Introduction to pathology:

Range of Services:
Histopathology:

Small biopsies (endoscopic)

o Gastric, colonic, skin punch biopsy
Simple excision biopsies:
o Simple excision of lesion, usually small and/or benign
Wide local excision biopsies:
o Excision of lesion with wide margins. Eg. Breast ca
Complex resection specimens
o Cancer
o Multi-organs (en-bloc resection)
o Surgical margins, local invasion, lymph nodes important (i.e. pathological
staging criteria
Problems:
Inadequate sampling, wrong sampling
Wrong clinical context. (morphology and mimickers)

Cytopathology

Non-gynecologic
o FNAC (thyroid/breast)
? Cellular, multiple cell population
o Fluids (exfoiative cytology)
o Scrapings
Gynecologic:
o Cervical smears
Liquid based
Conventional

Immunohistopathology: (monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies)

Immunoperoxidase (use of antigenic markers)

o Monotonous proliferation of lymphoid cells lymphoma (CD3Tcell,
CD20Bcell)
o Typing of tumours
Immunofluorescence
o IgG GN (membranous GN secondary to lupus nephritis) epithelial deposits
Chromogen In situ Hybridization (CISH)

Molecular Pathology

Diagnosis of tumours:
o Lymphoma,soft tissues tumour
o Predicting response to therapy