1

Chng 6. Tch phn xc nh

L Vn Trc

Gii tch ton hc. Tp 1. NXB i hc quc gia H Ni 2007.

T kho: Gii tch ton hc, gii tch, Tch phn xc nh, tch phn, Tng Darbox
iu kin kh tch, Hm kh tch, Din tch, th tch, Tch phn suy rng.
Ti liu trong Th vin in t H Khoa hc T nhin c th c s dng cho mc
ch hc tp v nghin cu c nhn. Nghim cm mi hnh thc sao chp, in n phc
v cc mc ch khc nu khng c s chp thun ca nh xut bn v tc gi.

Mc lc
Chng 6 Tch phn xc nh............................................................................................... 3
6.1

nh ngha tch phn xc nh.................................................................................... 3

6.1.1

Bi ton din tch hnh thang cong......................................................................... 3

6.1.2

Bi ton tnh khi lng......................................................................................... 4

6.1.3

nh ngha tch phn xc nh................................................................................ 4

6.1.4 ngha hnh hc ca tch phn xc nh ............................................................... 6

6.2

iu kin kh tch ...................................................................................................... 6

6.2.1

iu kin cn hm kh tch ............................................................................... 6

6.2.2

Cc tng Darboux................................................................................................... 7

6.2.3

Cc tnh cht ca tng tch phn Darboux ............................................................. 7

6.2.4

Du hiu tn ti ca tch phn xc nh ................................................................. 9

6.3

Cc lp hm kh tch................................................................................................ 10

6.4

Cc tnh cht c bn ca tch phn........................................................................... 12

6.4.1

Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh.................................................................... 12

6.4.2
6.5

Cc nh l gi tr trung bnh ................................................................................ 16

Nguyn hm v tch phn xc nh .......................................................................... 17

6.5.1

Cc nh ngha...................................................................................................... 18

6.5.2

Tch phn xc nh nh hm ca cn trn............................................................ 18

6.6

Tnh tch phn xc nh............................................................................................ 20

6.6.1

Php i bin trong tch phn xc nh ................................................................ 20

6.6.2

Php ly tch phn tng phn ............................................................................... 22

6.6.3

Tnh gn ng tch phn xc nh ........................................................................ 26

6.7

Mt s ng dng hnh hc, vt l ca tch phn xc nh........................................ 30

6.7.1

Tnh din tch hnh phng..................................................................................... 30

6.7.2

Tnh di ng cong phng............................................................................. 35

6.7.3

Tnh th tch vt th.............................................................................................. 38

6.7.4 Din tch mt trn xoay........................................................................................ 41

6.8

Tch phn suy rng................................................................................................... 44

6.8.1

Tch phn suy rng loi 1..................................................................................... 44

6.8.2

Tch phn suy rng loi 2..................................................................................... 53

6.8.3

Thay bin s trong tch phn suy rng ................................................................. 57

Bi tp chng 6 .................................................................................................................. 58

Chng 6
Tch phn xc nh
6.1 nh ngha tch phn xc nh
6.1.1

Bi ton din tch hnh thang cong

Cho hm s y = f ( x ) xc nh, lin tc, khng m trn on [a,b]. Xt hnh thang cong
AabB (hnh 6.1.1) l hnh gii hn bi th ca hm s f ( x ) (trn [a,b]), cc ng thng x
= a, x = b v trc honh.

Hnh 6.1.1

Vi quan im ca gii tch, ta hy nh ngha din tch S ca hnh thang cong AabB.
Chia on [a,b] thnh n on nh bi cc im chia x0 , x1 , x2 ..., xn 1 , xn c chn ty
sao cho x0 a < x1 < x2 ... < xi 1 < xi < ... < xn 1 < xn b. t xi = x i xi 1 (i = 1,2,...,n).
T cc im chia xi (i = 1,2,...,n) ta dng cc ng thng x = xi , nh th ta chia hnh
thang cong AabB thnh n hnh thang cong nh Pi 1 xi 1 xi Pi (i=1, 2,...,n) . Chn cc im
i [ xi 1 , xi ]. Thay mi hnh cong nh Pi 1 xi 1 xi Pi bng mt hnh ch nht c cng y v
chiu cao l f (i ) . Din tch cc hnh ch nht l: f (1 ) x1 , f ( 2 ) x2 , ..., f ( n ) xn .
Hin nhin tng cc din tch ca n hnh ch nht biu din gn ng din tch cn tm S
n

ca hnh thang cong AabB cho. Ni mt cch khc, ta c th vit: S~ f (i )xi .

i =1

Ta nhn thy nu s on chia cng nhiu sao cho ln ca cc an chia cng nh th

n

tng

f ( )x
i =1

cng gn gi tr ng S.

T ta c th ni rng khi chuyn gii hn n sao cho xi 0 (i = 1, n ) th gi tr

n

gii hn ca tng

f ( )x
i =1

chnh l din tch cn tm S ca hnh thang cong cho:

S= lim

maxxi 0

6.1.2

f ( )x .
i =1

(6.1.1)

Bi ton tnh khi lng

Cho mt on thng vt cht [0,S] v gi thit l ta bit t khi ti mi im ca on

y. Hy tnh khi lng ca c on thng. Nu t khi khng i trong c on thng, th
khi lng m s bng tch ca t khi vi di on thng, tc l m = .S. Trong trng
hp tng qut l mt hm lin tc ca di s:

= ( s) , vi s [0,S].
Vic tm khi lng ca on s tin hnh nh sau:
Ta hy chia on thng ra lm n phn bi cc im chia:
s0 =0, s1 , s2 ,..., si 1 , si ,..., sn 1 , sn = S.
v gi thit rng trn mt on nh [ si 1 , si ] vt cht c phn phi u, tc l t khi khng
i trn mi on nh v bng t khi ti mt tri = ( si 1 ) . Khi , khi lng tng ng
ca c on [0,S] s bng:
m n = ( s0 )( s1 s0 ) + ( s1 )( s2 s1 ) + ... + ( si 1 )( si si 1 ) + ... +
+( sn1 )( sn sn1 ),
n 1

mn = ( si )si , trong : si = si +1 - si (i=1, n ).

hay

i =0

Khi n tng v hn sao cho max si 0 , th di ca cc on chia dn n khng v

khi lng phn phi u tng khc s dn n khi lng phi tm:
m=

lim

max ( Si +1 Si ) 0

n 1

(s )s .
i =0

(6.1.2)

Nh vy t vic tnh din tch, khi lng ta i n mt cch t nhin vic kho st gii
hn ca cc tng c dng (6.1.1) hay (6.1.2).

6.1.3

nh ngha tch phn xc nh

Cho hm y = f ( x) xc nh trn [a,b]. Trc ht chia on [a,b] thnh n phn bi cc

im chia: a = x0 < x1 < x2 <... < xn 1 < xn = b. t xk = xk xk 1 v d = max xk , vi
k

k=1, n

Ta gi b cc im chia T = { xk } l mt phn hoch ca on [a,b] v i lng d gi l

ng knh phn hoch. Trn mi on chia [ xk 1 , xk ] chn im ty k , tnh gi tr f ( k ) v
lp tng:
n

n = f ( k )xk .

(6.1.3)

k =1

Ta thy tng (6.1.3) ph thuc vo phn hoch T = { xk } v vo cch chn cc im k

v c gi l tng tch phn Riman ca hm f ( x ) theo phn hoch { xk } ca on [a,b].
By gi hy thay i phn hoch { xk } v tm gii hn ca tng tch phn (6.1.3) khi d
0.
nh ngha

Nu tng tch phn Riman (6.1.3) c gii hn I khi d 0 khng ph thuc vo phn
hoch { xk } ca on [a,b] v cch chn cc im 1 , 2 , ..., n tc l > 0 , > 0 sao
cho:
| I n |<

(6.1.4)

vi bt k phn hoch { xk } ca on [a,b] sao cho ng knh d< v vi mi cch chn

cc im k [ xk 1 , xk ] ,( k=1, n ), th gii hn I c gi l tch phn xc nh ( theo nh
b

ngha Riman) ca hm f ( x ) trn [a,b] v c k hiu l:

f ( x)dx .

Nh vy , theo nh

ngha ta c:
b

f ( x)dx = lim f ( k )xk .

d 0

(6.1.5)

k =1

Trong trng hp ny hm f c gi l kh tch theo Riman trn [a,b]. S a v b c

gi l cn di v cn trn ca tch phn, hm f - hm di du tch phn v biu thc
f ( x ) dx - biu thc di du tch phn.
Trong nh ngha trn thc cht ta gi thit rng a <b. Chng ta hy m rng khi
nim tch phn xc nh trong trng hp a = b v a > b.
Khi a > b, theo nh ngha, ta c:
b

f ( x) dx = f ( x)dx .
b

(6.1.6)
Khi a = b, theo nh ngha, ta c:
a

f ( x)dx
a

= 0.

(6.1.7)

ng thc (6.1.7) ngha l tch phn xc nh vi cc cn bng nhau bng 0. Bi v tng

tch phn (6.1.3) khng ph thuc vo ch ci dng k hiu i s ca hm cho, nn
gii hn ca n, tc l tch phn xc nh khng ph thuc vo k hiu bin s tch phn:
b

f ( x)dx = f (t )dt = f ( z )dz ,v.v...

(6.1.8)
V d 1: Cho f ( x) = 1, x [a,b].

Vi mi phn im T = { xk } ca on [a,b] v vi mi cch chn k , ta c:

n

n = f ( k )xk =
k =1

1.x
k =1

= ba

lim n = b a.

Suy ra:

d 0

Do :

dx = b a.
a

6.1.4

ngha hnh hc ca tch phn xc nh

Theo nh ngha tch phn xc nh va ni trn, din tch hnh thang cong c tnh theo
cng thc:
b

S=

f ( x)dx .

(6.1.9)

By gi ta hy a ra iu kin cn v hm kh tch.

6.2 iu kin kh tch

6.2.1

iu kin cn hm kh tch

nh l 6.2.11 Nu hm f kh tch trn on [a,b] th n b chn trn on ny.

Chng minh: Ta gi s ngc li rng hm f khng b chn trn [a,b]. Bi v hm f

khng b chn trn [a,b] nn vi phn im T bt k ca on [a,b], hm f khng b chn t
nht trn mt on con no . n gin cho vic chng minh, ta gi s n khng b chn
trn [ x0 , x1 ]. Khi trong cc on cn li [ x1 , x2 ], [ x2 , x3 ], , [ xn 1 , xn ] ta hy chn cc
im ty 1 , 2 , , 2 v k hiu:

' = f ( 2 )x2 + f (3 )x3 + ... + f ( n )xn .

(6.2.1)

Do f khng b chn trn on [ x0 , x1 ], nn vi mi M>0, ta chn c 1 [ x0 , x1 ] sao

cho:
| f (1 ) |

| ' | +M
.
| x1 |

(6.2.2)

Khi ,| f (1 ) |. | x1 | | ' | + M v tng tch phn tng ng

| n |=| f (1 )x1 + ' | || f (1 ) || x1 | | ' || M

(6.2.3)

Do , tng tch phn n khng th c gii hn hu hn, iu ny ngha l tch phn xc

nh ca hm f khng tn ti.
Nhn xt: nh l trn ch l iu kin cn m khng phi iu kin hm s l kh
tch, ngha l tn ti hm s b chn m khng kh tch. V d, ta hy xt hm Dirichlet
D: c cho di dng:
1 nu x hu t
D( x ) =
0 nu x v t

Vi a b, hm D khng kh tch trn [a,b], bi v vi phn im T = { xk } ty :

n

n = D( k )( xk xk 1 ) =
k =1

n
( xk xk 1 ) = b a,nu 1 ,2 ,...,n hu t
k =1
= n
0.( x x ) = 0,nu ... v t .
k
k 1
n
1

k =1

Do tng tch phn n khng th tin n gii hn hu hn.

