.

, a
,
.
:
-
- (.. 13; ..14).

,
.

,


.

( )
,

.

:
,
.

- ;
n - ;
- ;
b - ;

f - ;
- ;
F - ;
l - (
(l )
(l )) l = l - l

s -
B

( S) :

S = s+f + =

f
l+f +
n

f, n , :
K=

f
n

, :

1 dm,
1 mm =100,
100 mm, 1 dm.

c=f+

S :

S = l + c

150 m,

.

___

A1 = S1 + c = K l1 + c
___

A 2 = S2 + c = K l2 + c
___

An = Sn + c = K ln + c

c=0,
:
l1 = S1
l2 = S2
......
ln = Sn

S1
l1
S
K2 = 2
l2
Sn
Kn =
ln
K1 =

K=

K1 + K 2 + ... + K n
n

S1,S2,,Sn -,

, ,
.

,
, .

,
.

, .
( ).

S
Sr ()

l = l gornja

crta

l donja

crta

(l) :
l = EF = l + l

(S) :

S = l0

S = Kl cos

l0:
l0= DG = l0 + l0

l0= l cos

() (Sr ) :

Sr = Scos

Sr = Kl cos2

(Z = 900 ) , : Sr = Kl sin2Z

:

,
:

:
g=1,786 m
:
d=1,000 m
:
h=1,393 m
:
=100
:
=0.0 m.
: KL=8o35

:
Sr = Kl cos2
Sr=K(g - d) cos2=100(1,786 m-1,000 m) (cos(8o35))2 =76,8 m

()

()

i = AA
H = AB
H = CB
h = CB
:

H
.

( Z),
i,
h
: l = g - d

 ()
: S = Kl cos

()
() () ()
:

'=CB

H = H' + i - h

: H' = S sin

i -
h -

S = Kl cos
H' = Kl cossin

H =

H' =
Z, :

H' =

1
Kl sin2
2

1
Kl sin2 + i - h
2

:
1
H = Kl sin2Z + i - h
2

1
Kl sin2Z
2

()

:
Sr '
,
(=100, c=0).

H
HB :

HB = H + H
HB = H + H' + i - h
HB = H +

1
Kl sin2 + i - h
2

HB = H +

1
Kl sin2Z + i - h
2

( , .92) .

:
, ;
( );
.
, :

1)
2) ( )
3)

, ,

.

(
) .

f S H,
nS nH
.
NN,
R=30 mm,
.

(SS)

(HH)

l0 Sr
B
0 .

,
.

H ' = K H l H
H = H ' + i h

h



, .

-


.
- .
, ,
.


.

-

:

S R = K S (lS l0 )
H ' = K H (l H l0 )
H = H ' +i l0 = K H (lH l0 ) + i l0
lS -
l0 -

lH -
i -

-
,


( ,
) ,
.

 - , , .
:

, b.

a
b
c
=
=
= 2R = m
sin sin sin

= 1800

c
sin = m sin
sin
c
b=
sin = m sin
sin
a=

: b cos + c cos = a
: . 13

- a, b, .

- b, c, .

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos

b+c
=
bc

c = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos

, .
:

a
b
c
=
=
=m
sin sin sin
+ + = 1800

b
sin =
m

b
= arcsin
m

= 1800 - ( + )

: . 13

+ + = 1800

+
tg

tg

+ = 1800 -

= 90 0
2
2

bc + bc 0 bc
tg
tg
tg 90 =
ctg
=
=
2
b+c
2 b+c
2
2 b+c

10

 - b, c, .

()
- , b, (b > a).

