Indiana University Document Delivery Services ee e s & 5 3 Ss ILLiad TN: InProcess Date: 20110321 cic Borrower: UPM Borrower TN: 1326846 Lending String: PJU,CGU,IPL,“IUL,GZM Patron/TN: GULLAPALLI, ANUSHA Journal Title: Construction & building materials Volume: MonthiY. 9 Issue: 7 2005Pages: 550-563 Article Author: Article Title: Ali H. Chahrour, Khaled A. ‘SoudkiCorresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding ; RBS polymer encased concrete wall part |; experi Imprint: (Guildford, Surrey ; Butterworth Scienti ILL Number: 75316805 CU Location: E JOURNAL cail#: PRINTED Borrowing Notes: Borrowing Notes, SHARES Member / Odyssey Preferred /Ariel Address; 128.118.1522 Shipping Address: Pennsylvania State University LL 127 Paterno Library Curtin Road University Park, PA 16802 Fax: 814) 865-0071 Ariel: 128.118.1522 Odyssey: 128.118.89.211 Email: lloan@psulias.psu.edu InProcess Date: 20110321 Notice: This material may be protected by US ‘copyright law (Title 17 U.S. Code) FILLED MAR 21 2011 U LibrariesELSEVIER Available online at www scienceditect.com serence Qorneor ‘Consrtion aon hukling Materials 1 2008) $80 SX Construction and Building MATERIALS sown heer comiocatebulat RBS polymer encased concrete wall part I: experimental study and theoretical provisions for flexure and shear Ali H. Chahrour, Khaled A. Soudki *, John Straube Depron of Cait Binsin, Cais of Water, 204) Cnr: Avs Mest Wari Ont. Canad N2L 3G Revived rary 290: yxened in ovis form November 204: seeped 8 Davee 204 Abstract Roya Bailing Syston" (RBS) i ‘he extixl components side and in tant to decay ad deterioration, non-toxic. virtually main connect together to create Formork shih when filled with gone 1 sean pecinished conerete wal that can be easly construct in any climate. The RBS ssstem is highly da permaent, e and esi ‘and! weather resistant. The polgmer encasement provides erick control in both the vertical and horizontal directions, inefeases the sleuctural eapweity. and enfunces the duetity oF the wall under SGhinic comulton, This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of the Nevure and shear behaviors of such wal tn aulition, theoretical provisions which quanti the contribution of polyier to structural ste coompare sell with the experimental results. MOS Ebevier Led. All righty reserve tenhaneement are derived and Royal Building Systems" (RBS) consists of rigid pol inyl ehloride (PVC) based polymer components thy serve ast permanent stay-inepage durable finished form= work. The extruded components slide and interlock to- her to create continuous formwork with the Wwe faces of the wall connected together by continuous web) members forming hollow rectangular components, The iweb members are punched with oval-shaped cores 10 ale Tow easy flow of the poured eonerete between the eompo~ nents, The hollow RBS components are ereeted und filled with concrete, in situ, to provide a monolithie concrete Il with enhanced curing capacity due to water entra iment. as the polymer encasement does not allow the eon: ‘Covnespning shor, Tes #1 S19 S88 44 fay: #1 SID 88 own, Ean able sou wserho.ca (A, Sowdki SHON «so Font matter © 2005 F ht 16 combi. 2008.12 08, gr L, Ald ight serv crete to dry prematurely with only the top surface of the wall being exposed to potential drying [1-4]. The resulting system is unigue and provides substantial advantages in terms of structural strength and durability enbiane Ultraviolet radiation and pest infestation resistance. de- sign flesibility, ease of construction sand excellent resis- tance to impact [5], Such walls have been constructed in the past 10 years to Function as load bearing walls. no loud bearing walls, shear walls retaining walls. and foun! dation walls with no need for ste! reinforcement in some ceases, except fr steel dowels which are necessary 10 a chorthe wall 10 the concrete foundation [4.6]. Fig. | shows schematic