Formal Homework Assignment 4

10/26/14 10:39 PM Formal Homework Assignment 4
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Formal Homework Assignment 4
Due: 11:15am on Tuesday, October 21, 2014
To understand how points are awarded, read the Grading Policy for this assignment.
A message from your instructor...
General Comment: In this assignment you will be asked to draw a number of free-body diagrams. Be very careful when
drawing these diagrams. Mastering Physics can be exceptionally picky about the relative lengths and directions in which
these vectors are drawn. As a result, I suggest spacing out the problems you do so that you don't get too frustrated with it.
For Problem 3.30, take the origin as the initial position of the clock's hand.
Problem 3.30
The minute hand on a watch is 3 in length. What is the displacement vector of the tip of the minute hand
Part A
From 8:00 to 8:20 a.m.?
Express vector in the form , , where the x and y components are separated by a comma.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
From 8:00 to 9:00 a.m.?
Express vector in the form , , where the x and y components are separated by a comma.
ANSWER:
Correct
cm
r r
x
r
y
= 2.61,-4.50 cm r
r r
x
r
y
= 0,0 cm r
Problem 3.32
Jim's dog Sparky runs 50.0 northeast to a tree, then 75.0 west to a second tree, and finally 25.0 south to a third tree.
Part A
Calculate Sparky's net displacement vector.
Enter the east and north components of the net displacement, separated by commas.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Calculate the magnitude of Sparky's net displacement.
Express your answer in meters.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
Calculate the direction of Sparky's net displacement.
Express your answer in degrees.
ANSWER:
Correct
Reading Question 5.01
m m m
, =
-39.6,10.4
(D

net
)
East
(D

net
)
North
m
= 41.0 D
net
m
= 14.6 north of west
net

Part A
What is a net force?
ANSWER:
Correct
Two Forces Acting at a Point
Two forces, and , act at a point. has a magnitude of 9.00 and is directed at an angle of 61.0 above the
negative x axis in the second quadrant. has a magnitude of 6.20 and is directed at an angle of 53.2 below the
negative x axis in the third quadrant.
Part A
What is the x component of the resultant force?
Express your answer in newtons.
Hint 1. How to approach the problem
The resultant force is defined as the vector sum of all forces. Thus, its x component is the sum of the x
components of the forces, and its y component is the sum of the y components of the forces.
Hint 2. Find the x component of
Find the x component of .
Hint 1. Components of a vector
Consider a vector that forms an angle with the positive x axis. The x and y components of are,
respectively,
and ,
The weight excluding the container
The vector sum of all forces in a problem
The vector sum of all forces acting on an object
The vector force applied by a net
The vector sum of all forces that add up to zero
F

1
F

2
F

1
N

F

2
N

F

1
F

1
A

A

= Acos A
x
= Asin A
y
A
where is the magnitude of the vector. Note that
and if ,
and if .
Hint 2. Find the direction of
is directed at an angle of 61.0 above the x axis in the second quadrant. When you calculate the
components of , however, the direction of the force is commonly expressed in terms of the angle that
the vector representing the force forms with the positive x axis. What is the angle that forms with the
positive x axis? Select an answer from the following list, where 61.0 .
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Hint 3. Find the x component of
Find the x component of .
respectively,
and ,
and if ,
A
< 0 A
x
> 0 A
y
< <
2
< 0 A
x
< 0 A
y
< <
3
2
F

1
F

1

F

1
F

1
=

180
+ 180
+ 90
-4.36 N
F

2
F

2
A

A

= Acos A
x
= Asin A
y
A
< 0 A
x
> 0 A
y
< <
2
< <
3
and if .
Hint 2. Find the direction of
is directed at an angle of 53.2 below the x axis in the third quadrant. When you calculate the
components of , however, the direction of the force is commonly expressed in terms of the angle that
the vector representing the force forms with the positive x axis. What is the angle that forms with the
positive x axis? Select an answer from the following list, where 53.2 .
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
What is the y component of the resultant force?
Follow the same procedure that you used in Part A to find the x component of the resultant force, though now
calculate the y components of the two forces.
Hint 2. Find the y component of
Find the y component of .
< 0 A
x
< A
y
< <
3
2
F

2
F

2

F

2
F

2
=

180
180
90
-3.71 N
-8.08 N
F

1
F

1
respectively,
and ,
and if ,
and if .
ANSWER:
Hint 3. Find the y component of
Find the y component of .
respectively,
and ,
and if ,
and if .
ANSWER:
A

A

= Acos A
x
= Asin A
y
A
< 0 A
x
> 0 A
y
< <
2
< 0 A
x
< 0 A
y
< <
3
2
7.87 N
F

2
F

2
A

A

= Acos A
x
= Asin A
y
A
< 0 A
x
> 0 A
y
< <
2
< 0 A
x
< 0 A
y
< <
3
2
-4.96 N
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
What is the magnitude of the resultant force?
Hint 1. Magnitude of a vector
Consider a vector , whose components are and . The magnitude of is
.
ANSWER:
Correct
Problem 5.4
A baseball player is sliding into second base.
Part A
Identify the forces on the baseball player.
ANSWER:
2.91 N
A

A
x
A
y
A

A = + A
2
x
A
2
y

8.58 N
Normal force ; Kinetic friction
Thrust ; Normal force
Gravity ; Normal force ; Kinetic friction
Gravity ; Normal force ; Static friction
n f
k
F
thrust
n
F

G
n f
k
F

G
n f
s

Correct
Problem 5.18
The figure shows two of the three forces acting on an object in
equilibrium.
Part A
Redraw the diagram, showing all three forces. Label the third force .
Draw the force vector starting at the black dot. The location and orientation of the vector will be graded. The
length of the vector will not be graded.
ANSWER:
F