:
: tg

bc

=
ctg
2
b+c
2

bc
= arctg
ctg
2
2
b+c

:
+

= 90 0
2
2

bc
= arctg
ctg
2
2
b+c

+ 0

bc
+
= 90 + arctg
ctg
2
2
2
2

b+c

+ 0

bc
=

= 90 arctg
ctg
2
2
2
2

b+c

:
b
c
a=
sin =
sin
sin
sin
: . 14

()
- b, c, (b < c)

a
b
=
=m
sin sin
:

sin =

a
sin =
b

a
a
=
b
m
sin

a
= arcsin
m

= 180 0

c=

b
sin = m sin
sin

: . 13

()
- b, c, (b < c)
,
:

b
c
=
sin sin

sin =

c
sin
b

1. c sin < b. 1 2, :
1 + 2=1800

sin c sin b (0 sin 1).

2. c sin = b. = 900
3. c sin > b. ( ).

11

 ()
- b, c, (b < c)

( ),
:

()
- b, c, (b < c)
ABC1:

c
c

sin 1 = sin 1 = arcsin sin

b
b

: 1 = 180 0 1
a1.

a1 =

()
- b, c, (b < c)
ABC2:

()
- b, c, (b < c)
( ) :

0
0
: 1 + 2 = 180 2 = 180 1

: 2 = 180 0 2
a2.

a2 =

b
sin 1
sin

b
sin 2
sin

:
.

: = 180 0 ( + )

= 900

a.

b
a
=
sin sin

a=

b
sin
sin

:
c2 = a2 + b2

a = c2 b 2

12

()
X-
,
.

: BA , : " ".

A(YA, XA) i B(YB, XB).

:
x

YB

XB
YA

: dAB

Y YA Y
tg = B
=
X B X A X

Y
BA = arctg

A(YA,XA)

XA

d AB = Y + X

IV

Y, + X

+ Y, + X

III

II

Y, X

+ Y, X

-Y

:
2

A B ,
00 o 3600 ,
, ,
.

B
A

XB-XA=X

YB-YA=Y B(Y ,X )
B
B

B
A

-X

13

IV

+x

Y<0

Y>0

X>0 X>0

B
A

Y YA
= arctg B
+ 360 0
XB X A

-y

BA = arctg

0
A

III

B
A

II

BA

BA = AB 180 0

8.

X<0 X<0

Y<0

Y YA
BA = arctg B
+ 180 0
XB X A

YB YA
XB X A
+y

B
A

Y>0
-x

Y YA
BA = arctg B
+ 180 0
XB X A

(Y, X) B(YB, XB),

B,
(YT, XT).
( ) :
1. : (Y, X) B(YB, XB),
2. : B,
() :
1. : (YT, XT).

14



:
1. .

(YT,XT)

2. B,
3.

BA dAB.

4.
.

A = BA + A 360 0
B = BA B

(YT, XT) :

= -

Y' = Y + Y = Y + dT sin

( ):
+ + =

X' = X + X = X + d cos

1800

d AB
d
d
= BT = AT
sin sin A sin B

d AT =

d AB
sin B
sin

d BT =

d AB
sin A
sin

d AB = d BT cos B + d AT cos A

:
Y'' = YB + YB = YB + dB sinB
X'' = XB + XB = XB + dB cosB

Y' Y'' , X' X''

0,1m;
(Y, X) :

YT =

YT '+ YT "
2

XT =

X T '+ X T "
2

15

().

( )

.
HB = HB - H.

, :
;
;
;
;
.

.

.


.
,
,


.

16

H AB = la lb
:

:
, .

H BA = lb la

, .

.

H AB = ia lb
:

H BA = lb ia

.
:
( );
( );
.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.
8.
9.
10.

17



:



(
).

:

.
.


:
, ""

( )

.







.

( )

:

(
).

18

 ( )

.

. ,
:
1.

. ,
2. ,
,
,

:
1)

( )


.

.
,
, 1-2 .

1)
(5' 30')

()
.

2)
3)

19

:
,

.

:
,



.

4 - 6 kg.

,

,
.

: 1422 =1,422 m

20

()
- .


:
;
(
);
.

.

-
.
-
.
- .
- .
R2
R1

R3
R4

R1 - R4

-
-

A A

21

:
, .
(
)
, .
.

( )
,
,
. 3 - 4 m.
(
),
.