of the RBS wall The RBS wall comes in three thicknesses: 100) mm (RBSA), 150 mm (RBS6). and 200 mm (un-insulated RDSS or pre-insulated RBSSi with 56.52 mm of polyure- thane insulation), There are wo main structural elements used in the wall, namely panels and box connectors, The panels are three-cell components, 233 mm wide. while1 Chan tal 1 Cans 7 Come ectricayata mon BEN ag oN. ‘required < : A me 4 i actor ' Asatation | Rebar Adjustable Door ifreauiced) Jom & Caton igs 1 RBS wall schematic the box connectors are one-cell components, 100) mm wide, The webs ofthese elements have oval cores which al- lov kateral flow oF the poured conerete between the cells and provide shear transfer in the composite sections Three panels and three box gonnectors interconnect to Form a one meter wide section of wall Fig. 2 shows a ceross-seetion of the panel and box connector for RBS6 Which includes the eore layout as wel One of the unique characteristics of RBS isthe contri bution of the permanent polymer formwork to the struc- ‘ural capacity enhancement, Thisis validated considering the Fact that the thickness of a wall using R BS formwork is, usually less than the thickness used for a conventionally ml Buidies Manors 19° IS. SS St formed wal in most applications. In addition, owing to its ductility and significant tensile strength, the polymer controls cracking ofthe eonerete and provides reinforce tment for the conerete after cracking. Accordingly. the development oF analytical models to predict the structural belhvior of polymer encased conerete walls and to quan- tify the contribution ofthe polymer shel to enhancement of the structural capacity is very important. Thus, con on with the applicable design provisions for plain or steel reinforeed concrete walls is rendered possible (7) ‘The current paper presents the results of part | of an extensive experimental program carried out at the Uni versity of Waterloo to investigate the structural behas~ jor of RBS with varying thickneses [8]. In part 1 the flexure and shear behaviors are studied and theoretical provisions. which take inte aecount the contribution Of polymer. are derived and compared with the exper mental results. Such theoretieal provisions are given as closed-form equations whieh can be direetly used for aleulition of the ultimate flexure eapacity and ultimate shear eapstity of RBS walls. Part IL. which will be pre- sented subsequently, includes experimental investigation and theoretical provisions for pure awial compression x! combined axial and Mewural loadings 2. Experimental program Part [ of the experimental program consisted of test- ing.a total of 15 specimens in flexure and nine specimens, 2380 450mm, CoreLayout ig. 2. RAS pulymer coms-astion and eore Souse {1 Chav a Canto nd Baling Matera 19 M8, $8 $43 in shewr for different thicknesses of the RBS. Table | summarizes the test program, 21. Material properties The RBS material is a rigid PVC-based composite polymer that has been specifically developed for its application. The stress strain curve of the polymer is nonlinear as shown in Fig. 3. The ultimate tensile strength of the polymer is 40 MPa and the modulus of clastieity is 2900 MPa. In general, the recommended conerete for walls using RBS is a minimum 28-day compressive strength of 20 MPa, slump between 100 and 125 mn and a maximu aggregate size of 10 mm to permit proper flow of the cconerete into all cells [2]. The eonerete used in the test imens had an average 28-day compressive strength 5 MPa and an average strength of 26.5 MPa on of the day of testing, “The 10 M steel bars used in the Mexure test specimens hhad a 400 MPa yield strength and 200 GPa modulus of clasticity, and conformed with the Canadian CSA- A23,3-1994 standard requirements for deformed steel bars [7 ‘© $000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 Strain (ye) aowlinear res stain sare for pals. 