3
Correct
Problem 5.14
The figure shows an object's acceleration-versus-force graph.
Part A
What is the object's mass?
Express your answer with the appropriate units.
ANSWER:
Correct
Problem 5.28
For each part, look at the motion diagrams shown and choose the direction in which the net force is acting on the object.
Part A
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
0.250 kg
down
up
right
left
ANSWER:
Correct
Problem 5.32
A net-force with -component acts on a object as it moves along the -axis. A graph of versus is shown in
the figure .
down
up
right
left
x F
x
2.0kg x F
x
t
Part A
Draw an acceleration graph( versus ) for this object.
ANSWER:
Correct
Relating Graphs and Free-Body Diagrams
Two forces are exerted on an object of mass in the x direction as illustrated in the free-body diagram. Assume that these
are the only forces acting on the object.
a
x
t
m
Part A
Which of the curves labeled A to D on the graph could be a
plot of , the velocity of the object in the x direction as a
function of time?
Analyze the free-body diagram to determine whether there is a net force acting on the object along the x axis. If
the object is experiencing a net force, then its velocity must be changing in that direction.
Hint 2. Relate force, acceleration, and velocity
If a constant nonzero net force is applied to an object, what will the object's acceleration and velocity be?
Hint 1. Relating force and acceleration
Recall that Newton's 2nd law applied in the x direction gives
(t) v
x
= m F
x x
,
where is the mass of the object and is the acceleration of the object along the x axis.
Because the object's mass is constant, is proportional to . This means that if increases,
must also increase.
Hint 2. Relating acceleration and velocity
The average acceleration of an object along the x direction is defined as the rate of change of
velocity,
,
where time occurs after time .
It may also help to recall that, on a graph of velocity versus time, the slope of the velocity curve is the
average acceleration.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Correct
The net force on the object in the x direction indicates that the object is accelerating in the x direction. But
accelerating doesn't necessarily mean speeding up. As depicted by curve B, at the time the net force was applied to
the object, the object had already been moving with nonzero velocity in the +x direction. The effect of the
acceleration in the x direction on the object was to
1. slow down the object,
2. bring the object to an instantaneous stop (which occurs when line B intersects the horizontal t axis),
and
3. speed up the object in the x direction.
= m F
x
a
x
m a
x
F
x
a
x
F
x
a
x
a
avg, x
= = a
avg, x
v
x
t
v
2x
v
1x
t
2
t
1
t
2
t
1
Both acceleration and velocity will be constant.
Acceleration will not be constant and velocity will change at a nonconstant rate.
Acceleration will be constant and velocity will change at a constant rate.
Acceleration will be constant and velocity will change at a nonconstant rate.
A
B
C
D


Part B
Which of the curves labeled A to D on the graph could be a
plot of , the position of the object along the x axis as a
function of time?
The average velocity of an object along the x direction is defined as the rate of change of position,
,
where time occurs after time . On a graph of position versus time, the slope of the position curve is the
average velocity. Determine what kind of position graph will yield the average velocity found in Part A.
ANSWER:
x(t)
v
avg, x
= = v
avg, x
x
t
x
2
x
1
t
2
t
1
t
2
t
1
A
B
C
D
Correct
Notice that the correct graph shows the object
first, moving in the +x direction with decreasing speed,
then, stopping momentarily (at the top of the curve), and
finally, moving in the x direction with increasing speed.
The graphs in Parts A and B were not the only possible velocity and position graphs for the given net force.
However, all graphs illustrating motion under the influence of a constant force will have the same characteristics.
In this particular problem, the acceleration of the object was constant. This caused the velocity graph to be a linear
curve of constant slope (i.e., a straight line). When velocity obeys a linear relationship, the position of the object
follows a curve whose shape is quadratic (also called parabolic). You saw examples of this type of motion when you
studied motion under constant velocity in an earlier chapter.
For Problem 5.35, all of the parts are independent of one another. As a result, when answering each part go back to the
original problem statement.
Problem 5.35
A constant force is applied to an object, causing the object to accelerate at 11.0 .
Part A
What will the acceleration be if the force is halved?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
What will the acceleration be if the object's mass is halved?
ANSWER:
x(t)
m/s
2
= 5.50 a
m
s
2
Correct
Part C
What will the acceleration be if the force and the object's mass are both halved?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part D
What will the acceleration be if the force is halved and the object's mass is doubled?
ANSWER:
Correct
Problem 5.7
Two rubber bands pulling on an object cause it to accelerate at 2.2 .
Part A
What will be the object's acceleration if it is pulled by four rubber bands?
ANSWER:
= 22.0 a
m
s
2
= 11.0 a
m
s
2
= 2.75 a
m
s
2
m/s
2
= 4.40 a
m
s
2
Correct
Part B
What will be the acceleration of two of these objects glued together if they are pulled by two rubber bands?
ANSWER:
Correct
A Push or a Pull?
Learning Goal:
To understand the concept of force as a push or a pull and to become familiar with everyday forces.
A force can be simply defined as a push or a pull exerted by one object upon another.
Although such a definition may not sound too scientific, it does capture three essential properties of forces:
Each force is created by some object.
Each force acts upon some other object.
The action of a force can be visualized as a push or a pull.
Since each force is created by one object and acts upon another, forces must be described as interactions. The proper words
describing the force interaction between objects A and B may be any of the following:
"Object A acts upon object B with force ."
"Object A exerts force upon object B."
"Force is applied to object B by object A."
"Force due to object A is acting upon object B."
One of the biggest mistakes you may make is to think of a force as "something an object has." In fact, at least two objects are
always required for a force to exist.
Each force has a direction: Forces are vectors. The main result of such interactions is that the objects involved change their
velocities: Forces cause acceleration. However, in this problem, we will not concern ourselves with acceleration--not yet.
Some common types of forces that you will be dealing with include the gravitational force (weight), the force of tension, the
= 1.10 a
m
s
2
F

