Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A Project Study
Presented to the Faculty of
The Civil Engineering Department
Technological University of the Philippines
College of Engineering
Thesis By:
Carbonel, Maikko Neil T.
Lucero, Shaira Joy M.
Nuestro, Kimberly Mae B.
Obregoso, George Jr. B.
MANILA
March 2014
i
APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis entitled PROPERTY CHARACTERIZATION OF ABACA FIBER
REINFORCED CEMENT-BONDED BOARD WITH PULVERIZED GREEN MUSSEL
SHELLS prepared by:
___________________________
Engr. Edmundo C. Dela Cruz
Panel Member
___________________________
Engr. Ma. Analin C. Pajaro
Panel Member
___________________________
Engr. Anthony T. de Castro
Panel Member
Accepted as partial fulfillment of the course requirements for the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Civil Engineering.
___________________________
Engr. Edgardo S. Legaspi
Head, CE Department
___________________________
___________________________
Engr. Lyndon R. Bague
Dean, College of Engineering
___________________________
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research would not been made possible without the help of several
individuals who in one way or another contributed to the successful completion of this
study. The authors would like to extend their gratitude to the following:
To their adviser, Engr. Juanito H. Neric, for his immense knowledge, supervision,
encouragement, and remarkable staying control during the course of this research.
To their thesis professor, Dr. Melito A. Baccay, and to the Civil Engineering
faculty as they helped collaborate upon this study and provided advices and guidance
including: Engr. Edmundo C. Dela Cruz, Engr. Jesus Ray M. Mansayon, Engr. Ma.
Analin C. Pajaro, Engr. Mark G. Costelo and Engr. Anthony T. de Castro.
To Sir Reynaldo Baarde and Engr. Jassine Garna, of Integrated Research and
Training Center, and Engr. Juancho Pablo S. Calvez, of Metallurgical Technology
Division Mines and Geosciences Bureau, as they allowed the authors to use the main
facilities for the completion of the tests required for the study.
To their families, especially their parents, for their unconditional love, undying
support and timeless considerations as they allowed them to take concentrations in prior
to this study and turned any uncertainties of failure into aspirations to succeed.
iii
Above all, the authors praise and thanks goes to Almighty God for the
overflowing blessings undeservingly bestowed upon them.
iv
ABSTRACT
Aiming for new potential source of raw materials for Cement-Bonded Board, it is
hypothesized that abaca fiber as reinforcing material and pulverized mussel shells as filler will
have effects on the mechanical and physical properties of the board. In accordance to the ASTM
standards, Water Absorption and Thickness Swelling test, and Moisture Content and Specific
Gravity determined the physical properties while Static Bending Test and Direct Screw
Withdrawal Test characterized its mechanical properties. The tests were conducted at the
Integrated Research Technology Center Laboratory, Technological University of the Philippines,
Manila.
On the physical tests, the results have shown that the expectation of a varying specific
gravity with the water:cement ratio is not achieved , considering the cement:abaca fiber ratio is
constant in all of the specimens, because of the improper distribution of fibers. From the test
results, it is being verified that the cement bonded board of least water:cement ratio and least
PGMS:sand ratio have least water absorption. It also is been verified that the board which is of
most water:cement ratio and least PGMS:sand ratio have least thickness swelling. From these
tests, PNS 230:1989 requirement for water absorption and thickness swelling of wood-wool
cement boards (type C) of less than 30% and of less than 10% respectively were met by all the
specimens.
Due to the improper distribution of fiber on the boards, the results did not show any good
trend between the MOR and the water:cement ratio. The trends the same was observed on the
results of MOE. It shows that the lesser the PGMS content, the higher the MOR value. On the
other hand, specimens with water:cement ratio of 0.6 has higher MOR value at higher PGMS
content. The results also showed that at lesser PGMS content, the lesser the water absorption and
thickness swelling, and increased MOR and MOE. Moreover, the amount of PGMS as filler
influences the resistance of screw withdrawal that each specimen encompasses resulting the
more PGMS content the lesser the direct screw withdrawal strength.
In general, it can be concluded that the strength of the specimens is dependent on the
arrangement and proper distribution of fibers. Thus, the poor arrangement and improper
distribution of fibers affect significantly the physical and mechanical properties of the specimens
particularly the MOR and MOE.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Approval Sheet
ii
Acknowledgement
iii
v
Abstract
Table of Contents
vii
List of Figures
xi
List of Tables
xii
Introduction
1.2
Statement of Objectives
1.3
1.4
vii
11
14
17
20
20
21
22
23
24
24
3.3.2 Moulding
25
25
26
26
27
27
28
29
30
viii
30
31
32
32
35
38
38
39
42
44
5.2 Recommendations
45
REFERENCES
46
ix
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A List of Abbreviations and Symbols
49
51
52
APPENDIX D Documentation
60
65
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No.
Title
Page
Figure 2.1
Perna Viridis
12
Figure 2.2
Conceptual Framework
16
Figure 3.1
21
Figure 3.2
21
Figure 3.3
22
Figure 3.4
26
Figure 3.5
Trimming of Specimens
27
33
Cement-Abaca Fiber-PGMS boards
Specific Gravity of the
34
Figure 4.2
Cement-Abaca Fiber-PGMS boards
Average Water Absorption of the
Figure 4.3
36
Cement-Abaca Fiber-PGMS boards
Average Thickness Swelling of the
Figure 4.4
37
Cement-Abaca Fiber-PGMS boards
Figure 4.5
39
Figure 4.6
40
Figure 4.7
40
42
Cement-Abaca Fiber-PGMS boards
xi
xi
LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
Title
Page
Table 2.1
13
Table 3.1
52
Table 3.2
Mix Proportions
52
Table 4.1
52
Table 4.2
53
Table 4.3
54
Table 4.4
55
Table 4.5
56
Table 4.6
57
Table 4.7
58
Table 4.8
59
Fiber-PGMS board
xii
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
1.1.
