Name: Carla Mendoza

Biology 1010-section
Date: 09/17/14

Chapter 1- Vocabulary Words

1. Science- a process that follows a systematic method for making observations, detecting
patterns, and determining what caused the patterns.
2. Pattern- any phenomenon that re-occurs over space and time.
3. Process- The thing or force that causes a pattern.
4. Discover/ Descriptive science- Science that focuses on identifying patterns.
5. Hypothesis- An educated guess/a tentative answer or prediction to some question based on
logic.
6. Scientific Theory- A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that
is acquired through the scientific method, repeatedly tested and confirmed through observation
and experimentation.
7. Inductive Reasoning- the process where a small observation is used to infer a larger theory,
without necessarily proving it.
8. Deductive Reasoning- a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the accordance of
multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true.
9. Law- A concept that has very little chance of ever being shown as false
10. Scientific Method- observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion (theory)
11. Empirical Evidence- facts that help explain observations.

12. Hypothetical / Deductive science- A method in which a hypothetical model based on

observations is proposed and is then tested by the deduction of consequences from the model.13.
13. Model- A representation of something often idealized or modified to make it conceptually
easier to understand.
14. Data- facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis.
15. experiment- a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or
demonstrate a known fact.
16. Experimental Variable- the object/substance that is being introduced on a test group in
order to see the results it may bring.
17. Test group- group of subjects who are exposed to the variable under study
18. Control group- Group not being tested on, not introduced to a variable/in their natural
environment.
19. Conclusion- final summary of what you have done. What have you achieved and what
results or answers have you come to during your experiment.
20. Biology- the study of life
21. Cell Theory- All organisms are made up of cells and all cells come from pre-existing cells
22. Genes- Discrete units of hereditary information that dictate an organisms form, function and
behavior
23. DNA- The genetic material, nucleic acid polymer made up of nucleotide monomers
24. Natural sciences- fields that study nature, living organisms and how they interact with each
other and with their environment.
25. Metabolism- The release and transfer of energy in cells.
26. Homeostasis- A state of internal biological balance.

27. Behavior- the Response to stimuli.

28. Hierarchy of Life- structural levels that build on top of each other.
29. System- A group of related natural objects or forces within a defined zone, which regularly
interact
30. Cell- the smallest unit of life.
31. Plasma Membrane- The cell boundary.
32. Nucleus- where the cells DNA is stored.
33. Ribosome- Responsible for making proteins.
34. Cell Wall- Provides structure and support in plant cells
35. Cytoplasm- The space inside of the cell.
36. Cytosol- The semi fluid substance inside the cell.
37. Chromosome- The genetic material.
38. Prokaryotic Cell- Cells that lack a nucleus and complex organelles.
39. Eukaryotic Cell- Has a nucleus and complex organelles.
40. Range of tolerance- Range of internal/external conditions in which an organism can survive.
41. Reproduction- Creating a new individual cell or organism from an existing individual.
42. Binary Fission- Asexual reproduction (division in half)
43. Mitosis- Process in which chromosomes in the cell nucleus are separated into two identical
sets of chromosomes.
44. Optimum range- the level of water quality in the pond that will make sure that stock is as
healthy as possible.
45. Meiosis- Sexual reproduction.
46. Sexual- involves sex and two different organisms.

47. Asexual- One organism and no sex is involved.

48. Energy- The capacity for work/ the ability to change or move matter against an opposing
force.
49. Photon- Particles of light energy.
50. Chemical Energy- energy that is transformed from solar energy.
51. Bond Energy- The potential energy stored in organic molecules.
52. Free Energy- the energy that may be extracted from a system at constant temperature and
pressure.
53. photosynthesis- The transformation of solar energy into chemical energy.
54. Biosphere- the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth occupied by
living organisms.
55. Ecosystem- Biological communities associated with the abiotic environment.
56. Autotroph- Self feeding (make own food).
57. Producer- Produces food. Plants, algae
58. Heterotroph- obtain/feed on external source.
59. Consumer- feed on external source.
60. Biological Diversity- encompasses the complete range of species, genetic variation, and all
the biological communities, including their ecosystem interactions.
61. Microevolution- Principle of evolution, small gene frequency changes over a short period of
time (realm we can observe).
62. Macroevolution- Theory of evolution, changes over long periods of time (not yet observed).
63. Organic Evolution- Two realms of evolution
64. population- Same species living in the same place at the same time.

65. speciation- The multiplication of species.