F

F

F

force of friction, and the normal force.
It is sometimes convenient to classify forces as either contact forces between two objects that are touching or as long-range
forces between two objects that are some distance apart. Contact forces include tension, friction, and the normal force. Long-
range forces include gravity and electromagnetic forces. Note that such a distinction is useful but not really fundamental: For
instance, on a microscopic scale the force of friction is really an electromagnetic force.
In this problem, you will identify the types of forces acting on objects in various situations.
First, consider a book resting on a horizontal table.
Part A
Which object exerts a downward force on the book?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
The downward force acting on the book is __________.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
What is the downward force acting on the book called?
ANSWER:
the book itself
the earth
the surface of the table
a contact force
a long-range force
Correct
Part D
Which object exerts an upward force on the book?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part E
The upward force acting on the book is __________.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part F
What is the upward force acting on the book called?
ANSWER:
tension
normal force
weight
friction
the book itself
the earth
a contact force
a long-range force
Correct
Now consider a different situation. A string is attached to a heavy block. The string is used to pull the block to the right along
a rough horizontal table.
Part G
Which object exerts a force on the block that is directed toward the right?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part H
The force acting on the block and directed to the right is __________.
ANSWER:
Correct
To exert a tension force, the string must be connected to (i.e., touching) the block.
Part I
What is the force acting on the block and directed to the right called?
tension
normal force
weight
friction
the block itself
the earth
the string
a contact force
a long-range force
ANSWER:
Correct
Part J
Which object exerts a force on the block that is directed toward the left?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part K
The force acting on the block and directed to the left is __________.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part L
What is the force acting on the block and directed to the left called?
ANSWER:
tension
normal force
weight
friction
the block itself
the earth
the string
a contact force
a long-range force
Correct
Now consider a slightly different situation. The same block is placed on the same rough table. However, this time, the string
is disconnected and the block is given a quick push to the right. The block slides to the right and eventually stops. The
following questions refer to the motion of the block after it is pushed but before it stops.
Part M
How many forces are acting on the block in the horizontal direction?
ANSWER:
Correct
Once the push has ended, there is no force acting to the right: The block is moving to the right because it was given
a velocity in this direction by some force that is no longer applied to the block (probably, the normal force exerted by
a student's hand or some spring launcher).
Once the contact with the launching object has been lost, the only horizontal force acting on the block is directed to
the left--which is why the block eventually stops.
Part N
What is the force acting on the block that is directed to the left called?
ANSWER:
tension
normal force
weight
friction
0
1
2
3
Correct
The force of friction does not disappear as long as the block is moving. Once the block stops, fricion becomes zero
(assuming the table is perfectly horizontal).
Free-Body Diagrams
Learning Goal:
To gain practice drawing free-body diagrams
Whenever you face a problem involving forces, always start with a free-body diagram.
To draw a free-body diagram use the following steps:
1. Isolate the object of interest. It is customary to represent the object of interest as a point in your diagram.
2. Identify all the forces acting on the object and their directions. Do not include forces acting on other objects in
the problem. Also, do not include quantities, such as velocities and accelerations, that are not forces.
3. Draw the vectors for each force acting on your object of interest. When possible, the length of the force vectors
you draw should represent the relative magnitudes of the forces acting on the object.
In most problems, after you have drawn the free-body diagrams, you will explicitly label your coordinate axes and directions.
Always make the object of interest the origin of your coordinate system. Then you will need to divide the forces into x and y
components, sum the x and y forces, and apply Newton's first or second law.
In this problem you will only draw the free-body diagram.
Suppose that you are asked to solve the following problem:
Chadwick is pushing a piano across a level floor (see the figure). The piano can slide across the floor without friction. If
Chadwick applies a horizontal force to the piano, what is the piano's acceleration?
To solve this problem you should start by drawing a free-body diagram.
tension
normal force
weight
friction
Part A
Determine the object of interest for the situation described in the problem introduction.
You should first think about the question you are trying to answer: What is the acceleration of the piano? The
object of interest in this situation will be the object whose acceleration you are asked to find.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Identify the forces acting on the object of interest. From the list below, select the forces that act on the piano.
Check all that apply.
ANSWER:
For this situation you should draw a free-body diagram for
the floor.
Chadwick.
the piano.
Correct
Now that you have identified the forces acting on the piano, you should draw the free-body diagram. Draw the length of your
vectors to represent the relative magnitudes of the forces, but you don't need to worry about the exact scale. You won't have
the exact value of all of the forces until you finish solving the problem. To maximize your learning, you should draw the
diagram yourself before looking at the choices in the next part. You are on your honor to do so.
Part C
Select the choice that best matches the free-body diagram you have drawn for the piano.
Hint 1. Determine the directions and relative magnitudes of the forces
Which of the following statements best describes the correct directions and relative magnitudes of the forces
involved?
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
acceleration of the piano
gravitational force acting on the piano (piano's weight)
speed of the piano
gravitational force acting on Chadwick (Chadwick's weight)
force of the floor on the piano (normal force)
force of the piano on the floor
force of Chadwick on the piano
force of the piano pushing on Chadwick
The normal force and weight are both upward and the pushing force is horizontal.
The normal force and weight are both downward and the pushing force is horizontal.
The normal force is upward, the weight is downward, and the pushing force is horizontal. The normal
force has a greater magnitude than the weight.
force and weight have the same magnitude.
force has a smaller magnitude than the weight.
Correct
If you were actually going to solve this problem rather than just draw the free-body diagram, you would need to
define the coordinate system. Choose the position of the piano as the origin. In this case it is simplest to let the y
axis point vertically upward and the x axis point horizontally to the right, in the direction of the acceleration.
Chadwick now needs to push the piano up a ramp and into a moving van. at left. The ramp is frictionless. Is Chadwick strong
enough to push the piano up the ramp alone or must he get help?
To solve this problem you should start by drawing a free-body
diagram.
Part D
Determine the object of interest for this situation.
ANSWER:
Correct
Now draw the free-body diagram of the piano in this new situation. Follow the same sequence of steps that you followed for
the first situation. Again draw your diagram before you look at the choices below.
Part E
Which diagram accurately represents the free-body diagram for the piano?
ANSWER:
For this situation, you should draw a free-body diagram for
the ramp.
Chadwick.
the piano.
Correct
In working problems like this one that involve an incline, it is most often easiest to select a coordinate system that is
not vertical and horizontal. Instead, choose the x axis so that it is parallel to the incline and choose the y axis so that
it is perpendicular to the incline.
Tactics Box 5.2 Identifying Forces
Learning Goal:
To practice Tactics Box 5.2 Identifying Forces.
The first basic step in solving force and motion problems generally involves identifying all of the forces acting on an object.
This tactics box provides a step-by-step method for identifying each force in a problem.
TACTICS BOX 5.2 Identifying forces
1. Identify the object of interest. This is the object whose motion you wish to study.
2. Draw a picture of the situation. Show the object of interest and all other objectssuch as ropes, springs, or
surfacesthat touch it.
3. Draw a closed curve around the object. Only the object of interest is inside the curve; everything else is outside.
4. Locate every point on the boundary of this curve where other objects touch the object of interest. These are the
points where contact forces are exerted on the object.
5. Name and label each contact force acting on the object. There is at least one force at each point of contact;
there may be more than one. When necessary, use subscripts to distinguish forces of the same type.
6. Name and label each long-range force acting on the object. For now, the only long-range force is the
gravitational force.
Apply these steps to the following problem: A crate is pulled up a rough inclined wood board by a tow rope. Identify the forces
on the crate.
Part A
Which of the following objects are of interest?
ANSWER:
Correct
Now that you have identified the object of interest, draw a sketch of the situation and draw a closed curve around
the object, as shown in the figure below.
Part B
Identify the contact forces exerted on the crate.
ANSWER:
rope
wood board
earth
crate
static friction
kinetic friction
drag
gravitational force
spring force
thrust
tension
normal force
Correct
Part C
Identify the long-range forces acting on the crate.
ANSWER:
Correct
Now that you have identified all the forces acting on the system, your final sketch describing the situation might look
like this:
Problem 5.25
An ice hockey puck glides across frictionless ice.
kinetic friction
gravitational force
normal force
static friction
spring force
drag
tension
thrust
Part A
Identify all forces acting on the object.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Draw a free-body diagram of the ice hockey puck.
Draw the force vectors with their tails at the dot. The orientation of your vectors will be graded. The exact length
of your vectors will not be graded but the relative length of one to the other will be graded.
ANSWER:
Normal force ; Gravity
Normal force ; Gravity ; Kinetic friction
Tension ; Weight
Thrust ; Gravity
n F

