Machinery Vibration Analysis & Maintenance

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Maintenance Philosophies
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Vibration in everyday life
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Useful Vibration
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Vibration Monitoring
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Vibration Basics
Any external force has to overcome structures

properties:
- Mass
- Stiffness
- Damping
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A force cause vibration!

Vibration Basics
Vibration can be described in terms of:
- Acceleration
- Velocity
- Displacement
Single degree of freedom system:

- Forced vibration response
- Free vibration response
- Resonance is free vibration
Frequency is the number of vibration cycles / time!

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Vibration Basics
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System Response
10N
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2g
Nature of Vibration - SHM
X = Xo sin w t
X = Disp. at instant t
Xo = Maximum disp.
w = 2 .p. f (rad/s)
f = frequency (Hz)
t = time (seconds)
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Wave Terminology
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Wave Terminology - Phase
A time lag of T is a phase angle of 360.

A time lag of T/4 will be a phase angle of 90.
The two waves are out of phase by
90 !
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A Fast Fourier Transform
Also called the Frequency

Domain or Vibration Spectrum
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Harmonics
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Frequency and Time Domains

FFT is the Frequency
Domain
Time Waveform is the
Time Domain
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Frequency Analysis
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Overall Amplitude
It is the total vibration
amplitude over a wide
range of frequencies.
Acceleration, Velocity,
or Displacement.
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Which to choose?
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Real world vibration levels
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Vibration Terminology
Displacement [peak-peak]
Velocity [peak]
Velocity [rms]
Velocity rms tends to provide the energy
content in the vibration, whereas the Velocity
peak depicts more of the intensity of vibration.
Acceleration [peak]
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Machinery Fault Diagnosis

Vibration analysis is used to
monitor the state of a machine.
Detailed analyses can be made
concerning the health of the
machine and any faults, which may
be arising or may have already
arisen.
The need for higher reliability and
availability of critical machinery
forces the use of this technique of
PdM.
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Common Machinery Faults
Unbalance
Bent shaft
Eccentricity
Misalignment
Looseness
Belt drive problems
Gear defects
Bearing defects
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Electrical faults
Oil whip / whirl
Cavitation
Shaft cracks
Rotor rubs
Resonance
Hydraulic + aerodynamic
forces
Unbalance - Static
Amplitude due to
unbalance will vary with
the square of speed
The FFT will show
1 rpm frequency of
vibration.
It will be predominant
Phase difference is as
shown
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Unbalance - Couple
Amplitude varies with
square of speed
Predominant 1 peak
May cause high axial
along with radial
vibrations.
Phase difference is
180 on shaft ends in
both planes.
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Unbalance - Overhung Rotors

Amplitude varies with
square of speed.
Predominant 1 peak
May cause high axial
along with high radial
vibrations.
Axial plane phase
difference is 0. Radial
direction phase is
unsteady.
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Bent Shaft
Bend near centre:
1 is predominant
Bend at ends:
2 is predominant
No phase difference in
radial direction at one
location.
180 phase difference
in axial plane.
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Misalignment
After unbalance, misalignment is the major cause
for high vibrations.
Two kinds of misalignment:
Angular - shaft ends meet an angle.
Parallel - shaft ends are parallel but have an offset.
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Angular Misalignment
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Angular Misalignment
Predominant peak is
1
1, 2 , 3 may be
present.
High axial vibration
with 1 and 2
Axial phase difference
across the coupling is
180.
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Bent Shaft - Angular Misalignment

Difference between
angular misalignment
and a bent shaft is
differentiated only by
phase difference.
In misalignment,
phase difference is
180 across the
coupling.
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Parallel Misalignment
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The predominant
peak is at 2
Vibrations in radial
direction are higher
than in the axial
direction.
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Phase difference in
radial direction across
the coupling is 180.
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Misaligned Bearing
Cocked bearing show
high axial vibrations
Opposite ends have
an axial plane phase
difference of 180.
FFT may show peaks
of 1, 2 and 3
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Misalignment - Orbits
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Mechanical Looseness
Internal assembly looseness:
Bearing liner in its cap.
Sleeve or rolling element bearing.
Impeller on a shaft.
Looseness at machine to base plate interface:

Loose bolts.
Cracks in the frame structure or bearing pedestal.
Structure looseness:
Weakness of machine feet, baseplate or
foundation.
Loose hold-down bolts, distortion of frame or base.
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Internal Looseness
Phase is unstable.
Radial vibrations
taken at 30. Will see
different spectrums
for each (directional).
FFT will show
harmonics of or
even .
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Looseness at Machine to Base Plate interface
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Structure Looseness
Measure each bolt, one at a time.

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Resonance
Every body has a resonance frequency.
Frequency is dependant on mass, stiffness and
damping.
Forced and free vibrations (e.g. ringing of bell).
Resonance is free vibrations.
Bump test is simple technique to find resonant
frequency of stationary mass or system.
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Bump Test
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Thank You For Your Interest

If you are interested in further training or information,
please visit:
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OR
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Technology Training that Works

If you are interested in further training or information,

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Technology Training that Works

Vibration in everyday life

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Technology Training that Works

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Any external force has to overcome structures

A force cause vibration!

Single degree of freedom system:

Frequency is the number of vibration cycles / time!

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Technology Training that Works

Technology Training that Works

Nature of Vibration - SHM

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Wave Terminology - Phase

A time lag of T is a phase angle of 360.

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A Fast Fourier Transform

Also called the Frequency

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Frequency and Time Domains

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Real world vibration levels

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Machinery Fault Diagnosis

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Common Machinery Faults

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Unbalance - Overhung Rotors

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Bent Shaft - Angular Misalignment

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Looseness at machine to base plate interface:

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Looseness at Machine to Base Plate interface

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Measure each bolt, one at a time.

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Thank You For Your Interest

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