66. Charles Darwin- created the theory of evolution in The origin of the species brought
biology into focus.
67. Origin of species- Natural selection (survival of the fittest).
68. Natural Selection- Differential survival and differential reproduction of organisms.
69. Taxonomy- biology concerned with classifying and naming organisms.
70. Genus- Allows closely related species to be grouped together.
71. Species/ specific epithet- provide something descriptive about the organism.
72. John Ray- Scientist that argued that every organism should have a name.
73. Classification- uses characters like any structural, chromosomal, molecular, behavioral, or
fossil trait that distinguishes a group.
74. Character- Any structural, chromosomal, molecular, behavioral, or fossil trait that
distinguishes a group.
75. Binomial nomenclature- A system for naming organisms. Genus and species
76. Carolus Linnaeus Developed the Binomial nomenclature system
77. Hierarchical Classification Uses categories to assign species based on their relationship to
other species.

Chapter 2 Vocabulary words

1. Matter- Anything that takes up space or mass (solid, liquid, gas)
2. Element- Substances that cannot be broken down by chemical means into simpler
substances with different properties.
3. Atom- The smallest unit of matter.

4. Elements of Life- These Elements make up 96%of the natural elements (Carbon,
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur).
5. Proton- positively charged particles.
6. Neutron- Neutral particles.
7. Electron- Negatively charged particles.
8. Atomic Mass- The combined mass of neutrons and protons.
9. Atomic Number- number of all protons in an atom.
10. Isotopes- when an atom of the same element has a different number of neutrons.
11. Compound- A substance consisting of 2 or more different elements.
12. Molecule- Smallest part of a compound that still has the properties of that compound.
13. Energy Shell- The different states of potential energy that electrons have.
14. Octet Rule/Bohrs Model- The first shell can hold up to 2 e-, and the rest can hold up to
8 e15. Valence Electron- The # of e- in the outermost shell.
16. Ionic Bond- transfer e17. Ion- An atom that has electrical charge as a result of gaining or losing an e18. Covalent Bond- Shares electrons
19. Polar covalent bond- Unequal sharing of an electron
20. Hydrogen Bond- Weak bonds/attractions between a slightly positive hydrogen and a
slightly negative molecule
21. Oxidation- Losing an e22. Reduction- Gaining an e23. Electronegativity- The pull of electron greedy molecules

24. Non Polar Covalent Bond- Bonds where electrons are equally shared

Chapter 3 Vocabulary words

1. Organic Chemistry- Specializes in the study of organic compounds and molecules that
contain carbon
2. Organic Molecule- Contain carbons covalently bonded to other atoms.
3. Hydrocarbon- Simple (CH4)
4. Macromolecule- Colossal (Proteins)
5. Carbon- Essential ingredient in all organic molecules. Part of the Periodic table.
6. Tetra valence- Point from which molecules can branch of in 4 directions.
7. Isomer- Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures and so
different properties
8. Functional Group- Attachments to organic molecules that give them their distinctive
structure and function
9. Polymer- Long molecules that consist of similar or identical subunits linked by covalent
bonds
10. Monomer- Small organic molecules linked by covalent bonds.
11. Dehydration Reaction- When H2O is removed
12. Hydrolysis reaction- When H2O is added
13. Carbohydrate- A source of carbon, building material and energy.
14. Monosaccharide- Simple carbohydrates, consist of a single sugar molecule- glucose,
fructose, ribose

15. Disaccharide- Simple carbohydrates, made of 2 Monosaccharide joined together by

dehydration- sucrose, maltose, lactose
16. Polysaccharide- Complex carbohydrates- starch, cellulose, glycogen, chiten,
peptidoglycan.
17. Complex carbohydrate- long chains of molecules (polysaccharides)
18. Starch- Stores energy in plants made of glucose
19. Glycogen- Stores energy inside animals (liver and muscle)
20. Cellulose- Most abundant carbohydrate on earth, made of long chains of glucose
21. Chitin- Found in animals and fungi
22. Peptidoglycan- In cell walls of bacteria
23. Protein- The most complex and versatile of the macromolecule polymers
24. Amino Acids- Make up the structure of proteins.
25. Peptide bond- Chemical bond formed between two molecules
26. Dipeptide bond- A combination of two amino acids by a peptide
27. Polypeptide- A chain of amino acids joined by a peptide
28. Primary Structure- Sequence of amino acids.
29. Secondary Structure- Polypeptide chain is coiled and folded into a specific pattern.
30. Tertiary structure- Chains coiled without a pattern.
31. Quaternary structure- 2 or more polypeptides joined into one functional protein.
32. Gene Mutation- Change the amino acid structure.
33. Denaturation- When proteins become altered and the structure uncoils unravels and
stops functioning.
34. Nucleic Acid- Polymers comprised of nucleotides.