Introduction
In the Philippines, a natural fiber namely abaca fiber is very abundant. In fact, the
country is the world's leading abaca producer, where the plant is cultivated on 130,000
hectare by some 90,000 small farmers. This abundance opens opportunities for
explorations on its uses in more value added engineering properties (FAO, 2009).
Abaca fiber, valued for its strength, flexibility, buoyancy, and resistance to
damage in saltwater, is chiefly employed for potentials in boat/ship building industries,
aeronautics as well as in construction business especially for high-rise building. A good
ecological balance combined with its excellent technical properties cited by ChryslerDaimler paved way to the use of abaca as underbody protection of car. The development
of this new end-use for abaca fiber in composite applications for the automotive industry
contributed to increasing the demand for the fiber. Pablo (2011) studied the use of abaca
fiber along with sisal fiber as reinforcements in cement mortar matrices in the form of
meshes. Because of its improved overall performance of the plain mortar plates makes it
a good potential for use as reinforcements in cement-based materials.
Material selection boasts of being able to recover and utilize waste materials
reduce its emissions during manufacturing operations, conserve and preserve the
environment through the efficient utilization of water, energy and other resources. Here
in our country, one of the sectors that needs to further be maximized its efficiency is the
sector of the aquaculture. As countrywide target on food security, income generation, and
employment are being evidently contributed by the aquacultural sector, voluminous
wastes are being emitted. The green mussels are one of the species of molluscs farmed
considerably in the Philippines for food. Consequently, as demands boost because of its
affordability in the market, waste from mussels is accumulated in the form of shells.
These days, productions of green mussel are 13,500 tons a year (Oger, 2012). As invasive
species, research teams come across alternative recycling procedures for the green mussel
shells to diminish its volume as wastes and moreover to generate these as a substitute
construction materials securing the need of construction industry in the near future.
Past research documents the incorporation of waste shell into concrete products as
coarse aggregates, sand or cement mortar (Barnaby, 2004). Compressive strength tests
investigate the applicability of these shells as an alternative material for sand. Based on
the results obtained, Yoon et al. (2003) drawn conclusion that mussel shell is a good
supplement material when sand sources are insufficient.
To characterize the properties of abaca fiber reinforced cement bonded board with
pulverized green mussel shells.
1.3.
The study concentrated on the development and characterization of CementBonded Board comprising Abaca Fiber as reinforcing material and Pulverized Green
Mussel Shells as filler.
Aiming for new potential source of raw materials for Cement-Bonded Board, the
study aims to carry out physical and mechanical properties of the board containing abaca
fiber and green mussel shells in accordance to the ASTM standards. Water Absorption
(WA) and Thickness Swelling (TS) test, and Moisture Content (MC) and Specific
Gravity (SG) determined the physical properties while Static Bending Test (SBT) and
Direct Screw Withdrawal Test (DSWT) characterized its mechanical properties. The
testing will be conducted at the Integrated Research Technology Center Laboratory,
Technological University of the Philippines, Manila.
1.4
To the Civil Engineers, this will provide data to those professionals who are
interested in the advancement of researches in discovering new sustainable materials for
construction applications which can offer unique strength, stability, versatility,
affordability, and safety to both users and environment.
To the Community, this will give them insights about prospective sources of
livelihood by collecting and selling agricultural and aquacultural products like abaca fiber
and pulverized green mussel shells to construction material producers as they
simultaneously maximize the natural resources.
To the Future Researchers, this will serve as their reference for the future
studies using other agricultural and aquacultural wastes as a potential source of raw
materials that could be used in concrete fabrications and applications.
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW TO THE RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the different foreign and local studies related to this research.
Concepts, methodologies, subjects and instrumentations used that are significantly
connected to the present work are also examined. Furthermore, comparisons from
previous studies are discussed and the framework of concept to be conducted are
illustrated and explained.
Composites are combinations of two or more than two materials in which one of
the materials, is reinforcing phase (fibres, sheets or particles) and the other is matrix
phase (polymer, metal or ceramic) (Saxena et al., 2011). Fiber cement is a composite
material made of filler, cement and cellulose fibers. A material for reinforcing cement
sheet products containing fibers other than asbestos, clay and thickener have been
developed, in which fiber cement product consisting essentially by weight of a
Portland cement binder in the amount of between about 40% and 80%, natural and/or
synthetic fibers in an amount of between 1% and 15%, clay in an amount of between
about 2% and 15%, and thickener in an amount of between about 0.03% and 0.5%.
The product may also contain silica and/or filler in an amount of between about 10%
and 40% by weight (Morteza et al., 2010).
The cement bonded board comprises primarily of fibers, fillers, cement and
admixtures (Morteza et al., 2010). Admixtures are used to alter the properties of
certain mixes to obtain desired characteristics. Chemical admixtures such as
accelerators counteract the adverse effect on cement hydration (Sudin et al.,
UNDATED).
8
Portland cement is the most common type of cement used in the world
due to the materials versatility (Bonilla, 2012). Type I Portland cement is
known as common or general purpose cement. It is generally assumed unless
another type is specified.
fiber varies from three to nine feet or more, depending on the height of the
plant (FIDA, 2012). The color of the fiber ranges from ivory white to light and
dark brown (Pablo, 2011).
Abaca fiber, valued for its strength, flexibility, buoyancy, and resistance
to damage in saltwater, is chiefly employed for potentials in boat/ship building
industries, aeronautics as well as in construction business especially for highrise building. Pablo (2011) studied the use of natural organic fiber meshes as
reinforcements in cement mortar matrices namely, abaca and sisal fibers. It
was found that the use of such fibers as reinforcements in cement mortar
matrices has considerably improved the overall performance of the plain
mortar plates. Hence, such fiber reinforcements possess very good potential
for use as reinforcements in cement-based materials.