2.2, Hlesure tests 2.1. Test specimens ‘The Mesure test specimens were divided into five groups corresponding to different wall section thick- Table 1 Test matin Tearigpe Specimen ticknow tm) Contiguration deseipion Number of specimen Specimen seigation Tiere 0 Plan conesteensnal by PVC ¥ RaSEr ovate informe CRS user users Is Pain sore eine bs PV 4 Reser No Stel fone RBS Ruse? Raise Rushes 10 (One 1 ME bye sel tinvoes 2 Rave RA sates min by PVC UBS) RUSGR-A 20 Prin goncret enna by PVC : Russie No tet einforcement (RBSS) RBSNi-CT ssa fase 3 Ne 1p RUSKiCt 20 Pain goncrete encased by PVE : Russi [No see renforsment BSS BUSHEL Fam age at te RBSSHEC Shear ha ‘ne panel athe by 180 5 Rasis! tar connectors RBSES? Phin sonrets encased by PVC ruses Nov! einfoncemcnt (RBS) Rusese RUSESS su (ne pel ey 2809 a ROSES Tan conmestors| RBSHS2 Pan gonerets encased By PVC RUSS Nort rerorcemcat IRSA) Rasennesses and the inclusion of nforceme in Table 1. The RBSSi specimens were tested for both ceases where the foam insulation is in tension (RBSB: CU-F) ar in compression (RBSSi-FU-F). Ech specimen consisted of one panel interconnected with one box connector. The specimens were of 2400 fmm length, 333 mm width and a variable thickness (100, 150, and 200 mm), The steel reinforced RBS6 spec iimens had one 10 M reinforeing bar located in the eenter stor as this corresponds to the steel bar of the box con location in practic. 2.2.2. Test proveadure and instrumentation The flesure tests were conducted using a four column, test frame, The load was applied through oor rewetin a servo-hydraulig actuator with a 300 KN capacity and 450 mm stroke, The specimens were simply supported \sith a ekear span oF 2000 mm, and loaded a the quarter points of the span with [001 mm between load points and 500 mm between the load points. and. supports. Fig. 4 shows an RBS6 specimen under the four-point bending test, AIL tests were carried out under displace ment control Three linear variable displacement transformers (LVDS) were used to meas! span and under each loading point. For each specimen, the deflection t_mid ang the compression and tension strains at midspan. tn ad tion, three strain gtuges were also used to record the strain in the 10 M bar reinforced RBS6-R-F specimens. Data acquisition system continuously monitored and re- ‘corded the measurements, 2.3 Imerseemennt shear tests 21. Test specimens Thy ints between adjacent wall Fig. Porpoint honing tests cloments, Specifigally, the tests were designed so that a nber of cores are tested for all specimens Each specimen consisted of a 380mm long panel anked of either side by a 380 mm long box connector The middle p align the top three cores of the box connectors with the bottom three cores of the panel. In this way. the shear capacity: provided by three connecting concrete cores wats evaluated offset the distanee required wo 2.3.2. Test procedure and instrumentation The inter-lement shear tests were conducted aM four column selF-rcaeting MTS test frame with a 1300 KN capacity servo-hydraulie actuator. LVDTs were used to measure the vertical deflection of the middle pane! and the slippage along the shear joints, Th measured using a load ell and the instrumer monitored and data recorded with a data acquisition system The specimens were subjected to a compression load by means of two spreader beams. one above and one be ow the specimen, The lower spreader beam is sellevel ing by means of « swivel joint. The load was applied under displacen to simulate a sections in price Of the sliding joints, Two clamps were used, one near the ithe bottom of the specimen, The hnened to prevent expansion of the control. Pipe clamps were placed inephine restraint of the adjavent wall . which act to prevent the expansion top and the other m camps were haan th sliding joint, once formed. but at the pre-stress the joint, In addition. Neops pads were