6.2.2

Cc tng Darboux

Gi s hm f xc nh v b chn trn [a,b]. Khi tn ti cc hng s m v M sao cho:

m f ( x) M, x [a,b] .
Ta xt phn im T = { xk } ca on [a,b]. K hiu:
mk = inf f ( x) , M k = sup f ( x) , k = M k mk . i lng k gi l dao ng ca f trn
x[ xk 1 , xk ]

[ xk 1 , xk ]

x[ xk 1 , xk ]

. Tng
Sn =

mk xk , Sn =
k=1

xk

(6.2.4)

k=1

ln lt gi l tng tch phn Darboux di v tng tch phn Darboux trn ca hm f ( x )

trn on [a,b] tng ng vi phn im T ca on [a,b].
Nu { xk } l mt phn im ca on [a,b], ta c bt ng thc sau:
S n n Sn .

6.2.3

Cc tnh cht ca tng tch phn Darboux

(6.2.5)

Tnh cht 1: Tng tch phn Darboux trn (di) tng ng vi phn im { xk } ca on
[a,b] l cn trn (di) ng ca cc tng tch phn Riman tng ng vi cch chn cc im
khc nhau k [ xk 1 , xk ] , k = 1,n , tc l:
S n = sup n , S n = inf n .
(1 , 2 ,..., n )

(6.2.6)

(1 , 2 ,..., n )

Do bt ng thc (6.2.5) ta ch cn chng minh rng c th tm c: *1 , *2 ,..., *n sao

cho:
n

f (
k =1

*
k

)xk > S n .

Tht vy, theo nh ngha cc s M k , ta c th tm c *k [ xk 1 , xk ] sao cho:

f ( *k ) > M k
n

Khi :

k =1

f ( *k )xk >

M k xk
k =1

ba

ba

x
k =1

= Sn

suy ra phn u ca tnh cht 1 c chng minh. Phn th hai c chng minh tng t.
Tnh cht 2: Khi tng s im chia trong phn im T = { xk } th tng tch phn Darboux di

tng ln v tng trn gim i.

Chng minh: Gi s T nhn c t T bi thm im chia x 'i [ xi 1 , xi ] . Khi :

n =

f (

)x j + f (i )xi .

j #i

Theo nh ngha:
S n (T ) =

m x
j

+ mi ( xi xi 1 ) ,

j #i

trong : mi = inf f .
[ xi 1 , xi ]

S n (T ) =

m x
j

+ m *i ( x 'i xi 1 ) + m **i ( xi x 'i )

j #i

trong : m *i = inf f , m ** = inf f .

[ xi 1 , x 'i ]

[ x 'i , xi ]

Do m *i mi , m **i mi nn:

S n (T ') m j x j + mi ( x 'i xi 1 ) + mi ( xi x 'i ) = S n (T ) .

j #i

Tng t, ta chng minh: S n (T ') S n (T ) .

Tnh cht 3: Gi S 1 , S 1 l tng di, tng trn ng vi phn im T1 v S 2 , S 2 l tng di,

tng trn ng vi phn im T2 . Khi : S 1 S 2 .
Chng minh:
Gi T phn im th ba c c bng cch hp tp cc im chia ca phn im T1 v
ca phn im T2 . Gi S , S ln lt l tng trn tng di ca phn im T. Khi :

S1 S S S 2 .
Suy ra:

S1 S 2 .
T tnh cht 2 v tnh cht 3 suy ra rng tp hp cc tng tch phn di {S n } ng vi cc
phn im T khc nhau ca on [a,b] l mt tp hp b chn trn, (v d bi tng tch phn
trn bt k) nn c cn trn ng hu hn:
I* = sup {S n } , I* S n .

(6.2.7)

{ }

Tng t tp hp cc tng trn S n b chn di, nn n c cn di ng:

{ }

I * = inf S n , I * S n v I * I*

(6.2.8)

S n I* I * S n .

(6.2.9)

Hin nhin ta c bt ng thc:

6.2.4

Du hiu tn ti ca tch phn xc nh

nh l 6.2.4 hm b chn f ( x ) kh tch trn on [a,b] iu kin cn v l:

d = max xk , lim S n S n = 0 .
d 0

(6.2.10)

iu kin (6.2.10) ngha l:

> 0, = ( ) > 0 , sao cho nu d < th:

Sn Sn < .
khng ph thuc vo cch chn cc im k xk 1, xk .
Chng minh:
iu kin cn: Gi s f ( x ) kh tch trn [a,b], khi tn ti gii hn:
lim n = I T = { xk } , k xk 1, xk , k = 1, n
d 0

tc l

, > 0 sao cho nu d < th

(6.2.11)

10

< n < I +

(6.2.12)

1 , 2 ..., n .
T tnh cht 1 v tnh cht 2
I

inf n sup n I +
k xk 1, xk

k [ xk 1 , xk ]

Sn Sn I +

(6.2.13)
(6.2.14)

T (6.2.13) v (6.2.14)
0 S n S n < T sao cho d < suy ra

lim S n S n = 0 .
d 0

iu kin : Gi s: lim S n S n = 0 .
d 0

(6.2.15)

Khi tn ti gii hn:

lim S n = lim S n
d 0

(6.2.16)

d 0

T y vi (6.2.9) suy ra: I* = I *

t: I = I* = I *
Ta nhn c: S n I S n

(6.2.17)

Mt khc: S n n S n k [ xk 1 , xk ]

(6.2.18)

Suy ra:

S n S n n I S n S n T = { xk } , k [ xk 1 , xk ]
Theo (6.2.16) ta thu c lim n = I , tc l tch phn xc nh tn ti.
d 0

6.3 Cc lp hm kh tch
Trong phn ny chng ta xt mt vi lp hm kh tch, tc l cc hm m tch phn xc
nh ca n tn ti. Trc ht ta hy vit iu kin (6.2.10) di dng khc.
K hiu k = M k mk , ta c
n

k 1

k 1

S n S n = ( M k mk ) xk = k xk .

T y ta suy ra iu kin (6.2.10) c dng:

lim nk =1 k xk = 0 .
d 0

(6.3.1)

11

nh l 6.3.1 Nu f ( x) lin tc trn [a,b] th f ( x) kh tch trn [a,b].

Chng minh: Do f ( x) lin tc trn [a,b] nn lin tc u trn [a,b], tc l: > 0 , > 0
x, x [a,b] sao cho x x < th f ( x) f ( x) < .
V th, > 0 , c th tm c > 0 sao cho nu chia on [a,b] thnh nhng an nh
c di xk < (k = 1, n) , th tt c:

k <

(k = 1, n) .

ba

T y i vi phn im bt k { xk } vi ng knh d< ta c:

n

k xk <
k =1

x
ba
k =1

ba

(b a ) = .

Theo nh l 2 6.2.2 hm f ( x ) kh tch trn [a.b].

iu kin ca nh l 1 l qu kht khe i vi hm di du tch phn. Chng ta hy
pht biu( khng chng minh) cc nh l yu cu nhng iu kin tn ti yu hn ca tch
phn xc nh.
nh l 6.3.2 Hm b chn v c cng lm mt s hu hn im gin on loi mt trn [a,b]
th kh tch trn [a,b].
V d 1: Xt hm s
1 khi x > 0

y = 0 khi x = 0
1 khi x < 0

trn on [1,1] (Hnh 6.3.1)

Hm s y ch c mt im gin on loi mt x = 0. Theo nh l trn n kh tch. V
phng din hnh hc r rng rng:
1

I= ydx = S2 S1 = 0 .
1

Hnh 6.3.1

11

12

T v d trn, ta thy rng tnh lin tc ca hm s di du tch phn khng phi l iu

kin cn hm s kh tch.
nh l 6.3.3 Hm f ( x ) n iu, b chn trn [a,b] th kh tch trn on ny .
b

V d 2: Tnh tch phn I = e x dx (0 < a < b).

a

Gii: Bi v hm f = e x lin tc trn [a,b], nn theo nh l 6.3.1 tch phn trn tn ti.
tnh tch phn ta hy chia on [a,b] thnh n phn bng nhau.
xi =

ba
= x .
n

Khi max xi 0 khi n , ta chn

1 = a + x , 2 = a + 2x ,..., i = a + ix ,,
n 1 = a + ( n 1) x ,

n = a + nx
v lp tng tch phn:
n 1

n 1

i =0

i =0

n = f (i )xi = ea +ix x

= x ea + ea +x + e a + 2 x + ... + ea +( n 1)x

n = ea x 1 + e x + ... + e( n 1)x = ea x
do x =

1 eb a
1 ex

ba
n

n = ea x

1 eb a
e a eb
=

.
x
1 ex
1 e x

Theo nh ngha:
b

e dx = lim ( e
x

x 0

eb )

x
= ( e a eb ) ( 1)
x
1 e

hay e x dx = ( eb e a ) .
a

6.4 Cc tnh cht c bn ca tch phn

6.4.1 Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh

13

nh l 6.4.1 (Tnh cht tuyn tnh): Nu f, g l hai hm kh tch trn [a,b] th f + g , trong
, = const, cng kh tch trn [a,b] v:
b

( f ( x) + g ( x) )dx = f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx .

( 6.4.1)

Chng minh: Vi phn im T bt k v vi cch chn ty ( k [ xk 1 , xk ] ) ta c

b

k =1

f (k ) + g (k ) xk
[ f ( x) + g ( x)]dx = lim
d 0
n

= lim f ( k )xk + lim f ( k )xk

d 0

d 0

k =1

k =1

Do f, g kh tch trn [a,b] nn:

b

[ f ( x) + g ( x)]dx = f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx , pcm.

nh l 6.4.2 Nu f. g l hai hm kh tch trn [a,b] th tch ca hai hm g. f cng kh tch trn
[a,b].
nh l 6.4.3 (Tnh cht cng ca tch phn): Cho ba on [a,b], [a,c] v [c,b]. Nu f ( x ) kh
tch trn on c di ln nht th n cng kh tch trn hai on cn li v
b

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx .

(6.4.2)

Chng minh: a) Trc ht gi s a < c < b v f ( x ) kh tch trn [a,b]. Xt phn im T

trong c c chn lm im chia. Khi :
b

k xk = k xk + k xk .

(6.4.3)

V k = M k mk > 0, xk > 0 nn v tri ca (6.4.3) tin ti khng ko theo hai tng v

phi cng dn ti khng. Do f kh tch trn [a,c] v [c,b] .
Mt khc:
b

f (
a

)xk = f ( k )xk + f ( k )xk

Trong c hai v ca ng thc trn cho d 0 ta c

b

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx .

b) Gi s b< a < c v f ( x ) kh tch trn [b,c]. Khi theo chng minh trn f ( x ) kh tch
trn [b,a], v [a,c], ta c

13

14

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx .

Chuyn v ta c.
a

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx

b

hay

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx , (pcm).

nh l 6.4.4: Tnh kh tch v gi tr ca tch phn khng thay i nu ta thay i gi tr ca

n ti mt s hu hn im.
nh l 6.4.5: Gi s f ( x ) kh tch trn [a,b]
b

f ( x)dx 0

a) Nu f ( x) 0 x [a,b], a<b , th

6.4.4)

f ( x)dx >0.

b) Nu f ( x) >0 x [a,b], a<b , th

(6.4.5)

Chng minh: Ta hy chng minh tnh cht a)

Xt tng tch phn bt k ca hm f ( x) trn [a,b].
n

n = f ( k )xk
k =1

Bi v f ( k ) 0 , xk = xk xk 1 > 0 , k=1,2,,n
nn lim n 0 v ta c
d 0

f ( x)dx 0 .
a

nh l 6.4.6 (Tnh n iu):

Nu f ( x) g ( x), x [ a, b ] th
b

f ( x)dx g ( x)dx .