10
The typical cement board may comprise of about silica and/or filler in an
amount between 10% and 40% by weight (Morteza et al., 2010). Aggregates
in these mixes are used as fillers and strength enhancers.
The Asian Green mussels are bivalve mussel widely distributed to AsiaPacific region including Persian Gulf to the Philippines, East China Sea, and
North and South to Indonesia. Peak reproducing activities normally happen
perennially however the mussels living in the Philippines and Thailand are
known to spawn all year round. Approximately 13,500 tons a year are
harvested locally (Oger, 2012).
11
Oxides
CaO
K2O
SiO2
SrO
Fe2 O3
SO3
MgO
Al2 O3
Mussels
(%)
95.7
0.5
0.9
0.4
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.4
CaCO3
99.1
0.4
-
12
These past years, green mussel shells or tahong shells have been
studied as a raw material for construction. Hamester et al. (2012) conducted a
comparative study of oyster shells and green mussel shells by obtaining
calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) from the said species as they are incorporated as
filler in the Polypropylene (PP). No significant difference on Youngs
modulus, yield strength and impact strength is observed from PP with
commercial CaCO3 and those obtained from oyster and green mussels. In
summary, it states that CaCO3 can be obtained from oyster and mussel shell
and is technically possible to replace the commercial CaCO 3 despite the great
difference in particle size and its distribution.
white color of the calcium carbonate from green mussel shells were the same
from commercial calcium carbonate.
Shells, along with eggs, snails, and other marine organisms, contain a
chemical called calcium carbonate, a common substance found around the
world. Common minerals and rocks where calcium carbonate exists are in
chalk, limestone, marble, and travertine. It's also the active ingredient that
causes hard water conditions in many households (Sciencefairadventure,
2007).
Figure 2.4 shows the input, process and output of the research. It illustrates how the
concept of the research flows. It started by identifying the problem and end up obtaining
the results from the tests undertaken on the process. These results were used to satisfy the
objectives of the research.
14
swelling, water absorption, stiffness, flexural strength and direct screw withdrawal of the
fabricated board.
15
INPUT
1. Environmental Issue
1.1 Reduction of
Aquaculture and
Agricultural Waste
2. Concept
2.1 Utilizing recyclable
waste to produce
sustainable cementbonded composite
board
3. Resources Requirements
3.1 Abaca fiber
3.2 Pulverized green
mussel shells
3.3 Portland Cement
3.4 Calcium Chloride
3.6 Sand
4. Instruments
4.1 Universal Testing
Machine (UTM)
4.2 Calcination Furnace
PROCESS
1. Material Preparation
1.1 Fabrication of
cement-bonded
composite sample
boards using abaca
fiber and pulverized
green mussel shells
2. Determination of the
Physical Properties
2.1 Moisture Content
2.2 Specific Gravity
2.3 Thickness Swelling
2.4 Water Absorption
3. Determination of the
Mechanical Properties
3.1 Stiffness
3.2 Flexural Strength
3.3 Direct Screw
Withdrawal
Resistance
OUTPUT
1. Physical Properties
Tests Results
1.1 Moisture Content
1.2 Specific Gravity
1.3 Thickness
Swelling
1.4 Water Absorption
2. Mechanical Properties
Test Results
2.1 Stiffness
2.2 Flexural Strength
2.3 Direct screw
Withdrawal
Resistance
while
being
subjected
to
its
intended
purpose
(http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/dimensional-stability.html).
Elasticity is the property of a material that enables it to return to its original size and
shape after a force is removed.
17
18
19
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the methods and procedures used in the fabrication of the
actual specimens, and the testing of the specimens in accordance to ASTM D 1037-99.
The raw materials used are the abaca fiber and pulverized green mussel shells
(PGMS).
The abaca fiber utilized in this study was commercially available in the market
as shown in Figure 3.1. The purchased abaca fibers are washed with tap water to
remove unnecessary particles that affect the bonding with the other main materials.
These were air dried for about 24 hours. The cleaned abaca fibers were cut to desired
lengths of 30 mm and soaked with clean water for at least 24 hours before bringing
the SSD (Saturated Surface Dry) condition.
20
Green mussels were collected from a local producer of tahong chips, Ocean
Fresh Tahong Chips, which were contacted to obtain access to their waste records.
The shell condition is after-cooked. It was cleaned by brush, washed with tap water
and sun dried for at least a day. Manual hammering was done to reduce the size of
green mussel shells to approximately 0.5 cm. x 0.5 cm as shown in Figure 3.2. to
avoid pieces from scattering, cloth are used.
Reduced mussel shells size were placed on crucibles and were calcinated inside
a furnace as in shown in Figure 3.3 at >900C for 2-3 hours. Calcinated shells were
given the time to let them cool down and then pulverized it using a mortar and pestle.
PGMS that passed through 200-mesh sieve were used for the fabrication of
specimens.
21
Ordinary Portland Cement (Type I) were used as the binder while 2-3% of
reagent grade calcium chloride (CaCI2) and superplasticizer were used as cement
22
setting accelerator and water-reducer respectively. Ordinary sand screened to pass 16mesh sieve were used in all boards.
The proportion of raw materials used in each mix design was based on the
cement-bonded composite board with a target medium density board of 1.2 g/cc.
(3.1)
All measurements were carried out on weight proportion basis. The methodology
utilized to calculate the materials for fabrication of the cement-bonded board is based on
cement: sand of 2:1, cement: abaca fiber ratio of 100:25 (Xiong et al.), 20% and 40% of
sand replaced by pulverized green mussel shell (Yoon et al., 2002) and three watercement ratios of 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6.
Three different mix design proportions were used to further investigate the effects
of the abaca fiber as reinforcing material and pulverized green mussel shell as filler. The
mix proportions of the materials used in this study are shown in Table 3.1.