employed its bearing surfaees to provide a continuous bearing pressure across the specimen footprint, Fig. 5 shows a shear specimen in place in the test frame 3. Test results and discussion 41, Fleure tests The Hesure test results for the 1S tested specimens ive groups) a the observed lewural behavior ancl mode of failure presented and discussed in terms ofss 1A Charo a1 Consiaca aa Bine Materis 14 208: $80 S48 igs. @ and 7 show the measured load midspan flection curves for the un-insulated (RBSH-F. RBS6-F, and RBS6-R-F) and insulated (RBSSi-CU-F and RBS8i-FU-E) test specimens, respectively. It is within the same group exhibited very similar flex responses in terms of the observed variation in loud, deflection and stifness. In general. all specimens exhib= ited a similar Mexural behavior whieh is represented by Tour # initial linear response Ui eracking of important to point out here that all tested specimens «; = . | | =aeeerr maser? 0] | posers 6 © gs! al 3s | | Aare | on om © © mw 10 M0 Midspan Detection) m9 49 $0 6 70 oo 9 100 110 120 Mcepan Detection (men) 0 19 20 30 4 S0 60 70 8 9% 10 110 120 ‘Mdgpan Detection (mm) ig, 6. Loon! mip dston gurney te usanslat RBS fest pecimen{LL Char a 1 Const te ad Budding Manes 19 2008. $80 $08 =] ~~ a Ee / i a © © 0 7 9% 10 10 120 ‘Missa Delaction (nm) so || rasairurs Pra 84 wo mo "| ~ 7 wo | a ee) ‘Wiapan Datlacton (mm) ig. 7, Load midspan deistion curves for the insulated RBS tes specimens the concrete ovcurs, followed by a “saw-teeth™ varia tion in the load as multiple cracking continues with the inerease in deflect sponse up to the maxi by a small region of a linear dee failure, A continual degradation in the stiffness up to the maximum load is observed in all tested specimens In the RBS4-F specimens, the third non-linear region seemed to be more of «linear plateau response. Fur thermore, the fourth linear softening region vanished in the RBS8i-FU-F specimens with the maximum loud being almost identical 10 the fa Failure of all specimens was characterized by rupture of the polymer tension flange reflected in a sudden drop in the applied load, The observed “siw-teeth” phenomenon seems 10 be a unique property of the RBS flexure specimens ow- ing to the reinforcing effect of the polymer encasement. This is explained as follows: the conerete cracks att section when the bottom (ension strain reaches. the modulus of rupture presented as a sudden drop in ure los the load, and thus higher tension stresses are carried by the polymer which allows the load to inerease unt a second crack occurs at a different section again cause ing a drop in the load. This “saw-teeth™ behavior is re peated as multiple eracking in the conerete continues, after which the polymer will be carrying all the tension stresses which brings an inerease in the load with the continual inerease in deflection until failure. Had the plain concrete specimens not been encased by polymer: they would exhibit a sudden brittle rupture with erack- ing at one section upon reaching their eracking load. Fig. 6 for the RBS6-R-F specimens also shows the load level at which yielding in the steet bar occurs whieh is within the “saw-teeth” region. Comparison othe flex ural responses of the RBS6-F and RBS6-R-F specimens. in Fig. 6 reveals that RBS6-R-F shows a smaller fuetu- ation in the load level within the “saw-teeth” region compared to RBS6-F. This is attributed to the steel rein Forcement effect. In fact, the tested RBS6-R-F specimens showed 3 uniformly distributed crack pattern withlarger number of cracks compared to the RBS6-H spec: the obtained pre- and posterach stillnesses were Very similar For both groups. In addition the stect reinforced 180-mm thick specimens showed substantially harger load carrying capacity and delle! tion, both at ulin and failure, compared 1 the unre inforged specimens of the same thickness. It is further ni te note that