G
n F

G
f
k
T

w
F
thrust
F

G
Correct
Problem 5.26
Your physics textbook is sliding to the right across the table.
Part A
Identify all forces acting on the object.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Draw a free-body diagram of the object.
ANSWER:
Weight ; Kinetic friction
Thrust ; Kinetic friction
Normal force ; Weight ; Kinetic friction
Normal force ; Weight ; Static friction
w f
k
F
thrust
f
k
n w f
k
n w f
s

Correct
Free-Body Diagrams: Introduction
Learning Goal:
To learn to draw free-body diagrams for various real-life situations.
Imagine that you are given a description of a real-life situation and are asked to analyze the motion of the objects involved.
Frequently, that analysis involves finding the acceleration of the objects, which, in turn, requires that you find the net force.
To find the net force, you must first identify all of the forces acting on the object and then add them as vectors. Such a
procedure is not always trivial. It is helpful to replace the sketch of the situation by a drawing of the object (represented as a
particle) and all the forces applied to it. Such a drawing is called a free-body diagram. This problem will walk you through
several examples of free-body diagrams and will demonstrate some of the possible pitfalls.
Here is the general strategy for drawing free-body diagrams:
Identify the object of interest. This may not always be easy: A sketch of the situation may contain many objects,
each of which has a different set of forces acting on it. Including forces acting on different objects in the same
diagram will lead to confusion and a wrong solution.
Draw the object as a dot. Draw and clearly label all the forces acting on the object of interest. The forces should
be shown as vectors originating from the dot representing the object of interest. There are two possible
difficulties here: omitting some forces and drawing the forces that either don't exist at all or are applied to other
objects. To avoid these two pitfalls, remember that every force must be applied to the object of interest by some
other object.
Once all of the forces are drawn, draw the coordinate system. The origin should coincide with the dot
representing the object of interest and the axes should be chosen so that the subsequent calculations of vector
components of the forces will be relatively simple. That is, as many forces as possible must be either parallel or
perpendicular to one of the axes.
Even though real life can present us with a wide variety of situations, we will be mostly dealing with a very small number of
forces. Here are the principal ones of interest:
Weight, or the force due to gravity. Weight acts on every object and is directed straight down unless we are
considering a problem involving the nonflat earth (e.g., satellites).
Normal force. The normal force exists between two surfaces that are pressed against each other; it is always
perpendicular to the surfaces.
Force of tension. Tension exists in strings, springs, and other objects of finite length. It is directed along the
string or a spring. Keep in mind that a spring can be either compressed or stretched whereas a string can only
be stretched.
Force of friction. A friction force exists between two surfaces that either move or have a tendency to move
relative to each other. Sometimes, the force of air drag, similar in some ways to the force of friction, may come
into play. These forces are directed so that they resist the relative motion of the surfaces. To simplify problems
you often assume that friction is negligible on smooth surfaces and can be ignored. In addition, the word friction
commonly refers to resistive forces other than air drag that are caused by contact between surfaces, so you
can ignore air drag in problems unless you are explicitly told to consider its effects.
The following examples should help you learn to draw free-body diagrams. We will start with relatively simple situations in
which the object of interest is either explicitly suggested or fairly obvious.
Part A
A hockey puck slides along a horizontal, smooth icy surface at a constant velocity as shown. Which of the following
forces act on the puck?
ANSWER:
Correct
There is no such thing as "the force of velocity." If the puck is not being pushed, there are no horizontal forces
acting on it. Of course, some horizontal force must have acted on it before, to impart the velocity--however, in the
situation described, no such "force of push" exists. Also, the air drag in such cases is assumed to be negligible.
Finally, the word "smooth" usually implies negligible surface friction. Your free-body diagram should look like the
one shown here.
Part B
Consider a block pulled by a horizontal rope along a horizontal surface at a constant velocity as shown. There is tension
in the rope. Which of the following forces act on the block?
normal force
weight
acceleration
friction
force of velocity
air drag
force of push
ANSWER:
Correct
Because the velocity is constant, there must be a force of friction opposing the force of tension. Since the block is
moving, it is kinetic friction. Your free-body diagram should look like that shown here.
Part C
A block is resting on an slope. Which of the following forces act on the block?
ANSWER:
force of tension
weight
normal force
force of velocity
friction
acceleration
air drag
Correct
Part D
Draw the free-body diagram for the block resting on a slope.
Draw the force vectors such that their tails align with the center of the block (indicated by the black dot). The
orientations of your vectors will be graded but not the lengths.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part E
force of push
weight
static friction
normal force
kinetic friction
Now consider a block sliding up a rough slope after having been given a quick push as shown . Which of the following
forces act on the block?
ANSWER:
Correct
The word "rough" implies the presence of friction. Since the block is in motion, it is kinetic friction. Once again, there
is no such thing as "the force of velocity." However, it seems a tempting choice to some students since the block is
going up.
Part F
Draw the free-body diagram for the block sliding up a rough slope after having been given a quick push.
Draw the force vectors such that their tails align with the center of the block (indicated by the black dot). The
orientations of your vectors will be graded but not the lengths.
ANSWER:
weight
kinetic friction
static friction
force of push
normal force
the force of velocity
Correct
Part G
Now consider a block being pushed up a smooth slope. The force pushing the block is parallel to the slope. Which of the
following forces are acting on the block?
ANSWER:
Correct
Your free-body diagram should look like the one shown here.
The force of push is the normal force exerted, possibly, by the palm of the hand of the person pushing the block.
In all the previous situations just described, the object of interest was explicitly given. In the remaining parts of the problem,
consider a situation where choosing the objects for which to draw the free-body diagrams is up to you.
Two blocks of masses and are connected by a light string that goes over a light frictionless pulley. The block of
mass is sliding to the right on a rough horizontal surface of a lab table.
Part H
To solve for the acceleration of the blocks, you will have to draw the free-body diagrams for which objects?
weight
kinetic friction
static friction
force of push
normal force
m
1
m
2
m
1
ANSWER:
Correct
Part I
Draw the free-body diagram for the block of mass and draw a free-body diagram for the block of mass .
Draw the force vectors acting on such that their tails align with the center of the block labeled
(indicated by the black dot). Draw the force vectors acting on with their tails aligned with the center of the
block labeled . The orientations of your vectors will be graded but not the lengths.
ANSWER:
the block of mass
the block of mass
the connecting string
the pulley
the table
the earth
m
1
m
2
m
1
m
2
m
1
m
1
m
2
m
2
Correct
Problem 5.44
A rocket is being launched straight up. Air resistance is not negligible.
Part A
Which of the following is the correct motion diagram for the situation described above?
Enter the letter that corresponds with the best answer.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Draw a free-body diagram.
ANSWER:
b
Incorrect; Try Again
Problem 5.46
You've slammed on the brakes and your car is skidding to a stop while going down a hill.
Part A
Which of the following is the correct motion diagram for the system described above?
20

ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Draw a free-body diagram.
ANSWER:
figure a
figure b
figure c
figure d
Correct
Problem 5.12
Answer the following true/false questions on the topic "Force and Motion."
Part A
An object will not accelerate unless there is a net force acting on it.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
An object's acceleration vector always points in the same direction as its net force vector .
true
false
a F

net
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
An object cannot be in motion unless there is a net force acting on it.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part D
When the same force is applied to two objects, the more massive object will experience a greater acceleration.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part E
The magnitude of the net force acting on an object is equal to the sum of the magnitudes of the individual forces acting
on that object.
ANSWER:
true
false
true
false
true
false
true
false
Correct
Tactics Box 5.3 Drawing a Free-Body Diagram
Learning Goal:
To practice Tactics Box 5.3 Drawing a Free-Body Diagram.
A free-body diagram is a diagram that represents the object as a particle and shows all of the forces acting on the object.
Learning how to draw such a diagram is a very important skill in solving physics problems. This tactics box explains the
essential steps to construct a correct free-body diagram.
TACTICS BOX 5.3 Drawing a free-body diagram
1. Identify all forces acting on the object. This step was described in Tactics Box 5.2.
2. Draw a coordinate system. Use the axes defined in your pictorial representation. If those axes are tilted, for
motion along an incline, then the axes of the free-body diagram should be similarly tilted.
3. Represent the object as a dot at the origin of the coordinate axes. This is the particle model.
4. Draw vectors representing each of the identified forces. This was described in Tactics Box 5.1. Be sure to label
each force vector.
5. Draw and label the net force vector . Draw this vector beside the diagram, not on the particle. Or, if
appropriate, write . Then, check that points in the same direction as the acceleration vector
on your motion diagram.
Apply these steps to the following problem: Your physics book is sliding on the carpet. Draw a free-body diagram.
Part A
Which forces are acting on the book?
F