23
Cement, g
A
B
412.7142
421.9714
C
D
412.7142
421.9714
E
F
412.7142
421.9714
Abaca Fiber,
g
W/C = 0.4
165.0857
103.1786
168.7886
105.4929
W/C = 0.5
206.3571
103.1786
210.9857
105.4929
W/C = 0.6
247.6285
103.1786
253.1828
105.4929
Water, g
Sand, g
PGMS, g
165.0857
126.5914
41.2714
84.3942
165.0857
126.5914
41.2714
84.3942
165.0857
126.5914
41.2714
84.3942
Water-cement ratios used are from 0.4 to 0.6 based on the specimen to give a
workable paste that can support cement hydration. Levels of calcium chloride and
superplasticizer were maintained to a state that improves workability of the mix.
24
3.3.2 Moulding
The mixture was placed in a 250mm x 250mm mould to maintain the uniform
size and volume of the specimen.
25
The consolidated mats were removed from the press, taken out of the mould,
placed on a table and cured completely for 28 days in a controlled room maintained at
21C and 65% relative humidity.
After curing, the boards were trimmed or cut to required test specimen sizes as
shown in Figure 3.5. The cement-bonded boards were trimmed to a final dimension
of 250mm x 250mm x 9mm. From the fabricated board, 3 samples were cut 50mm x
50mm for Moisture Content and Specific Gravity Test; 3 samples of 60mm x 60mm
for Thickness Swelling and Water Absorption Test; 3 samples of 50cm x 100mm for
Static Bending Test; and 3 samples of 50mm x 75m for Direct Screw Withdrawal
Test.
26
The test methods were based from ASTM D1037 standards characterizes the
physical and mechanical properties of each specimen of each mix proportion.
The physical tests for this study comprise of Moisture Content and Specific
Gravity Test, and Thickness Swelling and Water Absorption Test.
27
Where:
MC = moisture content, %
W = initial weight, g
F = final weight when oven-dry, g
w = width of specimen, in. (mm)
t = thickness of specimen, in. (mm)
L = length of specimen, in. (mm)
K = 1, when SI units of weight and measurement are used; or 0.061, when
SI units of weight and inch-pound units of measurement are used.
28
A sample of 60mm x 60mm was cut from fabricated board as based from
ASTM D1037. Thickness Swelling and Water Absorption Test were carried
out to bear out the amount of water the board absorbed when submerged to
moisture and the thickness that the board take after a specific period of
submersion. To know the gradual water absorption behavior of our specimens,
we chose Method A specifically 2 plus 22hr period of submersion. Values of
water absorption and thickness swelling were reported in percentage as
calculated by the equations 3.4 and 3.5, respectively.
(3.4)
(3.5)
where:
WA= water absorption percent after 24 hours
WAas = weight of sample after soaking for 24 hours (grams)
WAbs = weight of sample before soaking for 24 hours (grams)
29
Tf = final thickness
Ti = initial thickness
The mechanical tests for this study comprise Static Bending Test and Direct
Screw Withdrawal Test.
Where:
P = maximum Load
P1 =load at proportional limit, lbf (N)
30
(3.8)
where:
L1= Load on trial 1
L2= Load on trial 2
L3= Load on trial 3
31
CHAPTER 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of data gathered using the
Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The result are presented using the tabular
presentations (use of statistical table), graphical presentation (use of graphs), and textual
presentations (use of statements or sentences).
The moisture content (MC) and specific gravity (SG) are two properties which
significantly have influence on the physical and mechanical properties of a material.
Taking nothing else into relation, these variables ought to consider always when
material, specifically wood-based fiber material, is being tested to evaluate its
efficiency.
32
Specimen A
Specimen C
Specimen E
9.00
6.80
8.23
Specimen B
Specimen D
Specimen F
5.47
4.56
7.24
Figure 4.1 shows the average %MC of the specimens indicating their
water:cement ratio specifically 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 respectively. Comparing specimens of
the same water:cement ratio, the specimen of higher PGMS:sand ratio possesses the
lower %MC. The partly replacement of amount of PGMS to sand have effects on the
moisture content of the specimen. The amount of PGMS affects the amount of
moisture that each specimen encompasses resulting the more PGMS content the
lesser moisture content.
33
The values of moisture content are not totally affected by the water:cement
value. This is due to the fiber dispersion on the specimens. Overall, Specimen D had
the lowest moisture content which means that it is the best mix proportion in terms of
moisture content.
Specific Gravity
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Specimen
Ave
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
As shown in Fig.4.2, specimen D has the highest specific gravity of 1.47 among
all of the specimens and specimen E has the lowest specific gravity. The figure only
shows that the value of water-cement ratio and PGMS content could not take its effect
on the specific gravity due to the poor dispersion of fibers. Occurrence of pores
makes an effect on the specific gravity of the specimens.
The fibers are less dense than the other material in the specimens which also
means that improper distribution of the fibers makes the board result in inconsistency
34
on its specific gravity. Poor dispersion of abaca fibers affects the definite occurrence
of pores in the specimen. Porosity has a significant effect on the specific gravity and
density of the specimen. The effect of the PGMS as filler could not determine on its
specific gravity because of the formation of clumps of the abaca fiber.
The dimensional
stability
of
the
board is associated
to
its physical
properties including the water absorption (WA) and the thickness swelling (TS)
performance. Conducting the test, Water Absorption and Thickness Swelling
(WATS) Test, for this can verify the performance of cement-bonded boards when
used under state of severe humidity.
