MT S SAI LM CA HC SINH KHI TNH TCH PHN

Bi tp minh ho:
2

dx

(x 1)

Bi 1: Tnh tch phn: I =

2
2

dx
* Sai lm thng gp: I =
2 =
2 (x 1)

d ( x 1)

( x 1)

=-

1
x 1

2
2

=-

1
4
-1 = 3
3

* Nguyn nhn sai lm :

1
khng xc nh ti x= -1 2;2 suy ra hm s khng lin tc
( x 1) 2

Hm s y =

trn 2;2 nn khng s dng c cng thc newtn leibnitz nh cch gii trn.
* Li gii ng
1
khng xc nh ti x= -1 2;2 suy ra hm s khng lin tc
( x 1) 2

Hm s y =

trn 2;2 do tch phn trn khng tn ti.

* Ch i vi hc sinh:
b

f ( x )dx cn ch xem hm s y=f(x) c lin tc trn a; b khng? nu c

Khi tnh

th p dng phng php hc tnh tch phn cho cn nu khng th kt lun ngay
tch phn ny khng tn ti.
* Mt s bi tp tng t:
Tnh cc tch phn sau:
5

1/

dx

(x 4)

1
2

2/ x( x 1) dx .
2

3/

cos
0
1

dx

x 3 .e x x 2
dx
x3
1

4/

Bi 2 :Tnh tch phn: I =

dx

1 sin x
0

* Sai lm thng gp: t t = tg

2dt

dx

1 sin x = (1 t )

2dt
1 t2
x
1
th dx =
;
=
2
1 t 2 1 sin x (1 t ) 2

= 2(t 1) 2 d(t+1) =

2
dx
I=
x
=
tg 1
1 sin x
0
2

do tg

2 +c
t 1

2
2
=
tg 1 tg 0 1
2

khng xc nh nn tch phn trn khng tn ti

*Nguyn nhn sai lm:

t t = tg

x
x 0; ti x =
2

th tg

x
khng c ngha.
2

* Li gii ng:
x

dx
dx
x
2 4

tg
I=
=
1 sin x

x
2 4
0
0
1 cos x 0 cos 2
2

2 4

= tg

tg
2.
4
4

* Ch i vi hc sinh:
i vi phng php i bin s khi t t = u(x) th u(x) phi l mt hm s lin tc v
c o hm lin tc trn a; b .
*Mt s bi tp tng t:
Tnh cc tch phn sau:

1/

dx

sin x
0

dx
1 cos x
0

2/

Bi 3: Tnh I =

x 2 6x 9 dx

* Sai lm thng gp:

I=

x 3

x 6x 9 dx =
2

dx

x 3
x 3 d x 3

4
0

1 9
4
2 2

* Nguyn nhn sai lm:

x 3

Php bin i

x3

vi x 0;4 l khng tng ng.

* Li gii ng:
4

I=

x 2 6x 9 dx

2
= x 3 dx

=-

x 3 2
2

3
0

x 3 2

x 3 d x 3 x 3 d x 3 x 3 d x 3

4
3

9 1
5
2 2

* Ch i vi hc sinh:
2n

f x 2n

n 1, n N

f x

2n
I = f x
2n

f x dx ta phi xt du hm s f(x) trn a; b

a

tch phn tch I thnh tng cc phn khng cha du gi tr tuyt i.

Mt s bi tp tng t:

1/ I =

1 sin 2 x dx ;

2/ I =

x 3 2 x 2 x dx

3/ I =

1
2

4/ I =

2
x

2
2
x

dx

tg 2 x cot g 2 x 2 dx

6
0

Bi 4: Tnh I =

dx
2x 2

* Sai lm thng gp:

ri dng tnh cht

d x 1

I=

x 1

arctg x 1

0
1

arctg1 arctg 0

* Nguyn nhn sai lm :

Hc sinh khng hc khi nim arctgx trong sch gio khoa hin thi
* Li gii ng:
t x+1 = tgt dx 1 tg 2 t dt
vi x=-1 th t = 0
vi x = 0 th t =

Khi I =

1 tg t dt
2

tg t 1

dt t
0

4
0

* Ch i vi hc sinh:
Cc khi nim arcsinx , arctgx khng trnh by trong sch gio khoa hin thi. Hc sinh
c th c thy mt s bi tp p dng khi nim ny trong mt sch tham kho, v cc
sch ny vit theo sch gio khoa c (trc nm 2000). T nm 2000 n nay do cc khi
nim ny khng c trong sch gio khoa nn hc sinh khng c p dng phng php
b

ny na. V vy khi gp tch phn dng

t = tgx hoc t = cotgx ;

b

1
1 x2

dx th t x = sint hoc x = cost

*Mt s bi tp tng t:
8

1/ I =

2/ I =

x 2 16
dx
x
2x 3 2x 3
dx
x2 1

3/ I =

Bi 5:

x 3 dx
1 x8

1 x

dx ta dng phng php i bin s t

Tnh :I =

1
4

x3

1 x2

dx

*Suy lun sai lm: t x= sint , dx = costdt

x3
1 x2

dx

sin 3 t
dt
cos t

i cn: vi x = 0 th t = 0
vi x=

1
th t = ?
4

* Nguyn nhn sai lm:

Khi gp tch phn ca hm s c cha 1 x 2 th thng t x = sint nhng i vi tch
phn ny s gp kh khn khi i cn c th vi x =

1
khng tm c chnh xc t = ?
4

* Li gii ng:
t t = 1 x 2 dt =

x
1 x2

dx tdt xdx

1
th t =
4

i cn: vi x = 0 th t = 1; vi x =

I=

1
4

15
4

x3
1 x

dx

15
4

1 t tdt 1 t dt

15
4

t3
3

15
4

15 15 15
2 33 15 2

4
192
3
192
3

* Ch i vi hc sinh: Khi gp tch phn ca hm s c cha

1 x2

th thng t x

= sint hoc gp tch phn ca hm s c cha 1+x 2 th t x = tgt nhng cn ch n

cn ca tch phn nu cn l gi tr lng gic ca gc c bit th mi lm c theo
phng php ny cn nu khng th phi ngh nphng php khc.
*Mt s bi tp tng t:
7

1/ tnh I =

x3
1 x2

dx

2/tnh I =

dx

x2 1

Bi 6: tnh I =

x2 1
dx

4
1 1 x

1
1
x2
* Sai lm thng mc: I = 1

1
x 2 1
2
x

x2

1
x
x

dx

1
1

t t = x+ dt 1 2 dx
x
x

i cn vi x = -1 th t = -2 ; vi x=1 th t=2;
2

dt
1
1

)dt =(ln t
= (
2
t

2
t

2
t

2
2
2

I=

= ln

ln

2 ln

-ln t

ln

2
2

2
2

1
x2

x 1

l sai v trong 1;1 cha x = 0 nn khng

1
1 x4
2
x
x2
2

* Nguyn nhn sai lm:

th chia c t c mu cho x = 0 c
* Li gii ng:
xt hm s F(x) =
F(x) =

1
2 2

ln

1
2 2

x2 x 2 1
x2 x 2 1

(ln

x2 x 2 1
x2 x 2 1

x2 1
x4 1

Do I =

x2 1
1
x2 x 2 1
dx
ln
=

4
2 2
x2 x 2 1
1 1 x

1
1

1
2

ln 2
2

2
2

*Ch i vi hc sinh: Khi tnh tch phn cn chia c t c mu ca hm s cho x cn

rng trong on ly tch phn phi khng cha im x = 0 .
(SU TM)