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1. , J. R. Cameron, J.G. Skofronick, R.M. Grant (

: ., ., ., ., .,
.) .
2.
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1963 - 1982

( 40%
1994).

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EFOMP = European Federation of Medical Physisicts



-
. 2010- 2011 - :

4


.



.

.
(
) .
.
,
.
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m
!

a F !

,
.

:
N
( ) k

:
-: k 0.8
: k 0.003

N W 800 N (m=82kg):

: Ff 640 N
: a 7.8 m/s2

The Muscular System

.
.
:
(.. )

,
, (..
) (.. ). ,

(contractile component, CC)
(series elastic component, SEC) (parallel elastic
component, PEC) .



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(, , , )

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,

,
.

Fig. 11.2

, W
, F M .
,
.

. 15
30.

.
F .

Fx= Fcos = 30 x 0,966 =28,98N

Fy= Fsin = 30 x 0,259 =7,76N

 1.
1
, W2 = 50 N. 1
.
W1
(70 N), T a, R
. a = 20o,
T, R.

 1.

(2 )

( )
(.. ).

.

Using the technique of

vector resolution, we can
analyze the effects that
force in the hip abductors
(vector A) has on the hip's
articular surfaces.

Vector W represents the force of gravity

acting on the body mass that is super
incumbent to the hip joint. To analyze
vector W's effect at the joint surface, we
have translated it through space until its
point of application lies on the reference
line. The vector's exact placement on the
reference line is unimportant as long as
we neither "tip" (angulated) the vector
nor change its magnitude (length)
during the translation. Of course, once
we move the vector from its original
location, we can no longer use it to
measure moment arms, but that is not
our purpose.

We begin by drawing a
red, dashed reference line
that approximates the hip
joint surface's orientation.
The joint surface is
curved, so we estimate the
orientation of a line that
is a tangent to that curved
surface.

The hip abductors (vector A) act during unilateral

stance to oppose the hip adductor moment that gravity
produces, and to keep the pelvis level.
We translate vector A through space, neither tipping it
nor changing its magnitude, until its point of
application rests on the reference line. In its new
location (vector M), we resolve it into two component
vectors. One component of the muscle's force (Vector
C) compresses the acetabulum into the femur, while the
other shear component (Vector S) causes the
acetabulum to slide along the surface of the femoral
head.

S
.
0,7 m.



(

)
: 5

( ~30)
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. 12
.
.

 -


:
(a) (lordosis or
sway-back), (b)
(kyphosis or hunch-backed),
(c) . (d)
.
(: A Guide to Physical
Examination, B. Bates, J. P.
Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA,
pp. 261261, (1974).)




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 (105 Pa)

20 Kg.


(
/

Frontal plane view of the dancer

landing a vertical jump with her feet
in a turned out ballet first position.
This view is one frame of the video
that was analyzed to find the
locations of all the body segments
and the total body center of mass.

Force diagram of the leg _frontal plane_

as a dancer lands from a vertical jump
with perfect turnout. The arrows
representing the forces are
not
necessarily to scale.



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.

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(
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 , 2 , . , 1983

 , 2 , . , 1983

3.4

 (.. ),

.
Fd (
)
Pd :
A
.
t
.

Approximation: treatment of force as a square pulse actual time

structure may depend on particular impact

Body decelerates with average deceleration a from

impact velocity v to zero while the center of mass of
body moves over a distance a/CM during the
collision

EXAMPLE: Stiffed leg jump on hard ground


To date a model of a crash test dummy in a
wheelchair subjected to a frontal impact has
been created and validated, as shown in
Figure 3. Validation of this model was based
on data published by Bertocci et al. Rear
impact testing requires a different crash test
dummy to be used and so this model is in the
process of being adapted to use the alternate
dummy for simulating rear impact. Once
validated using the data from the experimental
tests the injuries predicted from this will be
investigated. This model will then be adapted
to reflect the altered posture of a scoliotic
wheelchair occupant. To begin this process
simplified scoliotic spines have been created
with a single curve (B) and a double cure (C)
as shown in Figure 4.

20 mi/h = 36 km/h = 8.9 m/s

t (hCM) F
.

,
: 40 lbs/in2 = 27.6 N/cm2
~35 N/cm2 50 % !

EXAMPLE: Free fall from large heights

Solution of force equation yields final velocity v!

V2
Vf2
free fall
Vt2
actual fall

hc

Exponential approach of speed of fall towards the terminal

velocity!

Terminal velocity represents the state where the forces are in equilibrium!

h/hc
1
2
3
4

e-h/hc
V/Vt
0.37
0.79
0.14 0.975
0.050 0.975
0.018 0.991



.
g. = , = .

 1.
()

2600 .

2600 ;
()

.
2.
()
.
() , 50kg,
1m
4,4m/s.

0,2s.

;


1. , J. R. Cameron, J.G.
Skofronick, R.M. Grant ( : .,
., ., ., .,
.) .
2.
,
(.. / ,
, / , /
).
3. -
.
4. , katsiki@auth.gr, users.auth.gr/~katsiki
2 (B), , .
5. , ,

,
, - , 2005.