25
20
15
10
5
0
A
Note: 30 % and
lesser water
absorption to
pass PNS
Specimen
Figure 4.3. Average Water Absorption of the Cement-Abaca Fiber-PGMS boards (After
2 plus 22hours submersion)
35
Figure 4.3 shows that specimen F contains the highest percent of water
absorption of 24.66%. Generally, specimens does not correlate the effect of its
water:cement ratio to its water absorption due to lack of trends on the values . The
specimens with 40% of sand replaced by PGMS have higher water absorption than
the specimens with 20% of sand replaced by PGMS which proves that PGMS content
affects the amount of water absorption of the boards. The variation of the water
absorption of the boards could not create any increasing or decreasing relation with
the water:cement ratio due to the poor fiber dispersion. Poor dispersion of fibers tends
to form clumps and cling to one another. By this, not all abaca fibers are completely
coated by cement paste and thus tend the water to absorb more by part of the
uncoated fibers. Based on the figure, high water:cement ratio increases the water
absorption of boards having same PGMS replacement. Also, high PGMS content
increases the water absorption.
Overall, it was verified that specimen A with the least water:cement ratio and
least PGMS:sand ratio showed least water absorption. From
this
study,
PNS
36
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Note: 10 % and
lesser thickness
swelling to pass
PNS
Specimen
The thickness swelling (TS) of the specimens adhere to the similar trend with
%WA. Aside from the fiber content that tends to spring back after submersion, the
enhancement of the water absorption of the specimens merely influenced the
performance in the %TS. The presence of voids in the specimens has allowed internal
swelling. Apart from geometry of the specimen, the %TS of the specimens were also
influenced by the sand replacement by PGMS in which the lesser amount of PGMS
the lesser the %TS of the specimens as shown in the Fig.4.4. Swelling were also been
experienced by the specimens because of the not fully encapsulated by the cement
thus low bonding and more absorption of water. Overall, it is being verified that the
specimen E which is of most water:cement ratio and least PGMS:sand ratio have least
37
thickness swelling. From this study, PNS 230:1989 requirement for TS of woodwool cement boards (type C) of less than 10% was met by all the specimens.
38
18
16
14
12
Specimen A
Specimen B
Load, kgf
10
Specimen C
8
Specimen D
Specimen E
Specimen F
4
2
0
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1
Deflection, mm
39
50.00
45.00
40.00
35.00
MOR, kg/cm2
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
Average
Specimen 1
Specimen 2
Specimen 3
A
37.69
47.34
49.40
16.32
B
26.55
21.78
21.53
36.33
C
19.63
21.48
17.05
20.35
D
17.38
23.64
17.16
11.32
E
22.87
20.47
18.98
29.15
F
31.35
42.61
31.74
19.71
600.00
500.00
MOE, MPa
400.00
300.00
200.00
100.00
0.00
Average
Specimen 1
Specimen 2
Specimen 3
A
431.19
551.76
501.74
240.06
B
292.91
367.07
220.72
290.96
C
239.59
111.52
201.94
405.31
D
279.60
439.67
225.71
173.43
E
225.53
99.80
68.21
508.58
F
344.61
560.86
382.14
90.82
Figure 4.6 shows that water:cement ratio does not affect the variation of the
modulus of rupture of the specimens. Due to the improper distribution of fiber on
the boards, results dont show any trend between the MOR and the water:cement
ratio. The reason why all of the specimens failed the modulus of rupture test is
due to the poor fiber arrangement that somehow gave consistent values of MOR.
Even on the results of MOE shown in Figure 4.7, there were no good trends
observed on the obtained data.
Based on Figure 4.6, specimens having a water:cement ratio of 0.4 and 0.5
are alike in terms of the effects of PGMS on MOR. It shows that the lesser the
PGMS content, the higher the MOR value. On the other hand, specimen with
water:cement ratio of 0.6 increased in MOR value when higher content of
PGMS. As shown from Figure 4.7, the variation in the values of MOR and MOE
are alike. For specimens having water:cement ratio of 0.5 and 0.6, higher content
of PGMS results to higher value of MOE. Conversely, specimen with
water:cement ratio of 0.4 have lesser MOE value when the amount of PGMS
decreases. Generally, specimens with water:cement ratio of 0.4 and 0.6 are
consistent in the relation of the results of MOE and MOR. Considering the
values of MOR and MOE from these specimens, specimen A exhibited the
highest value of MOE and MOR which means that it is the best mix proportion
in terms of static bending test. As for specimen A with lesser PGMS content, the
water absorption and thickness swelling were generally lower but resulted to
higher MOR and MOE.
41
117.75
120
Load, kg
100
83.8
63.59
80
60
61.44
40
36.65
18.59
20
0
A
Specimen
Figure 4.8. Average Load from DSWT of the Cement-Abaca Fiber-PGMS board
From Figure 4.8, like the results of MOE and MOR, no good trends
between the water:cement ratio and screw holding resistance were observed. Due
to the poor dispersion of fiber, specimens with water:cement ratio of 0.4 and 0.6
shows that the one with lower PGMS content possesses the higher load. Only the
water:cement ratio of 0.5 shows that the specimen with higher PGMS content
have lower load. Changes in water:cement ratio became insignificant as the
result shows low performance at 0.5 water:cement ratio. Specimens with
42
Specimen A was the best among all the specimens in terms of direct screw
withdrawal strength based on the results. Considering the effect of the PGMS
content, specimen A showed better result which makes the best mix proportion
in terms of screw holding strength. The amount of PGMS as filler influences the
resistance of screw withdrawal, the more PGMS content the lesser the direct
screw withdrawal strength.
43
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusions
Based on the result of the study, the following conclusions were derived:
2. The Modulus of Rupture and Modulus of Elasticity of the boards did not give
any good trend based on the test results observed. The average Modulus of
Rupture ranged from 17.38 kgf/cm2 to 37.69 kgf/cm2. These values fell short of
the MOR of cement-bonded board based on the Philippine National Standards
44
5.2 Recommendations
To further improve this study, the proponents would like to propose the following
recommendations:
1. To use other pre-treatments of natural fibers for the enhancement of cement pastefiber bonding.
2. To develop better distribution, arrangement and length of natural fibers for the
good fabrication of cement bonded board.