net
= F

net
0

F

net
a
Hint 1. How to identify all forces acting on the object
These are the steps outlined in Tactics Box 5.2 that will help you to identify all forces acting on the object whose
motion you wish to study:
1. Identify the object of interest. This is the object whose motion you wish to study.
2. Draw a picture of the situation. Show the object of interest and all other objectssuch as ropes,
springs, or surfacesthat touch it.
3. Draw a closed curve around the object. Only the object of interest is inside the curve; everything
else is outside.
4. Locate every point on the boundary of this curve where other objects touch the object of interest.
These are the points where contact forces are exerted on the object.
5. Name and label each contact force acting on the object. There is at least one force at each point of
contact; there may be more than one. When necessary, use subscripts to distinguish forces of the
same type.
6. Name and label each long-range force acting on the object. For now, the only long-range force is
the gravitational force.
ANSWER:
Correct
As explained in Tactics Box 5.2, to identify all the forces acting on the object it helps to sketch the situation. So,
draw a closed curve around the object of interest, and mark and label each contact force and long-range force
acting on it. In this problem, your sketch might look like this:
Part B
Draw the most appropriate set of coordinate axes for this problem.
drag
spring force
kinetic friction
tension
gravity
normal force
static friction
The orientation of your vectors will be graded.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
In the diagram below, the book is represented by a black dot at the origin of the coordinate axes, in accord with the
particle model. Use this diagram to draw a free-body diagram for this problem that shows all of the forces identified in
Part A. Make certain all vectors have the correct orientation, and choose their magnitudes consistent with the expected
direction of the net force.
The net force vector, , has been provided for you in this item. When you are finished drawing the force vectors
identified in Part A, should point in the correct direction.
Draw each force vector with its tail centered at the black dot. The location and orientation of your vectors will be
graded.
Hint 1. The relationship between the net force and the acceleration
If you apply Newton's second law to this problem, you will find that the net force should point in the same
direction as the book's acceleration.
Hint 2. Find the direction of the book's acceleration
F

