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DRY WOODLAND
13. Tropical dry evergreen forest
14. Tropical savana woodland
Subformation :
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
D. Montane formation
E. Swamp formation
1. Lower montane rain forest
1. Swamp forest
2. Montane rain forest
2. Palm swamp
3. palm brake
3. mangrove woodland
4. Elfin woodland
5. Mountaine pine forest
6. Bamboo brake
F. Marsh of seasonal swamp
formation
1. Marsh forest
2. Marsh woodland
3. Palm marsh
4. Savana
(a). Hutan Hujan Tropis, (b). Sabana, (c). Steppa, (d). Hutan Mangrove
CLOSED VEGETATION
I. Forest
A. Evergreen
1. Rain forest : Malayan dipterocarp forest
2. Swamp forest :
a. Orthophyll swamp :
Baringtonia racemosa swamp, most fresh
water, fresh water swamp types
B. Deciduous
1. Open deciduous ortophyll forest : deciduous
dipterocarp forest of Thailand
2. Open deciduous sclerophyll forest
3. Open deciduous microphyll forest
B. Deciduous
1. Deciduous ortophyll scrub with trees
2. Deciduous sclerophyll scrub with trees
3. Deciduous microphyll scrub with trees
IV. Savana
A. Evergreen
1. Orthophyll savana : fern savana
2. Sclerophyll savana
a. Mesophyll
b. Megaphyll : palm and pandan savana
3. Narrow sclerophyll savana : pine savana
4. Microphyll savana
B. Deciduous
1. Deciduous orthophyll savana
2. Deciduous microphyll savana
3. Thorn savana
savana
OPEN VEGETATION
V. Steppe forest (often called woodland or woodland savana)
A. Evergreen
1. Orthophyll steppe forest
2. Broad sclerophyll steppe forest
a. Megaphyll : open palm forest
b. Open sclerophyll (mangrove) swamp
3. Narrow Scleropyill forest
a. Resinous : some open pine forest
b. Non-resinous : some casuarina forest
B. Deciduous
1. Orthophyll steppe forest : some monsoon forest
2. Microphyll steppe forest
3. Deciduous bamboo forest
4. Open thorn forest : Carribean thorn forest
Raunkiaer (1934) :
Klasifikasi Life Form dan konsep spektrum biologi
(persentase jenis dalam komunitas yang memiliki
variasi Life Form)
Whittaker (1975), tipe formasi utama :
1. Tropical rain forest
2. Tropical seasonal forest
3. Temperate rain forest
4. Temperate deciduous forest
5. Temperate evergreen forest
6. Taiga (sub arctic-sub alpine needle leaved forest)
7. Elfin Woods (sub alpine zone forest on tropical
mountains)
8.
9. Thornwoods
10. Temperate woodlands
11. Temperate shrublands
12. Savannas (tropical grasslands)
13. Temperate grasslands
14. Alpine shrublands
Klasifikasi fisiognomi :
1. Perintis Humboldt Grisebach (abad 19) :
- Berdasarkan karakteristik kelas vegetasi (bentuk
pertumbuhan yang dominan dan tipe lingkungan)
- Kelas vegetasi : formasi
2. Warming (1909)
Asosiasi adalah suatu komunitas yang mempunyai
komposisi floristik dalam formasi
1. Biomassa
2. Kerapatan
3. Tinggi
4. Luas penutupan tajuk, dll.
Seperti : - Hutan Pinus
- Hutan Jati
- Hutan Ramin
- Hutan Meranti
Sistem klasifikasi nasional berdasarkan tipe penutupan
hutan oleh Society of American Foresters (1980)
Tanah Kering
Pantai :
Pedalaman hingga batas pohon (timber line)
Tanah podsol, kuarsa dataran rendah :
Tanah kapur dataran rendah :
5. Vegetasi Pantai
Elevasi <1000 m
Elevasi > 1000 m
Vegetasi Pantai
Pandan (Pandanus tectorius)
IKLIM
I. BASAH
(A, B)
KETINGGIAN
KEADAAN TANAH
Tanah kadang-kadang/
selalu tergenang
Tanah kering
Hutan Mangrove
Eutropik
Olagotropik
Air tawar (sungai,danau)
Hutan Rawa
Hutan Gambut
Pantai
Hutan Pantai
Hutan hujan bawah
Hutan hujan tengah
Hutan hujan atas
Tanah kadang-kadang/
selalu tergenang
Hutan Mangrove
Tanah kering
Tanah kadang-kadang/
selalu tergenang
Tanah kering
Hutan Rawa
Eutropik
Akuatik
Pantai
Hutan Pantai
Pedalaman
III. KERING
(E, F)
Akuatik
<1000 m
1000-3000 m
>3000 m
Pedalaman
II. BERMUSIM
(C, D)
TIPE EKOSISTEM
MAKRO
<1000 m
>1000 m
Hutan Rawa
Akuatik
Pantai
Hutan Pantai
Pedalaman
Sabana