Sarah Knoll

William Russell
Shannon Sheffer
Jennifer Smith

TEEN BIRTH RATES, 2011

Females under 20 years of age

Females aged:
Under 15
15-17
18-19
15-19
Mother's race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white
Non-Hispanic black
American Indian or Alaska Native
Asian or Pacific Islander
Hispanic

Michigan
9,658
Michigan
94
2,582
7,076
9,658
Michigan
4,934
3,665
106
59
974

United States
329,772
United States
3,974
95,538
234,234
329,772
United States
130,198
79,936
6,897
5,773
111,236

(Access Kent, 2013)

MICHIGAN & KENT COUNTY RATES

(Michigan Department of Community Health, 2012)

KENT COUNTY STATISTICS, 2011

Race of Mother

All Ages

< 15

15-19

20-24

Total

8801

663

1942

White

7167

436

1418

African Americans

1254

200

453

American Indian

48

16

Asian and Pacific

246

28

Islander

(Access Kent, 2013)

SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF TEEN PREGNANCY

Single-parent homes
Low socio-economic status
Social Norms: Peer pressure
Substance Abuse
Geographical location: urban

(Kearney & Levine, 2012)

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS
50
40
30
20
10
0

Kent Co.
Michigan
National

(County Health Rankings, 2013)

COMMUNITY STRENGTHS

Kent County has multiple resources available for teens

regarding sexuality at a local, state, and national level.
The Kent County Health Department is located in Grand
Rapids which is the largest area of population and
provides the majority of health care services in the
County.

(Kent County Michigan, 2013)

TEEN PREGNANCY PREVENTION INITIATIVE

Michigan has instituted the Teen Pregnancy Prevention

Initiative (TPPI) program that consists of the
implementation of comprehensive, evidence-based
interventions that target the sexual and non-sexual
factors that lead to delayed initiation of sex and
increased condom or other contraception use. TPPI
targets youth between the ages of 10 and 18 (up to 21 for
special education populations) and their
parents/adults/caregivers.
(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
2013)

TEEN PREGNANCY PREVENTION INITIATIVE

(CAN'T)
Program Goal:
To reduce the rate of teen pregnancy in Michigan
for youth ages 10-18 (up to 21 years for special
education populations).

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013)

COMMUNITY AGENCIES/PROGRAMS
Reducing the Risk Curriculum
Safer Choices Project
Planned Parenthood of West and Northern
Michigan, Inc.
National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy
Teen Pregnancy Prevention 2010-2015

(Access Kent, 2013)

(Planned Parenthood of America, 2013)

BETTY NEUMANS THEORY

Betty Neumans theory has been

selected as the model used for this
research. Neuman views the patient as
a whole person and an open system.
Open systems receive messages from
many areas in life. These messages
can be spiritual, psychological,
sociocultural and physiological. The
subjects of this research certainly
experience stressors from all of the
ways mentioned above. The
environment in which a teen matures
has a profound impact on the rates of
teenage pregnancy in Kent County
and other parts of the country.

(Center, 2011)

NEUMANS THEORY AS IT RELATES TO TEEN

PREGNANCY PREVENTION

Neuman viewed human beings as an open system that interacts with both
internal and external environmental forces or stressors. She believed that ones
environment largely plays a roll in their actions, behavior, and health. Teens
have many pressures that contribute to the decisions they make surrounding
sexual activity and protection. Neuman believed in taking all factors into
consideration when caring for patients which will allow for all encompassing
care and better meet the needs of the patient.
(Center, 2011)

PROBLEM STATEMENT

High incidence of teen pregnancy among

females ages 15-19 in Kent County,
Michigan related to lack of sexual
education, lack of social support, low
socio-economic status, and barriers to
contraception as evidenced by

COMPARISON BIRTH RATES

Teen birth rate per 1,000

female population, ages 1519

Kent County,
MI

Michigan

National
Benchmark

42

35

22

(Kent County, 2011)

BARRIERS
Access to Birth Control
Socioeconomic Status
Education Level
Transportation
Internet access to available healthcare options
Peer Pressure
Lack of Social Support

(Planned Parenthood of America Inc., 2013)

CAUSATIVE/MODIFIABLE FACTORS
Lack of sexual education
Availability of birth control
Transportation issues
Poor social support
Number of teens engaging in sexual
intercourse

(Harkness & DeMarco, 2012)

(Lavin & Cox, 2012)

NON-MODIFIABLE FACTORS
Race/ethnicity
Demographic Characteristics
Geographic Characteristics
Religious Denominations

INTERVENTIONS

Teen Programs
Conducting Parent /friend/teen conversations.
Education for Parents
Evidence Based Approach: clinical, school linked, and school
based.
Parent/Teen Programs
Youth Development Programs

(Pregnancy, 2009)
(Lavin & Cox, 2012)

INTERVENTIONS: WHO

INTERVENTIONS: WHAT
Social
Media

Talk Early
& Talk
Often

Michigan's
Teen
Pregnancy
Prevention
Initiative

Reducing
the Risk

(Kent County Michigan, 2013)

INTERVENTIONS: WHERE
School
Programs

Doctors
office/
Hospital

Kent
County

Community
Setting

Home

(National Campaign to Prevent Teen and

Unplanned Pregnancy , 2013)

INTERVENTIONS: WHEN

(Michigan Department of Education, 2013)

INTERVENTIONS: WHY
Reduce the rates of pregnancies and
births to youth in Kent County.