3. To investigate the potential use of the pulverized green mussel shells in the
cement and concrete industry.
45
REFERENCES:
ASTM (2006). ASTM C150 / C150M 12 Standard Specification for Portland Cement.
Retrieved from http://www.astm.org/Standards/C150.htm
Bonilla, E. (2012). The Composition of Fiber Cement Board Siding. Retrieved from
http://sidingmagazine.com/siding-information/the-composition-of-fiber-cementboard-siding/
FAO
(2009).
Natural
fibres.
Retrieved
from
http://www.naturalfibres2009.
org/en/fibres/abaca.html
Gianluca C., Giuseppe C., Giuseppe R. & Alberta L. (2010). Composites Based on
Natural
Fibre
Fabrics,
Woven
Fabric
Engineering.
Retrieved
from
http://www.intechopen.com/books/woven-fabric-engineering/composites-based-onnaturalfibre-fabrics
46
Materials
Research,
15(20),
204-208.
doi:10.1590/S1516-
14392012005000014
Hardie, J. (2003,July 1). Tell me more about Fibre Cement. Retrieved from
http://www.infolink.com.au/c/James-Hardie/Tell-me-more-about-Fibre-Cementn755412
Morteza, K., Eshmaiel G., & Abolhassan V. (2010, September 16). Method and Material
for
Manufacturing
Fiber
Cement
Board.
Retrieved
from
http://www.faqs.org/patents/app/20100234491#ixzz2er2f4QYG
Mussel Shell to be Used as Raw Material in Hollow Block Making. (2013). Retrieve
from http://leytesamardaily.net/2013/03/mussel-shell-to-be-used-as-raw-material-inhollow-block-making/
47
Natural
Aquaculture
Sector
Overview.
(2013).
Rerieved
from
http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_philippines/en
Obillo, A. (2013, June). Green Mussel (Perna Viridis) Shells as an Additive Component
in
Hollow
Block
Making.
Studymode,
p5.
Retrieved
from
http://www.studymode.com/essays/Green-Mussel-Perna-Viridis-Shells-As1741796.html
Overview
of
Philippine
Aquaculture.
(1999).
Retrieved
from
http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6943e/x6943e06.html
Rules and Regulations Governing the Culture of Mussels (Tahong). ( 1982, January 15).
Retrieved from http://www.bfar.da.gov.ph/pages/legislation/FAO/fao138.html
Saxena M., Pappu A., Sharma A., Haque R., & Wankhede S. (2011). Composite
Materials from Natural Resources: Recent Trends and Future Potentials, Advances in
Composite Materials - Analysis of Natural and Man-Made Materials. Retrieved from
http://www.intechopen.com/books/advances-in-composite-materials-analysis-ofnatural-andman-made-materials/composite-materials-from-natural-resources-recenttrends-and-future-potentials
from
48
APPENDIX A
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
ASTM
DSWT
L1
L2
L3
MC
- Moisture Content
- Modulus of Elasticity
MOR
- Modulus of Rupture
- maximum Load
P1
49
PGMS
PNS
SBT
SG
- Specific Gravity
SSD
Tf
- final thickness
Ti
- initial thickness
TS
- Thickness Swelling
UTM
- initial weight, g
WA
- Water Absorption
Was
y1
50
APPENDIX B
LIST OF FORMULAS
Board Mass
(3.1)
Moisture Content
(3.2)
Specific Gravity
(3.3)
Water Absorption
(3.4)
Thickness Swelling
(3.5)
Modulus of Rupture
(3.6)
Modulus of Elasticity
(3.7)
Face-Screw Hold Strength
(3.8)
51
APPENDIX C
TABLES OF RESULTS FROM PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL TESTS
DENSITY, g/cc
1.82
SOURCE
ASTM Test
0.49
PTRI-DOST
Bironite: A New Source of Nuclei by
2.8
Snow
Inflence of Abaca and Banana Fiber on
Ordinary Sand
1.48
the Physical and Mechanical Property of
Ferrocement by Medrano et al.
*Note: Abaca Fiber is a commercially available thus no Grade of the material has been
provided
Table 3.2. Mix Proportions*
Specimen
Cement, g
A
B
418.605
418.605
C
D
400.000
400.000
Water, g
Abaca
Fiber, g
W/C = 0.4
167.442
104.651
167.442
104.651
W/C = 0.5
200.000
100.000
200.000
100.000
W/C = 0.6
229.787
95.745
229.787
95.745
Sand, g
PGMS, g
167.442
125.581
41.861
83.721
160.000
120.000
40.000
80.000
382.979
153.192
38.298
E
382.979
114.894
76.596
F
*Note: All the specimens are computed with based on cement: sand of 2:1, cement: abaca
fiber ratio of 100:25; varying PGMS: sand ratio of 20:100 and 40:100; and three
varying water-cement ratios of 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6.