(6.4.6)

Chng minh: Theo gi thit g ( x) f ( x) 0 x [a,b] ta c

[ g ( x) f ( x)]dx 0 .
a

Mt khc theo tnh cht tuyn tnh

b

[ g ( x) f ( x)]dx = g ( x)dx f ( x)dx 0.

T y suy ra iu phi chng minh.

15

nh l 6.4.7 Nu f ( x ) kh tch trn [a,b], th f ( x) kh tch trn [a,b] v

b

f ( x)dx

f ( x) dx .

(6.4.7)

Chng minh: Trc ht ta hy chng minh f ( x) kh tch. Do

f ( x) f ( y ) f ( x) f ( y ) x, y [a,b] , nn

k (T , f ( x) ) sup f ( x) f ( x)
[ xk 1 , xk ]

sup f ( x) f ( y ) = k (T , f )
[ xk 1 , xk ]

suy ra:
n

k =1

k =1

(T , f ) = k (T , f )xk k (T , f )xk = (T , f )
T y ta thy:
0 lim (T , f ) lim (T , f ) = 0 , nn lim (T , f ) =0.
Vy f kh tch trn [a,b]
Hn na f ( x) f ( x) f ( x)
Theo nh l 6.4.6. Ta nhn c
b

f ( x) dx f ( x)dx f ( x) dx
b

f ( x)dx f ( x) dx

(pcm).

nh l 6.4.8 (nh gi tch phn xc nh): Nu m v M tng ng l gi tr nh nht v ln

nht ca hm f ( x) trn [a,b], a < b, th:
b

m(ba)

f ( x)dx M(ba).
a

Chng minh: Theo gi thit m f ( x) M

b

Suy ra:

m dx
a

f ( x)dx M dx

Hay

m(ba)

f ( x)dx M(b a).

a

15

x [ a, b ]

(6.4.8)

16

V d: Chng minh

2
1
e x dx 1 .
e 0

Gii: Do f = e x n iu gim trn [0,1] nn

2

e 1 e x e0
2
1
e x 1 .
e

hay

T bt ng thc (6.4.8) ta nhn c.

1

2
1
(1 0 ) e x dx 1(1 0 ) .
e
0

6.4.2

Cc nh l gi tr trung bnh

nh l gi tr trung bnh th nht: Gi s f ( x ) l kh tch trn [a,b], (a<b) v m = inf f ,

[a,b]

M = s up f . Khi , m M sao cho

[ a ,b ]

f ( x)dx = ( b a ) .

(6.4.9)

Chng minh: Theo gi thit M f ( x) 0 v f ( x) m 0 x [a,b] ta c

b

( M f ( x) )dx 0 v ( f ( x) m )dx 0
b

Suy ra

m ( b a ) f ( x)dx M ( b a )
a

Hay

1
f ( x)dx M .
b a a

t
T y ta thy m M v

1
f ( x)dx .
b a a

f ( x)dx = ( b a ) . S

(6.4.10)

c xc nh bi cng thc

(6.4.10) c gi l gi tr trung bnh ca hm f ( x ) trn [a,b].

H qu: Nu f ( x) lin tc trn [a,b] th c [a,b] sao cho
b

f ( x)dx = f ( c )( b a ) .
a

(6.4.11)

17

T cng thc (6.4.11) suy ra rng gi tr trung bnh ca hm f ( x) lin tc trn [a,b]
bng gi tr f ( c ) ca hm di du tch phn, trong c l im no , c thuc on [a,b].
nh l gi tr trung bnh th hai: Gi s

a) f ( x) v tch f ( x) g ( x) kh tch trn [a,b], a<b

b) m f ( x) M x [a, b],
c) g ( x) khng i du trn [a,b] .
Khi vi m M
b

f ( x) g ( x)dx = g ( x)dx

(6.4.11)

c bit nu f ( x) lin tc trn [a,b] th vi c [a,b]

b

f ( x) g ( x)dx = f (c) g ( x)dx .

a

Chng minh:
Gi s g ( x) 0 vi a< b.
Khi mg ( x) f ( x) g ( x) Mg ( x) ,
b

Suy ra: m g ( x)dx

a

f ( x) g ( x)dx M g ( x)dx . (6.4.13)

a

Ngoi ra do g ( x) 0 nn

g ( x)dx 0.
a

a) Nu

g ( x)dx =0,

cng thc (6.4.11) hin nhin ng

b) Nu

g ( x)dx >0, chia c hai v (6.413) cho

a

g ( x)dx

ta c

1
b

g ( x)dx

f ( x) g ( x)dx M .
a

t =

f ( x) g ( x)dx
a

, ta c m M suy ra iu phi chng minh

g ( x)dx
a

6.5 Nguyn hm v tch phn xc nh

17

(6.4.12)

18

Trong v d 1 ca mc 6.1 v v v d 2 ca mc 6.3 ta thy rng nu ch dng nh ngha

tnh tch phn xc nh th khi lng tnh ton rt cng knh. Trong mc ny ta s a ra
cch tnh tch phn thun tin hn.

6.5.1 Cc nh ngha
nh ngha 1 Cho hm f: [a,b]

Hm s kh vi F: [a,b]

gi l nguyn hm ca f ( x ) trn [a,b] nu

F ( x) = f ( x) x [a,b]

(6.5.1)

Tp hp tt c cc nguyn hm ca f ( x ) , k hiu l

f ( x)dx

(6.5.2)

gi l tch phn khng xc nh ca f ( x ) .

nh ngha 2 Cho f ( x ) kh tch trn [a,b], khi x [a,b] hm f ( x ) kh tch trn [a,x]
(hnh 6.5.1). Ta c th xt hm s :[a,b]
cho bi
x

( x) = f (t )dt .

(6.5.3)

Hm ( x) gi l tch phn xc nh nh hm ca cn trn.

Hnh 6.5.1

6.5.2

Tch phn xc nh nh hm ca cn trn

nh l 6.5.1 Nu f(x) lin tc trn [a,b] th l mt nguyn hm ca f, tc l

( x) = f ( x) x [a,b].

(6.5.4)

Chng minh: Cho x [a,b], vi h b theo nh l trung bnh th nht ta c

( x + h) ( x ) =

x+h

x+h

f (t )dt f (t )dt =

f (t )dt

( x + h) ( x) = f [ c(h)] .h

(6.5.5)

19

trong c( h ) [ x, x + h ]
Suy ra ( x) = lim

( x + h ) ( x)
h

h 0

= lim f c ( h ) = f ( x) (khi h 0, c ( h ) x )
h 0

Vy ( x) l nguyn hm ca f ( x) .
nh l 6.5.2 Nu f ( x) kh tch trn [a,b] th ( x) lin tc trn [a,b]

Chng minh: Ly x ty , x [a,b] . Cho x mt s gia ty x = h sao cho x + h [a,b]. Khi

theo nh ngha ta c:

( x + h) =

x+h

x+h

f (t )dt = f (t )dt +

f (t )dt = ( x) +

x+h

f (t )dt

Theo nh l gi tr trung bnh:

( x + h) ( x ) =

x+h

f (t )dt = h

(6.5.6)

trong m M vi m = in f , M = sup f
[ x,x+h]

[ x,x+h]

Gi m = in f , M = sup f . Hin nhin m M . By gi cho h 0 , hin nhin c:

[ a ,b ]

[ a ,b ]

( x + h) ( x) 0 , hay l ( x + h) ( x) , iu ny chng t tnh lin tc ca ( x) .

nh l 6.5.3 Gi s f ( x ) lin tc trn [a,b], cn F ( x) l mt nguyn hm ca f ( x ) . Khi :
b

f ( x)dx = F (b) F (a) = F ( x)

b
a

(6.5.7)

Chng minh: Ta thy ( x) =

f (t )dt

l mt nguyn hm ca f. Do : C

sao cho

f ( t )dt = F ( x) +C.

(6.5.8)

Thay x = a vo (6.5.8) ta c C = F (a) . Do

x

f ( t )dt

= F ( x) F ( a) .

Thay x = b vo (6.5.9) ta c
b

f ( x )dx =

F ( b) F ( a )

Cng thc (6.5.7) gi l cng thc Newton Leibnitz.

V d 1:

19

(6.5.9)

20

dx
x2 + 1

= ln x + x 2 + 1

= ln(1 + 2 ) ln 1 = ln(1 + 2 ) .

V d 2: Tm gi tr trung bnh ca hm y = sinx trn on [ 0, ] , ta c

f ( c) =

sin xdx = ( cosx )

V d 3: Tnh o hm ca tch phn sau

x

a)

d
sin t 2 dt

dx a

b)

d
1 + t 2 dt

da a

c)

d
sin x 2 dx .

dx a

d
sin t 2 dt = sin x 2 .

dx a

Gii: a)

b)

a
d b
2 dt = d 1 + t 2 dt = 1 + a2 .
1
+
t

da a
da b

c)

d
sin x 2 dx = 0.

dx a

6.6 Tnh tch phn xc nh

6.6.1

Php i bin trong tch phn xc nh

b

Gi s tnh tch phn

f ( x)dx , trong

f ( x) lin tc trn [a,b] ta cn a vo bin s

mi

x = (t ) , t [ , ]

(6.6.1)

trong (t ) l hm kh vi lin tc trn [ , ] v ( ) = a , ( ) = b .

Gi s F ( x) l nguyn hm ca f ( x) , tc l

f ( x)dx = F ( x) +C.

S dng php i bin (6.6.1) ta c dx = (t )dt v

f [ (t )] (t )dt = F [ (t )] + C .
S dng cng thc Newton Leibnitz ta c
b

f ( x)dx
a

f [ (t )] (t )dt = F [ (t )]

= F ( x) a = F (b) F (a )

(6.6.2)

21

= F [ ( ) ] F [ ( ) ] = F (b) F (a )

(6.6.3)

T (6.6.2) v (6.6.3) suy ra cng thc

f ( x)dx = f [ (t )] (t )dt .
a

V d 1: a) Tnh tch phn I1 = x 2 a 2 x 2 dx

0

t: x = a.sin t , dx = a.costdt

4 2

4 2

I=a 4 sin 2 tcos 2tdt =

0

a
a
sin 2 2tdt =

4 0
8

(1 cos4t ) dt =
0

a 4 sin 4t 2 a 4
= t
.
=
8
4 0
16

b) I 2 = s inx.cos 2 xdx .
0

u3
1
Ta thy I 2 = cosxdcosx = u du = u du =
= .
3 0 3
0
1
0
2

c) Tnh I 3 =

1 + tg 2 x

(1 + tgx )

dx

t u = tgx x = arctgu, dx =
3

I3 =

1+ u2

du
=
2
(1 + u ) 1 + u 2

1
du
1+u 2

du

(1 + u )

1
1+ u 1

1 2 3
1
.
=
=
2
3 +1 2

d) Tnh I 4 =
0

dx
x
2
. t t = tg x = 2arctgt , dx =
2
1+ t2
2cosx +3
2
1
2
2
I 4 = 1 + t2
dt = 2 dt
1 t
t +5
0
0
2
+3
2
1+ t
1

21

(6.6.4)

22

2
t
2
1
arctg
arctg
=
=
5
50
5
5

e) Tnh

I5 =
0

dx
(a,b>0)
a sin x + b 2 cos 2 x
2

2
dx
dtgx
1
I5 =
=
= 2
2
2
2

2
2
2
2
a tg x +b
a
0 cos x ( a tg x + b )
0
2

dtgx
b2
tg 2 x + 2
a

2
tgx
1 1
1

= 2 . .arctg
= 0 =
.

a b
ab 2
2ab
b
a
a 0
6.6.2

Php ly tch phn tng phn

Gi s u ( x ) v v(x ) l hai hm kh vi lin tc trn [a,b]. Ta c ( uv ) = u v + uv T y

uv = (uv) u v .
Ly tch phn hai v ca cng thc ny t a n b ta nhn c
b

uvdx = ( uv ) dx vudx .
hay
b

udv = uv
a

b
a

vdu .
a

Cng thc (6.6.5) c gi l cng thc tch phn tng phn.

