Jeopardy

D1 Origin
of Life

D2 Species
and Speciation

D3 Human
Evolution

D4 HardyWeinberg
Theorem

D5 Phylogeny
and Systematics

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Final Jeopardy

$100 Question in Origin of Life

How might the impacts of comets contributed to the
origin of life on Earth?

$100 Answer in Origin of Life

Comets may have brought

amino acids and other
organic compounds to the
early Earth.

$200 Question in Origin of Life

What are some possible locations where conditions would
have allowed for the synthesis of organic compounds? (3)

$200 Answer in Origin of Life

1. Ponds of primordial soup located above catalytic
clays
2. Hydrothermal vents
3. Volcanoes/hot springs
4. Extraterrestrial origin

$300 Question from Origin of

Life
What are two properties of RNA that would have
allowed it to play a role in the origin of life?

$300 Answer from Origin of Life

RNA (like DNA) is a sequence of nucleotides that can
carry a genetic code
It can replicate itself
It has some enzyme functions for catalysing other
reactions
In eukaryotic cells today, RNA plays many significant
roles in the genetic control and regulation of the cell

$400 Question in Origin of Life

What are the 4 processes required for the
spontaneous origin of life on Earth?

$400 Answer in Origin of Life

1. The non-living synthesis of simple organic
molecules.
2. The assembly of these molecules into polymers
3. The origin of self-replicating molecules that
make inheritance possible.
4. The packaging of these molecules into
membranes with an internal chemistry different
from their surroundings.

$500 Question in Origin of Life

What evidence is there for the endosymbiotic theory?

(5)

$500 Answer in Origin of Life

chloroplasts and mitochondria both have envelopes (double membranes). The inner
membrane would be that of the prokaryote that had been eaten, and the outer membrane
would be formed around it from the plasma membrane of the eating prokaryote.
chloroplasts and mitochondria have a loop of naked DNA as in prokaryotes
chloroplasts and mitochondria can divide independently from the cell
The ribosomes in chloroplasts and mitochondria are the same size as those in
prokaryotes (70S)
Thylakoids are similar to the structures found in blue-green algae
Chlorophyll a is the main photosynthetic pigment in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Mitochondrial cristae are similar to mesosomes, folded structures formed from the
plasma membrane of prokaryotes and where respiration takes place.

$100 Question in Species and

Speciation
Define allele frequency

$100 Answer in Species and

Speciation

The frequency of a particular allele as a proportion

of all the alleles in the population.

$200 Question in Species and

Speciation
Describe 3 examples of barriers
between gene pools.

$200 Answer in Species and

Speciation
Geographical barriers i.e. mountain ranges, water
Behavioural barriers i.e. different calls or
courtship behaviour
Temporal barriers i.e. two organisms in the same
habitat breed or are active at different times
Mechanical isolation i.e. reproductive organs are
not compatible
Hybrid inviability hybrids die before reaching
maturity
Hybrid infertility hybrids are infertile
Hybrid breakdown the first generation of hybrids
breeds successfully, but the second generation does
not.

$300 Question in Species and

Speciation
Outline the process of adaptive radiation.

$300 Answer in Species and

Speciation
A rapid evolutionary diversification of a single ancestral lineage.
Occurs when members of a single species occupy a variety of niches
with different environmental selection pressures
Members of the species evolve different morphological features due to
the differing selective pressures.
Adaptive radiation results in speciation and may be further enhanced by
reproductive isolation.
Examples are Darwins finches, the Anole lizards on Caribbean Islands,
diversification of mammal lineages following the extinction of the
dinosaurs.

$400 Question in Species and

Speciation
Describe one example of a balanced
polymorphism and one example of a
transient polymorphism.

$400 Answer in Species and

Speciation
Balanced polymorphism all the forms of an allele
remain stable in a population. An example is the
alleles for sickle cell anemia. The heterozygote has a
survival advantage, so even though the recessive gene
is harmful, it remains stable in the population.
Transient polymorphism mutant alleles exist in the
population only temporarily. An is example is
industrial melanism in the peppered moth. When
treest darkened due to the industrial revolution, the
dark variant of the moth became more common. With
the passing of the Clean Air Act, the dark form of the
moth is again decreasing.

$500 Question in Species and

Speciation
What are some difficulties with defining
the term species?