the RBSGR-1 specimens were able to continue to resist applied loa! even after rupture fof the polymer. the level. Fig {a consider: bly lower capacity 8 shows the Failure mexte For the RS6 spec+ specimens (RBSO-F) literally broke in two picees once the polymer ruptured. whereas ne I M steel batt held the reinforced specimens (RBS6 R-E} together preventing eollapse of the specimen Comparison of the flexural responses of the RBSSi CU-F an RBSSI-FU-F specimens given by Fi seals the importance of the polymer contribution to The unreinfore Neural expacity RBSSi-CU-E RISSi-FU-F specimens and resists substantially higher This is explained by the inereased! polymer area im tension existent in the The ultimate load capacity of the specimens is almost double that of the foal at the same deflection level ® Fig 8 Hae et fee mies RBSSI-CU-F specimens The initial stiltiess in the fins isthe same for both. but fier the eonerete As the stillness of the RBSSEFU- raed at atameh the RBSSiCL i For the specimens with the la ef specimens de ter rate compared to that 1 specimens presents the loxil midhspan deflection response gest mavinnum load in exe nis figare, ss euialent that the maine And failure beads imerease with the inerease in RBS thickness, navi Toa and failure load is generally very small. The dellection cr than that Furthermore group, From The difference berween the at failure ways generally considerably: tan all specimens. RBSHH specimens showed a substntially la at maximum for tion at failure which is attributed to their extremely de ded stiffness after cracking reflected inthe third region Tinear phateat of their Mequral response, AIL spec: imens have almost the sume stlfness in the initial linear ui ales at arate inversely proportional to the specimen thickness ‘up tll the mavimum load Fable 2 summarizes th pre-cracking region cr whieh the stilfness det sured) experimental re sults For allsreser! resent rasacure —rasesust tons an a ee ee Mgupan Detection (me) 1g. 9 Comparison of the feral response Fr all oops of specimens Table 2 Flee tote rvs vce sleight) Spevien Maximum Datecion Fle Delkction Bottom sin Moments Toughne Fad Po thN1 at Peay oa ARN) at Peco) a Ne GN) user He 7 18s Tie 346 16 user? i me ws ro) Ass ha09 RBSEET Has ne sx ss 3% hank Avorape nas 6s ins as um Roser 2868 wa soe 073 on mas Raise? du6 wea 6 wars 59 us 1 RUSHES BAT v4 589 1098 oot nett Ruse dase a9 Tox wis Average Mar ay was oa hve Mix ssa dow on 1a x67 wre Assrage sot sso Mas vx 90 sus RUSKECURL S583 wes sir ws 396 au RMSNCULR? S80 oe sr ms re m2 RUSSCUHY S81 82 su 86 ious i an Avsrage se on ssi Hos we RnssertET Raw mar aa Tos hot sor host RRSKFUE2 2968 sor Ds sto Ime 12 152 RUSKEUE) 989 a8 doen 10 482 7a Maina Avo uss 96 wom ona 26 say ment capacity is calculated from the maximum load the specimen, The toughness represents a measure of Using staties, and the toughness value represents the area the specimen’s fracture energy and is indi under the measured load midspan deflection curve of its ductility. with higher toughness values signifyingincreased ductility of the spe RBSHE 1% 74.7 RE, RBSSE-CU-F, a tively, was obtained. Thus. it ‘addition of steel reinforcement and in fof the wall gonsiderably inerease the di specimens in bend men, Compared 0 the the ductility. by or the RBS6-F. RBS6- FU-F specimens, respec in be concluded that the creased thickness tility. of the AAD beet a 4 Cos ad Bde Matra 14208, $80 8 Fig. 10 shows the moment strain response for the RBS and RBSS-CU-F specimens, Both the tension (bottom) and the compression (top) strains are plotted versus the flexural moment, The obtained trend ilar in all specimens with the strains continual inerease Lill the maximum load is reached. A deerease in the me sured strtins from the maximum load to failure load was observed in the RBS#-F specimens. RaseFonwre Monee te) RESELCU-Flene Moment in ig, 1 Heyoral monn sen ‘Rasa: CU (Top Sian) for RSE ad RISS-CUAP ypximens,1.16 Chan 6 1 Costa Bang Meera 19208 $80 $8 sa 3.2, hnver-element sheur tests The primary goal of the inter-element shear tests was to determine the vertical shear capacity of the concrete shear connectors (cores) along the sli Mand 12 present theobtained resultstor th sits joint slippage for the RBS4 pevimens, respectively, This load represents the sum of the two shear Forcesassumedequalandactingalongthenwestidingjoints between the paneland box connectors. Iv is evident that all specimens exhibited si bbchavior as the specimens failed in shear, The response is charaeterized by an initial very sti behavior with al- most zero slip and two peak loads corresponding to fail ture of the eonerete cores (shear connectors) along the first and second sliding joints. It is further observed that the joint slippage starts to increase after the first peak Toad, ie. formation of the first eracked sliding joint. and is substantially ace icking of the se cond sliding joint upon reaching the second peak load, ‘Afterwards, the loud carrying capacity drops steadily un Ul failure, This steady decline in capacity is primarily due to the applied clamping foree acting on the specimen. If the clamps were not present, the specimen would have broken apart after both joints had cracked. and there would have been no loud carrying capacity left. How cever, as mentioned earlier. the clumping force simulates the actual interior wall condition in practice w sliging joints are braced by the adjacent pasts of the ited after er eas 09 ‘Table 3 presents the shear test results for the nine tested specimens, The larger of the two measured peak saxinnum lox, In mest eases. J occurred at the first peak. Wis worth loads is reported as the this mavimut noting that, due to their kirger eonerete she: RBS6-S specimens gave higher shear capacity than the RBS4-S spocimens. 4. Theoretical provisions Theoretical provisions for the ultimate flexural capac: ity and ultimate inter-element shear capacity are derived and presented below. The experimental results matched Well ith the theoretical predictions 41, Uhimate flexural expacity Fig. 13 presents a generalized cross-section of an insu: Jated RBS with steel reinforcement at mid-height with the ‘actual and assumed stress and strain distributions at ulti ‘mate, The basie assumption adopted for limit state antl ysis is that the concrete in tension below the neutral axis is completely cracked and does not resist any tensile stres inl ll tensile stresses will be resisted by the polymer aand steel reinforcement. ifany isineluded. The polymer in compression above the neutral axis is totally neglected and shall not carry any compressive stresses, The actu Strain and stress distributions across the eross-seetion Resé-shear —nase.st (sion) ase-s2 (Sip!) noses (Sina) ase S4 Sion) aS4.S5 (ind) Join stp (nm ig. Shor fod joint lip response for RISES spacimnnswo 1M Chabon 8 ab Conon and Blane Maser 14a S80 Sa RASE-Shear rasesais2 6 51 (si) 0S8'S2(S901) 86 2St621 6 $9(S'%1 S6 $4510 658 84.552 stint Sip (mm igs 12 Shs a jon Sip segs foe RBS specimens able § ‘Shea tests rss Spedncn Fini pak Datiwtion Spat Swnd peak Deflstion Sip at Daikstion Slipat fod PeikS) at Pet) Py nm oul PeekNb_—_at seins) we fanantic Ras ova Tas ote a ey ea a 73 ose “a0 a ous test BIS te om RASES seu io 1 ne su ss RUSE 72S ist ous rane rey RISES avs ra oo sre ne Rusest 120 iss i saa oe su RUSOSE ae Bak om mat sin 886 RANESE ia om Sat S19 foe Resear 1807 th oss zal foe Manin Foal wich the Ippo of the hwo peak Kuh PI ot PB © Spas wth the ar sip os ig at ome nd othe pul while the er nd sips ei Soin th Spat ho etd a the pane The rept ip represent the sverage othe 160 ed ps arcnon-lincaras shown in Fig. 13. The assumed stressis- tribution consists of the traditional rectangular stress block for the conerete in compression and it uniform