V d 2: a) Tnh I1 =
0

x s inx
dx
cos3 x

t
u = x, dv =

s inx
s inx
1
dx v =
dx = cos -3 xdcosx =
3
3
cos x
cos x
2cos 2 x

I1 =
1

b) Tnh I 2 = xf ( x)dx
0

x 4 14 1
1
1
4 =

.
dx
tg
x
2
2

0
2cos x 0 2 0 cos x
4 2
4 2

(6.6.5)

23

I 2 = xd f ( x) = xf ( x) 0 f ( x)dx = f ( x) f ( x) 0
1

= f (1) f (1) + f (0) .

1

c) Tnh I 3 = arcsin 4 xdx

0

t t = arcsinx x = sin t , dx = costdt

I 3 = t 4 costdt = t 4 dsint = t 4 sin t 2 4 t 3 sin tdt

0

2
+ 4 t 3d cos t
16
0

4
2
2

+ 4 t 3cost| 2 3 t 2 costdt =
12 t 2 d sin t
I3 =
0
16
16
0
0

4
2
2

=
12 t 2 sin t 2 t sin tdt =
3 2 24 tdcost
0
16
16
0
0

4
2
2

=
3 2 24. t cos t 02 costdt =
3 2 + 24 costdt
16
16
0
0

I3 =

4
16

3 2 + 24
a

V d 3: Tnh tch phn I =

(x

a 2 ) dx vi n nguyn dng
n

a
a

Gii: I =

( x a ) ( x + a ) dx =
n

1
n
n +1
( x a) d ( x + a)

n + 1 a

1
n
n +1 a
n +1
n 1
=
( x a ) ( x + a ) a n ( x + a ) ( x a ) dx
n +1
a

I=
=

n
n 1
n+2
( x a) d ( x + a)

( n + 1)( n + 2 ) a

n
n 1
n+ 2 a
n+2
n2
( x a ) ( x + a ) a ( n 1) ( x + a ) ( x a ) dx
( n + 1)( n + 2)
a

23

24

.
a

( x + a)
= ( 1) n!
( n + 1)( n + 2 ) ...( 2n + 1) a
2 n +1

( 2a )

2 n+1

( 1) ( n!) ( 2a )
I = ( 1) n!
=
( n + 1)( n + 2 ) ...( 2n + 1)
( 2n + 1)!
n

2 n +1

V d 4: Xy dng cng thc truy hi cho cc tch phn

I n = sin n xdx v J n = cos n xdx .

Gii: Trong tch phn J n ta s dng php i bin
x=

t dx = dt , ta c

J n = cos t dt = sin n tdt = I n

2

0
2

V l do ta ch xy dng cng thc truy hi cho tch phn I n

I n = sin n 1 x sin xdx = sin n 1 xd cos x

2
n 1

2
n

I n = sin x cos x 2 ( n 1) cos x sin x cos xdx

0
0

= ( n 1) sin n 2 x (1 sin 2 x ) dx
0

Suy ra: I n = ( n 1) I n 2 ( n 1) I n hay I n =

n 1
I n2
n

T y ta nhn c cng thc:

n
sin xdx =
0

n 1 2 n2
sin xdx vi n>1.
n 0

p dng lin tip cng thc (6.6.6) i vi tch phn v phi ta c

(6.6.6)

25

2m 1 2m 3 3 1 2
2m
xdx
sin
=
.
... . dx
0
2m 2m 2 4 2 0
2

2 m 2m 2 4 2 2
2 m +1
xdx
sin
=
.
... . sin xdx
0
2m + 1 2m 1 5 3 0
2

sin

2m

xdx =

2m 1 2m 3 3 1
.
... . .
2 m 2m 2 4 2 2

(6.6.7)

2m 2 m 2 4 2
.
... . .
2 m + 1 2m 1 5 3

(6.6.8)

V sin 2 m +1 xdx =
0

V d 5: Xy dng cng thc truy hi cho tch phn:

I n = eax sin n xdx .

0

12
Gii: Ta thy I n = sin n xdeax
a0

1 n ax
= sin xe
a

2
0

n e sin
ax

n 1

xcosxdx

1 2
n 2
e 2 sin n 1 xcosxdeax
a
a 0
a

2
1 a
I = e 2 n2 eax sin n 1 xcosx 2 eax ( n 1) sin n 2 x cos 2 x sin n 1 x sin x dx
0
a
a
0

1 a n
= e2 + 2
a
a

n 2 ax n
ax
2
n2

n
1
e
sin
xc
os
xdx
e sin xdx
0 ( )
a 2 0

n 2 ax n
1 a n ( n 1) 2 ax n 2
2
In = e 2 +
e
x
x
dx

sin
1

sin
(
) a 2 e sin xdx
a
a 2 0
0

n ( n 1) 2 ax n
1 a n ( n 1) 2 ax n 2
n 2 ax n
In = e 2 +
e
xdx
sin

e
sin
xdx

e sin xdx
a
a 2 0
a 2 0
a 2 0

25

26

T y suy ra:
In =

1 2 a n ( n 1)
n
e +
I n2 2 I n
2
a
a
a
n 2 1 a n ( n 1)
I n 1 + 2 = e 2 +
I n2
a2
a a

hay

n ( n 1)
ae 2
+ 2
In = 2
I n2 .
2
a +n
a + n2
a

Do

n ( n 1) 2 ax n 2
ae
ax
n
0 e sin xdx = a 2 + n2 + a 2 + n2 0 e sin xdx

6.6.3

(6.6.9)

Tnh gn ng tch phn xc nh

Trong thc t ta thng gp phi nhng tch phn khng th tnh theo cng thc NewtonLeibnitz. Do mt vn t ra l hy tm cch tnh gn ng tch phn xc nh min l
t c chnh xc thch hp v cch tnh n gin.
A) Cng thc hnh thang
b

Gi s cn tnh tch phn I = f ( x)dx , trong f ( x) l mt hm s xc nh v lin tc

a

trn [a,b] .Chia on [a,b] thnh n on con bng nhau bi cc im chia:

x0 = a, x1 = a + h,..., xk = a + kh,..., xn = b ,
h = xk = xk xk 1 =

ba
, k = 1, n.
n

Ti cc im chia ta tnh f ( x) v t yk = f ( xk ) , k = 1, n (xem hnh 6.6.1 )

Hnh 6.6.1

27

Ta c:

a = x0

x1

... xk ...

xn = b

y0

y1

... yk ...

yn

x1

x2

xn

x0

x1

xn1

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx + ... +

f ( x)dx .

Trong mi on con hm f ( x) c thay bng mt ng thng ni cc gi tr ti cc

u nt. Kt qu l:
x1

f ( x)dx =

x0

y0 + y1
y +y
( x1 x0 ) = h 0 1 .
2
2

Tng t:
x2

x1

y +y
f ( x)dx = h 1 2 ,,
2

xn

f ( x)dx = h

xn1

xk

f ( x)dx = h

xk 1

yk 1 + yk

yn 1 + yn
2

Cng cc tch phn ni trn li vi nhau ta c:

b

f ( x)dx h 2 y

+ y1 + y2 + ... + yn 1 +

trong h =

1
yn
2

(6.6.10)

ba
n

Gi biu thc v phi ca (6.6.10) l IT ta c cng thc:

y + yn

+ y1 + y2 + ... + yn 1 .
I IT = h 0
2

(6.6.11)

Cng thc (6.6.11) gi l cng thc hnh thang .

Nu hm di du tch phn f ( x) c o hm cp 2 lin tc trn [a,b], cng thc trn
mc phi sai s l:
RnT = I IT
trong

(b a )
12n

M2 =

M2 2
h (b a ) ,
12

(6.6.12)

M 2 = max f ( x) .
x[ a ,b ]

V d 1: Tnh gn ng tch phn I = x 2 dx theo cng thc hnh thang vi cch phn on
1

ly tch phn thnh 8 phn bng nhau. So snh kt qu nhn c vi gi tr chnh xc ca

tch phn tnh theo cng thc Newton-Leibnitz.

27

28

Gii: Theo cng thc Newton-Leibnitz

5

x3
124
=
= 41,33.
I = x dx =
3 1
3
1
2

Ta hy chia on [1,5] thnh 8 phn bng nhau, khi h =

5 1
= 0,5 .
8

Honh cc im chia v tung tng ng ca hm di du tch phn c

trong bng sau.
k

xk = x0 + kh

yk = x 2 k

1,5

2,25

2,5

6,25

3,5

12,25

16

4,5

20,25

25

Theo cng thc (6.6.11) ta nhn c:

y + y8

IT = 0.5 0
+ y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 + y5 + y6 + y7
2

1 + 25

+ 2, 25 + 4 + 6, 25 + 9 + 12, 25 + 16 + 20, 25 = 41, 50

2

= 0.5

B. Cng thc Simpson: Chia on [a,b] thnh 2n khong bng nhau bi cc im chia:

a = x0 < x1 < x2 < ... < xk < ... = x2 n = b ,

xk = a + kh , h =

ba
= x
2n

Ti cc im chia x i ta tnh f ( xi ) v t f ( xi ) = yi . Khi ta c:

b

I = f ( x)dx =
a

I=

x2

x0

x1

x0
x4

x2

x2 n1

x1

x2 n2

f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx + ... +

f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx + ... +

x2

x2 n

x2 n2

f ( x)dx .

f ( x)dx +

x2 n

x2 n1

f ( x)dx

cho

29

x2

tnh

f ( x)dx

ta thay f ( x) bng parabn c a khp vo cc im c honh

x0

: x0 = a, x1 = a + h, x2 = a + 2h.
thun tin ta tnh tin song song trc Oy n trng vi ng thng x = x1 v xp x

f(x) bng parabon y = x 2 + x + . i qua cc im A ( h, y0 ) , B ( 0, y1 ) , C ( h, y2 )

Ta c (xem hnh v 6.6.2):
x2

x0

x3

x2
+
+ x
f ( x) dx ( x + x + ) dx =
2
3
h
h
h

2h3 + 2h =

h
( 2 h2 + 6 )
3

(6.6.13)

Bi v parabon i qua 3 im A,B,C nn:

y0 = h 2 + h + , y1 = , y2 = h 2 + h +

T (6.6.14) suy ra: y0 + 4 y1 + y2 = 2 h 2 + 6

(6.6.14)
(6.6.15)

T y v (6.6.13) suy ra:

x2

f ( x)dx 3 ( y

+ 4 y1 + y2 )

(6.6.16)

x0

Hnh 6.6.2

Cng lm tng t nh vy i vi hai di sau ta thu c:

x4

f ( x)dx 3 ( y

+ 4 y3 + y4 )

(6.6.17)

h
( y2 n 2 + 4 y2 n 1 + y2 n ) .
3

(6.6.18)

x2

x2 n

f ( x) dx

xn2

i vi hai di sau cng ta thu c:

29

30

f ( x)dx I

h
( y0 + y2 n ) + 4 ( y1 + y3 + ... + y2 n 1 ) + 2 ( y2 + y4 + ... + y2 n 2 )
3
h=

vi

ba
2n

(6.6.19)

Cng thc (6.6.19) gi l cng thc Simpson. Ngi ta cng chng minh c rng:
vi M 4 = max f (4) ( x ) , RnS = I I S M 4
x[a,b]

h4
(b a )
180

(6.6.20)

V d 2: Tnh tch phn I = x 2 dx theo cng thc Simpson vi cch phn on ly tch
1

phn thnh 8 phn bng nhau.

