OF

COMPUTER
S
 CREDITS
This project is a collaborative effort of

 Zoya Chaudhry Roll # 06

 Muzammil Hanan Roll # 48
 Faizan Roll # 33
 Kokab Khalid Roll # 20
 Mudassir Khalid Roll # 61
 Shoaib Roll # 46
 Mohammad Usman Roll # 68
 Sidra Ghazanfar Roll # 16
 Iqra Khan Roll # 12
 EARLY HISTORY
 “Necessity is the mother of invention”, famous
saying formed the basis of modern computer.The
early history starts from:

 ABACUS:
Very first computing device “ABACUS “also
called Soroban invented in 600 BC was the first
computing device.

 Napier Rods:
Napier Rods was a card board multiplication
calculator .It was designed in early 17th century
 PASCALIN
E
 1642: Blaise Pascal, a French
mathematician and philosopher,
invented the first operating model of
mechanical digital calculator using
gears, called the Arithmetic Machine
“PASCALINE”

 It was used for addition, subtraction,

multiplication and division
 Charles Babbage’s :
DIFFERENCE ENGINE & ANALYTICAL ENGINE

 Charles is the “The Father of Computers”

 1822 : His great invention “Difference engine”
engine
was to perform mathematical calculations
 It was fully automatic and commanded by a fixed
instruction program
 1842 “The Analytical Engine “ was a automatic
machine.It could do 60 addition per minute
 The idea of analytical engine didn’t take physical
form but served as a base for modern digital
computers
 PUNCHED
CARDS
 1890: Dr. Herman Hollerith
introduced the first
electromechanical, punched-card
data-processing machine
 It was used to compile information
for the 1890 U.S. census
 His company would eventually
become International Business
Machines (IBM)
 This paper based machine
represents the origin of computer
database software
 Z3
 1941: Conrad Zeus from
Germany, introduced the first
programmable computer
 It solved complex engineering
equations.
 It was also the first to work on
the binary system instead of
the decimal system
MODERN HISTORY

(1940 onwards )
 First generation of computers
(1942-1955)

Features :
First generation computers were based on
vacuum tubes which were glass (tubes)
that controlled and amplified the electronic
signals
 ABC Computer
“Atanasoff Berry
Computer”
 1942 : It was developed by Dr
John Atanasoff to solve certain
mathematical equations.
 It was the first electronic digital
computer
 It used 45 vacuum tubes for
internal logic and capacitor for
storage
 MARK 1
 1944 : Mark 1 Computer

 It is also known as Automatic sequence

Controlled Calculator
 It is also known as Automatic sequence
computer.

 It was first automatic calculating

machine designed by Howard A
Aiken with IBM Corporation
Features:
It could perform five basic arithmetic
operations: addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division and table
reference
It took approximately 0.3 seconds to
add two numbers and 4.5 seconds for
multiplication of two numbers
Disadvantages:
It was huge in size
Complex in design.
Very slow.
 ENIAC
 1946: The ENIAC (Electrical
Numerical Integrator and
Calculator) machine was
developed by John W. Mauchly
and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. at the
University of Pennsylvania.
Reason :
 It was developed for military
need
Feature:
It used 18,000 vacuum tubes
Punch-card input
Weighed thirty tons and
occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot
space.
It was programmable only by
changing the wiring, not through
software changes, but was productive
from 1946 to 1955 and was used to
compute artillery firing tables
 EDSAC
 1949 :The EDSAC
(Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic calculator) was
made by the British

 It could do addition in 1500

microseconds and
multiplication in 4000
seconds
 UNIVAC
 1951 : The UNIVAC ( universal automatic Computer) was the first digital computer invented by
Mauchly and Ekert

Features:
It used vacuum tubes
Government received delivery of first UNIVAC
in 1951 after U.S. Census processing started
UNIVAC I, was the first computer designed
and sold commercially, specifically for business
data-processing applications
It used a 100 megabyte hard drive
It could be used for business
and scientific purpose
Second Generation Of Computers
(1955-1964)

Features :
Vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors.
Transistor is a small device that transfers
electronic signals through resistors
 PDP1
 1960: DEC (Digital Equipment
Corporation) introduced the
Programmed Data Processor,PDP-
1
 The PDP-1 was a mainframe
computer famous for its low costs
 The PDP-1 did not contain many
advanced peripherals or softwares
 IBM 1400
 1961:The IBM 1400 Series were a
major breakthrough for IBM
 The first computer in this series was
IBM 1401.
 IBM 1401 used transistors instead of
the vacuum tubes found in previous
IBM computers
 The system contained many
peripherals which included a new
high-speed printer. This printer could
print 600 lines per minute
 Third Generation Of Computers
(1965-1975)

Features :
In this generation microelectronics technology was
introduced that made it possible to integrate large
number of circuit elements into very small surface of
silicon known as chips.This new technology was called
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT (ICs)
 PDP 8
The PDP-8 minicomputer was designed &
built from 1965 to 1980
It was the first mass market mini-
computer developed for educational
purpose
It was implemented using four
generations of technology:
Germanium transistors,SSI,MSI and
LSI
Additionally it possesses two
attributes i.e. continuing interest in it's
architecture and implementation
 Fourth Generation Of Computers
(1976-1989)