net
F

net
F

net
What is the direction of the book's acceleration? Recall that the book is moving to the right on a surface where
friction cannot be neglected.
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Correct
Video Tutor: Cart with Fan and Sail
First, launch the video below. You will be asked to use your knowledge of physics to predict the outcome of an experiment.
Then, close the video window and answer the question on the right. You can watch the video again at any point.
to the right
to the left
upward
downward
Part A
Which of the force diagrams in the figure correctly displays all of the horizontal forces exerted on the cart by the
surrounding air?
First, what does the acceleration of the cart imply about the net force acting on the cart? (Only two of the choices
are compatible with the carts behavior.)
Next, decide which direction is correct for the force vectors.
When the fan pushes air to the right, in which direction does the air push the fan? (Remember how the cart
moved in the video when only the fan was attached to it.)
When air moving to the right strikes the sail, in which direction does the air push the sail?
ANSWER:
Correct
The net force on the cart is zero, since the air is the only thing acting on the cart in the horizontal direction.
Video Tutor: Tension in String between Hanging Weights
First, launch the video below. You will be asked to use your knowledge of physics to predict the outcome of an experiment.
Then, close the video window and answer the question at right. You can watch the video again at any point.
Part A
Consider the video tutorial you just watched. Suppose that we duplicate this experimental setup in an elevator. What will
the spring scale read if the elevator is moving upward at constant speed?
What does the phrase "at constant speed" imply about the acceleration of the system?
ANSWER:
A
B
C
D
Less than 18 but greater than 0
More than 18
18
0
N N
N
N
N
Correct
Since the elevator is not accelerating, the reading on the scale is the same as in the video.
Parts C and E of "Understanding Newton's Laws" can be difficult - be careful and think about it fully.
Understanding Newton's Laws
Part A
An object cannot remain at rest unless which of the following holds?
This problem describes a situation of static equilibrium (i.e., a body that remains at rest). Hence, it is appropriate
to apply Newton's 1st law.
Hint 2. Newton's 1st law: a body at rest
According to Newton's 1st law, a body at rest remains at rest if the net force acting on it is zero.
ANSWER:
Correct
If there is a net force acting on a body, regardless of whether it is a constant force, the body accelerates. If the body
is at rest and the net force acting on it is zero, then it will remain at rest. The net force could be zero either because
there are no forces acting on the body at all or because several forces are acting on the body but they all cancel
out.
Part B
If a block is moving to the left at a constant velocity, what can one conclude?
The net force acting on it is zero.
The net force acting on it is constant and nonzero.
There are no forces at all acting on it.
There is only one force acting on it.
This problem describes a situation of dynamic equilibrium (i.e., a body that moves at a constant velocity). Hence,
it is appropriate to apply Newton's 1st law.
Hint 2. Newton's 1st law: a body in motion
According to Newton's 1st law, a body initially in motion continues to move with constant velocity if the net force
acting on it is zero.
ANSWER:
Correct
If there is a net force acting on a body, regardless of whether the body is already moving, the body accelerates. If a
body is moving with constant velocity, then it is not accelerating and the net force acting on it is zero. The net force
could be zero either because there are no forces acting on the body at all or because several forces are acting on
the body but they all cancel out.
Part C
A block of mass is acted upon by two forces: (directed to the left) and (directed to the right). What can
you say about the block's motion?
This problem describes a situation of dynamic motion (i.e., a body that is acted on by a net force). Hence, it is
appropriate to apply Newton's 2nd law, which allows you to relate the net force acting on a body to the
acceleration of the body.
Hint 2. Newton's 2nd law
Newton's 2nd law states that a body accelerates if a net force acts on it. The net force is proportional to the
acceleration of the body and the constant of proportionality is equal to the mass of the body. In other words,
,
where is the net force acting on the body, and and are the mass and the acceleration of the body,
respectively.
Hint 3. Relating acceleration to velocity
There is exactly one force applied to the block.
The net force applied to the block is directed to the left.
The net force applied to the block is zero.
There must be no forces at all applied to the block.
2 kg 3 N 4 N
F = ma
F m a
Acceleration is defined as the change in velocity per unit time. Keep in mind that both acceleration and velocity
are vector quantities.
ANSWER:
Correct
The acceleration of an object tells you nothing about its velocity--the direction and speed at which it is moving. In
this case, the net force on (and therefore the acceleration of) the block is to the right, but the block could be moving
left, right, or in any other direction.
Part D
A massive block is being pulled along a horizontal frictionless surface by a constant horizontal force. The block must be
__________.
This problem describes a situation of dynamic motion (i.e., a body that is acted on by a net force). Hence, it is
appropriate to apply Newton's 2nd law, which allows you to relate the net force acting on a body to the
acceleration of the body.
Hint 2. Newton's 2nd law
Newton's 2nd law states that a body accelerates if a net force acts on it. The net force is proportional to the
acceleration of the body and the constant of proportionality is equal to the mass of the body. In other words,
,
where is the net force acting on the body, and and are the mass and the acceleration of the body,
respectively.
ANSWER:
It must be moving to the left.
It must be moving to the right.
It must be at rest.