Gii y 2n = 8 n = 4. Ta c:

x 2 dx y0 + y8 + 4 ( y1 + y3 + y5 + y7 ) + 2 ( y2 + y4 + y6 )

Theo bng trn:

x 2 dx

1
[1+25+4(2,25+6,25+12,25+20,25)+2(4+9+16)]=41,33.
6

6.7 Mt s ng dng hnh hc, vt l ca tch phn xc nh

6.7.1 Tnh din tch hnh phng
A. Trong h ta Descartes

a) T bi ton tnh din tch hnh thang cong, ta bit din tch ca hnh thang cong gii
hn bi cc ng thng y = 0 , x=a, x=b v ng cong lin tc y=f(x), f(x)0 trn on
[a,b] cho bi cng thc:
b

S = f ( x)dx .

(6.7.1)

Nu: f ( x) 0, x [a,b] th:

b

S = f ( x)dx
a

(6.7.2)

31

Hnh 6.7.1

Hnh 6.7.2

Do trong mi trng hp vi f ( x) lin tc trn [a,b], ta c (xem hnh 6.7.1)

b

S = f ( x) dx

(6.7.3)

b) Trong trng hp hnh phng c gii hn bi cc ng x = a, x = b , y=f1(x),

y = f 2 ( x) vi f1 ( x), f 2 ( x) l hai hm s lin tc trn [a,b] th (xem hnh 6.7.2)
b

S = f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) dx
a

c) Nu ng cong cho di dng x = ( y ) , vi ( y ) lin tc trn [c,d], th din tch

hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng cong y=c, y=d, x=0 v ng cong x = ( y ) (xem hnh
6.7.3) c tnh theo cng thc:
d

S = ( y ) dy
c

Hnh 6.7.3

31

(6.7.5)

32

Hnh 6.7.4

Hnh 6.7.5

V d 1: Tnh din tch ca hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng: y = x, y =

1
, y = 0, x = 3
x2

(xem hnh 6.7.4)

Gii: Ta c th phn hnh thang cong cho bng ng x=1 thnh hai phn din, tch
ca mi phn c th d dng tnh theo cng thc:
1

1
1
1
2
= ,
S1 = xdx = ,S2 = 2 dx =
2
x
x1 3
0
1
Da vo tnh cht cng ca din tch ta c:
S = S1 + S2 =

7
.
6

V d 2: Tnh din tch ca hnh phng c gii hn bi cc ng y = x , y = 2, x = 0

(Hnh 6.7.5)

Gii: Ta ch rng nu b sung vo hnh phng cho hnh thang cong pha di ta c
hnh ch nht din tch l 8 v th:
4

S = 8 xdx =
0

8
3

V d 3: Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng

6.7.6)

Hnh 6.7.6

y1 = x v

y2 = 2 x 2 (Hnh

33

Gii: Cn tch phn l honh giao im ca cc th cho, tc l nghim ca h phng

trnh:

{ yy== x2 x

Gii h trn ta thy:

x1 = 2, x2 = 1 ,
1

9
S = ( 2 x 2 ) x dx = .
2
2
d) Nu ng cong cho di dng tham s x = ( t ) , y = (t ) vi t [ , ] , trong
(t ) , (t ) , (t) l cc hm lin tc trn [ , ] .
Din tch hnh cong cng c tnh theo cng thc (6.7.3) trong y= f ( x) c thay
i y = (t ) , dx c thay i bi dx = (t) dt, cn hai cn a,b c thay i bi hai cn mi
ln lt l nghim ca cc phng trnh a = ( ), b = ( ) .

S = (t ). (t ) dt .

(6.7.6)

V d 4: Tnh din tch ca hnh elip

x2 y 2
+
1
a 2 b2

(6.7.7)

Xt phng trnh tham s ca ng elip (xem hnh 6.7.7)

x = a cos t , y = b sin t , 0 t 2
Khi x trong on [0,a] th tham s t thay i t

n 0. Ta c:

S = 4S1 = 4 | ( b sin t )( asint ) | dt = 4ab sin 2 tdt = ab .

2

r = r ( )

Hnh 6.7.7

Hnh 6.7.8

33

34

B) Trong h ta cc

Gi s ng cong gii hn hnh phng cho trong h ta cc, ngi ta gi hnh qut
cong l mt hnh gii hn bi hai tia i qua cc v ng cong, m mi tia i qua cc ct
ng cong khng qu mt im. By gi ta hy tnh din tch ca hnh qut cong gii hn
bi hai tia = , = ( < ) v cung AB ca ng cong r = r ( ) trong r ( ) l mt
hm s lin tc trn [ , ] (xem hnh 6.7.8).
Chia gc AOB thnh n gc nh c k hiu l i , i = 1, n . Nh vy hnh qut cong
c chia thnh n hnh qut cong nh c din tch Si , i = 1, n .
Gi s OKL l hnh qut nh th i, din tch ca n xp x bng din tch hnh qut trn
c cng gc tm i v c bn knh l r = r (i) , trong i i i + i , ngha l:
Si

1 2
r (i)i .
2

Do din tch hnh qut cong cho xp x bng:

n

1
2r ( ) .
2

i =1

Xp x cng tt nu n cng ln sao cho i cng nh, do din tch S ca hnh qut
theo nh ngha tch phn xc nh l:

1
S = r 2 ( )d .
2

(6.7.8)

V d 5: Tnh din tch ca hnh trn bn knh R. Phng trnh ca ng trn trong ta
cc l r = R: (xem hnh 6.7.9)

Hnh 6.7.9

Gii: Dng cng thc (6.7.7) ta c

S = 4S1 = 4.

12 2
R d = R 2 .

20

V d 6: Tnh din tch ca hnh gii hn bi ng = a cos2 (xem hnh 6.7.10)

35

Gii:

1
S = 4S1 = 4.
2

a cos2 d =a
2

Hnh 6.7.10

6.7.2

Tnh di ng cong phng

a) Cho cung AB xc nh bi phng trnh y = f ( x) , trong f(x) lin tc v c o hm

lin tc trn [a,b] (Hnh 6.7.11).

Hnh 6.7.11

Ly trn cung AB nhng im M 0 ( x0, f ( x0 ) ) ,

..., M n ( xn , f ( xn ) ) vi x0 = a, ..., xn = b .

M 1 ( x1, f ( x1 ) ) , ..., M i ( xi , f ( xi ) ) ,

di l ca cung AB l gii hn ca di ng gy khc M 0 M 1...M i 1M i ...M n , khi s

cnh ca ng gp khc tng v hn sao cho di cnh ln nht ca n tin ti khng, tc
l:

35

36

l = lim M i 1M i trong = max M i 1M i ,

0

1i n

i =1

M i 1M i = (xi ) 2 + (yi ) 2

vi xi = xi xi 1 , yi = f ( xi ) f ( xi 1 )
Theo cng thc Lagrange:
yi = f ( xi) f ( xi 1 ) = f (i ) xi , vi xi 1 i xi Suy ra:
n

M i 1M i = 1 + f (i ) xi v l = lim 1 + f (i ) xi .
2

i =1

Theo nh ngha tch phn xc nh:

b

l = 1 + f ( x) 2 dx .

(6.7.9)

b) Nu ng cong cho di dng tham s x = x(t ), y = y (t ) vi t [ , ] .

Thay dx = x(t )dt , dy = y(t )dt , f ( x) =

dy y(t )
=
vo (6.7.8), ta c cng thc:
dx x(t )

l = x(t ) 2 + y(t ) 2 dt .

(6.7.10)

Nu ng cong cho trong toa cc r = r ( ) trong hm r ( ) v o hm ca n

r ( ) lin tc trn [ , ] .
S
dng
cng
thc
chuyn
t
ta

Descartes x = r ( )cos , y = r ( ) sin . Theo cng thc (6.7.9)

l=

cc

sang

[ r ( )cos r ( ) sin ] + [ r ( )cos + r ( ) sin ]

2

ta

d ,

T y:

l=

[ r ( )] + [ r ( )]
2

d .

V d 7: Tnh di ng cong cycloide c phng trnh

x = a (t sin t )
vi 0 t 2 (xem hnh 6.7.12)

y = a (1 cost)

Theo cng thc (6.7.9)

(6.7.11)

37

L=

t
2
2
0 a (1 cost) + sin tdt = 2a 0 sin 2dt = 8a

Hnh 6.7.12

Hnh 6.7.13

Hnh 6.7.14

V d 8: Tnh di ca ng r = a(1 cos ) (Hnh 6.7.13)

Do tnh i xng ta ch cn tnh di l1 ca na ng cong. C th:

0

l = 2l1 = 2 a 2 sin 2 + a 2 (1 cos ) d = 4a

2

1 cos
d = 4a sin d = 8a .
2
2

Ch : Ly im M ( x, f ( x) ) trn cung AB , di ca cung AM bng (xem hnh

6.7.14)
x

l = 1 + f (t ) 2 dt .
a

o hm theo cn trn ta c:
dl
= 1 + f ( x) 2 hay dl = 1 + f ( x) 2 dx
dx

37

(6.7.11)

38

V f ( x) = y =

dy
nn c th vit (6.7.11) di dng:
dx

( dl )

= ( dx ) + ( dy ) .
2

(6.7.12)

Cng thc (6.7.12) c gi l cng thc vi phn cung.

6.7.3

Tnh th tch vt th

a) Tnh th tch vt th khi bit din tch thit din ngang:

Cho mt vt th gii hn bi mt mt cong v hai mt phng x=a, x=b, (a<b) (Hnh
6.7.15)

Hnh 6.7.15

Gi s chng ta bit din tch ca S ca thit din ca vt th trn mt mt phng vung

gc vi trc Ox l S = S ( x) , trong x l honh ca giao im ca mt phng ct trc Ox.
Gi s S ( x) l mt hm s lin tc trn on [a,b].
Chia
on
[a,b]
thanh
n
on
nh
bi
cc
im
chia
a = x0 < x1 < ... < xi 1 < xi < ... < xn = b . Qua mi im chia xi , i = 0, n ta dng mt mt phng
vung gc vi trc Ox, cc mt phng chia vt th thnh n vt th nh. Trn mi on
[ xi 1 , xi ] , ly mt im i ty , dng hnh tr ng gii hn bi cc mt phng x= xi 1 , x= xi
v mt tr c ng sinh song song vi trc Ox i qua bin ca thit din v. Th tch ca hnh
tr l S (i ) xi trong xi = xi xi 1 . Tng th tch ca tt c cc hnh tr l:
n

Vn = S (i ) xi .
i =1

Gii hn ca tng trn khi n + sao cho max xi 0 c gi l th tch ca vt th

b

cho. Theo nh ngha ca tch phn xc nh, gii hn l

S ( x)dx . Cui cng th tch

a

ca vt th ni trn c tnh theo cng thc:

39

V = S ( x)dx .

(6.7.13)

V d 9: Tnh th tch hnh nn bn knh y R v chiu cao h (xem hnh 6.7.16).

Gii: Ta t hnh nn sao cho trc i xng ca n trng vi trc Ox v nh ca n trng

vi gc ta .
y

r (x)

0
x
S(x)

x
h

Hnh 6.7.16

Gi tit din ca hnh nn ti im c honh r ( x) , l S ( x) . Gi bn knh thit din l

r ( x) x
R
r ( x) .Theo tnh cht ng dng
= r ( x) = x .
R
h
h
S ( x) = r 2 ( x) = R 2

Do :
h

Theo cng thc ( 6.7.13) V = R 2

0

x2
.
h2

x2
h
dx = R 2 .
2
h
3

b) Th tch vt th trn xoay: Cho hm s y = f ( x) lin tc trn [a,b].

By gi ta hy tm th tch ca vt th trn xoay c to thnh khi quay hnh thang cong
AabB gii hn bi ng cong y = f ( x) , x [a,b], trc Ox, cc ng thng x=a, x=b
quanh trc Ox (xem hnh 6.7.17).

39

40

Hnh 6.7.17

Ta thy mt thit din vung gc vi trc Ox u l mt trn c tm nm trn trc Ox v

c bn knh f ( x) , nn din tch ca thit din ng vi honh x l:
S ( x) = f 2 ( x) .
Khi s dng cng thc (6.7.13) ta suy ra cng thc tnh th tch ca vt th trn xoay:
b

V = f 2 ( x)dx .