Table 4.1. Philippine National Standards for Medium Density Board*
Physical Properties
Water Absorption
Thickness Swelling
30% and lesser
10% and lesser
Mechanical Properties
Modulus of Rupture Face Screw Hold g
40kgf/cm2 and
40kgf and greater
greater
52
Specimen
Trial
1
2
3
WEIGHT, g
after 24-h
Initial
oven-drying @
103 2C
29.90
27.40
26.20
24.40
28.10
25.40
AVE
MC, %
9.12
7.38
10.63
9.04
1
2
3
29.30
34.40
38.70
27.50
32.50
37.20
AVE
6.55
5.85
4.03
5.47
1
2
3
31.40
30.70
35.50
29.60
29.40
32.30
AVE
6.08
4.42
9.91
6.80
1
2
3
34.00
34.30
32.30
32.40
32.60
31.20
AVE
4.94
5.21
3.53
4.56
1
2
3
34.10
32.30
36.30
31.90
29.60
33.40
AVE
6.90
9.12
8.68
8.23
1
2
3
24.60
25.80
23.60
22.60
24.00
22.40
AVE
8.85
7.50
5.36
7.24
53
Specimen
1
2
3
Weight
after 24-h
oven-drying @ 103
2C
27.40
24.40
25.40
1
2
3
27.50
32.50
37.20
47.40
50.40
52.80
48.10
50.10
50.00
10.20
9.78
9.85
AVE
1.18
1.32
1.43
1.31
1
2
3
29.60
29.40
32.30
46.80
48.35
47.40
47.00
48.08
48.60
10.20
9.70
10.08
AVE
1.32
1.30
1.39
1.34
1
2
3
32.40
32.60
31.20
48.85
47.55
49.40
48.85
47.40
48.85
10.13
9.14
8.76
AVE
1.34
1.58
1.48
1.47
1
2
3
31.90
29.60
33.40
50.85
48.10
51.45
49.45
52.40
51.45
9.40
9.60
9.75
AVE
1.35
1.22
1.29
1.29
1
2
3
22.60
24.00
22.40
49.80
50.00
49.20
47.00
48.00
48.60
7.25
7.48
6.53
AVE
1.33
1.34
1.44
1.37
Trial
DIMENSION, mm
SG
Length
Width
Thickness
49.95
48.95
48.75
49.85
51.50
49.80
8.05
7.81
7.55
AVE
1.37
1.24
1.39
1.33
*Note: All were tested in accordance to the ASTM D 1037-99 with curing days of 28
54
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Initial
after
2hrs
soaking
41.00
40.00
45.00
47.40
44.70
50.30
42.10
43.00
47.20
47.60
47.90
52.60
53.20
48.80
49.10
51.00
50.30
52.50
31.00
35.00
28.30
50.20
50.30
55.90
54.40
54.40
60.60
62.90
58.10
58.70
59.30
57.30
60.20
37.50
42.90
33.50
WA, %
Evaluation
after
2plus
22hrs
soaking
48.70
45.40
51.20
AVE
after
2-h
after 2
plus
22-h
15.61
11.75
11.78
13.05
18.78
13.50
13.78
15.35
<30 PASSED
51.30
51.70
57.20
AVE
19.24
16.98
18.43
18.22
21.85
20.23
21.19
21.09
<30 PASSED
55.10
55.30
61.60
AVE
14.29
13.57
15.21
14.35
15.76
15.45
17.11
16.11
<30 PASSED
63.80
59.20
59.60
AVE
18.23
19.06
19.55
18.95
19.92
21.31
21.38
20.87
<30 PASSED
60.20
58.00
61.10
AVE
16.27
13.92
14.67
14.95
18.04
15.31
16.38
16.58
<30 PASSED
38.60
44.40
34.70
AVE
20.97
22.57
18.37
20.64
24.52
26.86
22.61
24.66
<30 PASSED
Based from
PNS 230:1989
*Note: All were tested in accordance to the ASTM D 1037-99 specifically Method A: 2
plus 22h Submersion Period with curing days of 28.
55
Specimen
Trial
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
THICKNESS, mm
TS, %
after
after
after 2
2plus
Initial
2hrs
after 2-h plus 2222hrs
soaking
h
soaking
6.80
6.88
6.94
1.18
2.03
7.20
7.35
7.23
2.08
0.35
7.20
7.35
7.91
2.08
9.90
AVE
1.78
4.09
9.68
9.40
9.98
9.28
9.39
9.99
10.53
9.00
10.08
9.63
8.69
8.16
6.16
6.68
5.83
10.08
9.81
10.31
9.59
9.43
10.48
10.74
9.43
10.10
9.65
8.81
8.49
6.18
7.40
6.08
Evaluation
Based from
PNS 230:1989
<10 PASSED
10.23
10.65
10.53
AVE
4.08
4.39
3.33
3.93
5.63
13.30
5.46
8.13
<10 PASSED
9.54
9.63
10.75
AVE
3.37
0.37
4.88
2.87
2.83
2.50
7.63
4.32
<10 PASSED
10.83
10.24
10.88
AVE
2.02
4.72
0.25
2.33
2.85
13.75
7.94
8.18
<10 PASSED
9.71
8.94
8.66
AVE
0.26
1.45
3.98
1.90
0.91
2.88
6.13
3.30
<10 PASSED
6.24
7.61
6.33
AVE
0.24
10.88
4.29
5.14
1.26
14.04
8.58
7.96
<10 PASSED
*Note: All were tested in accordance to the ASTM D 1037-99 specifically Method A: 2
plus 22h Submersion Period with curing days of 28.
56
DIMENSION, mm
Speci
men
Trial
99.80
99.80
99.40
48.90
50.50
50.50
9.70
9.60
9.75
1
2
3
98.80
98.80
97.40
47.70
50.70
53.00
9.30
11.48
9.75
1
2
A
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
49.80
101.00
99.30
99.70
97.90
97.20
103.20
103.80
104.30
121.00
110.70
110.20
49.50
48.60
46.60
49.40
46.70
48.80
49.30
48.60
51.00
47.80
49.60
49.20
10.25
9.80
10.39
9.10
9.03
8.00
8.63
8.66
8.75
7.83
7.73
7.43
LOAD, kgf
@propor maxim
tional
um
limit, P1 load, P
12.13
14.55
13.34
15.36
7.00
5.25
AVE
5.66
9.30
12.93
13.74
7.68
9.70
6.06
4.04
2.02
4.04
2.83
6.87
6.06
5.25
1.62
MOR
Evaluation
R=
Based from
3PL/
PNS 230:1989
2bd
47.34
49.40
16.32
37.69 >40 FAILED
6.06
9.70
12.53
AVE
21.78
21.53
36.33
26.55 >40
FAILED
14.95
5.25
6.87
AVE
21.48
17.05
20.35
19.63 >40
FAILED
6.47
4.45
2.43
AVE
23.64
17.16
11.32
17.38 >40
FAILED
4.85
4.45
7.28
AVE
20.47
18.98
29.15
22.87 >40
FAILED
6.87
5.66
3.23
AVE
42.61
31.74
19.71
31.35
FAILED
>40
*Note: All were tested in accordance to the ASTM D 1037-99 specimens soaked before
test for 24-hour period.
