a$as0)a$as &apan!an "an! sa"a s#&+d++ +n+@, d+(anaa%
$#(pa$n"a da&a( #n"a$aan s#&uru%n"a +n+@, sa(pa+
d+(ana #)#r&auan (#$/d# "an! d+!unaan@. G#&as&a%
)a%5a un$u (#n-a5a) p#r$an"aan0p#r$an"aan $#rs#)u$
+&(u (#(#r&uan +ns$ans+ &a+n "an! (#&#)+%+ +&(u "an+
*&sa6a$.
3. Harsoyo (#n"a$aan )a%5a +&(u "an! d+(+&++ u(a$
(anus+a d#5asa +n+ )#&u(&a% s#)#rapa d+)and+n!an
d#n!an ra%as+a a&a( s#(#s$a "an! (#&+ndun!+ (anus+a.
I&(u5an0+&(u5an )#sar )+asan"a d+!an!!u /&#% p#rasaan
a!un! s#(a1a( #!#&+sa%an )a$+n un$u +n!+n $a%u &#)+%
)an"a, )a%5a "an! d+#$a%u+ +$u (as+% (#ra!u0ra!uan,
s#r)a $+da pas$+ "an! (#n"#)a)an &#)+% !#&+sa% &a!+, dan
)+asan"a (#r#a ada&a% /ran!0/ran! r#nda% %a$+ "an!
(a+n )#r+s+ (a+n (#nundu. S#&a+n +$u Hars/"/ -u!a
(#n!#(uaan )a%5a #)#naran +&(+a% +$u $+da&a%
101
a)s/&u$ dan *na& s+6a$n"a. K#)#naran0#)#naran +&(+a%
s#&a&u $#r)ua un$u p#n+n-auan #()a&+ )#rdasaran a$as
adan"a 6a$a06a$a )aru "an! s#)#&u(n"a $+da d+#$a%u+.
4. 2. Boeke (#n"a$aan )a%5a )a!a+(anapun $#&+$+n"a +$a
(#n"#&+d++ p#r+s$+5a0p#r+s$+5a "an! d+p#r$un-uan /&#% Ja$
%+dup +$u, )a!a+(anapun-u!a +$a (#n1/)a (#(p#r/&#%
pandan!an "an! -+$u $#n$an! #adaan s+6a$Ja$ %+dup +$u
"an! )#rsa(a0sa(a $#rsusun, na(un asas %+dup "an!
s#)#narn"a ada&a% ra%as+a% a)ad+ )a!+ +$a, /&#% ar#na
+$u +$a %arus (#n"#ra% d#n!an p#rasaan sa&#% dan
$#r%aru.
D#n!an (#(p#r%a$+an p#n-#&asan d+ a$as, na(pa )a%5a +&(u +$u
$+da dapa$ d+pandan! s#)a!a+ dasar (u$&a )a!+ p#(a%a(an
(anus+a $#n$an! a&a(, d#(++an -u!a #)#naran +&(u %arus
d+pandan! s#1ara $#n$a$+6, ar$+n"a s#&a&u s+ap )#ru)a% )+&a
d+$#(uan $#/r+0$#/r+ )aru "an! (#n"an!a&n"a. D#n!an d#(++an
dpa$&a% d+$ar+ #s+(pu&an )#ra+$an d#n!an #$#r)a$asan +&(u
"a+$u B
1. +&(u %an"a (#n!#$a%u+ 6#n/(#na )uan r#a&+$as, a$au
(#n!a-+ r#a&+$as s#)a!a+ sua$u 6#n/(#na 'science can only
kno% the phenomenal' or kno% the real through an as phenomenal 0 R.
T#nnan$,
2. I&(u %an"a (#n-#&asan s#)a!+an #1+& dar+ 6#n/(#na
a&a(9#%+dupan (anus+a dan &+n!un!ann"a
3. #)#naran +&(u )#rs+6a$ s#(#n$ara dan $+da (u$&a
#$#r)a$asan $#rs#)u$ s#r+n! uran! d+sadar+ /&#% /ran! "an!