ten sile palymer stress block of depth (,)and magnitude Uy, which represents the ultimate tensile strength of the poly= iver, This tensile polymer stress block isaesumed to beet ing on the polymer Manges and webs in tension at the section along the major axis of the elliptical conerete gore which represents the weakest criti section where the polymer rupture occurs. Based! on the above assumptions and considering the state of internal forees shown in Fig. 13. the generalized fe given by compressive and tensile forces “ fick, (gompressice force in the vonerete| a T, (tension force in the polymer) rey TL AY (ension forve in the steel reinforeement) a where 4 O85 O.ODISK, > 0.67,1M Char ea Consist ad Bing Maral 19308 $80 $08 so ne 5 5 ada ination Wy anne side ComsSeron Stain Disebtion doa Sass Sve Se Fig 18. Gnoralize RBS crosesstion sess snl strain Ssutons Fo Fin sate fi 097 0.002542 > 0.67. (3) is the compressive strength of concrete (26.5 MPa): b. Sidth of the eross-seetion (333 mm: hg, net width of the concrete compression stress block neglecting polymer webs in compression (tabulated values in (2) adjusted For by (mmk: ¢, depth of the neutral axis from the top) compression fiber of conerete (mm); 4). polymer area in tension a the eritieal seetion {mm}: 4, total polymer section {tabulated values in [2] ad justed For J) (9M); fu ultimate tensile strength of the polymer (40 MPa: oy. area of steel reinforcement (100 ‘mm For one 10 M bar: yield stress of steel reinforce: ‘ment (400 MPa, Considering the equilibrium of internal forces at the cross-section. coment 6) area at the criti avis location (¢) ean be eaeulated from the expression, ay follows: a The location of the tensile foree (7) is given by (r in ‘nvm) which represents the vertical distance from the bot tom tension ber to the entioid of the polymer ae in tension (ah Follows a tig Soa ay . {ior the un-insulited RBS4, RBS6and RBS6-R. where his the depth of the eross-seetion (mi): fp. moment of inertia ‘ofthe polymer areast the critical setion (tabulated values in 2} aljusted for /) (mm*) whereas (r> for the insulated RASS: specimens is calculated from the tabulated values in Py} oly) Which varies depending on whether the insulation is it tension (RBSS-CU) oF compression (R BS8i-FU). Based on the above, the ultimate resisting moment (Af) ean be elculated from the following generalized expressions justec! based on the polymer area in tension stthet (eB) sath ne van (s-n-s) om for the un-insulated RBS4, RBS6 and RBSG-R for the insulated RBSSi-CU with foam in tension, and Ma alchoh( C=) | A for the insulated RBS8-FU with foam in compres sion, where 4 is the top polymer ange thickness 2.54 mm, I is to be noted here that the term (36,52- mm) “appearing in Eqs. (9b) and (e) represents the insulation thickness in the insulated RBS8i specimens. Carrying out calculation of the ultimate: moment capacity for the tested specimens bused on Eqs. (7) (9), considering the conerete compressive strength of 26.5 MPa obtained on the day of testing. k Fent agreement with the test results as shown in Table 4 In this table, the experimental values include the mo- ‘ment duc to self-weight of the specimen. In addition. this table shows theoretical values for the ultimate moment pacity of 100 mm (Plains) and 150 mm (Plain6) thick plain conet ne 10. M bar reinforced conerete sections of the sume thickness (Reinforced aand Reinfiorced6), with the 1) M bar assumed (0 be lo- teated atthe section mid-height. Comparison of these res sults reveals the obvious substantial enhancement in the ultimate Mexural moment capacity provided by the polymer encasement for both the 100 and 150 mm thick soetions us to exeel-ane LL Charon a Const out Blane Mates Compuston of eprint cauated mate Nevuce an! se capi Specimen Theoretical prediton Taine Ng AN Ratio WIM, ecm) tat) am Ta tkN mi Tiere ren ana rs Teles A300 397 oo Prins axe