35. Nucleotide- A complex molecule consisting of 3 smaller molecules.

36. Nitrogenous Base- 5 bases total, Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil
37. DNA- Deoxyribonucleic acid
38. RNA- Ribonucleic acid
39. ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate- modified nucleotide
40. Lipid- Fat, hydrophobic, not a true polymer
41. Fat/Oil- For long term energy storage
42. Steroid- Cell signaling hormones
43. Phospholipids- Primary component of cell membranes
44. Wax- Lubrication and waterproofing, A long chain of fatty acid bonded to alcohol
45. Saturated- Full of Hydrogen
46. Unsaturated- Double bonds are present

Chapter 4 vocabulary words

1. Cell theory-States: The cell is the basic unit of life, all living things are made of cells, all
cells come from pre-existing cells
2. Light Microscopy- Visible light that is passed through the specimen and then through
glass lenses
3. Electron microscopy- Scanning and transmission, beam of e- is passed through or onto
the surface of a specimen
4. Prokaryotic cell- Lacks nucleus and complex organelles
5. Eukaryotic Cell- Has a nucleus and complex organelles
6. Nucleus- Where DNA is stored.
7. Plasma membrane- The cell boundary

8. Cytoplasm- The region inside the cell.

9. Cytosol- The semi-fluid region inside the cell
10. Ribosome- Make the proteins.
11. Chromosome- The genetic material.
12. Nucleoid- portion in a prokaryotic cell where genetic material is found.
13. Cell wall- Provides structure for the cells.
14. Organelle- Well defined sub-cellular structures.
15. Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER) Produces products.
16. Rough ER- Synthesizes proteins.
17. Smooth ER- Synthesizes fats and lipids.
18. Golgi Apparatus- Processes packages and secretes modified cell products.
19. Mitochondria- Carries out cellular respiration.
20. Chloroplast- Carries out photosynthesis.
21. Lysosome- Transports macromolecules and cell parts
22. Peroxisome- Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane. They
break-down lipids, detoxify alcohols, etc
23. Cytoskeleton- tiny protein rods (filaments) and tubules that gives the eukaryotic cell its
structure and shape and movement.
24. Extracellular matrix- collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells that
provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells.
25. Cell Coat- A cell covering w/ an extracellular matrix
26. Central Vacuole- Large fluid filled sack that has many functions (in plant cells)
27. Food vacuole- Stores food in animals

28. Vesicle- a membranous and usually fluid-filled pouch (as a cyst, vacuole, or cell) in a
plant or animal.
29. Flagella- Hair like tails that help the cell move
30. Centriole- A minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells.
31. Nuclear Envelope- Encloses the nucleus, its pores connect to the cytoplasm.
32. Nucleolus- Produces the sub-units of ribosomes.
33. Chromatin- A semi fluid matrix called the neoplasm.
34. Endomembrane system- System where the synthesis of many macromolecules occur.
35. ER lumen- Where the synthesis of transport vehicles occur.
36. Tonoplast- Membrane filled with cell sap.
37. Microfilament- Two intertwined strands of actin.
38. Intermediate filament- Fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables
39. Microtubule- Hollow tubes.
40. Tight Junction- Binds cells together and is leak proof
41. Anchoring Junction- Links the microtubules and extracellular matrix
42. Gap Junction- Links the cytoplasm of adjoining cells w/channels
43. Plasmodesmata- Continuations between plant plasma membranes allows for substance
exchange

Chapter 5 vocabulary words

1. Plasma Membrane- A semi-permeable cell boundary
2. Semi-permeable- Cell boundary where certain substances/objects can pass through
3. Bi-Layer- Double layer.

4. Protein- Have many different uses.

5. Fluid-mosaic- Refers to the insides of the cell/ the plasma membrane and the fluids
inside the cell.
6. Cholesterol- fat.
7. Channel protein- Move substances across the cell membranes.
8. Carrier Protein- Move substances across the cell membranes.
9. Receptor Protein- Receive and transmit messages.
10. Cell Recognition protein- Assist in cell recognition of other familiar cells or tissues.
11. Adhesive protein- Enable cells to stick together.
12. Passive transport- Requires no energy, osmosis, simple diffusion and facilitated
diffusion.
13. Active Transport- Requires energy, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis
14. Simple diffusion Movement from higher to lower concentrations until equal.
15. Facilitated diffusion- Uses carrier/channel proteins to move substances
16. Osmosis- Diffusion of water from high levels to low levels.
17. Hypertonic- High concentration, low water
18. Hypotonic- Low concentration, high water.
19. Isotonic- Equal concentration/water
20. Osmoregulation- Control of water balance in animal cells
21. Exocytosis- Substances are carried in vesicles, fuse w/ cell membrane and are secreted
22. Phagocytosis- Large particles
23. Pinocytosis- Small particles