Increase youth access to evidencebased and evidence-informed

programs to prevent teen pregnancy.

WHY?

Increase linkages between teen

pregnancy prevention programs and
community-based clinical services.

Educate stakeholders about relevant

evidence-based and evidenceinformed strategies to reduce teen
pregnancy and data on needs and
resources in target communities.

(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2013)

SHORT TERM OUTCOMES

Increase availability of comprehensive sexual education programs

Parent education
Improved contraception counseling
Healthcare Providers education
Referral information for teens
Increased access to confidential reproductive services
Community awareness
(Plan for assessment within one year of implementation and
annually to reexamine efficacy of goals)

(Harkness & DeMarco, 2012)

DESIRED OUTCOMES (OUTLOOK OF 1 YEAR FOR

BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION)

Decrease the number of teen pregnancies

Increase resource availability
Increase the awareness of teen pregnancy

(Kent County Michigan,2013)

LONG TERM OUTCOMES

Engage local communities to actively

participate in pregnancy prevention
activities.
Provide age appropriate, competent
education to teens regarding safe sex
practices.
Ensure access to teen-friendly healthcare
services regarding pregnancy prevention.
Engage teen parents, both mothers and
fathers on making healthy choices for
themselves and their children.
Teach parents how to talk to their teens
about sex.
Assist organizations seeking funding for
teen pregnancy prevention programs.
Conduct statewide focus groups for teen
parents to determine what interventions
would be useful in preventing teen

pregnancies.
(Plan for re-evaluation within five years
of goal implementation)

(National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, 2013).

EVALUATION

Kent County has many resources, including the Health

Department, as mentioned in this plan. The Health Department
could be used as a center for activities for our initiatives. The Kent
County Health Department provides contraceptives and delivers
counseling to sexually active teens and those at risk of becoming
sexually active. This plan is anchored in the Teen Pregnancy
Prevention Initiative. This Initiative, along with the other agencies
and community groups, can assist in compiling a program aimed
at decreasing teen pregnancy by 2015.

(Kent County Michigan,2013)

REFERENCES
Barfield, W., Duong, L., Gavin, L., Harrison, A., Hastings, P., Marshall, C., ONeil, M., Warner,
L. (2013). Vital signs: Repeat births among teens United States, 2007-2010. Morbidity
and Mortality Weekly Report, 62(13);249-255. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/
mmwr/pdf/wk/mm6213.pdf
Center, B. (2011). Neuman System Model. Retrieved from About Neumans System Model, Inc:
www.neumansystemodel.org
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013). Teen pregnancy prevention 2010-2015.
Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/TeenPregnancy/PreventTeenPreg.htm
County Health Rankings (2013). County health rankings & roadmaps. Retrieved from
http://www.countyhealthrankings.org/
Department of Human Services (2012). Plan to Prevent and Reduce Teen Pregnancy. Retrieved
from Teen Pregnancy Prevention Task Force: http://msdh.ms.gov/msdhsite/_static
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Harkness, G.A., & DeMarco, R.F. (2012). Community and public health nursing: Evidence for
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REFERENCES
Health, M. D. (2009). Program Description: Teen Pregnancy Prevention Initiative. Retrieved
from Teen Pregnancy Prevention Initiative: http://www.michigan.gov/documents/
mdch/TPPI_Overview_302996_7.pdf Health/HealthPromo/ed_program.htm#rr
Kearney, M. S. & Levine, P. B. (2012). Why is the teen birth rate in the United States so high
and why does it matter? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(2), 141-166. doi:10.1257/
jep.2.141
Kent County Michigan (2013). Access Kent. Retrieved from http://www.accesskent.com/
Health/HealthPromo/ed_program.htm#rr
Lavin, C. & Cox, J. E. (2012). Teen pregnancy prevention: Current perspectives.
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Michigan Department of Community Health (2012). Vital statistics. Retrieved from
http://www.michigan.gov/mdch/0,4612,7-132-2944_4669---,00.html

REFERENCES
Michigan Department of Education (2013). Michigan Youth Risk Behavior. Retrieved from
http://www.michigan.gov/mde/0,4615,7-140-28753_64839_38684_29233_
41316---,00.html
Michigan Health. (2011). Natality: Community Health Information. Retrieved from Community
Health Information: http://www.mdch.state.mi.us/pha/osr/CHI/Births/frame.html
Michigan Public Health Institute (2011). Kent County 2011 Health Needs Assessment and
Health Profile. Retrieved from http://www.kentcountychna.org/pdfs/healthprofile.pdf
National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy (2013). Retrieved from
http://www.thenationalcampaign.org/about-us/default.aspx
Planned Parenthood of America Inc. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.plannedparenthood.org/
Pregnancy, T. N. (2009). Curriculum Based Programs that Prevent Teen Pregnancy. Retrieved
from Putting What Works to Work: http://www.michigan.gov/documents/ mdch/
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Services, U. D. (2011). Michigan Adolescent Reproductive Health Facts. Retrieved from Offices
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