57
DIMENSION, mm
Specimen Trial
Length Width
LOAD, kgf
Height
@propor
tional
limit, P1
maxim
um
load, P
y
Deflecti
on, (in
mm)
MOE
E=
PL/4
bdy
1
2
99.80
99.80
48.90
50.50
9.70
9.60
12.13
13.34
14.55
15.36
1.20
1.45
551.76
501.74
99.40
50.50
9.75
7.00
5.25
1.50
240.06
1
2
3
98.80
98.80
97.40
47.70
50.70
53.00
9.30
11.48
9.75
5.66
9.30
12.93
6.06
9.70
12.53
0.95
1.30
2.05
367.07
220.72
290.96
1
2
3
49.80
101.00
99.30
49.50
48.60
46.60
10.25
9.80
10.39
13.74
7.68
9.70
14.95
5.25
6.87
0.70
2.10
1.10
111.52
201.94
405.31
1
2
3
99.70
97.90
97.20
49.40
46.70
48.80
9.10
9.03
8.00
6.06
4.04
2.02
6.47
4.45
2.43
0.90
1.20
1.05
439.67
225.71
173.43
1
2
3
103.20
103.80
104.30
49.30
48.60
51.00
8.63
8.66
8.75
4.04
2.83
6.87
4.85
4.45
7.28
3.45
3.60
1.10
99.80
68.21
508.58
1
2
3
121.00
110.70
110.20
47.80
49.60
49.20
7.83
7.73
7.43
6.06
5.25
1.62
6.87
5.66
3.23
2.05
2.00
2.90
560.86
382.14
90.82
*Note: All were tested in accordance to the ASTM D 1037-99 specimens soaked before
test for 24-hour period.
58
Load 2,
kg
kg
kg
kg
Evaluation
Based from
PNS 230:1989
137.42
119.64
96.2
117.75
>40 PASSED
40.42
92.15
58.2
63.59
>40 PASSED
16.17
26.68
12.93
18.59
>40
54.16
71.14
126.11
83.8
>40 PASSED
51.74
64.67
67.9
61.44
>40 PASSED
48.5
28.29
33.14
36.65
>40
Specimen
Load 3, Average
FAILED
FAILED
*Note: All were tested in accordance to the ASTM D 1037-99 specifically Method A: 2
plus 22h Submersion Period with curing days of 28
59
APPENDIX D
DOCUMENTATION
I.
60
61
II.
62
III.
63
APPENDIX E
DETAILED COMPUTATIONS
65
562.5000 cc
526.7466 cc
35.7534 cc
(7 % of 526.7466)
Increase each of the materials volume by 28.2 % to maintain the target volume.
211.9309 cc
1.82
CEMENT
412.7142 g
0.49
ABACA FIBER 196.7931 cc
103.1786 g
x 1.07 x
=
104.2471 cc
1.48
SAND
165.0857 g
13.7755 cc
2.8
PGMS
41.2714 g
66
562.5000 cc
514.4603 cc
48.0397 cc
(9.4 % of 514.4603)
67
Increase each of the materials volume by 28.2 % to maintain the target volume.
211.9309 cc
1.82
CEMENT
421.9714 g
0.49
ABACA FIBER 196.7931 cc
105.4929 g
x 1.094 x
=
78.1853 cc
1.48
SAND
126.5914 g
27.5510 cc
2.8
PGMS
84.3942 g
68
562.5000 cc
526.7466 cc
35.7534 cc
(7 % of 526.7466)
69
Increase each of the materials volume by 28.2 % to maintain the target volume.
211.9309 cc
1.82
CEMENT
412.7142 g
0.49
ABACA FIBER 196.7931 cc
103.1786 g
x 1.07 x
=
104.2471 cc
1.48
SAND
165.0857 g
13.7755 cc
2.8
PGMS
41.2714 g
70
562.5000 cc
514.4603 cc
48.0397 cc
(9.4 % of 514.4603)
71
Increase each of the materials volume by 28.2 % to maintain the target volume.
211.9309 cc
1.82
CEMENT
421.9714 g
0.49
ABACA FIBER 196.7931 cc
105.4929 g
x 1.094 x
=
78.1853 cc
1.48
SAND
126.5914 g
27.5510 cc
2.8
PGMS
84.3942 g
72
562.5000 cc
526.7466 cc
35.7534 cc
(7 % of 526.7466)
73
Increase each of the materials volume by 28.2 % to maintain the target volume.
211.9309 cc
1.82
CEMENT
412.7142 g
0.49
ABACA FIBER 196.7931 cc
103.1786 g
x 1.07 x
=
104.2471 cc
1.48
SAND
165.0857 g
13.7755 cc
2.8
PGMS
41.2714 g
74
562.5000 cc
514.4603 cc
48.0397 cc
(9.4 % of 514.4603)
75
Increase each of the materials volume by 28.2 % to maintain the target volume.
211.9309 cc
1.82
CEMENT
421.9714 g
0.49
ABACA FIBER 196.7931 cc
105.4929 g
x 1.094 x
=
78.1853 cc
1.48
SAND
126.5914 g
27.5510 cc
2.8
PGMS
84.3942 g
76