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GU}
: x U | G SS H U G}H U}H
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SS U GH

29

GU} }SGGU
: S } S } M U G H
S S G} GH GU} J

S U U HSG ( G }

S , } U G } H H H U
U GM ), } S SU , x (} G}H)

GUS } G | GUS , HGU } H, }


}H
U} J } GG GGU ( } S U}G)
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S }} G}
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SS U GH

30

GU} }SGGU
: S U S } GRU } M
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} G Gx Sx J GS G
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G
}GU GS U U G GU} : }G MG
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SS U GH

31

GU} }SGGU
: S wGS U U GU H S U S }
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}G MG U) S H S GG ( H GGU )

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) G
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SS U GH

32

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33
: } M GU G H

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34

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SS U GH

35

GU} }SGGU
: } U M GU G H
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36

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37
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38
: wGS } M U G |H x

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39

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( G, H, S. 342 344)

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40
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41
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43

GU} }SGGU
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GU -G 4 SGUG 528 529
GU} : GH SH}, GU}H }}, UGUH xG}}
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44
: S U S } GRU S } M

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45
: } G }G M GU Gx } GU}

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46
: } M U U US U U }

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47
: } | } M G U } M

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SS U GH

48

GU} }SGGU
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SS U GH

49

GU} }SGGU
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J
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SS U GH

50

GU} }SGGU
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51

GU} }SGGU
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52
: } M GU G H

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SS U GH

53

GU} }SGGU
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( U) J (}HwGGS G GU -G }G, . 1, S.
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SS U GH

54

GU} }SGGU
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SS U GH

55

GU} }SGGU
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(SH wG, S. 72)

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J }-SH }G S S G GRU HU }G }
G SS , U U |H | G H
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H
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}} } 60 } :
--} UGH } : } S G U } GUH UMx J S

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56
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x }GG G {yU S J
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H J

SS U GH
GU} }SGGU
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57
: wGS } M U G |H x

GH x } G S wGS x G U S
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H x U S U S
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GH SH} GG S }} }G}} }G}}


}G}} xGGH

GU} : GGUGU GRU H }

S vG xG H U vG U GG U
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H x H S ( GRU) U SG
GUG SU HG G U GU} U U
SU J }G GU} : x } G S H
vG U GG G x wG U U GRU U S}H
U G } S |x x J

SS U GH

58

GU} }SGGU
: S U S } GRU S } M
U G GGUGU wG x J

zGS G x xGH

U xH S G

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}H

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16 }G}H G} 1432 .

}- UH
U ! G } US U }G S G }
U } --U U GS U S U H |
U U J

SS U GH
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: wGS } M U G |H x

H G U U

xG} U vG, }G, H }H


xG } }U--H } U G U H }- UH
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60

GUS
G

SGUG

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vG U } S U U

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GGU S

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17

S U S U G

S U xzG

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G GUxG }xGH

S }

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G } wG U GG x< U

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19

G U 6 U vGS

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20

SS U G

}S } SS

21

SH U

xGSH } SS

23

S U GU GH

10

xGS H } SS U U S

23

}} G G

11

GS U U G

23

vG U } S

12

SS U U U GU

24

U H H x

13

G } SS

25

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13

M}H GU

26

U } SS

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SGUG

20

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61

SGUG

G } SS v U ?

26

U U S U U ?

40

}G } G U SS

27

} H ?

40

G S U :

28

GHGU U } SS

41

} GUS } G}H GUS

28

U H GGUGU } U

42

} G }G Gx

29

U } GUG GU S x U G H SU

42

}G } SS

30

G U GUS}

44

}G } H SS S U GGU

30

G }

45

U G U } } Gx

31

SS U GH

47

vG U } SS

32

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47

vG } U U }SH

32

SU U U H}G GRU H S GH

48

G U H SG GH wG

33

G U H U G U GG

48

Gx G U } H

34

49

SS U

35

GRU SS U } x

49

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35

G H U U HvG}

50

G U } SS

36

40 SH U } x U ......

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37

SS }

51

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37

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52

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39

x SS US S ....

53

U }H} UG U

39

GRU S G U vHGU U UGU

55

SGUG

SS U GH

62

G } UG GH

SH : S wGS U } v Gv} U U U
GH} } } G } UG GH J
: G } UG GH U U
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G U GGU S HG } U }S}
S } U H H J G}, GUG }}
U G} S G-G} } G SG
U}
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GU} : v GUG S ?
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J
SLG, LGGU GG GH} }H }zG
}G}} } GH G}
GU} : UG
U H } GH G S H
UG U GS } U GH} U H } }
S v J ( G, : 2, GSS : 9, S. 456,
}U--H }, H } U)

SH : x US U S} GU U U } GUH GUH
UG SS , } S x , } U GH J
v S S } | Gv} UG ?
: , S S } Gv} UG J
(UG UH} U } SH , S. 423, 424)

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