( )
-
, 1 ,
(1,2,3,4).


(a, b, c).

:
1: h 1 = z 1 p1
2:

h 2 = z 2 p 2

n: h n = z n p n
B :

.

H AB = h1 + h 2 + h 3 + K + h n

22

, .

(hi)
(HAB)
(RA RB) .

H AB = h1 + h 2 + h 3 + K + h n

.

H AB = (z 1 p1 ) + (z 2 p 2 ) + (z 3 p 3 ) + K + (z n p n )
H AB = (z 1 + z 2 + z 3 + K z n ) (p1 + p 2 + p 3 + K + p n )
n

i =1

i =1

.
:
-
- E

. 1.

H AB = z i p i

,

.

h = z p

23

:
.

h = z p

: h = ( z + p )

- ,

.
- ,
,
.
- ,
.

:
,

.

24

-
-
-
-
-

.

( )
.
:
- ;
- ;
- ,
;
- , : , .;
- .

:
( Z)

(S) (S')
i
l

,
(S).

25

 :
H' = S' cos Z
i = AA
H = AB

H' = S ctg Z

:
H' = S' sin

H' = S tg

H = CB
l = CB

,
:

H = H' + i - l

H
.

,
:

1 =

S2
2R

S - () km
R - (R = 6377 )
,
. (.
S=400m 1cm).

(2)
:

2 =

S2
k
2R

S - () km
R - (R = 6377 )
k - ( k =0,13)
1km.

26


(3) :

3 = H

Hm
R

H -
R - (R = 6377 )
Hm =

HA + HB
2

()
:

:
1. .
2.
().
3. .
4.
(-
)

S R = Kl sin 2 Z

S R = Kl cos 2
: K=100,

l = l gornja

crta

l donja

crta

- , Z -
()
:
S R = K S (l S l 0 )
: KS =100,

lS - ,
l0 -

27


()

S0 =

SR

SR
Hm
1 +

H m = H A + H B -
2

R = 6377000 m
150 - 200 m,
300 m, ,
1 cm.

.

-
:

S GKSC = S GK 0 ,9999

Y 2
SGK = S 0 1 + m 2
2R
Ym = YA + YB
2

YA , YB

- ( )

300 m,
- ,
1 cm.

.

(, , .)

.
,

(, ).

28

:
,

,

.

-

(
, ) ,
:
- X ( )
, ,
,
-
, .
,
-

Y () .

1924. .
:
1. ,
2.
.

29

.
(X ).

1dm/km,
90km
, 215.

,

.

.

90,18 km
( 15,18 21
) .

1dm/km.

30

6 (18/3) 7 (21/3) -
,
( ).

30

-

Y,X .

e Y ,
(
):

X : + ().

(Y = 500 000 m; X = 0 m)

Y
500 000m, a
Y
500 000m.

Y :
+,
() .

,
Y
.

Y , X - -

:
(Y = 7 526 392.18 ; X = 4 909 868.46)
7 :
- 26 392.18m X ,
- 4 909 868.46m (Y ).

Y, X

- -

Y = 7 500 000 + (Y M )
Y=

Y 7 500 000
M

X = XM
X=

X
M

M - : M = 0.9999

31

 -
,
()

.

:
-
,
- ,
- ,
- ,
- ,
- , .

,

.
,

,

n, Y, X, H.

32

- GPS (Global
Positioning System)-

-
-

- , .

- GPS (Global
Positioning System) -


, 3D ,
24
.
- 1973. ,
1978. ,
17. 07.1995. .

- GPS (Global
Positioning System) -
:
(24 6
26 000 km);
(

, , );
( ).

...-.

33

 - GPS (Global
Positioning System) -

- GPS (Global
Positioning System) -

-


.

-

WGS84


.

3D (Y,X,H)
,
( 4
).

- GPS (Global
Positioning System) -
- :

,
,

,
( 3D )
, .

- GPS (Global
Positioning System) -

34