$500 Answer in Species and

Speciation
Species are most of defined by their biological
definition: a group of organisms that can interbreed
to produce fertile offspring. However there are
problems with this definition:
Populations separated by time cannot breed
Populations separated by space cannot breed
Fossils do not give us information about
whether they could breed or not
Cannot be applied to organisms that only
reproduce asexually
A species may show a gradual change in
phenotype over its range (ie. Ring species)

$100 Question in Human

Evolution
What is the only surviving member of the Homo
genus in the world today?

$100 Answer from Human

Evolution
Homo sapiens (sapiens)

$200 Question in Human

Evolution
What species of hominid did Homo sapiens overlap
with in Europe?

$200 Answer in Human

Evolution
Homo neanderthalensis

$300 Question in Human

Evolution
When did Ardipithecus ramidus live?

$300 Answer in Human

Evolution
4.4 - 4.3 million years ago

$400 Question in Human

Evolution
What are three key trends in the
evolution of humans?

$400 Answer in Human

Evolution
Any of the following:
movement of foramen magnum to center of skull
shortening of forearms
increased cranial capacity
changes in dentition (reduced canines and molars)
reduction of sagittal crest
reduction of brow ridge
reduction in size of lower jaw
reduced progranathism
growth of thumb in relation to other digits

$500 Question in Human

Evolution
Why are there uncertainties regarding
human evolution? (give at least 4 reasons)

$500 Answer in Human

Evolution
-

The fossil record is data poor (few fossils are

found)
Fossilization is a rare event (only happens with
certain environmental conditions)
Bones and teeth are the most likely items to
become fossilized
Most fossils are fragments
There is uncertainty involved in radioactive dating
New discoveries can often cause major changes in
the theory

$100 Question in HardyWeinberg Theorem

What are the two equations in the HardyWeinberg theorem?

$100 Answer in Hardy-Weinberg

Theorem

p+q=1
p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

$200 Question in HardyWeinberg Theorem

If the frequency of the dominant allele in a population
is 0.7, what is the frequency of the recessive allele?

$200 Answer Hardy-Weinberg

Theorem

The frequency is 0.3

$300 Question in HardyWeinberg Theorem

Black coat colour in mice is dominant to white coat

colour. In a population of 1000 mice, 400 mice are
white. What is the frequency (q) of the recesssive allele
in the population?

$300 Answer in Hardy-Weinberg

Theorem
Since q2 = 0.4, q = 0.67

$400 Question in HardyWeinberg Theorem

What are the conditions under which the HardyWeinberg Theorem applies?

$400 Answer in Hardy-Weinberg

Theorem
Large population
Random mating
Constant allele frequency over time
No mutation
No immigration or emigration
No allele-specific mortality (i.e. selective pressures

$500 Question in HardyWeinberg Theorem

In a particular plant species the allele R for round pollen
grains is dominant to the allele r for long pollen grains.
In a population of 200 plants, 32 have long pollen grains.
Determine how many plants are likely to be
heterozygous.

$500 Answer in Hardy-Weinberg

Theorem
96 plants are heterozygous.

$100 Question in Phylogeny and

Systematics
Define clade.

$100 Answer in Phylogeny and

Systematics
A group of organisms with a single common
ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor.

$200 Question in Phylogeny and

Systematics
What is the value of classifying living things?

$200 Answer in Phylogeny and

Systematics

Allows us to distinguish between and compare

organisms based on characteristics.
Makes it easier to identify organisms according to
a globally recognized scheme
Makes it easier to collect, sort and store
information about organisms
Shows how closely organisms are related and
suggest evolutionary links
Allows predictions to be made about the
characteristics of members of a group

$300 Question in Phylogeny and

Systematics
Is the pigeon more closely
related to the mouse or the
lizard?

$300 Answer in Phylogeny and

Systematics
Mouse

$400 Question in Phylogeny and

Systematics
What is the difference between homologous traits
and analogous traits? Give an example of each.

$400 Answer in Phylogeny and

Systematics
Homologous traits traits that share a common
evolutionary origin but do not necessarily have the
same function now. E.g. bird wing and bat wing,
human arm and horse front leg, etc.
Analogous traits traits that have a similar function
but different evolutionary origin. E.g. bird wing and
butterfly wing, insect eye and octopus eye

$500 Question in Phylogeny and

Systematics
The following gene sequences are
found in different organisms:
Human TAGTCATG
Frog TCGTCATT
Fly
TCGTGGGG
Corn TATCCGGG
Draw a cladogram that shows the
likely relationships between these
organisms.

$500 Answer in Phylogeny and

Systematics

Final Jeopardy

Final Jeopardy Answer