Features :
In this generation microprocessors were used.
MICROPROCESSOR is a small chip
containing thousands of ICs on it. It greatly
reduced the size of the computer.
Apple I and Apple II
 1976: Jobs and Wozniak
designed and built the Apple
I computer.
 Then the following year
1977 introduced the Apple
II microcomputer
 During 1976-77 many other
personal computer brands
were marketed
 These both have
characteristics of a PC
IBM PC
 In 1981,IBM tossed its hat into the
personal computer, easily fit on a table
or desk
 They were available in taller or narrow
size and have common features of
personal computers
 1980: IBM offers Bill Gates the
opportunity to develop the operating
system called MS-DOS for its new IBM
personal computer
 1981: The IBM PC was introduced
with a 16-bit 4.77 MHz Intel 8088
microprocessor and used Microsoft's
MS-DOS operating system.
 APPLE
MACINTOSH
 1984 : Apple Computers launched
(during the Super Bowl) the
Macintosh, the first successful
mouse-driven computer with a
graphic user interface
 It was based on the Motorola
68000 microprocessor
 Its applications that came as part of
the package included MacPaint,
which made use of the mouse, and
MacWrite
 Fifth Generation Of Computers
(1990-onwards)

Features:
ULSI (Ultra Large scale Integration) and
networks like LAN (Local Area Network) and
WAN (Wide Area Network) are used in this
generation. Mobile computers are introduced
DEEP BLUE
 Deep Blue is a chess playing computer
developed by IBM On 11 May 1997,
 The machine won a six-game match by
two wins to one with three draws against
world champion Garry Kasparov
 Kasparov accused IBM of cheating and
demanded a rematch, but IBM declined
and dismantled Deep Blue. Kasparov
beat a previous version of Deep Blue in
1996
TODAY’S COMPUTERS
PALM COMPUTER
 1999: Palm Computing introduced the Palm VII handheld computer

Features:
2 MB RAM, and telephone
modem port which can be
connected to a separate cell
phone.
 Two AAA batteries power the
unit for 2-3 weeks.
The cost to connect to the
internet was high
 PDA
 1993 : Newton Message
Pad was the first
company to offer PDAs.
 It is one of the most
popular light weight
mobile device
 Its primary input device is
“Stylus” looks like small
ballpoint but uses
pressure instead of ink
Features:
It stands for “Personal Digital
Assistant”
It’s a handheld device designed for
personal organizer that combines
Calendar
Appointment book
address book
Calculator
 note pad
, PDAs began as pen-based
instead of a keyboard for input
 They also incorporated
handwriting recognition features.
 LAPTOP
 Designed in 1979 by William
Moggridge, and was used by NASA
in the space shuttle program
 It came with a five-inch screen
 Two 5 1/4 floppy drives
 A large collection of bundled
software programs
 It contains a battery Pack
 Can be placed on a lap and can
carried any where.
FUTURE OF COMPUTERS

Features:
Nanotechnology,
Miniature (pocket size),
Robot technology,
Quantum computers,
CBT Planet & faster chips
QUANTUM COMPUTER
 It is a predicted super powerful
computer of the future
 It can carry out calculations with two
quantum bits (QUBITS)
 Quantum computers have superior
qualities in comparison to the type of
computers currently in use. If they are
realized, then they will be able to carry
out tasks that are beyond the abilities of
all normal computers.

HUMANOID ROBOTS
They are computerized robots performing
human functions more efficiently
They are of human structure
LINUX WATCH
 The Linux Watch is currently in its
prototype stage. It means that a model
of the watch has already been built, or
is being built, but the product is not yet
ready to be made available to the
general public.
 This is a watch-like product that not
only has the functions of a regular
wristwatch, but also allows its user to
communicate wirelessly with personal
computers, cell phones, and other like
machines.
 With the Linux Watch, you can send
and receive e-mail, receive messages,
and access calendars and address
books.

(Seiko’s computerized watch)----»

WALLET PC
 The idea is to have a small wallet-sized PC that
could be used to display messages, schedules,
weather, and stocks, to send and receive e-mail
and fax, and to play games.
 It could also connect to the Internet and to
the "Information Superhighway."

 In addition, the wallet PC would eliminate the

need for cash. Instead of using coins and paper
bills, money would be transferred using digital
cash stored in the Wallet PC.
 To prevent people from stealing and using your
Wallet PC, each wallet would have "keys" that
identify its owner. Thus, nobody could use
someone else's PC.
 For more security, there are passwords and
even voice or fingerprint recognizer
WEARABLE PC
 The Wearable PC is also currently
in its prototype stage.
 This new innovation is a belt-worn
PC that uses a headset display and
a hand-held controller.
 It is completely mobile and is ideal
if you want hands-free access to
data and other information via the
computer!
 It can connect to the Internet
wirelessly and also includes a
microphone and an earphone for
input and output.
Computers to be 'oxygen of the future'
By the year 2010, scientists predict we will
be immersed in a sea of miniature
computers.

Accessible information
Information will be available at every place
and every time.

Tangible Acoustic Interface

It allows users to convert virtually any
tangible objects such as table tops, walls,
and windows, into interactive surfaces