CHEP 483: PROCESS DYNAMICS AND CONTROL

LECTURE 2:
DEVELOPING PROCESS DYNAMIC MODELS
Engr. Michael Allan Ramos
Department of Chemical Engineering
Technological Institute of the Philippines

Process Dynamic Models

Unsteady-state models for the behavior of a process
Rationale:
1. Improve understanding of the process
Transient behavior of operating processes

2.

Train plant operating personnel

Complex units
Emergency situations

3.

Develop a control strategy for a new process

Evaluating possible control strategies

4.

Optimize process operating conditions

Recalculation of optimum operating conditions

Process Dynamic Models

Physical Models vs. Empirical Models
1. Physical Models
Based on first principles
(e.g. conservation laws of energy, mass, and momentum)
Sets of differential and algebraic equations
2. Empirical Models
Parameters are estimated from data
Semi-empirical Models combination of (1) and (2); one or more

parameters in theoretical model are calculated from experimental

data.

Development of Dynamic Models

Representative Example:

Assumptions:
Reaction: A B
Components A and B are present in the reactor
Operating isothermally
Inlet and outlet volumetric flows and densities are the same
Concentration of inlet A, ci, varies with time, t

? Develop a dynamic model for the outlet concentration of A, cA.

Development of Dynamic Models

From mole balance around the reactor:

where:

! Resulting model is first-order differential equation.

Use of Laplace Transforms

Laplace Transforms
Convert differential equations to
algebraic equations
When the Laplace transform is

applied to a linear differential

equation in time, the result is an
algebraic equation in a new
variable s, called the Laplace
variable.
To get the solution to the original

differential equation, one needs to

invert the Laplace transform.

Use of Laplace Transforms

Taking laplace transform:

Solving for CA:

Taking inverse laplace:

Controller Gain, K

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