Reinforce ay RRS ANG ISS oe ke on std RBORE IS ISS LE 8 sas Lee RuSsCE Roe MA MSD Hos 96rd RBS RM ISS oe x2 nom Species HetKN Eyporimenta, Fy (kN) Ratio, tall Shear uses 2. Tiss iiss oo Loos? 42. Uhimate imerselement shear capacity Fig. 14 presents the proposed conerete strut model Tor calculation of the ultimate inter-element shear eapae- ity. The model assumes that the vertical shear foree at the sliding joint is resisted by (2) mumber of compression struts inclined at an angle @ and of an end bearing area fequall 10 gee Shear Failure oecurs when the unrein- Foreed compression strut eracks. a condition leading to the following expression for the compressive Force in the strut C9 6, = OSTA Wh 19) Accordingly. using staties and geometrie considerations, the following expression is adopted for compt the ultimate sh that the vertical load is distributed equally in the 660) sliding joints ation of ‘capacity at a sliding joint, assuming OSTa gf SIU. an n= cores, (= 14 and ge = 3299 and SAT mm? far RBS4 and RBS6, respectively Fig. Propo womnerete strat mos for desig shear ea Table 4 compares the measured and predicted uhti= imate shear eapacity. The predictions using Eq. (11) pro~ duced ultimate shear capacities of 84.4% and 99.6%» of the experimentally obtained shear capacities for RBSS- 5 and RBS6-S, respectively 8. Conclusions “The major cone! ven below as follows: ons derived from this study ate gi Polymer en linear flexural response different from conventional RC beams, The flexural t xd conerete specimens exhibit non- 4s exhibited a ductile response whieh is nt on the specimen thickness and aeldi= 1 reinforeement The flexural failure mode is eharacte ‘of the polymer Hlange in tension. A theoretical provision for the ultimate flexural capacity in the form of a closed-form ca rived based on ai assumed uniform polymer ultin tensile stress block acting at the weakest critical see tion defined to be along the major axis of the concrete core, Inter-clement shear tests are characterized by the exis: rence of two peak loads corresponding to cracking of the conerete shear connectors (cores) at the two slic- ing joints, 'A theoretical equation for calculation of the ultimate shear capacity is derived based on an assumed eon- crete strut model ad by rupture ion is deA Chavon al Constnstion ah Bigg Materials 19 (308) S80 S08 sot Acknowledgements ‘The authors thank Royal Building Technologies Limited for their donation of the RBS components as well as for their support of the project, In par= ticular, the technical assistance of Arjan Arenja and Les Holroyd during the (esting program is highly appreciated, The authors greatly appreciate the effort of Andrew Lawrence who carried out the testing pro- ram assisted by the University of Waterloo staf of Richard Morisson, Andy Barber, Terry Ridgeway. and Ken Bowman, The help of Moatar Badawi is also appreciated References 1] Royal Bung Ssstems (Ca Lite. Royal Bling System™ " Teh Gui: 2001, Version 3422009. [2] Royal Railling Technologie. Royal Building Systems" Eps 2. Version 10: S809. ys Line, Royal Builing Stes" Design Guide 2001 Version 4.0 7p. {4 Royal Bding Sptens (Can Lied, Royal Building Sten Consiration Gude for Non-Lond Bearing Walls 2001. Veron [5] Kiesing EW. Tanase L. Investigation of wind projet resistance ft royal builingsptey alter wall pac Test TE report othe Wind Sconce and Enginsoring Rescarch Comer at Tews Ft University. 200 [61 Penmsivinia Housing Resateh Center PRC, Foundation va systems fie howe. Ressurch Sern Report No. SI 1K (7, Canadian Standards Associaton, Deg of Conetete Svste. SAAT, {S] Lawrense A, Sondhi KA, Stlauhe J. Behaviour of poe ena te wall syst In: Proseings ofthe 3 strata specs fonferense of the Catalan stely for oii enginering Ldn Sune: 2p #27 3 1p] MavGirsgor JG, Bart FM, Reinforce comerete mechani sd sgn Tot Canaan ei, Searborough. Ontario: Prenietal (Canad: 2000,