(6.7.14)

Hnh 6.7.18

Tng t, nu hnh thang cong CcdD gii hn bi ng cong x = ( y ), y [c,d], ( y )

lin tc trn [c,d], trc Oy v cc ng thng y=c, y=d (hnh 6.7.18), th th tch vt th trn
xoay to bi hnh thang cong khi quay n quanh trc Oy c tnh theo cng thc:
d

V = 2 ( y )dy .

(6.7.15)

V d 8: Tm th tch vt th nhn c khi quay hnh phng c gii hn bi cc ng

x2 y 2
y = b v 2 2 = 1 quay quanh trc Oy ( Hnh 6.7.19) .
a b

Gii: Do tnh i xng ca vt th quay i vi mt phng xoz ta ch cn tnh na V1 ca

ton b th tch:

y2
8
V = 2V1 = 2 x dy = 2 a 1 + 2 dy = a 2b .
b
3
0
0
b

41

Hnh 6.7.19

6.7.4 Din tch mt trn xoay

a) Cho cung AB xc nh bi phng trnh y = f ( x) , x [a,b] trong f ( x) , f ( x)
lin tc. Cho cung AB quay quanh trc Ox, mt to thnh gi l mt trn xoay (Hnh 6.7.20).
Ly

trn

f ( x)

cung

nhng

im

M 0 A ( a, f ( a ) ) ,

M 1 ( x1 , f ( x1 ) ) ,

..., M i 1 ( xi 1 , f ( xi 1 ) ) , ... M n B ( b, f (b) ) , .

Khi quay quanh trc Ox dy cung M i 1 M i sinh ra mt nn ct c din tch xung quanh
l:

M i 1M [ f ( xi 1 ) + f ( xi ) ] = 1 + f 2 (i )xi f ( xi 1 ) + f ( xi ) .
y

M0 A

f(x i-1) M i-1

x i-1

Mi

f(x i )

Mn B
xi

Hnh 6.20

Din tch mt trn xoay sinh ra bi ng gp khc A M 1 M 2 B, khi n quay quanh

trc Ox bng:
n

i =1

1 + f 2 (i ) [ f ( xi 1 ) + f ( xi ) ] xi .

41

42

Gii hn ca tng trn khi max xi 0 gi l din tch mt trn xoay. Theo nh ngha
tch phn xc nh:
b

S = 2 f ( x) 1 + f 2 ( x)dx .
a

Nu f(x) c du bt k ta nh ngha:
b

S = 2 f ( x) 1 + f ( x) 2 dx .

(6.7.16)

b) Trong trng hp ng cong c phng trnh x = ( y ) , ( y ) lin tc trn [c,d], din

tch mt trn xoay khi quay cung quanh trc Oy l:
d

S = 2 ( y ) 1 + ( y ) 2 dy .

(6.7.17)

V d 9: Tm din tch ca mt cu bn knh R.

Gii: Mt cu c th xem l mt c sinh ra khi quay na ng trn quanh trc Ox.

Phng trnh ca ng trn bn knh R c dng x 2 + y 2 = R 2 , nn phng trnh ca na
ng trn pha trn l:
y = R 2 x 2 , y =

x
R2 x2

Khi ta c:
S = 2

R2 x2 1 +

x2
dx = 2 Rdx = 4 R 2
R2 x2
R

V d 10: Tm din tch ca mt sinh ra khi quay quanh trc Oy phn parabon y =

b ct bi ng thng y =
Gii: Ta c
x = 2 y , x =

1
2y

3
(xem hnh 6.7.21).
2

x2
( x 0)
2

43

Hnh 6.7.21

S dng cng thc (6.7.17) ta c:

3
2

S = 2 2 y 1 +
0

3
2

1
14
.
dy = 2 2 y + 1dy =
2y
3
0

Cui cng ta hy trnh by mt vi v d ng dng vt l ca tch phn xc nh:

V d 11: Lc y gia hai in tch cng du e1 , e2 t cch nhau mt khong r c cho bi
ee
cng thc: F = 1 22 .
r

Gi s in tch e1 c t c nh ti gc ta 0. Hy tnh cng ca lc y F sinh ra

do in tch e2 di chuyn t im M1 c honh x1 n M 2 c honh trn x2 trc Ox.
Gi A( x) l cng ca lc y F sinh ra do e2 di chuyn t M 1 n M c honh x
(Hnh 6.7.22).

Hnh 6.7.22

Cho x mt s gia kh b dx. V dx kh b nn trong on [x, x+dx] c th coi lc y F

ee
khng i v bng 1 22 . Do cng ca lc y lm cho e2 di chuyn t x n x+dx l vi
x
ee
phn cng dA = 1 22 dx . V vy cng ca lc y F sn ra khi e2 di chuyn t M 1 n M 2 l:
x
r2

r2

1 1
e1e2
1 2
A= dA = 2 dx = e1e2
= e1e2 .
x
x r1
r1 r2
r1
r1

43

44

t + chy qua mt on mch c in t

V d 12: Mt dng in xoay chiu i = I 0 sin
T

thun R. Hy tnh nhit lng Q ta ra trn mch trong thi gian mt chu k T.
Nhit lng ta ra trong thi gian mt chu k T tnh theo cng thc:
T

Q = Ri 2 dt
0

RI 2
2

Q = RI 0 2 sin 2
t + dt = 0 T .
2
T

0
T

V d 13: t vo mt on mch mt hiu in th xoay chiu u = U 0 sin

2
t . Khi trong
T

mch c dng in xoay chiu , i = I 0 sin

t + , vi l lch pha gia dng in v
T

hiu in th. Hy tnh cng ca dng in xoay chiu thc hin trn on mch trong thi
gian mt chu k T.
Cng ca dng in ni trn c tnh theo cng thc:
T

A = uidt = U 0 I 0 sin

U I
2
2

t.sin
t + dt = 0 0 Tcos .
2
T
T

6.8 Tch phn suy rng

b

Khi nh ngha tch phn

f ( x)dx

ta gi thit rng:

a) on [a,b] hu hn
b) Hm di du tch phn f ( x) b chn trong on [a,b]. Nu mt trong hai iu kin
trn khng c tha mn th tch phn c gi l tch phn suy rng. Nu iu kin a)
khng c tha mn th tch phn c gi l tch phn suy rng loai 1 (hay tch phn vi
cn v hn). Nu iu kin b) khng c tha mn , tc l hm di du tch phn c gin
on v hn trong [a,b], th tch phn c gi l tch phn suy rng loi 2 (hay tch phn ca
hm khng b chn).

6.8.1

Tch phn suy rng loi 1

6.8.1.1 nh ngha: Gi s hm s y = f(x) xc nh trong khong m [a, +) v kh tch

trong mi on hu hn [a,A] vi A>a.
A

Xt tch phn: ( A) = f ( x)dx

a

Nu

45

lim ( A) = lim

A+

A+

f ( x)dx

(6.8.1)

tn ti v hu hn th gii hn c gi l tch phn suy rng loi mt ca hm f ( x)

trong khong [a, +) v k hiu l: f ( x)dx

a

f ( x)dx

Khi ta cng ni rng tch phn

hi t v vit:

f ( x)dx = lim

A+

f ( x)dx

(6.8.2)

Nu gii hn (6.8.1) khng tn ti hoc v hn th ta ni rng tch phn

f ( x)dx

phn k.

Tng t ta c nh ngha:
a

f ( x)dx = lim

f ( x)dx

(6.8.3)

f ( x)dx = lim

f ( x)dx

A+
A A

(6.8.4)

vi A, A l cc bin c lp vi nhau.

Hin nhin c hai tch phn

f ( x )dx v

f ( x)dx

vi a R cng hi t th:

f ( x)dx =

f ( x)dx +

f ( x)dx .

Khng gim tnh tng qut sau y ta ch cn xt

f ( x)dx .
a

V d 1: Xt s hi t ca tch phn I =
a

1
dx vi a> 0
x

Gii: Khi 1 , xt tch phn:

A

( A) =
a

1
1 1
dx =
x

x
1

A
a

1 1
1
1 1
a
1 A
1 1

khi > 1

lim ( A) = 1 a 1
A+
+
khi < 1

45

(6.8.5)

46

1
x
a

Khi: = 1 , ( A) = dx = ln A ln a
lim ( A) = lim ( ln A ln a ) = +

A+

A+

x dx vi a>0, hi t khi > 1 v phn k khi 1 .

Vy tch phn

V d 2: Tnh tch phn I =

1

dx
x +x
2

Gii: Ta c theo nh ngha:

A
dx
dx
dx
dx
=
lim
lim
=

1 x 2 + x A+ 1 x 2 + x A+ x x + 1
1
1

x
A
1

= lim ln
= lim ln
ln = ln 2 .
A+
A
+
2
x +1 1
A +1

Do tch phn cho hi t v bng ln2.

V d 3: Tnh tch phn I =

2

dx
x2 x2 1

Gii: Ta c

t x =

dx
2

x 1
2

= lim

A+

x
2

dx
2

x2 1

1
dt
1
1
1
ta c dx = 2 v t = ; nu x =2 th t = v x = A th t = .
2
A
x
t
t
A

Khi : lim

A+

x
2

dx
2

x 1
2

= lim

1
A

A+

1
2

dt
t2
0

=
1
2

V d 4: Tnh I =

dx

1+ x

1
t2

1
1
t2

1 d (1 t ) 2 3
.
=
2 2
2
1 t
1 t2
1
tdt

dx
dx
dx
Gii:
=
+
.
2
2
1+ x
1+ x
1 + x2

Ta c:

dx
dx
0
= lim arctgx A = lim ( arctgA ) = .
1 + x 2 = Alim
1 + x 2
A
A
2
A
0

(6.8.6)

47

dx
dx

A
= lim arctgx 0 = lim arctgA=
0 1 + x 2 = Alim
A+
A+
+ 1 + x 2
2
0

Vy

dx

1+ x

=.

V d 5: Cho mt im M c khi lng m t ti gc ta ht mt im M 1 c khi lng

1 t cch M mt khong cch x trn trc Ox. Khi lc ht F c xc nh bi cng thc
m
F = k 2 , trong k l mt hng s, v cng thc hin khi dch chuyn im M1 t im
x
x = n im x = a ( a > > 0) c xc nh bi:
a

A= k

1 1
m
dx = km .
2
x
a

Ta ch rng trc tch phn c du v hng ca lc ngc vi hng chuyn ng

ca im M, cng v vy nn cng m. Nu a = + th:

A = k

m
m
dx = k .
2

Do nu im M 1 ri t v cc n im x = , th lc ht Newton s thc hin mt

cng dng:
A=k

n bng th nng tch ly ti im x = . Ngi ta gi n l th nng ca lc ht ca cht

im M ti im x = .
Ta thng gp nhng tch phn suy rng ca nhng hm s m ta khng th biu din
nguyn hm ca n theo nhng hm s cp quen bit. Khi mun bit nhng tch phn
hi t hay phn k, ta cn phi a ra nhng du hiu hi t m khng cn bit nguyn hm
ca n.

nh l 6.8.1 (Tiu chun hi t Cauchy): Tch phn

f ( x)dx

hi t khi v ch khi

> 0, A0 > a sao cho:

A

f ( x)dx f ( x)dx < .A, A > A0 .

(6.8.7)

Chng minh: Xt hm s ( A) = f ( x)dx . Theo nh ngha tch phn

f ( x)dx

hi t khi v

ch khi lim ( A) tn ti v hu hn. Theo tiu chun Cauchy > 0.A0 > a sao cho
A+

( A) ( A) < A, A > A0 ,
hay:

47

48

f ( x)dx f ( x)dx <

a

6.8.1.2 Cc du hiu hi t ca tch phn suy rng loi 1 ca cc hm dng

A

Gi s f ( x) 0 vi x [a,+) . Khi A > a hm ( A) = f ( x)dx l hm n iu tng

a

ca A, nn c gii hn hu hn nu ( A) b chn trn. T y ta c nh l sau.

nh l 6.8.2 iu kin cn v tch phn suy rng hi t l tch phn ( A) b chn trn,
tc l L>0 sao cho

( A) L A > a hay

f ( x)dx L

A > a .