It could be moving to the left, moving to the right, or be instantaneously at rest.
F = ma
F m a
continuously changing direction
moving at constant velocity
moving with a constant nonzero acceleration
moving with continuously increasing acceleration
Correct
Since there is a net force acting, the body does not move at a constant velocity, but it accelerates instead.
However, the force acting on the body is constant. Hence, according to Newton's 2nd law of motion, the
acceleration of the body is also constant.
Part E
Two forces, of magnitude and , are applied to an object. The relative direction of the forces is unknown. The
net force acting on the object __________.
By definition, the net force is the vector sum of all forces acting on the object. To find the magnitude of the net
force you need to add the components of the two forces acting. Try adding the two forces graphically (by
connecting the head of one force to the tail of the other). The directions of the two forces are arbitrary, but by
trying different possibilities you should be able to determine the maximum and minimum net forces that could act
on the object.
Hint 2. Find the net force when the two forces act on the object in opposite directions
Find the magnitude of the net force if both the forces acting on the object are horizontal and the 10-N force is
directed to the right, while the 4-N force is directed to the left.
Hint 1. Vector addition
The magnitude of the vector sum of two parallel forces is the sum of the magnitudes of the forces. The
magnitude of the vector sum of two antiparallel forces is the absolute value of the difference in magnitudes
of the forces.
ANSWER:
Hint 3. Find the direction of the net force when the two forces act in opposite directions
If both the forces acting on the object are horizontal and the 10-N force is directed to the right, while the 4-N force
is directed to the left, the net force is horizontal and directed __________.
ANSWER:
4 N 10 N
6.0 N
ANSWER:
Correct
A World-Class Sprinter
World-class sprinters can accelerate out of the starting blocks with an acceleration that is nearly horizontal and has
magnitude .
Part A
How much horizontal force must a sprinter of mass 55 exert on the starting blocks to produce this acceleration?
Express your answer in newtons using two significant figures.
Hint 1. Newton's 2nd law of motion
According to Newton's 2nd law of motion, if a net external force acts on a body, the body accelerates, and
the net force is equal to the mass of the body times the acceleration of the body:
.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
Which body exerts the force that propels the sprinter, the blocks or the sprinter?
in the same direction as the 10-N force
in the opposite direction to the 10-N force
cannot have a magnitude equal to
cannot have a magnitude equal to
cannot have the same direction as the force with magnitude
must have a magnitude greater than
5 N
10 N
10 N
10 N
15 m/s
2
F kg
F
net
m a
= ma F
net
= 830 F N
Hint 1. How to approach the question
To start moving forward, sprinters push backward on the starting blocks with their feet. Newton's 3rd law tells you
that the blocks exert a force on the sprinter of the same magnitude, but opposite in direction.
ANSWER:
Correct
To start moving forward, sprinters push backward on the starting blocks with their feet. As a reaction, the blocks
push forward on their feet with a force of the same magnitude. This external force accelerates the sprinter forward.
Enhanced EOC: Problem 5.9
The figure shows acceleration-versus-force graphs for two objects
pulled by rubber bands.
You may want to review ( pages 127 - 130) .
For help with math skills, you may want to review:
Finding the Slope of a Line from a Graph
Part A
What is the mass ratio ?
Express your answer using two significant figures.
How are the acceleration and the force on an object related to its mass? How is the slope of each line in the
the blocks
the sprinter
m
1
m
2
figure related to each object's mass?
For each line, what two points are easy to measure accurately to determine the slope of line? How is the slope
determined from the x and y coordinates of the two points you chose for each line?
ANSWER:
Correct
Problem 6.10
A horizontal rope is tied to a 51.0 box on frictionless ice. What is the tension in the rope if:
Part A
The box is at rest?
Express your answer as an integer and include the appropriate units.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
The box moves at a steady = 5.20 ?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
The box = 5.20 and = 5.20 ?
= 0.36
m
1
m
2
kg
= 0 T N
v
x
m/s
= 0 T N
v
x
m/s a
x
m/s
2
Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.
ANSWER:
Correct
Problem 6.13
A woman has a mass of .
Part A
What is her weight while standing on earth?
Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
What is her mass on the moon, where
ANSWER:
Correct
Part C
What is her weight on the moon?
Express your answer to two significant figures and include the appropriate units.
ANSWER:
= 265 T N
55 kg
= 540 w
Earth
N
g = 1.62 m/s
2
?
= 55 m
Moon
kg
Correct
PSS 6.1 Equilibrium Problems - Copy
Learning Goal:
To practice Problem-Solving Strategy 6.1 for equilibrium problems.
A pair of students are lifting a heavy trunk on move-in day. Using
two ropes tied to a small ring at the center of the top of the trunk,
they pull the trunk straight up at a constant velocity . Each rope
makes an angle with respect to the vertical. The gravitational
force acting on the trunk has magnitude .
Find the tension in each rope.
PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGY 6.1 Equilibrium problems
MODEL: Make simplifying assumptions.
VISUALIZE:
Establish a coordinate system, define symbols, and identify what the problem is asking you to find. This is the
process of translating words into symbols.
Identify all forces acting on the object, and show them on a free-body diagram.
These elements form the pictorial representation of the problem.
SOLVE: The mathematical representation is based on Newton's first law:
.
The vector sum of the forces is found directly from the free-body diagram.
ASSESS: Check if your result has the correct units, is reasonable, and answers the question.
Model
= 89 w
Moon
N
v
F
G
T
= = F