(#(p#&a-ar+ sua$u 1a)an! +&(u $#r$#n$u, %a& +n+ d+s#)a)an
+&(u5an 1#nd#run! )##r-a %an"a da&a( )a$as 5+&a"a%n"a s#nd+r+
d#n!an sua$u d+s+p&+n "an! san!a$ #$a$, dan #$#r)a$asan +&(u +$u
102
s#nd+r+ )uan (#rupaan /ns#rn u$a(a +&(u5an "an! )#rada
da&a( 5+&a"a% +&(u $#r$#n$u.
P. MANFAAT MEMPELAJARI FILSAFAT ILMU
F+&sa6a$ +&(u )#rusa%a (#n!a-+ %a& $#rs#)u$ !una
(#n-#&asan %a#a$ +&(u "an! (#(pun"a+ )an"a #$#r)a$asan,
s#%+n!!a dapa$ d+p#r/&#% p#(a%a(an "an! padu (#n!#na+
)#r)a!a+ 6#n/(#na a&a( "an! $#&a% (#n-ad+ /)-# +&(u +$u s#nd+r+,
dan "an! 1#nd#run! $#r6ra!(#n$as+. Un$u +$u *&sa6a$ +&(u
)#r(an6aa$ un$u B
M#&a$+% )#r*+r rad+a& $#n$an! %a#a$ +&(u
M#&a$+% )#r*+r r#E#$+6 d+ da&a( &+n!up +&(u
M#n!%+ndaran d+r+ dar+ (#(u$&aan #)#naran +&(+a%, dan
(#n!an!!ap )a%5a +&(u s#)a!a+ sa$u0sa$un"a 1ara
(#(p#r/&#% #)#naran
M#n!%+daran d+r+ dar+ #!/+s(# +&(+a%, "an+ $+da (#n!%ar!a+
sudu$ pandan! &a+n d+ &uar )+dan! +&(un"a.
1. (#n!apa +&(u (#(#r&uan $#&aa%an r+$+s dan rad+a& dar+
*&sa6a$@
2. G#&asan %u)un!an *&sa6a$ d#n!an +&(u @
3. -#&asan (ana *&sa6a$ +&(u@
4. apa "an! d+(asud d#n!an p#rn"a$aan )a%5a *&sa6a$ +&(u
(#rupaan r#E#s+ s#und#r@
?. -#&asan da(pa dar+ p#r#()an!an +&(u "an! $+da
(#(p#r%a$+an d+(#ns+ #$+a@
A. -#&asan )a!a+(ana +&(u5an Mus&+( (#n"+ap+ )#r)a!a+
p#r#()an!an +&(u "an! $#r-ad+ )#&aan!an +n+@
103
=. G#&asan )a!a+(ana pandan!an T%/(as Ku%n (#n!#na+ r#4/&us+
+&(+a%@
:. G#&asan 1+r+ u$a(a dan parad+!(a dar+ +&(u (/d#rn@
<. -#&asan &+n!up dan )+dan! a-+an *&sa6a$ +&(u@
1>. -#&asan p#rs#sua+an dan p#r)#aan an$ara *&sa6a$ d#n!an
+&(u@
11. G#&asan %u)un!an an$ara F+&sa6a$, I&(u dan F+&sa6a$ +&(u@
12. -#&asan p#n!#r$+an Fn$/&/!+, #p+s$#(/&/!+ dan aI+/&/!+@
13. G#&asan p/s+s+ *&sa6a$ +&(u da&a( #p+s$#(/&/!+@
14. G#&asan apa "an! d+(asud d#n!an #)#naran dan $#/r+0
$#/r+ #)#naran@
1?. -#&asan apa "an! d+(asud d#n!an #$#r)a$asan +&(u, dan
apa sa-a p//0p// #$#r)a$asann"a
1A. G#&asan d#n!an )a%asa s#nd+r+ (an6aa$ (#(p#&a-ar+ *&sa6a$
+&(u, dan )a!a+(ana ap&+as+n"a )a!+ #%+dupan saudara@
1=. -#&asan apa "an! s#dan! Saudara *+ran pada saa$
(#()a1a s/a& n/(/r $u-u% )#&as@
104
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