(6.8.8)

nh l 6.8.3 Gi s cc hm f, g kh tch trn mi on [a,A], A > a v 0 f ( x) g ( x)

x a . Khi :

a) Nu

g ( x)dx hi t th

f ( x)dx

b) Nu

f ( x)dx

hi t.

phn k th

g ( x)dx

phn k.

Chng minh: a) vi A> a ta c:

A

f ( x)dx g ( x)dx .
A

Suy ra lim

A+

f ( x)dx lim g ( x)dx . V vy nu

A+

lim

A+

g ( x)dx l hu hn, do
a

lim

A+

(6.8.9)

g ( x)dx
a

f ( x)dx cng hu hn v f ( x)dx hi t .

b) Ngc li nu lim

A+

f ( x)dx = + , theo (6.8.9)

a

lim

A+

Vy tch phn

g ( x)dx
a

hi t, theo nh ngha

phn k.

g ( x)dx = + .
a

49

H qu: a) nu tn ti cc hng s M > 0 v > 1 sao cho

f ( x)

M
x

x a > 0 th

tch phn

f ( x)dx

hi t .

b) Nu tn ti hng s M > 0 v 1 sao cho f ( x)

M
x a > 0 , th tch phn
x

f ( x)dx

phn k .

dx

V d 6: a) Xt s hi t ca tch phn I1 =

1 + x 2 1 + x3

Gii: Do 1 + x 2 > x ,

1 + x 3 > x nn
1
1 + x2

Tch phn

dx

.3

<

1 + x3

1
x [1,+) .
x2

hi t nn tch phn I1 hi t .

b) Nghin cu s hi t ca tch phn I 2 =

dx
3

x3 1

Gii: Hin nhin

1
3

x3 1

>

1
vi x > 2.
x

dx
phn k nn tch phn I 2 =
Bi v
x
2
1

dx
3

x3 1

cng phn k .

V d 7: Xt s hi t ca tch phn Poisson e x dx .

2

Gii: th ca hm di du tch phn y = e x l ng cong Gauss, ta c:

x
x
x
e dx = e dx + e dx .
2

Tch phn th nht v phi l tch phn xc nh thng thng, n bng din tch ca

ng cong Gauss trn on [0,1]. Ta hy xt tch phn

x
x
x
e dx . Hin nhin 0 < e < e

khi x >1 .Ta c:

e
1

1
dx = lim e x dx = .
A+
e
1

49

50

Bi v tch phn e x dx hi t nn tch phn e x dx hi t.

2
.
2

Ngi ta chng minh c rng e x dx =

2

nh l 6.8.4 Gi s f(x), g(x) kh tch trn mi on [a,A], A>a v f ( x ) >0, g ( x) >0 x a .

Ngoi ra gi s:

lim

x +

f ( x)
= k.
g( x )

Nu 0 < k < + th cc tch phn suy rng

f ( x)dx v

g ( x)dx

c cng tnh cht,

ngha l cng hi t hoc cng phn k.

Chng minh: Tht vy theo nh ngha gii hn > 0, A0 > a ta lun c:
k <
Suy ra

f ( x)
< k + x> A0 .
g ( x)

( k ) g ( x) (2)< f ( x) (1)< ( k + ) g ( x) .

Nu

g ( x)dx

hi t, th t bt ng thc (1) suy ra

f ( x)dx

Nu

hi t.

g ( x)dx

phn k, th t bt ng thc (2) suy ra

f ( x)dx

phn k

H qu: Gi s khi x + hm s f ( x) l v cng b bc > 0 so vi

f ( x)
= lim f ( x) x = C ,
x + 1
x +
( )
x
lim

trong 0 <C < + , C = const

th tch phn

f ( x)dx

hi t khi > 1 v phn k khi 0 < 1 .

3
2

x
dx .
1 + x2
0

V d 8: a) Xt s hi t ca tch phn I1 =

b) Xt s hi t ca tch phn I 2 =
1

dx
x 1 + x2

1
, tc l:
x
(6.8.10)

51

32
x
1
Gii: a) Ta thy lim
: 1
2
x + 1 + x

x2

=1 v = 1 < 1 nn tch phn I phn k .

1

1
1
b) Ta thy lim
: 2 =1 v = 2 nn tch phn I 2 hi t.
2
x +
x 1+ x x

6.8.1.3 Tch phn suy rng loi 1 ca cc hm c du ty

a, Trc ht ta xt s hi t ca cc tch phn suy rngvi cn v hn, trong hm di

du tch phn c dng tch ca hai hm s, tc l cc tch phn c dng

f ( x).g ( x)dx .
a

nh l 6.8.5 (nh l Abel): Gi s cc hm f(x) v g(x) xc nh trong khong [ , +) sao

cho:

i) Tch phn

f ( x)dx

hi t.

ii) Hm g(x) n iu gim v b chn trong khong [ , +) , tc l L > 0 sao cho

| g ( x) | L x [ , +)

Khi tch phn

f ( x) g ( x)dx hi t.
a

V d 9: Xt tch phn I =
0

e x sin
1+ x

1
x dx

Ta thy

2
1

dx
=
arctg
x
|
= = , cn hm s g ( x) = e x sin n iu v b chn
2
x
2 4 4
1+ x
1
1

bi 1, nn theo du hiu Abel tch phn trn hi t.

nh l 6.8.6 (nh l Dirichlet): Gi s f ( x) , g ( x) l cc hm xc nh trong khong [a, + )
sao cho:
A

i, Hm s kh tch trong mi on hu hn [a,A], a<A v tch phn

f ( x)dx
a

tc l M > 0 sao cho

f ( x)dx M

A > a .

ii, Hm g ( x) n iu v khng khi x + .

Khi tch phn

f ( x) g ( x)dx hi t.
a

V d 10: Xt s hi t ca tch phn:

51

b chn,

52

sin x
cosx
dx v I 2 = dx vi a >0, > 0 .

x
x
a
a

I1 =
A

Gii: Ta thy ( A) = s inxdx = cosx a = cosa - cosA .

A

1
vi > 0 l hm n iu v khng
x
khi x + . Do theo du hiu hi t Dirichlet tch phn I1 hi t. Tng t tch phn I 2
cng hi t.
nn ( A) 2 A > a . Hn na hm g ( x) =

b) S hi t tuyt i v bn hi t

nh l 6.8.7 Nu tch phn

f ( x) dx hi t, th

f ( x)dx

hi t.

Chng minh: Theo gi thit tch phn

f ( x) dx hi t, nn theo nh l 6.8.1 > 0 ,

A0 > a , sao cho

f ( x) dx < ,

A > A > A0 .

Do

f ( x)dx f ( x) dx < A > A > A0 .

A

f ( x)dx

Vy, cng theo nh l 6.8.1 tch phn

hi t.

nh ngha Nu

f ( x) dx hi t, khi ta ni rng

Nu

f ( x)dx ,

f ( x)dx hi t tuyt i.

hi t nhng tch phn

f ( x) dx phn k th ta ni rng tch phn

f ( x)dx

bn hi t (hay khng hi t tuyt i).

sin x
dx .
x2
1

V d 11: Xt s hi t ca tch phn I =

Hin nhin

sin x
1
2
2
x
x

Bi v tch phn
tuyt i.

x 1 .

1
1 x 2 dx hi t nn

sin x
dx hi t.Do tch phn
x2

sin x
dx hi t
x2
1

53

Ch : Nu

f ( x)dx hi t, th cha chc

f ( x) dx hi t. V d sau y minh ha iu

ny.

V d 12 Xt s hi t ca tch phn

sin x
dx vi a > 0.
x

Gii: Trc ht theo nh l Dirichlet tch phn

sin x
dx hi t.Tuy nhin tch phn
x

sin x
dx khng hi t. Tht vy do
x
sin x sin 2 x

0 x [a,+] .
x
x
sin 2 x 1 cos2x
Mt khc
=
nn:
2x
x

sin 2 x
1
a x dx = 2

dx 1
a x 2

cos2x
dx .
x

Tch phn th nht phn k, tch phn th hai hi t. Vy tch phn

suy ra

6.8.2

sin 2 x
a x dx phn k,

sin x
dx phn k.
x

Tch phn suy rng loi 2

6.8.2.1 nh ngha: Gi s f ( x) xc nh trong khong [a,b), < a < b < + nhng khng
b chn ti b v trn mi on [ a, b ] , 0 < < b a hm f ( x) kh tch.
b

Nu lim
0

f ( x)dx (6.8.11) tn ti v hu hn, th ta gi gii hn hu hn l tch phn

suy rng loi 2 ca hm f ( x) v k hiu l

f ( x)dx .
a

Khi ta cng ni rng tch phn

f ( x)dx

hi t v vit:

f ( x)dx = lim
0

53

f ( x)dx .

(6.8.12)

54

Nu gii hn (6.8.11) khng tn ti hoc v hn th ta ni rng tch phn

f ( x)dx

phn

k.
Tng t, nu hm f ( x) xc nh trn khong (a,b] khng b chn ti a v kh tch trn
mi on [ a + , b ] , 0 < < b a th:
b

f ( x)dx
a

dx

( b x )

V d 13 Xt s hi t ca tch phn

= lim

f ( x)dx .

(6.8.13)

a +

vi b>a v > 0 .

Gii: Ta thy
b

1 1

1
khi 1
1
1
b a )
(
=
ba
khi = 1.
ln

( b x )
a

T y lim
0

dx

( b x )
a

1
1
b x ) khi 0 < < 1
(

.
= 1

khi 1

Tm li, theo nh ngha, tch phn

dx

( b x )

(b>a) hi t khi 0 < < 1 , phn k khi

(6.8.14)
b

Tng t

dx

( x a )

(a<b) hi t khi 0 < < 1 , phn k khi 1

(6.8.15)

nh l 6.8.8 tch phn

f ( x)dx , vi im k d l b, hi t, iu kin cn v l
a

> 0, > 0 sao cho , tho mn 0 < < ,0 < < th

b

f ( x)dx < .

(6.8.16)

Chng minh: Xt tch phn ( ) =

f ( x)dx . tch phn

f ( x)dx

hi t, theo nh ngha,

cn v l gii hn lim ( ) tn ti v hu hn. Khi theo tiu chun Canchy

0

> 0. > 0 sao cho ( ) ( ) < 0 < < ,0 < < .

b

hay

f ( x)dx

f ( x)dx =

f ( x)dx < .

55

H qu: Nu

f ( x) dx hi t th

f ( x)dx

hi t.

Tng t nh vi tch phn suy rng loi 1 ta cng c nh ngha sau. Nu

f ( x) dx hi

t, khi ta ni rng tch phn

f ( x)dx

hi t tuyt i.

6.8.2.2 Cc du hiu hi t
nh l 6.8.9 Gi s 0 f ( x) g ( x), x [ a, b ) v cc hm f ( x) v g ( x) khng b chn ti

b. Khi :
b

i, Nu tch phn

g ( x)dx hi t, th
a

f ( x)dx
a

ii, Nu tch phn

cng hi t.
b

f ( x)dx phn k, tch phn

g ( x)dx

cng phn k.

Trong thc t ta thng s dng hai du hiu sau m v thc cht n l cc h qu ca

nh l 7.
H qu 1: i, Nu M > 0 v 0 < < 1 sao cho:
f ( x)

(b x )

vi 0 < a x < b

(6.8.17)

th tch phn

f ( x)dx

hi t.

ii, Nu M > 0 v 1 sao cho

f ( x)

(b x )

vi 0 < a x < b

(6.8.18)

th tch phn

f ( x)dx

phn k.