24. Endocytosis- Where cells engulf particles then form endocytic vesicles that are broken
down by lysosomes
25. Metabolism- The sum of the physical and chemical processes in an organism by which
its material substance is produced, maintained, and destroyed, and by which energy is
made available. Compare anabolism, catabolism.
26. Energy- The ability/capacity to do work, change or move matter against an opposing
force.
27. Kinetic Energy- Energy being used.
28. Potential Energy- Stored energy.
29. Radiant Energy- Solar energy.
30. Chemical energy- Bond energy in organic molecules.
31. Mechanical energy- Any type of motion/heat (energy).
32. Thermodynamics- States that energy cannot be converted from one form to another
without a loss of usable energy/the quality of said energy.
33. Energy equality- how organized/disorganized (influences the capacity to do work.
34. Solar Energy- Energy from the sun (P. E.) photons.
35. Calorie- The amount of heat required to raise 1g of water by 1 degree Celsius
36. Photon- Particles of light energy that travel in waves.
37. Chemical energy-Usable energy.
38. Electromagnetic spectrum- The wave spectrum, Gamma rays, to radio waves and
visible light.
39. Chemical reaction- The making/breaking of chemical bonds.
40. Metabolic reaction- The breaking of chemical bonds in living organisms.

41. Electron- Negatively charged particles that have potential energy

42. Bond Energy- The potential energy stored in a chemical bond.
43. Free Energy- Energy released and available to do work after a bond had been broken.
44. Reactant- Determine whether the product is endergonic or exergonic reaction
45. Product- Something manufactured by an enzyme.
46. Exergonic- Energy out, catabolic, they break down organic molecules that release
chemical energy.
47. Endergonic- Energy in, anabolic, reaction that requires chemical energy in order to make
organic molecules.
48. Catabolism- Exergonic, energy is released.
49. Anabolism Endergonic, energy is used.
50. Coupling reaction- When the bond energy that is released from an exergonic reaction is
used to drive an endergonic reaction.
51. ATP- The primary shuttle of free energy for living things, nucleotide with Adenine,
ribose and 3 phosphates.
52. ADP- ADP+P bonds and creates ATP.
53. Enzyme- Protein that acts as a Catalyst speeds up reactions w/out being changed.
54. Energy of Activation- The amount of energy required.
55. Active site- The small region on the surface of an enzyme where the substrates bind.
56. Competitive inhibition- They resemble the substrate and will bind an active site
blocking the substrate.
57. Allosteric site- The place on an enzyme where a molecule that is not a substrate may
bind.

58. Non-competitive inhibition- End products that bind to an active site.

59. Cofactor-Helpers that assist enzymes during catalytic activity.
60. Coenzyme- Helpers that assist enzymes during catalytic activity.
61. Denaturation- Changes of the protein that make said protein not work.

Chapter 6 Vocabulary words

1. Biotic components- the living things that shape an ecosystem
2. Abiotic components- non-living chemical and physical parts of the environment that
affect living organisms
3. Autotroph- an organisms that produces its own food
4. Producer- Produces energy (food)
5. Heterotroph- an organism that requires organic compounds for its principal source of
food.
6. Consumer- Consumes food/energy
7. Trophic level- any class of organisms that occupy the same position in a food chain
8. Food Chain- the way that ecological communities are arranged (how they are eaten)
9. Food web- the interconnected food chains in an ecological community.
10. Photosynthesis- The mechanism for converting this energy into a form of energy that life
system can use.
11. Cellular Respiration- process by which the chemical energy of "food" molecules is
released and partially captured in the form of ATP. CO2 is produced in this reaction.
12. Biomass- total quantity of living organisms of one animal or plant species or of all the
species in a community

13. Gross Primary productivity- The total amount of productivity in a region or system
14. Net primary productivity- The rate at which an ecosystem accumulates energy or
biomass, excluding the energy it uses for the process of respiration.
15. Ecological efficiency- the efficiency with which energy is transferred from one trophic
level to the next.
16. Visible light- Light/wavelengths that we can see.
17. Mesophyll tissue- The green tissue inside the leaf.
18. Chloroplast- Where photosynthesis occurs.
19. Thylakoid- Contains chlorophylls and other pigments that are responsible for solar
energy absorption
20. Granum- the light harvesting system composed of chlorophyll and phospholipids
21. Reaction center- a system consisting of proteins and cofactors which facilitate light
energy and electron transfer in plants.
22. Electron Transport Chain- a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron
donors to electron acceptors
23. Chemiosmosis- the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane
24. ATP- provides energy
25. NADPH- provides e26. Stroma- The supportive framework of an organ (or gland or other structure), usually
composed of connective tissue.
27. Calvin Cycle- Dark reaction where sunlight is not required, happens in the stroma
28. C3 plants (photosynthesis) Plants that open and close the stomata and use CO2
directly from the air.

29. Stomata- small apertures, or slits in the epidermis of leaves, stems, etc., through which
gases are exchanged.
30. C4 plant (photosynthesis) Plants that use the 4-C compound that attracts CO2
31. CAM plant (photosynthesis) Use the 4-C compound but open the stomata at night for
CO2 intake which is stored and then released to the Calvin cycle.
32. Greenhouse Effect (gasses) When CO2 is trapped inside the atmosphere