net

i
F

i
0

The trunk is moving at a constant velocity. This means that you can model it as a particle in dynamic equilibrium and apply
the strategy above. Furthermore, you can ignore the masses of the ropes and the ring because it is reasonable to assume
that their combined weight is much less than the weight of the trunk.
Visualize
Part A
The most convenient coordinate system for this problem is one in which the y axis is vertical and the ropes both lie in the
xy plane, as shown below.
Identify the forces acting on the trunk, and then draw a free-body diagram of the trunk in the diagram below. The black
dot represents the trunk as it is lifted by the students.
Draw the vectors starting at the black dot. The location and orientation of the vectors will be graded. The length
of the vectors will not be graded.
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
In the free-body diagram drawn in the previous part, different symbols are used to represent the tensions in the two
ropes. This notation could be simplified by identifying a useful relationship between these two forces. Which of the
T
1
following statements properly describes the relationship between the magnitude of the tension force in rope 1 and the
magnitude of the tension force in rope 2?
ANSWER:
Correct
This is a type of reasoning, used often in physics, called a symmetry argument. Since the ropes are in identical
situations, except for one being the mirror image of the other, they have to possess identical tensions. Since the two
tension forces have equal magnitude, just use to denote the magnitude of the tension force in either rope. With
the information you have gathered here, you can build a complete pictorial representation:
Solve
Part C
To assess whether your results make sense, sort the following situations according to whether the tension in the ropes
increases, decreases, or is unchanged as a result of the change mentioned in each picture. In each case, assume that
all the conditions, other than those mentioned in each picture, remain the same as in the situation described in the
problem introduction. Use your intuition, not your math skills, to find your answers.
Drag the appropriate items to their respective bins.
T
1
T
2
, because the first rope attached must hold the full weight of the trunk before the second rope is
attached.
, because rope 1 is shorter than rope 2.
, because two ropes attached to the same object should have the same tension.
, because the ropes attach to the trunk at the same point and at the same angle.
> T
1
T
2
< T
1
T
2
= T
1
T
2
= T
1
T
2
T
ANSWER:
Correct
Now, use your math skills. Look at your expression for from Part C. How does change if increases or
decreases? How does change if the gravitational force on the trunk has a larger magnitude, that is, if the trunk is
heavier? Your answer from Part C says that is directly proportional to and inversely proportional to .
This means your mathematical expression for correctly predicts what your intuition has suggested. Your
calculations do make sense!
Problem 6.2
The three ropes in the figure are tied to a small, very light ring. Two of these ropes are anchored to walls at right angles with
the tensions shown in the figure.
T T
T
T F
G
cos
T
Part A
What is the magnitude of the tension in the third rope?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
What is the direction of the tension in the third rope?
ANSWER:
Correct
Lifting a Bucket
A 6- bucket of water is being pulled straight up by a string at a constant speed.
T

3
= 94 T
3
N
T

3
= 58 below horizontal

kg
Part A
What is the tension in the rope?
ANSWER:
Correct
Part B
At a certain point the speed of the bucket begins to change. The bucket now has an upward constant acceleration of
magnitude 3 . What is the tension in the rope now?
ANSWER:
Correct
Now assume that the bucket has a downward acceleration, with a constant acceleration of magnitude 3 .
Part C
Now what is the tension in the rope?
ANSWER:
about 42
about 60
about 78
0 because the bucket has no acceleration.
N
N
N
N
m/s
2
about 42
about 60
about 78
It is increasing as the speed increases.
N
N
N
m/s
2
about 42
about 60
about 78
It is decreasing as the speed increases.
N
N
N
Correct
Note that the force of tension is not related to the direction or the magnitude of the bucket's velocity: Only the
acceleration matters.
Score Summary:
Your score on this assignment is 96.7%.
You received 61.88 out of a possible total of 64 points.

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