H qu 2: Nu
lim

x b 0

f ( x)

= lim ( b x ) f ( x) = c > 0 .
x b 0
1

(b x )
b

Khi

f ( x)dx hi t khi 0 < < 1 v phn k khi

a

55

1.

(6.8.19)

56

V d 14: a) Xt s hi t ca tch phn I1 =

1 x4

dx .

Gii: Hm s di du tch phn khng b chn khi x = 1.

x

Hin nhin

1 x4
1

Bi v tch phn

1
vi x [0,1) .
1 x

1
dx hi t nn tch phn I1 hi t.
1 x

b) Xt s hi t ca tch phn
1

dx
.
sin
1

x
(
)
0

I2 =
Gii: Ta thy

1
1
>
x [0,1) nn tch phn I 2 phn k.
sin (1 x ) (1 x) 2
2

c) Xt s hi t ca tch phn I 3 =

dx
4

1 x2

Gii: Hm s di du tch phn khng b chn khi x = 1.

Ta thy f ( x) =
1

Mt khc

dx
4

1 x

(1 x )

1
4

1+ x

(1 x )

1
4

dx hi t, nn I 3 hi t.
1

dx
.

cos
e
x
0

V d 15: Xt s hi t ca tch phn I =

Gii: Hm di du tch phn khng b chn khi x = 0.

Bi v xe e x cosx vi x (0,1], nn
1

Do tch phn

dx

xe

1
1
vi x (0,1].

e cosx xe
x

phn k, nn tch phn I phn k.

x a 1
dx vi 0<a<1.
1+ x
0

V d 16: Xt s hi t ca tch phn I =

Gii: Ta thy tch phn I c im k d l 0 v c cn v hn. xt s hi t ca tch

phn trn ta vit tch phn I thnh tng ca hai tch phn:

x a 1
x a 1
+
dx
0 1 + x 1 1 + xdx = I1 + I 2
1

I=

57

x a 1
Ta thy lim+ 1 + x = 1 v = 1 a < 1 nn tch phn I1 hi t.
x 0
1
x a 1
x a 1
x
Mt khc lim 1 + x = lim
= 1 v do a <1, = 2 a > 1 , nn I 2 hi t. Vy tch phn
x +
x + 1 + x
1
x 2a

I hi t.
V d 17: Xt s hi t ca tch phn:

I = x p 1e x dx vi 0 < p <1.
0

Gii: Ta thy tch phn I c im k d l 0 v c cn v hn. xt s hi t ta hy phn

tch tch phn I thnh tng ca hai tch phn:
1

I = x p 1e x dx + e x x p 1dx = I1 + I 2 .
Do lim

x 0+

x p 1e x
= lim+ x p 1e x x1 p = 1 v = 1 p , 0 < < 1 nn tch phn I1 hi t.
x 0
1
1 p
x

x p 1e x
x p 1+
= lim x = 0 nu > 1 nn I 2 hi t. Do tch phn I
Mt khc do lim
x +
x + e
1

x
hi t.
1

V d 18: Xt s hi t ca tch phn I = x a 1 (1 x )

b 1

dx .

Vi a<1 tch phn c im k d 0, vi b<1 tch phn c im k d l 1. Phn tch tch

phn trn thnh tng hai tch phn , chng hn:
1

1
2

1
2

Bi v hm di du tch phn khi x 0 l v cng ln bc 1a, nn tch phn th nht

tn ti ch vi iu kin 1a<1, tc a>0. tng t, tch phn th hai tn ti vi b>0. Nh vy
tch phn trn hi t trong v ch trong trng hp nu ng thi a>0 v b>0.

6.8.3

Thay bin s trong tch phn suy rng

Ta thy rng cc quy tc thay bin s trong tch phn xc nh thng thng vn cn
ng i vi nhng tch phn suy rng hi t. V d nh tnh tch phn:

57

58

xe

x2

dx ta a vo bin mi x =

t . Ta c:

1 t
1
e dt = e t

20
2

x
xe dx =
2

=
0

1
1
( 0 1) = .
2
2

By gi ta ta hy xt s hi t ca cc tch phn Frenel

F1 = sin( x 2 )dx v F2 = cos(x 2 )dx

S dng php i bin t = x 2 , ta c:

F1 =

1 sin t
1 cost
dt v F2 =
dt

20 t
20 t

p dng tiu chun Dirichlet ta thy tch phn F1 , F2 hi t. Nhng tch phn Frenel
chng t rng tch phn suy rng c th hi t ngay c trong trng hp hm di du tch
phn khng tin ti khng khi x + .

Bi tp chng 6
6.1

Tnh cc tch phn sau bng cch lp tng tch phn v chuyn qua gii hn.
2

1, x 2 dx

2, a x dx

-1

3,
6.2

dx
a x 2 (0<a<b)

4, x m dx (0<a<b), m 1 .
a

S dng cng thc Newton - Leibnitz, tnh cc tch phn sau

n

dx
1,
1 + 2sin 2 x
0

2,

a
2

x n 1dx
a2 x2n

(a>0, n ).

6.3 Hy gii thch ti sao vic ng dng hnh thc cng thc Newton Leibnitz s dn n
kt qu khng ng i vi cc tch phn sau:
2

1,
6.4

dx
-2 x

2,

dx arctg x dx .

-1

Tm cc gii hn sau:
1

1, lim
+
+ ...... +

n n + 1
n+2
n+n

2, lim
n

n2 0

1
n2 1

1
n2 4

+ ...... +

2
2
n ( n 1)
1

59

1 + 2 + 3 + ......n
, trong l s thc bt k ln hn 1.
n
n +1

3, lim

n! 1
= .
nn 2

6.5

Chng minh rng: lim n

6.6

Tnh cc tch phn sau bng cch i bin s:

1,

x sinx
0 1 + cos2 xdx

2,

1 + x2
1 1 + x 4 dx .
2

6.7

Chng minh rng nu f ( x) lin tc trn [0,1] th:

1,

2, xf (sin x)dx =

2 0

f (sin x)dx .

Chng minh rng nu f ( x) lin tc trn on [a,b] th ta c:

1,

6.9

f (sin x) dx = f (cosx)dx

6.8

f ( x)dx = f ( a + b x ) dx 2, f( ) dx = ( b a ) f
x

a + ( b a ) x

dx

Gi s f ( x) lin tc trn on [a,a]. Chng minh rng:

a
2 f ( x )dx, nu f (x ) l hm chn
=
f
(
x
)
dx
0

nu f (x ) l hm l
0
a

6.10 Tnh cc tch phn sau:

1

1
1

2, sin x dx
x

1 x

x tg x
xe dx

1,

2
1

3,

xe

3 x4

cos2xdx .

6.11 Chng t rng nu f ( x ) l hm lin tc, tun hon chu k T th:

a +T

f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx a .
0

100

6.12 Tnh tch phn: I =

1 cos2xdx .

6.13 Tnh cc tch phn sau phng php tch phn tng phn:

e2

1,

cos(lnx)dx
1

2,

ln x dx
1
e

59

60

3, ( x s inx) 2 dx

4,

x e dx, n N
n x

6.14 Tnh cc tch phn:

1, cos 7 3t sin 4 6tdt

2,

3,

x (1 x
2

1 x 2 dx

3
2 2

) dx .

6.15 Tnh cc vi phn:

x2

d
1,
dx

cosx

d
2,
cos( t 2 )dt .
dx sinx

1 + t dt
2

6.16 Tm cc gii hn sau:

x

cosx dx
2

1, lim

2, lim

x 0

(arctgx)

x2 + 1

x +

dx
.

6.17 Chng minh rng:

lim e

x2

x +

t
e dt = 0 .
2

6.18 Hy xc nh du ca cc tch phn sau (khng cn tnh cc kt qu c th ca tch

phn):
2

1,

ln xdx

2,

1
2

3,

x sin xdx
0

sin x
dx .
x

6.19 Khng tnh tch phn, hy so snh cc tch phn sau:

1, I1 = sin xdx , I 2 = xdx , I 3 =

0

2x

dx

2, I 4 = e x dx , I 5 = (1 + x ) dx .
6.20 Chng minh cc bt ng thc:
10

xdx
5
<
1,
3
16 + x
6
0

2, 2e

1
4

ex
0

dx < 2e 2 .

61

6.21 Chng minh cc ng thc sau:

xn
1, lim
dx = 0
n 1 + x
0

2, lim sin n xdx = 0 .

n

6.22 Tnh gn ng tch phn:

1

dx
1+ x
0

I =

(n = 8).

Theo cng thc hnh thang, Simpson v nh gi phn d.

6.23 Tnh gn ng tch phn:
1

dx
1 + x3
0

I =

( n=12 ).

Theo cng thc hnh thang , Simpson v nh gi phn d.

6.24 Tnh din tch ca hnh gii hn bi ng cong sau cho trong h ta vung gc:
4 x2
y = h 1 2 , y = 0 vi h > 0 , b > 0.
b

6.25 Tnh din tch gii hn bi ng cong cho di dng tham s:

x = a ( cost+tsint ) , y = ( sin t tcost ) , 0 t 2 .

6.26 Tnh din tch ca ng cho trong ta cc r = a (1 + cos ) ( hnh qu tim ), r, l

cc ta cc.
6.27 Bng cch a phng trnh v dng tham s, hy tnh din tch gii hn bi ng
Astroit:
2

x3 + y3 = a3 .

6.28 Tnh di ng cong cho di dng phng trnh hin:

y=

x2 1
ln x (1 x e ) .
4 2

6.29 Tnh di ng cong cho di dng tham s:

x = a ( cost+tsint ) , y = a ( sin t tcost ) , 0 t 2 .

6.30 Tnh di cung cho trong ta cc:

r = a.e m ( m > 0, 0 < r a ) .

6.31 Tnh di cung cho trong ta cc:

r = a sin 3

61

62

6.32 Tnh di cung ca ng Astroit:

2

x3 + y3 = a3 .

6.33 Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay c to ra khi quay min phng gii hn cc ng sau:

1, y = e x , y = 0 ( 0 x < + )
a, Quanh trc Ox
b, Quanh trc Oy.
2) x 2 xy + y 2 = a 2 quanh trc Ox.
6.34 Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay khi quay min phng gii hn bi ng:
x = asin 3t , y = bcos3t ( 0 t 2 )

1, Quanh trc Ox
2, Quanh trc Oy.
6.35 Tnh din tch mt trn xoay khi quay cc ng cong sau:

( 0 x 1) quanh trc Ox.

1, y = x 3

2, 9 y 2 = x ( 3 x )

( 0 x 3)

quanh trc Ox.

3, x = a ( t sin t ) , y = a (1 cost ) , 0 t 2 quanh trc Oy

4, x = acos3t , x = acos3t (Astroit) quanh trc Ox.
6.36 Tnh cc tch phn sau:

1,

3,

xdx
0 1 + x 4

2,

dx
(1 x ) ( > 0 )
0

1
2

dx
1 x

4,

dx

x ln x .
0

6.37 Xt s hi t hay phn k ca tch phn sau:

1,

2
exp ( -x )dx

2,

1 + x4

xdx
3,
1 + x 2 sin 2 x
0

dx

4,

dx
3

1 x4

6.38 Tnh cc tch phn:

1,

x
xe dx

6.39 Kho st s hi t ca cc tch phn:

2, e ax cosbxdx (a>0)
0

63

1,

cosaxdx
0 1 + x p

2,

sinxdx
p
+ xq

x
0

( p, q 0 )

6.40 Xt s hi t tuyt i v bn hi t ca cc tch phn sau:

1,

s inx
0 x dx

2,

x cosx

x + 100 dx
0

6.41 Xt s hi t tuyt i v bn hi t ca cc tch phn sau:

cosx
1, dx vi > 0
x
1

2,

sinx
dx vi >0.
x
1

63